are we doing the right things in additive manufacturing r ...ebc.ie.nthu.edu.tw/km/ipr/2018 patent...

Are we doing the right things in additive manufacturing R&D? –

Comparing national research initiatives with patented technology

trends

Amy J.C. TrappeyCo-authors:

Charles V. Trappey, Mark Y.L. Tang, Tong-Mei Wang

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Innovative Design and Manufacturi

ng, ICIDM 2016, Jan24-26, 2016, Auckland, New Zealand

企業運籌與電子化中心Enterprise Logistics

and E-Business Center

2

Outline Introduction

Research objectives

Literature Review

Additive manufacturing for the dental industry

Patent analysis

Methodology

Key phrase extraction

Strategic patent search and patent collection

Case Study

Patent analyses results

Patents and MoST initiatives clustering results

International Patent Classification (IPC) trend study

Conclusions and Future Research

ICIDM 2016



Research objectives

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been adopted by dental industry since

prosthetics and orthodontic products require customization to meet patient’s

unique dental profile and feature. This research focuses on studying the

development of AM technology for dental industry using advanced patent

informatics.

To study the technology development trend of Taiwan Ministry of Science

and Technology (MoST) AM research projects. This research benchmarks

the AM patents and the MoST AM projects using text mining, data

clustering, and IPC classification techniques.

3 ICIDM 2016



3D printing for the dental industry

4 ICIDM 2016

SmartTech Markets Publishing optimistically forecasts that the market value of AM

applications on dental industry will reach 3.1 billion US dollars in 2020.

Van Noort R. (2012) stated though the manufacture of prostheses is currently

dominated by subtractive machining, it is inevitable that the AM processes of

layered fabrication, e.g. Stereolithography, Selective Laser Melting, and Inkjet

printing, will have significant impacts on dental industry.

Kang et al. (2014) combined CT scan and CAD/CAM techniques to fabricate an

intraoral wafer and compare to traditional milling method. The former shows better

results on product accuracy and fitness, it also shorten the time and cost with this

3D integration plan.



3D printing for the dental industry

5 ICIDM 2016

Digital models for dental applications

The software is based on the 3D models of oral measurement, bite

reconstruction, and digital data acquisition.

AM applied on dental procedure

Additive manufacturing process like SLA and SLS and other sub-

technologies are most frequently used to produce dental parts and

apparatus.

Digital model Prosthesis & Application

StepData

acquisitionData processing Manufacturing

Technology Software System Additive manufacturing

SLA = Stereolithography

SLS = Selective Laser Sintering



Patent analysis

Liu & Wang (2009) stated that patents contain significant technical

information, which are regarded as an indicator in technological and economic

development, enabling researchers to study technology trends, technology

ownership, and license royalties in a scientific way.

Son et al. (2012) proposed that constructing patent maps to study the latent

technological development has long been considered as a useful approach

since patent maps are presented in visual forms, such as in statistical charts,

graphs, and tables. Thus, the important technological data can be analyzed and

visualized effectively using patent maps.

ICIDM 20166




7 ICIDM 2016

General Additive manufacturing terms

additive manufacturing, 3D printing (three-dimensional printing), solid freeform

fabricating, rapid prototyping, additive processing, 3D planning

AM Material terms for dental apparatus

ceramic, resin, titanium metal, polymer, zirconia, porous

Dentistry terms

orthognathic, orthodontic, orthodontia, orthodontist, dentofacial orthopedics, denture,

prosthesis, prosthetic, dental, teeth

AM process terms

FDM (Fused deposition modeling), FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication), SLA

(Stereolithography), SLS (Selective Laser Sintering), SLM (Selective Laser Melting),

Inkjet printing, Laser powder forming, SEBM ( Selective Electronic Beam Melting)

To conduct a patent analysis, firstly, must define the key words for search

query to find the relevant patents.




ICIDM 20168

Dental prosthesis AM patents

The first layer search

ALL=((dental near prosthe*) and (bridge or crown or denture or implant))

AND DP>=(20100101)

The second layer search

ALL=(((additive adj manufactur*) or ((3D or (three adj dimensional)) adj

print*) or (rapid adj prototyp*) or (solid adj freedom adj fabricat*))) AND

DP>=(20100101)

Orthodontics AM patents

The first layer search

ALL=(orthodonti*) AND DP>=(20100101)

The second layer search

ALL=(((additive adj manufactur*) or ((3D or (three adj dimensional)) adj

print*) or (rapid adj prototype*) or (solid adj freedom adj fabricat*))) AND

DP>=(20100101)

192 patents

278 patents



Some related Taiwan patents

ICIDM 20169

Searching query of Taiwan dental related AM patents (Taiwan as the

assignee country)

