asian military review - may 2013

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ANTI ARMOURJOINT SURVIVABILITYDISMOUNTED ISTARNAVAL DIRECTORY

SUBMARINE WARFARE

SPECIAL MISSION AIRCRAFT

SINGAPORE MILITARY

COVER-MAY 13:AMR 6/11/13 1:37 PM

GMB_2013_ISR_AsianMilitaryRev_April_002_Print.pdf 1 4/18/13 2:53 PM

MAY 2013VOLUME 21 / ISSUE 3

ContentsContents

Survivability:Stopping EnemyFires On SeaAnd Land

Submarine warfareand upgradesTed HootonA century ago naval power wascounted in battleships, but themodern arbiter of naval powerconsists of invisible battleshipssubmarines which have played amajor role in shaping modern Asiaand are likely to continue todo so. A market survey calculatedthat by the end of the decadethe region’s expenditure onsubmarines will total $46 billion

Peter DonaldsonWhile soldiers have always func-tioned as sensors, now they areamong the greatest producers andconsumers of Intelligence,Surveillance, Target Acquisition andReconnaissance (ISTAR) informa-tion for immediate tactical use andfor building the long-term under-standing of the operational the-atres and human cultures in whichthey find themselves

To Kill a Tank

Singapore’sDefence StanceGordon ArthurSingapore may be the smallestcountry in SE Asia but it hasregion’s most able military.Perched on tip of Malay Peninsulawhere Malacca and SingaporeStraits converge, Singaporeachieves world’s 4th highestdefence expenditure per capita

14 48

23 40

54

Martin StreetlyAs a region dominated by the vastnesses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans,

the Asia-Pacific nations have always had a strong interest in the ability to policeand monitor their national and economic regional interests

06

The Wide Blue Yonder

Gordon ArthurSurvivability on the battlefield isimportant… obviously! Threatscome from multiple directionsand in many shapes, so the per-tinent question is how to protectpersonnel and their platforms tothe maximum extent possible

AMR NavalDirectory 2013Peter DonaldsonAsia is home to a very activenaval market that is absorbingsome of the most capablevessels and systems that theglobal industry can offer. Manynations in the region are eitheradvancing or initiating their ownshipbuilding, engineering andsystems integration capabilities

Tom WithingtonWhen they first graced themud and horror of the battle-fields of the First World Warthey made the horse cavalryobsolete almost overnight. Atthe same time, thesearmoured land ships struckfear into the hearts of infantry,able to pour down fire ontotheir positions, with nearimpunity from retaliation

62

Front Cover Photo:The fuel cell powered HDWClass 212A submarines havebeen in service with theGerman Navy since 2005. Asecond batch of two boatsin currently under constructionat ThyssenKrupp MarineSystems in Kiel, Germany ©ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems

Dismounted ISTAR

l MAY 2013 l 03

Content & Edit May13:AMR 6/11/13 6:03 PM

04

Adam Baddeley (1972 - 2013)

On Tuesday, April 2, ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW's editor in chief, Adam Baddeleypassed away suddenly. He was so much more than AMR’s editor. He was atreasured colleague and friend to those who had the privilege of working withhim — or just knowing him!

He brought unparalleled expertise to AMR when he assumed his position overfour years ago, re-energizing this respected title with comprehensive contentorganization, a stable of highly recognized global contributors, and his unflagginggood humor.

His credentials as an electronics and communications specialist were alreadywell established when he assumed his position. While with AMR, he workedtirelessly to hone his experience in the Asian defense marketplace. He neverlost his enthusiasm to learn about the region by participating at industryevents and brainstorming with the AMR team to come up with new ways toimprove the magazine.

AMR will carry on in its mission of providing valuable editorial to those who havecome to rely on it over the years. Not only do we owe it to them, but now weowe it to Adam, an extraordinary editor and human being.

He will be missed.

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l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l

Content & Edit May13:AMR 6/11/13 6:04 PM

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Today, regional maritime patrolremains to the fore as China andIndia vie as regional (if not global)super powers, disputes over natu-ral resources continue to fester,

United States (US) foreign policy refocuses onthe Pacific and a number of regional playersrecapitalise their aviation patrol assets. Handin hand with such developments, the region’snations are also looking to ‘special mission’platforms to provide intelligence on unpre-dictable neighbours such as North Korea.

In no particular order, regional maritimepatrol recapitalisation currently focuses onnational programmes such as China’s Y-8Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) variantand Japan’s Kawasaki P-1 platform, theimpending introduction of the Boeing P-8Iinto Indian service, Australia’s longer termP-8A acquisition and future for UnmannedAircraft Systems (UAS) as persistent sur-veillance tools. In more detail, the ShaanxiY-8 ASW platform (variously referred to asthe Y-8FQ, the Y-8GX-6 or the Y-8Q) was

first identified during November 2011 andis characterised by a large surveillanceradar radome beneath its nose, a multi-blade ventral antenna farm and a MagneticAnomaly Detection (MAD) boom attachedto the aircraft’s tailcone. Other identifiedfeatures include a weapons bay locatedahead of the platform’s main undercarriagesponsons, rear fuselage observation win-dows, an Electro-Optical (EO) sensor turretbeneath its forward fuselage and fore andaft radar warning and missile approach

MISSION AIRCRAFTSSPPEECC IIAALL

The WideBlue YonderAs a region dominated by the vastnesses ofthe Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Asia-Pacificnations have always had a strong interest in theability to police and monitor their national andeconomic regional interests.

