artur ourofino
TRANSCRIPT
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PRODUÇÃO DE LEITE EM
SISTEMAS DE PASTEJO ROTACIONADO
Artur Chinelato de [email protected]
III Workshop de Produção e Reprodução em Gado de LeiteHotel JP - Ribeirão Preto, SP
9 de abril de 2011
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o maravilhoso mundo tropical
TRÓPICO DE CÂNCER
TRÓPICO DE CAPRICÓRNIO
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colheita organizada
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colheita organizada
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CONCEITO DE “PASTAGEM” NO BRASIL:
“Área cercada por cercas de arames farpados,onde os animais são colocados para ver quem resiste.
Aqueles que não morrerem serão classificados como RÚSTICOS”.
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CONCEITO DISSEMINADO NO PAÍS
“pastagem” no Nordeste
“pastagem” no Sul
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“pastagem” sobre solo compactado
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solo “pedra”
solo “esponja”
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solo “pedra”
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raízes normais raízes indicandocompactação
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solo normal solo com impedimento
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limpeza de “pasto” – prática medieval
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erosão eólica (ação dos ventos)
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erosão e assoreamento
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erosão em área de “pastagem”
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erosão em área de “pastagem”
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tragédia
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prática irracional e ilegal
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desbarrancamento e assoreamento
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assoreamento dos rios
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pressão sobre a floresta
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Sítio ABCM – Pimenta Bueno , RO
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Sítio ABCM – Pimenta Bueno , RO
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Chácara Casa FelizBom Jesus do Sul, PR
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Chácara Casa FelizBom Jesus do Sul, PR
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Chácara Casa FelizBom Jesus do Sul, PR
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Chácara Casa FelizBom Jesus do Sul, PR
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Sítio Santo AntônioGirau do Ponciano, AL
palma forrageira com 2 anos de idade
palma forrageira com 5 meses de idade
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Sítio Santo AntônioGirau do Ponciano, AL
palma forrageira com 2 anos de idade
palma forrageira com 5 meses de idade
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palma forrageira com 6 meses de idadeSão José do Seridó, RN
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Granja Nova ConquistaAlegrete, RS
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Granja Nova ConquistaAlegrete, RS
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Granja Nova ConquistaAlegrete, RS
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Granja Nova ConquistaAlegrete, RS
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Sítio Cachoeira – São Luiz do Paraitinga, SP
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Casimiro de Abreu, RJ
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Quatis, RJ
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Sítio Barreiro - Canaã, MG
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Sítio Lajinha – Natividade, RJ
2008 2010
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desigualdade social
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limpeza geral na propriedade
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amostragem do solo
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formigas cortadeiras
saúvas quenquéns
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controle de cupins
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adubação verde
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preparo do solo adequado e compactação das sementes
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compactação das sementes
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compactação das sementes
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pastagem com 45 dias pós-plantio
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pastagem mal formada
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mudas nas bandejas
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mudas nas bandejas
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plantio por mudas
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plantio por mudas
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pastagem a ser recuperada
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pastagem recuperada
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pastagem a ser recuperada
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pastagem recuperada
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aplicação de calcário
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adubação do piquete
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adubação do piquete
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sistema radicular
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sistema radicular
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Goioerê, PR
invasão do tifton na estrada
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reboleira provocada por baixa fertilidade do solo
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cobertura morta
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Amplitude térmica do solo, sem e com cobertura morta
17192123252729
0:00 4:48 9:36 14:24 19:12 0:00 4:48
Dia 20/nov/1997, hora e minutos
Tem
pera
tura
, gra
us
Cel
sius
sem
com
(15 cm de profundidade)
com
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Absorção de NPK pela matéria seca de milho, em 14 dias.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Temperatura radicular, graus
Celsius
Con
teúd
o m
iner
al,
em m
g eq
/kg
MS N
KP
Figura 2. Temperatura do solo e absorçãode nutrientes. Fonte:Grobbelaar (1963, em Arnon,1975).