ALL= ((orthodonti* or orthognathic or dentofacial or orthopedics) or

(denture or prosthesis or prosthetic)) and ((additive adj manufactur*) or

((3D or (three adj dimensional)) adj print*) or (rapid adj prototype*) or

(solid adj freedom adj fabricat*)) and (dental or teeth or porous or (3D adj

plan*) or ceramic or resin or (titanium adj metal) or polymer or zirconia or

porous or FDM or FFF or SLA or SLS or (Inkjet adj print*) or SLM or

(laser adj powder adj forming) or SEBM) and (ACN/TW)

Patent No. Patent Title Assignee IPC

8,747,110 Orthognathic planning system and

method

National Cheng Kung

University

A61C 11/00

7,936,911 3D planning and prediction method

for optimizing facial skeleton

symmetry in orthognathic surgery

National Cheng Kung

University

G06K 09/00

7,881,515 Cephalogram Image Analysis

Method

National Cheng Kung

University

G06K 09/00

8,861,825 Method for assisting in determining

strength of fixing craniofacial

surgery patch and computer using

the same

National Applied Research

Laboratories

G06G 07/60

Dentistry

Computer data

processing



Taiwan patent analysis

ICIDM 201610

National Cheng Kung University

Patent No. Forward citation patents

7,881,515 US 7,881,515, US 8,244,028,

US8,731,280, US 8,805,048

7,936,911 US 20120019511

8,747,110 None

National Applied Research Laboratories

Patent No. Forward citation patents

8,861,825 None

Citation analysis:



Patent analyses results-US patents Orthodontics: (192 patents)

Assignee analysis: 3M Innovation owns most patents, followed by Align

Technology and 3Shapes.

Top IPCs: A61C and G06F

Forward citation analysis: 3M Innovation, Align Technology, GeoDigm

Corp, and Materlize Dental own highly cited patents.

Prosthetics: (278 patents)

Assignee analysis: Biomet 3i owns most patents in this field, followed by

Nobel Biocare.

Top IPCs: A61C, A61B, and G06F.

Forward citation analysis: InPronto Inc and Sirona Dental Systems own

highly cited patents.

ICIDM 201611



Clustering results - Taiwan US patents and MoST initiatives

Clustering results: 4 clusters

Cluster 1 G06K and G06G, computer data recognition and

representation, analogue computer

Cluster 2 A61C, dentistry; methods or apparatus for oral or

dental hygiene

Cluster 3 Bio+dental related development

Cluster 4 G06K

ICIDM 201612



International Patent Classification (IPC) trends

ICIDM 201613

A61C

52%

G06F

15%

A61B

5%

A61K

3%

G06K

2%

G06T

2%

B29C

2%

DISTRIBUTIONOF IPC CATEGORIES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015(Aug)

nu

mb

ers

of

pa

ten

tsA61C G06F A61B

A61K B29C A61F



Dentistry

Orthodontics

Periodontics

Prosthodontics

Endodontics

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Oral and Maxillofacial

Radiology

Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology

Oral Disease Prevention

Oral Restoration

Oral and

Maxillofacial

Denture

Abutment

Pericial Tissues

Dental Pulp

Root Canal Therapy

Surgery of Jaws, Mouth, and Face

Implant

Extraction

Radiologic interpretation

Hygienist Therapy

FillingTreatment

Prevention

Diagnosis

Disease of Periodontium

Veneer

Inlay/Onlay

Bridge

Implant

Tray/Bracket

Aligner

Retainer

Classification Domain Keyword

Dentistry Knowledge Structure



Additive

Manufact

uring

(AM)

CAD/CAM

Process

3D ModelDigital.STL

file

Liquid

Powder

Solid Sheet

Filament

Vat polymerization

Material Jetting

Binder

Jetting

Powder Bed

Fusion

Directed Energy

Deposition

Sheet Lamination

Material

Extrusion

Stereolithography (SLA)

Multi-jet Modeling (MJM)

Electron-Beam Melting (EBM)

Plaster-based 3D Printing (PP)

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

Fused Deposition

Modeling (FDM)

Fused Filament

Fabrication (FFF)

Laminated Object

Modeling (LOM)

=

Starting

Material State

Technology

Classification

Technology Applicable

Material

Stage

Digital Light Processing (DLP)

Selective Heat Melting (SHM)

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

Ultrasonic Consolidation

(UC)

Laser Metal

Deposition (LMD)

Powder Bed & Inkjet Head (PBIH)

Laser Cladding=

Selective Laser Melting (SLM)