bbyy Martin Streetly

l ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW l06

Special Mission Aircraft May13:AMR 6/10/13 4:32 PM Page 2

warning sensor heads. Again, the typeappears to be based on the Y-8F-600 trans-port airframe and, at the time of writing, itwas not clear as to whether or not the twoY-8FQ/GX-6/Q aircraft so far spotted rep-resent a test programme or the precursor toa production run for China’s naval air arm.In the ‘special mission’ context, it is alsoworth noting that the Chinese Navy alreadyoperates a quartet of Y-8 ELectronicINTelligence (ELINT) collection platformsthat European sources have variously iden-

tified as the Y-8GX-2 or the Y-8JB.For its part, development of Japan’s

indigenous Kawasaki P-1maritime patrolaircraft began circa 2003 and is intended toprovide the Japanese Maritime Self-DefenceForce (JMSDF) with a replacement for its P-3C ASW and patrol fleet from JapaneseFiscal Year (FY) 2016 onwards. As such, theP-1 is powered by four 59.8 kN IHI XF7-10turbofans and is flown by a pilot, co-pilot,flight engineer, observer, tactical command-er, navigation/communications operatorand four mission system operators.Onboard equipment includes an X-band (8to 12.5 GHz) Toshiba Active ElectronicallyScanned Array (AESA) surveillance radar, aFujitsu HAQ-2 EO sensor, a MitsubishiHSQ-102 MAD application, an ElectronicSupport (ES) system, a sonobuoy launchingand monitoring architecture, a glass cockpitand a Kawasaki HAS-108 datalink system.Again, the type has an internal weapons bayand eight underwing hardpoints that areeach capable of carrying a 907 kg payload. Inperformance terms, the P-1 is understood tohave a maximum range and cruising speedof 7,963 km and 833 km/h respectively.The prototype P-1 was rolled-out on 4

July 2007 and made its maiden flight on the28th of the following September. A secondprototype entered the platform’s flight testprogramme during June 2008 and, as of late2012, four production examples were sched-uled to have been delivered by the end of


Over time, Australia,India and Japan have allexpressed interest in theacquisition of an MQ-4CTriton-type UAS capability© Northrop Grumman

A total of four of the JMSDF’s nextgeneration Kawasaki P-1 maritimepatrol aircraft are scheduled tohave been delivered by the end of2013 © Kawasaki

l MAY 2013 l 07


March 2013. In all, the JMSDF has a require-ment for 65 P-1s to replace its current force ofapproximately 80 P-3Cs. In this latter con-text, the Japanese Ministry of Defence is alsoknown to have embarked on a limited P-3life extension programme to maintain thetype’s viability until the P-1’s introductioninto service. Here (and as of late 2012), theintention was to refurbish one P-3C duringJapanese FY2011, two aircraft duringJapanese FY2013 and a “few” aircraft in eachyear thereafter up to 2016. In a parallel effort,AMR further understands that the JMSDFalso wishes to upgrade the acoustics aboard“some” P-3s in order to facilitate active bi-and multi-static functionality as a counter tothe latest “advanced” submarine threats.

The gradual withdrawal of the JMSDF’sP-3C maritime patrol fleet may well alsoaffect the retention of the service’s ‘specialmission’ EP-3 SIGnals INTelligence (SIG-INT) and OP-3C multi-sensor surveillanceaircraft. To-date, AMR has been unable to

discover any plans to replace such aircraftwith appropriate P-1 derivatives.

Turning to the seemingly unstoppablerise and rise of Boeing’s P-8 Poseidon, bothAustralia and India have signed up toacquire the type, which will also become afamiliar sight in US colours as it begins toreplace the US Navy’s (USN) legacy P-3s inthe Pacific. In the order given, the RoyalAustralian Air Force’s (RAAF) Project AIR7000 envisages the replacement of its AP-3C

multi-role surveillance aircraft with a mix ofP-8A manned aircraft (AIR 7000 Phase 2B)and High-Altitude Long-Endurance(HALE) UASs (AIR 7000 Phase 1B). Of thetwo, a final Phase 1B acquisition decision isscheduled for the period mid-2015 to mid-2018, with an Initial Operating Capability(IOC) to follow during Australian FYs 2019to 2022. For its part, the formal Phase 2B pro-curement decision is understood to be

scheduled for sometime between now andmid-2016, with IOC following at sometimebetween Australian FY2017 and FY2020.Here, the initial Poseidon purchase has beenquoted as eight aircraft (to replace 18 AP-3Cs), with the latest (at the time of writing)speculation leaning towards an increase ofat least four. In terms of any UAS procure-ment, the RAAF has had a long associationwith the Global Hawk and has long beenexpected to procure the type. As AIR 7000Phase 2B is looking for a UAS maritimepatrol/surveillance capability, the USN’sforthcoming MQ-4C Triton maritime GlobalHawk derivative would appear to be a natu-ral shoe-in for the programme. This said,recent informed speculation has suggestedthat a platform such as the Guardian config-uration of General Atomics’ Predator B UASmight be becoming a more attractive solu-tion to a potential Australian requirementfor up to seven such UASs.

Staying with the MQ-4C for a moment(and assuming the type passes all its testand evaluation hurdles), a percentage of theUSN’s 60 Triton Air Vehicle (AV) procure-ment are likely to become a common sight inthe Asia-Pacific region. To this end, currentUSN planning envisages the establishment

In the interim, the JMSDF intends to undertakea limited life extension and update programmeto keep its P-3C maritime patrol aircraft viableuntil the P-1 platform comes into servicecirca 2016 © USN

India’s P-8Iprogramme is ofgreater interest

specifically designedfor the Indian Navy




of two MQ-4C operating units (designatedUnmanned Patrol Squadrons (VUP) -11 and-19) to service its Atlantic and Pacific Fleets.Of the two, VUP-19 is expected to stand-upat Naval Air Station (NAS) Jacksonville inFlorida on 1 October 2013, with VUP-11 tofollow sometime later and to have its MainOperating Base (MOB) at NAS WhidbeyIsland in Washington. Again, VUP-11 willsupport the USN’s Third and Seventh Fleets(with VUP-19 serving the Fourth, Fifth andSixth Fleets, US Fleet Forces AtlanticOperations and Commander, Task Force 20)with a concept of operations that will seeAVs being launched and recovered fromForward Operating Bases (FOB) and con-trolled from the MOB. As currently sched-uled, the MQ-4C is set to achieve its IOCwith the USN during 2016.

