Arthrology 关节学

Classification

two major types Continuous joints 直接连结 Discontinuous joints 间接连结 － synovial joints 滑膜关

节

Continuous joints 直接连结 Fibrous joints 纤维连结

Syndesmosis 韧带连结 Suture 缝

Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结 Synchondrosis

透明软骨结合 Symphysis

纤维软骨联合 Synosteosis 骨性结合

Synovial Joints 滑膜关节Basic structures Articular surface 关节面 : covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨 Articular capsule 关节囊

Fibrous membrane 纤维膜 Synovial membrane 滑膜

Articular cavity 关节腔 : Containing a trace of synovial fluid Subatmospheric pressure in it

Synovial Joints 滑膜关节Accessory structures Ligaments 韧带 (lig.)

Extracapsular ligaments 囊外韧带 intracapsular ligaments 囊内韧带

Articular disc 关节盘 and articular labrum 关节唇

Synovial fold 滑膜襞 and synovial bursa 滑膜囊

Joint Movement Terminology 关节运动术语

Translation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸 Adduction and abduction 收和展 Rotation 旋转

Medial and lateral rotation 旋内和旋外 Pronation ans supination 旋前和旋后 Inversion and eversion 足内翻和足外翻

Circumduction 环转

flexion( 屈 )\ extension( 伸 )

adduction( 内收 )\ abduction( 外展 )

Rotation （旋转） Bone revolves around its o

wn longitudinal axis medial rotation is turning of

anterior surface in towards the midline

lateral rotation is turning of anterior surface away from the midline

Pronation 旋前 Supination 旋后 Inversion 足内翻 Eversion 足外翻

Circumduction （环转） Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and

abduction Occurs at ball and socket, saddle and condyloid joints

Classification of synovial joints关节的分类

1. Uniaxial joints 单轴关节 : hinge joints 屈戍关节 :

cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other

angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal

trochoid (pivot) joints 车轴关节 round end fits into ring of bone + ligament rotation on long axis (eg) prox. radius/ulna,

atlas/dens

Classification of synovial joints关节的分类

2. Biaxial joints 双轴关节 : ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节

egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity

side-to-side, back+forth movement (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)

saddle joints 鞍状关节 articular surface both concave +

convex side-to-side, back-forth movem

ent (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb

Classification of synovial joints关节的分类

3. Multiaxial joints 多轴关节 : ball-and-socket joint 球窝关节

spherical head + round socket multiaxial movement(eg) should

er, femur plane joints 平面关节

articular surface in flat plane Short gliding movement (eg) intertarsal, articular process

es of vertebrae

Joints of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结

Vertebral column 脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae, the s

acrum, and the coccyx.

Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结

Intervertebral discs 椎间盘

Lie between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of:

Nucleus pulposus 髓核 an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic str

ucture (gelatinous core ) Annulus fibrosus 纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibr

ocartilage

Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结

Anterior longitudinal ligament

前纵韧带 Strong band covering the anterior part of t

he vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2

Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结

Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带

Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum

Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs

Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出

Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结

Ligamenta flava 黄韧带 ― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adja

cent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column

Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带 Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带 Ligamentum nuchae 项韧带 Intertansverse ligament 横突间韧带 Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节

Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节

Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles

Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas

Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head

Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节 Three synovial joints between atlas

and axis Laterally, paired joints between

articulating facets Median joint between dens of a

xis and anterior arch of atlas Supported by ligaments

apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带 alar ligament 翼状韧带 transverse ligament of atlas

寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆膜

Action ― allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column

The vertebral column as a whole

Anterior aspect:

the breadth of vertebral bodies increases from C2 to S2, then diminishes rapidly

Dorsal aspect: the spinous processes of cervical vert

ebrae are short and bifid; the spinous processes of thoracic vert

ebrae are long, point obliquely downward and overlapped each other;

the spinous processes of lumber vertebrae are nearly horizontally.

Lateral aspect:

shows four physiological curves

The vertebral column as a whole

Four physiological curves

Cervical curvature

Thoracic curvature

Lumbar curvature

Sacral curvature

convex forward

convex backward

The vertebral column as a whole

Movement of the vertebral column

flexion extension lateral flexion rotation

Lateral radiograph of the neck. The cervical curve of the vertebral column is well shown.

Sagittal MRI of thoracolumbosacral spine. Sagittal MRI of cervicothoracic spine.

Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂

Thoracic cage 胸廓

Composition twelve thoracic vertebrae twelve pairs of ribs sternum

Thoracic cage 胸廓

Costovertebral joints 肋椎关节 Joints of costal head 肋头关节 Costotransverse joints 肋横突关节

Sternocostal joints 胸肋关节 Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib

第一胸肋结合 Sternocostal joints 胸肋关节 Interchondral joints 肋软骨连结 betwee

n costal cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the costal arch 肋弓

General features of thoracic cage

Roughly cone-shape, narrow above and broad below, flattened from before-backwards, longer behind than in front

Inlet of thorax 胸廓上口 : bounded by upper border of manubrium, first rib, and vertebra T1

Outlet of thorax 胸廓下口 : bounded by vertebra T12, 12th and 11th ribs, costal arch and xiphoid process

Infrasternal angle 胸骨下角 : formed by the costal arch of both side

Intercostal spaces 肋间隙 : lie between the ribs

Thoracic cage 胸廓 Function:

protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity

plays a vital role in the process of breathing

Inspiration Expiration

Joints of skull 颅骨的连结

Continuous joints: Sutures Synchondrosis or synosteosis Temporomandibular joint

Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节 Aticulating surfaces

Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle, above

Head of mandible, below Capsule:

thin and lax in front and behind; strengthened by the lateral ligament 外侧韧带

Articular disc: separates surfaces forming upper and lower compartments within

joint Movement:

mandible may be elevated or depressed protruded or retracted rotation may also occurs as in chewing( a slig

ht amount of side to side movement is also permitted)