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  • 7/27/2019 Arch Emerg Med 1984 Sloan 151 5

    1/6

    A r c h i v e so fE m e r g e n c yM e d i c i n e ,1 9 8 4 , 3 , 1 5 1 - 1 5 5

    I n f l a t a b l e s p l i n t s - w h a t a r e t h e y d o i n g ?J . P . SLOAN AND A . F . DOVE

    D e p a r t m e n to f A c c i d e n ta n d E m e r g e n c yM e d i c i n e ,U n i v e r s i t yH o s p i t a l ,N o t t i n g h a m

    SUMMARY

    T h e p r e s s u r e t o w h i c h s p l i n t sw e r e i n f l a t e dw a s m e a s u r e dt o d e t e r m i n ew h e t h e rs p l i n t a g ew a s e f f e c t i v ea n d i f v a s c u l a rc o m p l i c a t i o n sw e r e l i k e l y .T h e p r e v a l e n c eo f t h e i ru s e b y t h e a m b u l a n c es e r v i c ew a s a l s oi n v e s t i g a t e d .Th e f i n d i n g s i n d i c a t et h a t i n f l a t a b l es p l i n t sa r e i n c o mmo n u s e ,a n d a r e r a r e l yi n f l a t e dt o p r e s s u r e sl i k e l yt o c a u s e v a s c u l a rc o m p l i c a t i o n s . H o w e v e r ,t h e y a r e e x t r e m e l yi n e f f i c i e n t i nh o l d i n g t h e i rp r e s s u r e a n dr a p i d l yb e c o m ei n e f f e c t i v ea s s p l i n t s .T h e t h e r a p e u t i cr a n g e b e t w e e ne f f e c t i v es p l i n t i n ga n d r i s ko f c o m p l i c a t i o n si s n a r r o w a n d i t i s recommended t h a tb l o w - o f f v a l v e s a r ei n c o r p o r a t e di n t ot h e m a n u f a c t u r eo f a l l s u c h d e v i c e s .

    INTRODUCTION

    I n f l a t a b l es p l i n t sw e r e f i r s td e s c r i b e db y C u r r y ( 1 9 4 4 ) .F e a r s a b o u t v a s c u l a r d a m a g ew e r e e x p r e s s e da t t h e t i m e a n d t h e s e l i m i t e d t h e i ru s e .H o w e v e r ,t h e y g r a d u a l l yb e c a m emore p o p u l a r w i t h a m b u l a n c ec r e w s a n d o t h e r p r o v i d e r so f i m m e d i a t em e d i c a lc a r e i nt h i sc o u n t r y a n d t h e p o l y t h e n ev e r s i o n s c u r r e n t l y i n u s e a r e s i m i l a rt o t h o s e d e s c r i b e d

    b y G a r d n e r( 1 9 6 2 ) .Amongs t t h e i ra d v a n t a g e sa r e t h e i rs m a l l s i z ea n d t h e i re a s e o f u s e .A s h t o n ( 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 6 3 ) p u b l i s h e dw o r k c o n c e r n i n gC r i t i c a lC l o s i n g P r e s s u r e ( C C P ) i nh u m a n v a s c u l a t u r e .S h e a l s oi n v e s t i g a t e dt h e p h e n o m e n as u r r o u n d i n gt h e r e - o p e n i n go fb l o o d v e s s e l sw h e n u n i f o r mp r e s s u r e sw e r e a p p l i e d t o t h e l i m b . A t room t e m p e r a t u r et h e m e a n p r e s s u r ea t w h i c hc l o s u r e o c c u r s i s 3 3 - 4mm Hg i n t h e f o r e a r m ,2 2 - 7 mm Hg i nt h e f i n g e ra n d 2 1 mm Hg i n t h e c a l f .A t t h e s e p r e s s u r e ssome b l o o d f l o w r e s u m e da f t e r3 0 - 6 0s b u t i f t h e CCP w a s e x c e e d e db y 5 - 1 0 m m H g , n o f l o w r e s u m e de v e n a f t e rp r o l o n g e dp e r i o d s . T h e s e p r e s s u r e s d o n o t o c c l u d en o r m a l a r t e r i e sb u t i n t e r r u p t t h ec o n n e c t i o n sb e t w e e na r t e r ya n d v e i n a n d t h u s p r o d u c ei s c h a e m i a .A s h t o n( 1 9 6 6 )a l s oo b s e r v e dt h a t w i t h a m e a n b l o o d p r e s s u r eo f 9 5 mm H g , a s p l i n ti n f l a t e dt o 4 0 mm Hg