India’s P-8I programme is of perhapsgreater interest in that the type has beenspecifically designed for the Indian Navyand incorporates a relatively high Indianoff-set package. Intended to replace the ser-vice’s eight Tupolev Tu-142MK-E long-range maritime patrol and ASW aircraft(themselves upgraded with the Novella/SeaDragon ‘complex’ (mission system) in a pro-gramme that started in 2003), the P-8I differs

from the USN’s P-8A in being equippedwith an aft-facing radar (in addition to theP-8’s standard AN/APY-10 forward-look-ing equipment) and aMAD system. In termsof indigenous content, AMR identifiesBharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) as supplying itsData Link II datalink, an IdentificationFriend-or-Foe (IFF) interrogator and what istermed a “finger printing system” ; ECIL, a“speech secrecy” system; Tata AdvancedMaterials, the P-8I’s auxiliary power unitdoor fairing and radomes; DynamaticTechnologies Ltd, the type’s power and mis-sion equipment cabinets; Avantel, the P-8I’smobile SATellite COMmunications (SAT-COM) system and Hindustan AeronauticsLtd (HAL), the type’s weapon bay doors,tailcone and IFF transponder. In addition(and as of 2011), four more offset contracts

South Korea hasfirmed-up its interest

in acquiring GlobalHawk UAS to boost

its overall surveillancecapabilities

MISSION AIRCRAFTSPEC IAL



were being “definitized”.Looking at some of these elements in

more detail, usually reliable sources suggestthat the AN/APY-10 application used onthe P-8I provides air-to-air and air-to-seasurface modes that are not available in theradar installed aboard the P-8A, while thetype’s X-band Telephonics APS-143C(V)3installation is designed to provide rearhemisphere coverage. Again, the P-8I’sMAD capability takes the form of Canadiancontractor CAE’s AN/ASQ-508A equip-ment, while BEL’s Data Link II (the first ofwhich was delivered to Boeing during 2010)provides connectivity with other aircraft,ships and shore-based facilities. Elsewhere,India’s P-8Is are compatible with depthcharges, naval mines and Boeing’s AGM-84L Harpoon Block II anti-shipping missile;

an armament package that India is under-stood to want to augment with Raytheon’sMk 54 lightweight torpedo and Boeing’sAGM-84H SLAM-ER air-launched cruisemissile. Again, identified P-8I growthoptions include Ultra High Frequency (UHF– 300 MHz to 3 GHz) SATCOM or mobilebroadband provision, a COMmunicationsINTelligence (COMINT) capability, nightvision goggles compatibility, an AutomaticIdentification System (AIS) application,additional tactical workstations (currentlynumbering five), additional APS-143C(V)3modes, and the carriage of a radio frequen-cy jamming pod.In terms of programmatics, India selected

the P-8I as its Tu-142 replacement during2009, with the country’s Ministry of Defenceplacing a then year USD2.1 billion order for

eight aircraft (with options for four more)during the same year. The P-8I made itsmaiden flight on 28 September 2011, withthe first aircraft being handed over to theIndian Navy during December 2012. As ofFebruary 2013, Boeing was understood tohave all but completed the type’s companyflight trials (with 175 sorties (more than 500flight hours) having been completed by the5th of the month) and was expected to deliv-er P-8I aircraft number two during the thirdquarter of 2013, with aircraft number threefollowing in 2013’s fourth quarter.Alongside the recapitalisation of its

manned maritime patrol aircraft inventory,India also appears keen to expand its use ofUASs for sea surveillance. In this context,the Indian Navy is understood to havestood-up three UAS squadrons (all under-stood to be equipped with surveillance con-figured Searcher and Heron AVs) and isknown to be interested in acquiring morecapable unmanned platforms. Here, theservice is understood to have investigatedavailable High-Altitude Long-Endurance(HALE) UASs such as the MQ/RQ-4 and,most recently, Israeli contractor ElbitSystems has thrown its hat into the ring witha Hermes® 900 variant that is optimised forthe maritime surveillance role.Publicised at the February 2013 Aero

India tradeshow, Maritime Hermes® 900 isdesigned for naval surface warfare, econom-ic exclusion zone monitoring and control,coastal protection, search and rescue, envi-ronmental monitoring, anti-piracy surveil-lance and asset protection. As such, it isequipped with line-of-sight and SATCOMdatalinks and can be equipped with a mis-sion suite that can include Selex ES’s X-bandGabianno T-200 surveillance radar, aDCoMPASS EO/Infra-Red (IR)/laser sen-sor, an AES 210V ES/electronic intelligencesystem, an AIS application and the SkyfixCOMINT equipment. In addressing specificIndian requirements, Elbit have teamedwith fellow Israeli contractor Windward Ltdto incorporate the latter’s satellite-basedmaritime analytical technology into theHermes® architecture.