GasLaser Chemical Vapor

Deposition (LCVD)Gas Condensation

Photopoly

mer

Laminates

Wax

Plastic

Metals

Paper

Ceramic

Glass

Resin

Sand

Plaster

Polymer

AM Knowledge Structure



Dentistry

Documents

AM

Documents

Domain Expert Review

Domain Expert

Review

Text Mining Result

Dentistry Knowledge Structure

AM Knowledge Structure

TF Matrix Framework

Patent CategorizationPatent Technology-Function (TF) Matrix

Knowledge Combination

and Integration

Mapping

Computer-assisted construction of patent TF matrix

Patent mining



17 CE2011

Dental-AM Patent TF matrix



Conclusions and suggestions

The IPC of US patents are mostly in the categories of A61C

(Dentistry; apparatus or methods for oral or dental hygiene), G06F (Electric

digital data processing), and A61B (diagnosis; surgery; identification). In

addition, the highly cited patents which possess development potential are

mainly in A61C and G06F, followed by A61B and G06T (image data

processing or generation, in general).

Taiwan patents are in the categories of G06K and A61C. Though there are

only few patents, one of them (US 7,881,515) could be regarded as an

essential patent since it was cited by Align Technology. Moreover, the

patents are cited by other patents belonging to the categories of G06F and

G06K, which also provide good directions for Taiwan’s future

development.

ICIDM 201618



Conclusions and suggestions

Through patent analyses and documents clustering, it could find out that 3

MoST projects are more likely to suit the developing trend in A61C and G06

categories. The other 1 project is less related to current Taiwan-owned patents

in this field. Nevertheless, since this project is related to new biotechnology

development and applications, it might also be helpful to dental industry in the

future.

ICIDM 201619



Key phrase extraction : NTF approach

Rank key phrases: Normalized Term Frequency (NTF)

NTF = 𝑡𝑓 𝑗𝑘 × 𝑠=1𝑛 𝑊𝑁 𝑠

𝑛×

1

𝑊𝑁 𝑘

MoST initiatives normalized term frequency matrix (top 15)

ICIDM 201620

1000715 1000716 1000717 1000718 NTF

dental 12.12 0 0 2.92 15.04

printing 6.07 0 1.6 4.38 12.05

customization 10.92 0 0 0 10.92

orthopedic 0 7.16 0 0.73 7.89

biocompatibility 0 7.16 0 0.73 7.89

clinical 4.86 0 0 0.73 5.59

bioactivity 0 3.58 0 0 3.58

biomedical 0 1.79 0.8 0.7 3.32

teeth 1.21 0 0 1.46 2.67

invisalign 2.43 0 0 0 2.43

arrange teeth 2.42 0 0 0 2.42

aligners 2.42 0 0 0 2.42

cam 1.21 0 0 0.73 1.94

3dp 0 0 0 1.46 1.46

dentists 1.21 0 0 0 1.21



Clustering results - Taiwan US patents and MoST initiatives

VSM (Vector Space Model)

cos 𝜃 =𝐾𝑃 𝑖∙𝐾𝑃 𝑗

|𝐾𝑃 𝑖||𝐾𝑃 𝑗|= Correlation KP 𝑖 , KP 𝑗 =

𝑘=1𝑛 𝑤 𝑖𝑘×𝑎𝑤×𝑤 𝑗𝑘×𝑎𝑤

𝑘=1𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑘

2 ×𝑎𝑤2× 𝑘=1𝑛 𝑤𝑗𝑘

2 ×𝑎𝑤2

MoST key term correlation matrix (partial):

ICIDM 201621

dental printing customization biocompatibility orthopedic ...