    C o r r e s p o n d e n c e :D r A . F . D o v e ,D e p a r t m e n to f A c c i d e n ta n d E m e r g e n c yM e d i c i n e ,U n i v e r s i t yH o s p i t a l , Q u e e n ' sM e d i c a lC e n t r e ,N o t t i n g h a mNG7 2UH

    1 5 1

    group.bmj.comon June 15, 2012 - Published by emj.bmj.comDownloaded from

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    1 5 2 7 . P . S l o a n a n d A . F . D o v e

    w o u l dr e d u c et h e t r a n s m u r a lm e a n a r t e r i a lp r e s s u r et o 5 5 mm Hg , a n d w o u l dr e s u l ti n am a r k e dr e d u c t i o ni n b l o o d f l o w .I f , t h e r e f o r e ,t h e b l o o d p r e s s u r e i s i n i t i a l l yl o w d u e t oh y p o v o l a e m i cs h o c k , t h e b l o o d f l o w ma y c e a s e e n t i r e l y .M a n u f a c t u r e r so f t h e s p l i n t sc l a i m t h a tp r e s s u r e so f 3 0 - 4 0mm Hg a r e s a f ea n d t h a tp r e s s u r e sa b o v et h i sa r e u n l i k e l yt o b e a c h i e v e db y i n f l a t i o nb y m o u t h . H o w e v e r ,A s h t o n( 1 9 6 6 ) i n f l a t e ds p l i n t so n 1 2n o r m a ls u b j e c t s 'a r m s a n d c a l v e s a n d f o u n d c o m p l e t ec e s s a t i o n o f f l o w a t 4 0 mm Hg i nf i v el i m b s a n d d r a m a t i c a l l yr e d u c e df l o w i n t h e r e m a i n i n gs e v e n . S h e a l s ocommentedt h a ti n f l a t i o np r e s s u r e smu c h b e l o w3 0 mm Hg p r o v i d ep o o r s u p p o r t f o r f r a c t u r e s ,b u tt h i so b s e r v a t i o nd o e s n o t a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n b a s e d o n c l i n i c a le v i d e n c e .

    L ondon ( 1 9 6 6 ) a n d G a r d n e r( 1 9 6 7 ) q u e s t i o n e d t h e r e l e v a n c e o f d o u b t s a b o u tc i r c u l a t i o nb e c a u s ec l i n i c a lu s e h a d n o t d e m o n s t r a t e dh a r m f u ls i d ee f f e c t s .

    S i n c e t h e i ri n t r o d u c t i o n t w o m o d i f i c a t i o n sh a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d . T h e f i r s t w a s b yA s h t o n ( 1 9 6 8 ) ,w h o s u g g e s t e dt h a ta f l u t e d s p l i n tw o u l d b e s a f e r .T h e s e c o n d , b y

    P a t r i c k ( 1 9 7 8 ) ,w a s a f l u t e dl o w e r l i m b s p l i n tw i t h t h e f o r e f o o te x p o s e d t o a l l o wo b s e r v a t i o no f t h e d i s t a lc i r c u l a t i o n .

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    T h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e s p l i n tw a s m e a s u r e d u s i n g a m e r c u r y s p h y g m o m a n o m e t e r

    c o n n e c t e dt o t h e a i ri n l e tt u b e o f t h e s p l i n t .A r e c o r d i n gw a s m a d e a s t h e p a t i e n ta r r i v e d

    i n t h e a c c i d e n t a n d e m e r g e n c yd e p a r t m e n t , t h e s p l i n th a v i n g b e e n a p p l i e d b y t h ea m b u l a n c e m e na t t h e s c e n eo f t h e a c c i d e n t .T o a s s e s st h e l i k e l yi n i t i a li n f l a t i o np r e s s u r et h e ambulancemen a l s oi n f l a t e ds p l i n t so n n o r m a ll i m b s a n d t h e p r e s s u r ea c h i e v e dw a sr e c o r d e d .