Boeing handed over its first P-8I (aircraft IN320to the left of this picture) to the Indian Navyduring December 2012 © Boeing


l MAY 2013 l 11


As a final thought concerning the currentstate of Asia-Pacific maritime patrol and‘special mission’ AV provision, AMR read-ers should be aware that South Korea hasfirmed-up its interest in acquiring theGlobal Hawk UAS in order to boost its over-all surveillance capabilities. According tothe US Defense Security Agency (who noti-fied the US Congress of a potential sale on21 December 2012), South Korea wishes toacquire four RQ-4 Block 30 (I) AVs togetherwith their associated Raytheon Enhanced

Integrated Sensor Suites (EISS – comprisingand EO/IR imager and a Synthetic ApertureRadar (SAR)/Ground Moving TargetIndicator (GMTI) radar); mission controland launch/recovery elements; a SIGINTpackage; an imagery intelligence exploita-tion system; test and training equipment;ground, operational flight test and logisticalsupport services; communications equip-ment and relevant publications and techni-cal data, with the whole costing an estimat-ed then year USD1.2 billion. Again, the

potential sale has been justified by SouthKorea’s need to assume primary responsi-bility for intelligence gathering on theKorean Peninsula from the US-ledCombined Forces Command post 2015.While the need for the capability is self-explanatory in terms of the region’s flashpoints, it will be interesting to see whetheror not the US will be able to supply and/orsupport such AVs if national production ofboth the Block 30 and Block 40 RQ-4 config-urations are cut back and/or axed.

Israeli contractor Elbit Systems used theFebruary 2013 Aero India trade show topublicise its Maritime Hermes® 900 solution toIndia’s next generation maritime surveillanceUAS requirement © Elbit Systems

Recent informed speculation hassuggested possible Australianinterest in the Guardian variantof General Atomics’ Predator BUAS as a solution to its AIR 7000Phase 1B requirement © CBP

MISSION AIRCRAFTSPEC IAL



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Singapore’sDefence Stance

Singapore may be the smallest country in Southeast Asiabut it arguably has the region’s most able military. Perched onthe tip of the Malay Peninsula where the important Malaccaand Singapore Straits converge, Singapore achieves the world’sfourth-highest defence expenditure per capita. Its recordFY2013 defence budget of SGD12.3 billion represents a 4.2percent year-on-year increase for the Singapore ArmedForce’s (SAF) 60,500 servicemen and 255,000 reservists.

bbyy Gordon Arthur


Singapore Defence May13:AMR 6/10/13 4:35 PM Page 2

The bedrock of the country’s mili-tary stance is the ‘Total Defence’concept whose five pillars aremilitary, civilian, economic,social and psychological defence.

The SAF is cognisant of Singapore’s disad-vantages in terms of size (710km² land area)and population (5.3 million). It has nomanoeuvring space to fall back on so it can-not absorb an attack. Instead, forwarddefence is imperative and the SAFmaintainshigh levels of readiness. The state has devel-oped a surprising ability to project powerwell beyond its own shores, even as it seeksto leverage human and technological advan-tages via its much-vaunted ‘Third-Generation SAF’.The SAF’s strength is contingent upon

National Service (NS) which requires every18-year-old male to perform 24 months ofmilitary service and remain a reservist untilthe age of 40. NS may seem an anachronismfor a country that does not face any crediblesecurity threat. As well as a ‘rite of passage’,it could be argued NS is a tool to promotenational identity/compliance and unite apotentially divisive community. A low birthrate has tremendous implications for NS and

possible solutions are conscripting femalesor returning to a 30-month NS period.Chief of Defence Force Lieutenant

General Neo Kian Hong described the SAFmission as follows: “To deter any threat toour security, territorial integrity and sover-eignty, and should that deterrence fail weare able to effect a swift and decisive victo-ry.” Deterrence and diplomacy are funda-mental to security as Singapore attempts toreassure neighbours such as Malaysia andIndonesia of non-aggressive intentions. Aswell as overcoming limited training oppor-tunities at home, the dispersal of equipmentoverseas (Australia, Brunei, France, NewZealand, Taiwan, the USA and possiblyIndia) represents Singapore as a smallerthreat to neighbours. However, this policyhas obvious disadvantages in terms ofstrategic and logistic complications if it mustrespond to a fast-moving crisis.Relations with powerful allies are crucial

to Singapore’s wellbeing, and a significantdecision was approval for the US Navy torotationally base four Littoral Combat Shipsthere. USS Freedom set sail for Singapore on1 March to initiate this new arrangement.Singapore’s location is of strategic impor-


Singapore’sDefence Stance

The core of the naval combat fleet issix French La Fayette-class frigates,of which five were licence-built inSingapore © Gordon Arthur

l MAY 2013 l 15


tance to the USA as Chinese naval ships passby to access the Indian Ocean.

Singapore is a player on the internationalscene. The SAF has 39 troops deployed inAfghanistan to support reconstruction,while maritime task forces have beendespatched on counter-piracy operations tothe Gulf of Aden since April 2009. It has sig-nificant interoperability experience via theFive Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA)and joint exercises with numerous othercountries. Nevertheless, Singapore has min-imal experience in combat operations.

Local industrySingapore is surprisingly self-sufficient interms of military-equipment productionwith the notable exception of aircraft. Avibrant industrial sector is central to TotalDefence, with ST Engineering’s stable ofcompanies dominating the scene. In FY2012,ST Engineering reported 6 percent growthin revenue. ST Kinetics (STK) is a major sup-plier to the army, including small arms,

artillery pieces and armoured vehicles.Exports are an important cornerstone of

local industry and one of the most signifi-cant sales to date was 115 Warthog all-ter-rain vehicles delivered to the British Armyfor use in Afghanistan. Shipbuilding hasbeen another success area. Last year STMarine delivered a 141m-long landing plat-

form dock to Thailand, plus it has won acompetition to supply four 75m offshorepatrol vessels to Oman. In January, STAerospace received a contract from Oman’sair force to upgrade three C-130H Hercules.Unfortunately, STK was blacklisted by Indiain March 2012 over corruption allegationsand it is debarred from participating in

defence competitions for ten years. Thecompany has vowed to clear its name.