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divisão da área em módulos de piquetes
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cerca elétrica de “madeira plástica” – material reciclado
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cerca elétricade
madeiraplástica
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“madeira plástica”
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estacas de “madeira plástica” para criação debezerras em aleitamento
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estacas de “madeira plástica” para criação debezerras em aleitamento
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cochos trenó de “madeira plástica”
FAZENDA DA ESPERANÇAGuaratinguetá, SP
Hélio ou Ana Paula (12) 3128 – [email protected]
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identificação dos piquetes
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pastejo rotacionadoem
regiões montanhosas
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entrada das vacas no piquete no final da tarde
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touceiras bem definidas
mombaça bem manejado
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pastejo em faixa dentro do rotacionado
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tifton após pastejo de ponta
presença de “montículos” de tifton refugadospelas vacas devido a presença de esterco fresco
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repasse no manejo do tifton
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Sítio São José - Icaraíma, PR
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Sítio Junqueira - Santo Antônio da Platina, PR
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Sítio Estrela Cadente – Assentamento VacariasSidrolândia, MS
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TIFTON11.02.2010
MS PB FB EE MM ENN NDT%
86,59 20,06 25,99 2,53 7,44 43,99 67,86
ProteProteíína para produna para produçção de 23 litros de leiteão de 23 litros de leite
Energia para produEnergia para produçção de 15 litros de leiteão de 15 litros de leite++
2,5 kg milho = 23 litros2,5 kg milho = 23 litros
Estância Valinhos – Porto Rico, PR
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Sítio São Miguel – Coronel Freitas, SC
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Sítio São Miguel – Coronel Freitas, SC
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semeadura de aveia e azevém sobre o mombaça
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semeadura de aveia e azevém sobre o tifton
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semeadura de aveia e azevémexposição de Araçatuba, SP
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manejo do mombaça para geadas
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corredor estreito com início de processo erosivo
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corredor apresentando dificuldade para locomoção
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corredor apresentando erosão e
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dificuldade para locomoção
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sem comentários
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entulho como “solução”?
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“escada” ou
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armadilha?
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corredor acima do nível da pastagem
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rebanho sendo conduzido na Nova Zelândia
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corredor abaulado e compactadoterra+calcário+água
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Sítio Dalberto – Nova Prata do Iguaçu, PR
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corredor aproveitando o terraço em nível
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ambiência animal
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água parada
água corrente
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cadê a sombra?
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travessia do deserto
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se o gado de corte procura a sombra, ...
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disputa pela sombra
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sombra com riscos para os animais
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telhas e implementosna sombra???
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sombra: conforto e bem-estar
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sombra: conforto e bem-estar
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plantio de árvores no sentido Norte / Sul
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plantio de ruas de árvores no sentido Norte / Sul
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sombra artificial fixasem aceitação das vacas
sombra artificial fixacom aceitação das vacas
São Paulo do Potengi, RN
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sombra artificial fixacom aceitação das vacas,disposição Norte / Sule piso abaulado
Valentim Gentil, SP
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sombra artificial móvel
Conselheiro Mairink, PR
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bebedouro ou cocho?
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e o respeito ao animal?
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água de qualidade
Elisiário, SP
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Estágio de ProduçãoTemperatura (ºC)
10 21 32
Consumo de água (litros / dia)
Não lactantes (PV=635 kg) 25 31 33
Final lactação 37 48 55
Produção 18 kg/dia 65 81 100
Produção 36 kg/dia 103 134 170
Perissinotto, 2005
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lama ao redor do bebedouro
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entulho ao redor do bebedouro – má solução
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bebedouro carrapato
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bebedouro carrapato
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bebedouro carrapato
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• Utilização das pastagens durante todo o ano:plantas tropicais: 8 a 10 meses (lotação elevada)plantas de inverno: 3 a 4 meses
• Menor período de utilização de alimentação no cocho
• Maior eficiência das adubações, principalmente o N
• Alta qualidade da forragem durante todo o período
• Menores custos de produção
• Menores riscos na atividade (veranicos)
USO DA IRRIGAÇÃO