    T o m e a s u r et h e p r e s s u r e n e c e s s a r y t o m a i n t a i n e f f e c t i v es p l i n t i n g ,c a d a v e r l o w e rl i m b s w e r e u s e d . A r t i c u l a t i o n w a s a c h i e v e db y s u r g i c a ld i v i s i o n a t t h e k n e e a n d a f u l ll e n g t h i n f l a t a b l es p l i n tw a s a p p l i e d .T h i s w a s i n f l a t e du n t i lt h e l e gr e m a i n e dh o r i z o n t a l .

    F i n a l l y ,n i n e c h i e f a m b u l a n c eo f f i c e r sw e r e a s k e d w h e t h e rt h e s e s p l i n t sw e r e s t i l li nu s e a n d i f s o ,w h a t k i n d w e r e b e i n g i s s u e d .

    RESULTS

    C a d a v e r i cl i m b s w h i c hh a d b e e n d i v i d e da t t h e k n e e w e r e f o u n d t o r e m a i nh o r i z o n t a lw i t h s u p p o r t a t t h e t h i g h w h e n t h e p r e s s u r e r e a c h e d2 0 mm H g . T h i s w a s a c o n s t a n ta n d r e p r o d u c i b l ef i g u r e .

    P a t i e n t s p r e s e n t i n gt o t h e d e p a r t m e n t( T a b l e 1 )h a d p r e s s u r e sb e t w e e n0 a n d 2 2 mm

    Hgi n

    a r m o r l e gs p l i n t s( m e a n1 0 - 0 7mm

    H g ) . S p l i n t sa p p l i e d b y a m b u l a n c e m e nt o

    v o l u n t e e r s ( a g a i nb o t h l e ga n d a r m s p l i n t s )w e r e i n f l a t e dt o b e t w e e n8 a n d 3 5 mm Hg( m e a n 1 9 - 4 6mmHg) . T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e nt h e s e t w o g r o u p s i s s i g n i f i c a n ta t t h e0 - 0 1 l e v e l( W i l c o x o nr a n k s u m t e s t ) .T h e r e w a s n o d i f f e r e n c e i n p r e s s u r e b e t w e e nt h ea r m a n d l e gs p l i n t s .

    group.bmj.comon June 15, 2012 - Published by emj.bmj.comDownloaded from

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    I n f l a t a b l es p l i n t s 1 5 3

    S p l i n tu s a g e i n t h e n i n e r e g i o n s c o n t a c t e d i s f a i r l yc o n s i s t e n t .E i g h t r e g i o n s u s e r i g i di n f l a t a b l es p l i n t sa n d o n e d o e s n o t u s et h e m a t a l l .T w o r e g i o n s o f t h e e i g h t i n d i c a t e dt h a tt h e y w e r e p h a s i n go u t t h e s p l i n t s .O n e r e g i o n a l s ou s e d f l u t e ds p l i n t s( T a b l e 2 ) .

    Ta b l e 1 I n f l a t i o np r e s s u r e s i n s p l i n t su s e d o n p a t i e n t sa n d o n v o l u n t e e r s ( p

  • 7/27/2019 Arch Emerg Med 1984 Sloan 151 5

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    1 5 4 J 7 .P . S l o a n a n d A . F . D o v e

    ( A s h t o n , 1 9 6 8 ) , b u t t h e s e a r e n o t common a n d t h e U r i a s ( U r i a s M a n u f a c t u r i n gC o ,H a a r l e v , D e n m a r k )r i g i d s p l i n ti s b y f a r t h e m o s t commonly u s e d . I t i s s m a l l ,r u g g e da n d h a s a l o n g s e r v i c el i f e .