SeaThe Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)fields a proficient fleet but it recently gotbetter after receiving two 1,500-ton Archer-class submarines. Acquired second-handfrom Sweden, Kockums upgraded them fortropical service in Singapore by inserting a12m hull plug containing a Stirling Mk IIIair-independent propulsion (AIP) system,as well as modernised combat data,weapon control, flank array andmine/obstacle avoidance sonar systems.The first-of-class RSS Archer was commis-sioned to 171 Squadron in December 2011,while RSS Swordsman should enter servicemid-year. An ST Marine/Kockums jointventure known as Fortis Marine Solutionswill service them plus four incumbentChallenger-class boats. The new sub-marines will give Singapore parity withregional neighbours, and it could well be a

RSS Dauntless is one of twelveFearless-class patrol boats.This class will be replaced byeight new boats now underdesign © Gordon Arthur

ST Marine delivered a141m-long LPD to

Thailand, plus it haswon a competition forfour 75m OPV to Oman




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tion astride one of the world’s busiest sealanes as commercial ships ply to and fromthe Indian and Pacific Oceans. Singaporehas the world’s busiest port and it isextremely wary of terrorist and pirateattacks. With Malaysian and Indonesiansupport, the island state has been instru-mental in clamping down on piracy viaMalacca Strait Sea Patrols (MSSP) and Eyesin the Sky (EiS) maritime air patrols.Nevertheless there were 104 pirate attacks inSoutheast Asia last year, this compared to 80in 2011, with the majority occurring inIndonesian waters.At the heart of the RSN’s combat fleet are

six Formidable-class frigates of 185

Squadron. The navy is extremely wellequipped with missiles, including sixVictory-class missile corvettes from 188Squadron. In April 2010 a USD39.3 millionCorvette Upgrade Programme was contract-ed and all vessels are to be upgraded by 2015.The navy also has amphibious capabili-

ties via four locally built 6,000-tonEndurance-class amphibious transportdocks. Four Bedok-class mine-countermea-sures vessels are being modernised byThales, including fitment of an integratedmine-countermeasure combat system, mineinformation system, hull-mounted sonar,

expendable mine disposal system andtowed synthetic aperture sonar. The navy ispioneering the use of unmanned surfacevehicles with its first operational deploy-ment occurring back in 2005. Importantnews announced in January was STMarine’s contract to design and build eightnew vessels to replace Fearless-class patrolvessels. These will be built at the company’sBenoi Yard. Design work has begun andfirst delivery should occur in 2016.

AirDoubtlessly the Republic of Singapore AirForce (RSAF) is the most capable regionalair force. It is able to strike targets acrossSoutheast Asia and even East Asia, thanks toan intrinsic aerial-refuelling capability. TheRSAF has been challenged in recent times bythe global rise in unconventional threats,forcing it to balance its core homelanddefence mission with new asymmetricthreats. 111 Squadron’s four Gulfstream

The navy is integratingthe Boeing-Insitu

ScanEagle ontoVictory-class corvettes

as part of their lifeextension programme



The highly capable Boeing F-15SG Strike Eaglegives the air force much greater reach than waspossible with F-16C/Ds © Gordon Arthur


G550 Conformal Airborne Early Warning(CAEW) aircraft fitted with Israeli EL/M-2075 Phalcon active electronically scannedarray (AESA) radar are all operational.

The RSAF’s combat capability was boost-ed enormously when it inducted 24 F-15SGStrike Eagles featuring Raytheon’s APG-63(V)3 AESA radar. These fighters have amore potent punch than existing F-16s andthey will serve as the mainstay fighter untilany decision is made on procuring the F-35Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). Singapore hasinvested in the tempestuous programme asa Security Cooperation Participant.

ST Aerospace is upgrading the RSAF’sten C-130B/H Hercules transport aircraft byinserting new navigational equipment,modernised avionics and a digital ‘glass’cockpit. The first upgraded aircraft wasdelivered in 2010 and all should be refur-bished by 2014. Singapore operates four age-ing KC-135R Stratotanker tankers plus KC-130s. It was the first overseas country torequest information about Boeing’s KC-46tanker as a potential replacement, but the

Airbus A330 MRTT is also a strong candi-date for a six-craft requirement.

A peculiar fact relating to Singapore’ssmall size is that nearly one-third of its air-craft are based outside the territory. Forexample, 19 Pilatus PC-21 basic trainersreside in Western Australia. Singapore alsopurchased twelve Alenia Aermacchi M-346aircraft under the RSAF’s Advanced JetTrainer requirement, with the first aircraftdelivered last August. The M-346s will bebased in Cazaux, France, and will replaceincumbent Skyhawks. Singapore also con-tracts its F-16 pilot-training programme atLuke Air Force Base in Arizona to the USA.

The air force flies all SAF helicopterassets, including six new Sikorsky S-70BSeahawks of 123 Squadron that weredeclared operational last May. These oper-ate from the navy’s Formidable-classfrigates. The SAF possesses 20 AH-64D

The Terrex Infantry Carrier Vehicle is a new 8x8platform that has been attracting attention fromoverseas buyers © Gordon Arthur


l MAY 2013 l 19


This G550 CAEW aircraft with Elta’sEL/W-2085 sensor package participatedin Exercise Pitch Black in Darwin lastyear © Gordon Arthur


Apache Longbow attack helicopters too.Meanwhile, the Israeli truck-mounted SPY-DER-SR surface-to-air missile system isreplacing the 30-year-old Rapier. It isrumoured Singapore is interested in Israel’sIron Dome too.