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•Temperatura Mínima: 13º C
• Lâmina de Água: 5 a 7 mm / dia
• Turno de Rega: Máximo 5 dias
• Em áreas com aclive procurar trabalhar com reservatórios
• Irrigação Noturna
• Necessidade de outorga para iniciar o uso da irrigação
PARÂMETROS UTILIZADOS PARA IRRIGAÇÃO
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pluviômetro
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termômetro demáxima e mínima
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evaporímetro de Piché
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Sítio Algodão – Porciúncula, RJ
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Retiro FormosoSanto Antôniode Pádua, RJ
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Fazenda Santa Teresa - Colméia, TO
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Fazenda Santa Teresa - Colméia, TO
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Fazenda Santa Teresa - Colméia, TO
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poço artesiano
Sítio Três Irmãos (Assentamento PAN)Nova Alvorada do Sul, MS
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Sítio Balzan – São Lourenço d’Oeste, SCcolagem da lona (ginásio)
30.05.2006
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30.05.2006
Sítio Balzan – São Lourenço d’Oeste, SCreservatório d’água
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Sítio Balzan – São Lourenço d’Oeste, SCreservatório d’água
31.05.2006
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reservatório com exposição excessiva do plástico
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reservatório com pouca exposição do plástico
Sítio Nossa Senhora AparecidaSão Francisco, SP
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reservatório com nenhuma exposição do plástico
Sítio Primavera – Santo Antônio do Caiuá, PR
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mombaça sem irrigaçãoBrejo Alegre, SP
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mombaça irrigadoBirigui, SP
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mombaça irrigadoMedeiros Neto, BA
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cigarrinhas das pastagens
“espuma”:indicativo da presença
de ninfasninfas
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Deois - corinthiana
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Mahanarva - flamenguista
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sinais de ataque severocigarrinhas das pastagens
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controle biológico – Metarhizium anisopliae
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lagartas
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sinais do ataque de lagartas
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sinais do ataque de lagartas
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percevejo castanho
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carrapatos
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“quebra vento” - jambolão
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“quebra vento” - cedrinho
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zona de competição
zona de aumento de produção
zona de produção média
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recomposição da mata ciliar (APP)
Sítio Nossa Senhora da GlóriaCardoso, SP
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mata ciliar
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rebanho original
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rebanho holandes
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rebanho jersey
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rebanho jersolando
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condição corporal de vacas no pasto é diferente
Nova Zelândia Estados Unidos
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Área muito intensificada
Área 3,5 ha
Cabeças 63
vacas 28 (44%)
Vacas lactação 23
Produção / dia 334 litros
L/vaca dia 15,3
Suplementação Cana + ração
Ordenha Balde ao pé
Pasto 27.000 m2Cana 5.276 m2Área repouso 1.040 m2Área bezerros 1.818 m2
34.835 L / ha/ ano
No ano 2005 (Preço leite R$ 0,542/L)Renda R$ 64.823COE R$ 63.784CT R$ 69.195
Desestruturação afeta economia
Fluxo caixa R$ 1.039
98% da RB paga COE
Capital R$141.667
No ano 2006(Preço leite R$ 0,545/L)26 vacas em lactação%VL 84,4
392 L/dia
Venda animais R$ 14.134
Fluxo caixa R$ 23.350
40.883 L/ha
Tifton rotacionado e irrigado
Pereira e Silva, 2008
Cana-de-açúcar irrigada
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quadro de controleda reprodução
quadro de controledo crescimento
de bezerras e novilhas
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Pasto é a forma mais econômica de fornecimento de volumoso:custos operacionais baixos em relação a outros modelos
O pasto por si só não é responsável pelo resultado econômico:
vários fatores interagem no desenvolvimento do processo produtivo
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Cana 2.000 m2
Tifton 3.000 m2
Sítio Boa VistaValença, RJ
Menor Fazenda Leiteirado Mundo – 03/2010 a 02/2011Área total 0,55 ha
Vacas 8
Vacas lactação 7
Produção/dia 108 litros
Vacas lactação/ha 12,72
Leite/ha/ano 71.000
COE / RB 43%
Fluxo de caixa R$ 956,63/mês
Ano pH P resina(g/dm³)
% da CTC CTC (mmol/dm³)
V% MO (g/dm³)K Ca Mg
2007 5,2 1 1,2 16,2 11,6 73,2 33 172008 5,7 8 1,9 15,3 8,4 94,5 49 222009 6,0 28 3,6 51,2 17,9 112,9 69 472010 6,1 49 4,1 56,7 19,1 139,0 71 52
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ITENS
Fazenda 1Bom Sucesso do Sul,
PR
Fazenda 2Francisco Beltrão, PR
Área total - ha 8,5 8,5
Vacas 27 45
Litros/ha/ano 18.988 17.842
Preço médio leite - R$/litro 0,59 0,61
Renda do leite - % 94,1 86,5
Renda Bruta - R$/ha/ano 11.783 11.997
Margem Bruta - R$/ha/ano 7.420 6.389
Fluxo de caixa - R$/mês 5.013 4.107
Lucro por área - R$/ha/ano 5.534 5.077
Cooperideal,2008
Resultados Econômicos
PROJETO BALDE CHEIO
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Sítio BalzanSão Lourenço d’Oeste, SC
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Sítio BalzanSão Lourenço d’Oeste, SC
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QUANDO PARECE
QUE NÃO HÁ MAIS SAÍDA,
E TUDO ESTÁ TÃO ESCURO,
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UMA OPORTUNIDADE SE ABRE
POR ENTRE AS NUVENS DA INCERTEZA,
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E A LUZ SE FAZ PRESENTE,
MOSTRANDO O CAMINHO.
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BASTA TER CORAGEM
PARA TRILHÁ-LO !
OBRIGADO PELA ATENÇÃO !Artur Chinelato de Camargo