    I n f l a t i o np r e s s u r e s o n t h e v o l u n t e e r s a r e a s s u m e dt o b e t h e p r e s s u r e t o w h i c h t h es p l i n t sa r e i n f l a t e db y t h e a m b u l a n c ec r e w sa t t h e s c e n e o f a n a c c i d e n t .Most s p l i n t sl e a ka n d i n m a n y t h e a i r c a n b e h e a r d e s c a p i n g p a s t t h e p i n c h - c o c km e c h a n i s m .T h u s ,p r e s s u r e si n s p l i n t so n p a t i e n t sa r r i v i n gi n t h e a c c i d e n ta n d e m e r g e n c yd e p a r t m e n ta r el o w e r t h a n i n i t i a li n f l a t i o np r e s s u r e s , t h e d r o p p r e s u m a b l yd e p e n d i n go n t h e t i m e t h a th a s e l a p s e d s i n c e i n f l a t i o n .We e s t i m a t e t h a t m o s t o f o u r p a t i e n t sa r r i v ei n o u rd e p a r t m e n tw i t h i n 2 0 mi n o f t h e s p l i n tb e i n g a p p l i e d .

    T h e a c t u a lp r e s s u r e m e a s u r e di n b o t h g r o u p s i s c o n s i d e r e ds a f e ,w i t h t h e p o s s i b l ee x c e p t i o n o f o n e c a s e i n t h e v o l u n t e e r g r o u p w h e n a p r e s s u r e o f 3 5 mmHg w a sm e a s u r e d . T h e C C P i s 2 1 mmHg i n t h e c a l f , a n d t h i s h a s t o b e e x c e e d e db y

    5 - 1 0 mm Hg b e f o r e c o m p l e t e c e s s a t i o n o f f l o w o c c u r s . Hence p r e s s u r e s a b o v e2 5 - 3 0mm Hg ma y b e c o n s i d e r e du n s a f e . P r e s s u r e t e n d st o d r o p r a p i d l y e n o u g hf o rt h i sn o t t o b e a m a j o r p r o b l e m . I t i s u n s a t i s f a c t o r y ,h o w e v e r , t o r e l yo n f a u l t si n t h ee q u i p m e n tt o g u a r a n t e ei t s s a f e t y .

    I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t p e o p l e w h o w i l la p p l y t h e s p l i n ta r e a w a r e o f p o t e n t i a lh a z a r d s .T r a i n i n g i s i m p o r t a n t b u t i t i s d i f f i c u l tt o g i v e s t r i c tg u i d e l i n e s a b o u t i n f l a t i o n .I n a nA m e r i c a nP a r a m e d i c a lT e x t b o o kC a r o l i n e ( 1 9 7 9 )s u g g e s t s t h a tt h e y s h o u l d b e i n f l a t e du n t i lt h e w a l l o f t h e s p l i n tc a n b e d e n t e db y p r e s s u r ef r o mt h e f i n g e r t i p s .We h a v e f o u n dt h i sp r e s s u r e t o b e c o n s i d e r a b l yi n e x c e s s o f t h a tl i k e l yt o c a u s e v a s c u l a r d a m a g e .

    T h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s 'c l a i m t h a tp r e s s u r e sup t o 4 0 mm Hg a r e s a f ei s d o u b t f u l . Th e ya l s oc l a i m t h a tp r e s s u r e s a b o v e t h i sa r e h a r d t o a c h i e v e b y m o u t h . We h a v e r e a d i l yi n f l a t e ds p l i n t st o 8 0 mm Hg a l t h o u g ho n e w o u l db e m o s t r e l u c t a n t t o u s e t h i sk i n d o fp r e s s u r e o n a n i n j u r e d l i m b .

    T h e f o r c e a p p l i e d t o t h e c a d a v e r i cl i m b s w a s g r a v i t a t i o n a lp u l lo n t h e l e ga n d i s n o ts t r i c t l yc o m p a r a b l et o t h e f o r c e st h a tma y o c c u r d u r i n g t r a n s p o r t o f a p a t i e n t .H o w e v e r ,a p r e s s u r e o f 2 0 mm Hg w i l lp r o v i d ec o n s i d e r a b l ep r o t e c t i o n a n d t h e mere p r e s e n c eo fa n i n f l a t a b l es p l i n tw i l lp r o v i d ea p o w e r f u lr e m i n d e rt o t h o s e c a r i n g f o rt h e p a t i e n tt h a tt h e y m u st b e h a n d l e dw i t h c a r e .