The RSAF has an unmanned aerial vehi-cle (UAV) arm, possibly the most impressivein all of Asia. It operates exclusively Israelicraft – the Heron 1, Hermes 450 andSearcher II. In 2011 the Heron began replac-ing the Searcher. The air force’s UAVCommand was established in May 2007 andit includes 116 Squadron (H-450), 128Squadron (Heron) and 119 Squadron(Searcher). The RSAF uses the Broncotracked vehicle as a mobile ground controlstation, enabling UAV operators to keep upwith armoured units and to feed real-timedata to relevant assets.

Smaller in scale, the 8km-range SkybladeIII mini-UAV is in army service, while thelarger developmental Skyblade IV has a100km range. The navy is integrating theBoeing-Insitu ScanEagle onto Victory-classcorvettes as part of their life extension pro-gramme. The ScanEagle will give the navyenhanced seagoing surveillance capabilities.

LandThe army took delivery of the first of 18High-Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems(HIMARS) in late 2009. The six-round sys-tem can fire 227mm rockets as far as 70km.Bravo Battery of the 23rd Battalion,Singapore Artillery became operationalwith HIMARS on 5 September 2011.Meanwhile, STK is conducting feasibilitystudies on a 155mm Advanced Mobile GunSystem on an 8x8 chassis. The conceptual28-tonne vehicle would offer improvedstrategic mobility compared to the in-ser-vice, tracked Primus self-propelled how-itzer or towed Pegasus.

One of the army’s most significant newvehicles is STK’s 24-tonne Terrex InfantryCarrier Vehicle (ICV). The Terrex wasdeclared fully operational with the 2ndBattalion, Singapore Infantry Regiment, inmid-2011. Production has been ramping upwith a contract for 145 vehicles awarded sofar. Further batches are certain, as are vari-ants such as Command, Anti-Tank, Pioneer,Ambulance and Reconnaissance. The Terrexcomplements the 23-ton Bionix infantryfighting vehicle, of which 720 are estimatedto be in service.

Another exciting addition for the armywas 66 operational Leopard 2A4 main battletanks (MBT) purchased from Germany at abargain price. Singapore initiated a majorupgrade featuring IBD’s Evolution passivearmour package. The MBTs now boast theGerman company’s fourth-generationAdvanced Modular Armour Protection(AMAP) system claimed to offer twice theperformance of traditional steel armour. It isbelieved the tanks also have an activedefence system (ADS) though this has neverbeen seen publicly. The upgraded 60-tontank is known as the Leopard 2 SG, plus anarmoured recovery vehicle (LARV) andarmoured vehicle-launched bridge (L2-AVLB) based on the same chassis wereunveiled to the public last year. Indonesiahas since selected a similarly configuredLeopard 2A4 as its first ever MBT.

As well as being widely used in theSingapore Army, the Bronco tracked carrierhas been sold to the British Army andThailand. It has been exhibited with AmsafeIndustries’ Tarian rocket-propelled grenadenet protection system as a lighter alternativeto bar armour. Elite Guards units have beenusing STK’s manoeuvrable Spider Light



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YOUR SIXTH SENSE ONBOARD

NAVALSURFACE_213-286_2013-04-11.indd 1 11/04/13 11:34

Strike Vehicle (LSV) for a number of years.In late 2011 the company was awarded aSGD68 million contract to supply new-gen-eration Spiders in 2013-14.

Possessing modern weaponry andequipment does not necessarily contributeto effective armed forces. Singapore hasthus invested heavily in training andequipping its infantrymen, and indeed itsAdvanced Combat Man System (ACMS)puts it among Asia’s vanguard in terms ofsoldier equipment. The ACMS project waslaunched in 1998 and the first set of equip-ment weighed 25kg. However, the latestsuite has been whittled down to 8kg. Underan ACMS contract awarded to STElectronics, the 5th Singapore InfantryRegiment was the first battalion equippedin January 2010. A second battalion hassubsequently been furnished though notevery infantryman in a seven-man sectionis equipped with a full ensemble. TheACMS has five components: aCommunication and Navigation Subsystem(Selex Soldier Personal Radio, GPS, dead-reckoning module); Soldier Computer(1.5kg device with alphanumeric keyboard,Ad Hoc Network Communication); Head-Mounted Display (four-colour organic light-emitting diode); Weapon Subsystem (short-barrelled 5.56mm SAR 21 rifle with ModularMounting System for an ITL MARS reflex

sight, camera, round-corner firing deviceand push-to-talk wireless radio); and PowerSubsystem (a battery). Infantrymen alsoenjoy a range of other technologies like sur-veillance balls, remote-control surveillancevehicles, keyhole sensors and UAVs.Dismounted soldiers, digitally connectedto commanders in Terrex or Bionix vehi-cles, have the capacity to call in air orartillery support. ACMS evaluations havedemonstrated that command-and-controlinformation reaches users twice as fast, andthe time taken to locate a casualty has beenreduced fourfold.

This Singapore Army soldier displays all themajor elements of the innovative AdvancedCombat Man System © Gordon Arthur

The heaviest vehicle in the Singapore Army line-up is the 60-ton Leopard 2 SG upgraded with anAMAP armour package © Gordon Arthur




AMR NAVALDIRECTORY 2013

Prepared by Peter Donaldson

l MAY 2013 l 23

Asian Naval Directory May13 final:AMR 6/11/13 3:35 PM Page 1


Encompassing many of theworld’s most important traderoutes, economies relativelyuntouched by the economic woes

of the US and Europe, nascent superpow-ers and simmering disputes, Asia is hometo a very active naval market that isabsorbing some of the most capable ves-sels and systems that the global industrycan offer. At the same time, many nationsin the region are either advancing or initi-ating their own shipbuilding, engineeringand systems integration capabilities. Thisedition includes basic details on Russia’spacific fleet, which dwindled severely inthe post Cold War environment but is nowmore active than it has been for years andis set to receive new surface combatantsand submarines.Like all AMR directories, this has been

compiled from open sources and the pub-lisher would like to encourage readers tocontact us with any information they mayhave that may make the directory moreinformative and accurate.