dental 1.0000

printing 0.8745 1.0000

customization 0.9708 0.7478 1.0000

biocompatibility -0.4600 -0.7239 -0.3784 1.0000

orthopedic -0.4600 -0.7239 -0.3784 1.0000 1.0000

clinical 0.9956 0.8309 0.9891 -0.4312 -0.4312 …

bioactivity -0.4366 -0.7368 -0.3333 0.9951 0.9951 …

biomedical -0.8139 -0.9238 -0.7443 0.8903 0.8903 …

teeth 0.6639 0.8959 0.4652 -0.5182 -0.5182 …

invisalign 0.9708 0.7478 1.0000 -0.3784 -0.3784 …

arrange teeth 0.9708 0.7478 1.0000 -0.3784 -0.3784 …

aligners 0.9708 0.7478 1.0000 -0.3784 -0.3784 …

cam 0.9299 0.9683 0.8146 -0.5324 -0.5324 …

3dp -0.0975 0.3345 -0.3333 -0.2383 -0.2383 …

dentists 0.9708 0.7478 1.0000 -0.3784 -0.3784 …



Conclusions and Future Research

Technology-Function Matrix of AM applied on dental applications

ICIDM 201622

Technology

Digital Manufacturing

3D Model

Vat

Polmerizati

on

Material Jetting Binder Jetting Powder Bed FusionDirected Energy

Deposition

Material

Extrusion

Sheet

Laminatio

n

Gas

Condensati

on

Rapid Prototyping

Function .STL filephotopolym

er

photopoly

mer

wa

x

resi

nwax

polym

ermetal

ceram

ic

plast

icmetal

ceram

ic

polym

erwax metal

polym

erwax

met

al

ceram

ic

ceram

icmetal ceramic metal wax polymer

multi-

materialsresin plastic

Oral & Maxillofacial

Pathology

diagnois, prevention, and

treatment

US9089388B2,

US8998608B2,

US8973268B2,

US8790408B2

US9089388

B2US8973268B2 US8956158B2

US89732

68B2

US89561

58B2


Radiologyradiologic interpretation

US8998614B2, US8989567B1, US8905758B2, US8899984B2,

US8866883B2, US8821158B1, US8805658B2, US8805563B2


Surgery

extraction, implant,

sugeries

US8998614B2, US8926328B2, US8905758B2,

US8899984B2, US8855800B2

US9089

382B2

US90

89382

B2

US8950742B2US8956158B2,

US8950742B2

US87776

12B2

US89679

99B2US8950742B2

US89561

58B2

Endodontics

root canel treapy

dental pulp

periapical tissues

Prosthodontics

dentureUS8998608B2,

US8844138B2

US9089382

B2

US90

89382

B2

US8973269B2, US8962146B2US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

US8998615B2,

US8899983B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

bridge

US9060832B2,US

9022784B2,

US8844138B2

US906

0832B

2 US9022

784B2

US88

44139

B2,

US88

28287

B2

US8828287B

2

US8973269B2, US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

implant

US9060832B2,

US8926328B2,

US8844138B2

US906

0832B

2 US8828

311B2

US88

44139

B2,

US88

28287

B2

US8828287B

2

US8973269B2,US8962146B2,

US8940402B2, US8936469B2,

US8855800B2

US8962146B2, US8940402B2,

US8936469B2, US8855800B2

US8936469B2,

US8855800B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

inlay/onlay

US9060832B2,

US8844138B2

US906

0832B

2

US88

44139

B2,

US88

28287

B2

US8828287B

2

US8973269B2, US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

veneer

US9060832B2,

US8844138B2

US906

0832B

2

US88

44139

B2,

US88

34752

B2,

US88

28287

B2

US8828287B

2

US8973269B2,

US8962146B2,US8940402B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

abutment

US9060832B2,

US8844138B2

US906

0832B

2

US88

44139

B2,

US88

28287

B2

US8828287B

2

US8973269B2,

US8962146B2,US8940402B2,

US8936469B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2,

US8936469B2

US89364

69B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

crown

US9060832B2,

US8998608B2,

US8844138B2,

US8790408B2US9039947

B2

US9

039

947

B2 US90

39947

B2

US906

0832B

2,

US903

9947B

2,

US88

44139

B2,

US88

34752

B2,

US88

28287

B2

US8828287B

2

US8973269B2,

US8962146B2,US8940402B2,US89

36469B2, US8813364B2

US8962146B2, US8940402B2,

US8936469B2, US8813364B2

US8979534B2,

US8936469B2

US8962146B2,

US8940402B2

Periodontics disease of periodontium

Orthodontics

bracket = trayUS8827698B

2

alignerUS8827698B

2

US89860

03B2

US89860

03B2US8986003B2

Digital

3D Model

.STL file

diagnois, prevention, and treatment

US9089388B2, US8998608B2,

US8973268B2,

US8790408B2,US8775133B2

radiologic interpretation US8998614B2, US8989567B1, US8905758B2, US8899984B2, US8866883B2, US8821158B1, US8805658B2, US8805563B2,US8775133B2, US8768497B2,US8750590B2,US8738340B2,US8714975B2

extraction, implant, sugeries US8998614B2, US8926328B2, US8905758B2, US8899984B2, US8855800B2

root canel treapy

dental pulp

periapical tissues

denture US8998608B2, US8844138B2, US8775131B2,US8727776B2

bridge

US9060832B2,US9022784B2,

US8844138B2,US8753114B2,U

S8727776B2, US8651860B2

implant

US9060832B2, US8926328B2,

US8844138B2,US8775133B2,U

S8753114B2,US8727776B2,

US8690574B2

inlay/onlay

US9060832B2,

US8844138B2,US8753114B2,U

S8727776B2

veneer

US9060832B2,

US8844138B2,US8753114B2,U

S8727776B2

abutment

US9060832B2,

US8844138B2,US8753114B2,U

S8727776B2

crown

US9060832B2, US8998608B2,

US8844138B2, US8790408B2,

US8769822B2,US8753114B2,U

S8727776B2, US8651860B2

Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology

Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Endodontics

Prosthodontics

Function

Technology