    On e c o u l d b e a s s u r e d o f t h e s a f e t yo f t h e s e s p l i n t si f a v a l v e w a s f i t t e dw h i c ha u t o m a t i c a l l yl e a k e d a i r i f t h e p r e s s u r e w a s a b o v e2 0 mm H g .

    I n s p i t eo f t h e s e d o u b t s , w e b e l i e v e t h a t c u r r e n t u s a g e o f s p l i n t si s s a f e .We c a n f i n dn o r e c o r d e dc a s e o f c o m p l i c a t i o n sa r i s i n gf r o m t h e i ru s e i n 2 0 y e a r s ,a commen t w h i c ha p p l i e st o v e r y f e w t h e r a p e u t i c d e v i c e s . H o w e v e r ,a t p r e s e n t t h e y a r e s a f eo n l y b e c a u s et h e y l e a k a n d i f t h e y w e r e e f f i c i e n ti n r e t a i n i n g t h e i rp r e s s u r e t h e y w o u l db e d a n g e r o u s .T h e t h e r a p e u t i c r a n g e b e t w e e ne f f e c t i v es p l i n t i n ga n d t h e r i s ko f c o m p l i c a t i o n si sn a r r o w a n d a t p r e s e n t s p l i n t a g e i s e f f e c t i v ef o r a v e r y s h o r t t i m e . S a f e t y c o u l d b ei m p r o v e db y i n c o r p o r a t i n ga ' b l o w - o f f 'v a l v e i n t o t h e d e v i c e a n d e f f i c a c yi m p r o v e db yg r e a t e r q u a l i t yc o n t r o l .

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    I n f l a t a b l es p l i n t s 1 5 5REFERENCES

    A s h t o n H .( 1 9 6 2 )R e - o p e n i n go f b l o o d v e s s e l sa f t e rc r i t i c a lc l o s u r e .C l i n i c a lS c i e n c e2 2 ,9 5 - 1 0 0 .A s h t o nH . ( 1 9 6 3 )C r i t i c a lc l o s u r e i n h u m a n l i m b s .B r i t i s hM e d i c a lB u l l e t i n1 9 ,1 4 9 - 5 4 .

    A s h t o nH . ( 1 9 6 6 )E f f e c to f i n f l a t a b l ep l a s t i c s p l i n t so n b l o o d f l o w .B r i t i s hM e d i c a lJ o u r n a l2 , 1 4 2 7 - 3 0 .A s h t o nH . ( 1 9 6 8 )A m o d i f i e dd e s i g n o fi n f l a t a b l es p l i n t .J o u r n a lo f A p p l i e dP h y s i o l o g y2 5 ,7 6 5 - 8 .C a r o l i n eN . L . ( 1 9 7 9 )E m e r g e n c yC a r e i n t h eS t r e e t s .B o s t o n , L i t t l eB r o w n & C o .C u r r yG . J . ( 1 9 4 4 )P n e u m a t i cl e gs p l i n t :p r e l i m i n a r yr e p o r t .J o u r n a lo f t h eA m e r i c a nM e d i c a lA s s o c i a t i o n1 2 5 ,

    9 6 6 - 8 .G a r d n e rW . J . ( 1 9 6 2 )A n i n f l a t a b l ee m e r g e n c ys p l i n t .C l e v e l a n dC l i n i c a lQ u a r t e r l y2 9 ,5 4 - 6 .G a r d n e rW . J . ( 1 9 6 7 )I n f l a t a b l es p l i n t s .B r i t i s hM e d i c a lJ o u r n a l3 , 4 9 .London P . S . ( 1 9 6 6 ) I n f l a t a b l es p l i n t s .B r i t i s hM e d i c a l 3 J o u r n a l2 , 1 5 9 3 .P a t r i c k J . H . ( 1 9 7 8 )W e s s e xi n f l a t a b l es p l i n t .L a n c e ti , 6 9 5 - 6 .

    R e c e i v e d2 2 March 1 9 8 4 ;e d i t o r i a lc o m m e n t st o a u t h o r s 1 6 A p r i l 1 9 8 4 ;a c c e p t e d f o rp u b l i c a t i o n1 M a y 1 9 8 4

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    doi: 10.1136/emj.1.3.1511984 1: 151-155Arch Emerg Med

    J P Sloan and A F Dove

    are they doing?Inflatable splints--what

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