AUSTRALIARRooyyaall AAuussttrraalliiaann NNaavvyy�� DDeessttrrooyyeerrss3 Ordered Hobart Air Warfare

Destroyers; based on modified Navantia F-100 with Aegis. Est.

cost A$8bil. and due to enter service in 2016-19, in re-baselined programme two years later than original schedule [confirmed]

�� FFrriiggaatteess8 ANZAC class (Meko);

ASMD Upgrade to include ESSM, CEFAR, MU90, 9LV MK3E, Vampir IRST for all. Government intends tocontinue investment in ANZAC sensors and missile systems until replacement byFuture Frigate.

4 Adelaide (FFG-7); upgraded with SM-2 Block IIIA and ESSM in Mk 41 VLS since 2010. Scheduled for replace-ment by Hobart class.

�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess6 Collins class likely to

serve into mid 2030s.12 Future Submarinesplanned; decision in2016-18, est cost A$40 bil. “Evolved Collins”and new designsbeing explored after

MOTS optiondropped.

��MMiinneewwaarrffaarree6 Huon class (Gaeta);

commissioned from 1999-2003

�� RReepplleenniisshhmmeenntt aanndd SSuuppppoorrtt1 Success AOR (Durance

class); being replaced under Project 1654 Phase 3

1 Sirius tanker1 Cantabria on lease

from Spanish Navy with crew from February to November 2013 whileSuccess refits

�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss3 Balikpapan LCH; may

be replaced by result ofAustralian-Spanish collaboration

1 Tobruk LSH; set totake part In PacificPartnership 2013

2 Building Canberra class LHD; Canberra hull arrived in Australia in October 2012, Commissioning plannedfor January 2014,Adelaide to follow inJune 2015. Will beequipped with 12

Royal Australian Navy Collins-classsubmarine HMAS Waller (SSG-75) pic-tured before 2013 dive trials followinga period of deep maintenance. Theclass’ service life may be extended to2038 © Royal Australian Navy image

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1 Choules; former HMSLargs Bay, returnedto sea in April 2013after generator repairs

1 ADV OceanShield; interim solutionuntil LHDs comeinto service, to betransferred toAustralian Customs andBorder ProtectionService in 2016

�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess14 Armidale PB;

Australian Customs and Border Protection Service

8 Ordered Cape-class; Australian Customs and Border Protection Service Armidale successor due for delivery between March 2013 andAugust 2015. Firstvessel named HMAS Cape St George on 15 March 2013

NNOOTTEESS:: RAN and UK RN may cooperateon development of Future Frigate and Type26 Global Combat Ship. Future frigate num-bers cut from eight to six. Collins sub-marines' service could by extended by oneseven-year operating cycle. Governmentintends to upgrade and extend the existingMine Hunter Coastal and Survey MotorLaunch Hydrographic vessels until thelonger-term solution can be delivered. Thecapability provided by supply shipsSuccess and Sirius is to be replaced at thefirst possible opportunity.

BANGLADESHBBaannggllaaddeesshh NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess1 BNS Bangabandhu;

modified Daewoo Ulsan class vessel upgradedwith FM-90N/HQ-7 SAM equipped withAgustaWestland AW109 [extended]

2 BNS Abu Bakar and BNS Ali Haider areBritish Type 41 Leopardclass frigates due to bereplaced by Type 053H2Jianghu-III class frigates,two of which will takeover the names.

3 on order? BNS Abu Bakar, BNS Ali Haider and one other are ex-PRC Navy Type 053H2 Jianghu-III Class guided missile frigates

2 on order Surplus US Coast Guard Hamilton class cutters to transfer to BangladeshNavy during 2013-2014 and refit with missile systems

1 Osman (PRC type 053H1 Jianghu II class)

�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess2 planned Negotiations on-going

with 'friendly country',probably China

�� CCoorrvveetttteess2 Durjoy class2 ordered Type 056 class�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess2 Dhaleshwari (RN

Castle class) OPVs; commissioned inApril 2011

6 Kapatakhaya OPV (UK Island class)

1 Mahumnati PB (ROK Sea Dragon class)

1+1 LPC; first vessel launched at Wuchang Shipyard in August 2012, missile and gun equipped

1+4 Padma class 50 m patrol vessels are built locally by Khulna Shipyard,armed with 37 mm and20 mm cannons. Padma commissioned in Jan2013, four more are duefor delivery inDecember

1 Nirbhoy PB (PRC Hainan class)

2 Salam/Barkat (PRC Haizhui class)

1 Karnaphuli PB (Yugo. Krajievika class)

2 Durdharsha FAC (PRC Huangfeng class)

1 Durbar Missile FAC (PRC Hegu class)

1 BN name unknown (PRC Type 025Huchuan class)

4 Shaheed FAC (PRC Shanghai II class); four vessels previously transferred toCoast Guard

4 Titash FAC (ROK Sea Dolphin class);based at Chittagong

16 Defender class PB donated by US

�� MMCCMM4 Shapla Class (UK

River class); one ship also equipped for hydrographic survey

1 Sagar (PRC T43 class); equipped with Celsius Tech CMAS 36/29 mine detection sonar in 1998

�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss WWaarrffaarree2 Shah Poran LCU; ex-US

Army5 Darshak LCT (PRC

Yuchin class)1 LSL3 LCVP

NNOOTTEESS:: Requirement for AOR still notacted upon. Defence budget to grow byseven percent in 2013, naval fundingexpected to increase to help police interna-tionally established EEZ with Myanmarand reportedly seeking two F-22P/Type054 based frigates from China. The govern-ment announced in February that it hadagreed to buy two submarines from anunspecified ally.

BRUNEIRRooyyaall BBrruunneeii NNaavvyy�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess3 Darussalam 80 m Lurssen

PV80 OPV 3 Waspada Missile FAC;

to be replaced by




Darussalams, with two transferred to Indonesia

3 Perwira PB 4 Ijhtihad class Pbs;

Lurssen built,commissioned in March and August 2010

4 LCU

NNOOTTEESS:: Indonesia has agreed to buy threeBAE Systems Nakhoda Ragam F2000 designfrigates from Brunei following a NovemberMoU signed by the two countries and a sub-sequent meeting between defence ministers.The purchase was reported still to be in theplanning stage in January.

CAMBODIARRooyyaall CCaammbbooddiiaann NNaavvyy�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess2 Modified Stenka class;

Soviet era acquisition in 1987, new gun, enginesradars in mid 1990s

2 Kaoh Class; Built by

Hong Leong-Lurssen Shipyard

2 21m FPBs from Fassmernumbered M 1105 andM 1106

15 Nine Chinese patrol boatsreportedly delivered in2007 following six in 2005

NNootteess:: Extremely modest forces supple-mented by a mixture of Soviet and, increas-ingly, Chinese sourced patrol boats andamphibious forces.

CHINAPPeeooppllee’’ss LLiibbeerraattiioonn AArrmmyy NNaavvyy�� AAiirrccrraafftt CCaarrrriieerrss1 Liaoning; former RFS

Varyag being refurbished at Dalian, completed several trials in 2012 before commissioning on 25 September. Officialestablishment of

carrier-borne aviation force announced on 10 May 2013.

2-3 Uncertain ‘Indigenous Carriers’; reports of two being built at Changxingdao yard described as "not accurate" by Song Xue, CoS of PLA Navy on23 April 2013. "The nextaircraft carrier we need will be larger and carry more fighters."

�� DDeessttrrooyyeerrss2+6 Ordered Type 052D; lead ship of

new Luyang III class launched in August2012, expected in service in 2014, equippedwith PLAN'sfirst multipurposevertical launch system.

4 Hangzhou class(Ru. Sovremenny class);




AsuW focus via SS-N-22Sunburn missiles

2 Luzhou/Type 051C class; based in North Sea fleet

2+4 Luyang II/052C class; based with South Sea Fleet, 6 expected by end 2013

2 Luyang I/Type 052B; incorporates stealth features

1 Shenzen/Type 051B; better known as Luhai

2 Harbin; better known as Luhu class

14 Luda class, totalcombination of Types 051/ 051D / 051DT / 051G /051GII / 051Z

�� FFrriiggaatteess12 +6 building Jiangkai II/Type 054A

class; a potential requirement for 26

2 Jiangkai I/Type 05414 Jiangwei I/Jiangwei II;

a combination of Type

053H2G and Type 053H3 vessels

29 Jianghu I/II/III/IV/V; several ships have been transferred to export customers, somePLAN vessels relegatedto training

6 Ordered Type 056 light frigate; 1800 tonne design 30 + requirement significant focus on export markets

�� CCoorrvveetttteess1+5 Type 056 Jiangdao;

at least 6 reported launched in 2012, first entered service in Feb 2013, requirementfor 20-30 anticipated.

�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess3+2 Ordered Type 094 Jin-class SSBN

1 Type 092 Xia-class SSBN; probably not operational

2+4 Shang/Type 093-class SSN; two operational,four improved Shangs reported under construction

3 Han/Type 091-class SSN; troubled design being replaced by Shang

13 Song Type 039 SSK8 Yuan Type 039A SSP

with air-independentpropulsion

10 Kilo Project 636/M2 Kilo Project 877EKM14 Ming-class8 Romeo-class, training

and reserve only�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess18 Houxin-class missile

FAC; production ongoing, missile equipped Hainan class

5 Houijan-class missile

The Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy(PLAN) Type 053H3 frigate (NATO code nameJiangwei II) Mianyang. The 2,393 ton vessel ispictured here on a visit to Sydney. © RoyalAustralian Navy image



FAC; production ongoing

60 Type 022 Houbei-classmissile FAC; production ongoing, equipped with C802/C705 missiles, entered service in 2005, catamaran stealth design

3 Haiji-class large patrol craft; leaving service

95 Hainan PB��MMiinneewwaarrffaarree1 Wozang class MCMV38 T43 mineweepers; over

half in reserve�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss ffoorrcceess3 Kunlunshan/Yuzhao/

Type 071-class LPD; two entered servicein 2012

6 Planned Type 081 Helicopter carriers; built at Dalian and Wuchang yards

20 Yuting I/II class LST;

construction continuing7 Yukan Type 702 LST28 Yuliang Type 079 LSM10 Yunshu LSM�� RReepplleenniisshhmmeenntt vveesssseellss1 Nanyun class AOR2 Fuqing class AOR2 Fuchi class AOR

NNOOTTEESS:: US DoD expects aircraft carrierLiaoning to embark an operational air wingafter 2015. JIN-class SSBN expected to carrynew 4,000 nm range JL-2 SLBM. Next gen-eration Type 096 SSBN and Type 095 SSGNprogrammes expected to proceed overnext decade. PLAN is expected to buildmore than 12 Luyang III DDGs to replaceLuda class. PLAN developing naval versionof DH-10 cruse missile. May build a basein Seychelles.

INDIAIInnddiiaann NNaavvyy�� AAiirrccrraafftt CCaarrrriieerrss1 INS Viraat (UK Hermes);

refit has extended life by three years, could refitagain in 2016 to operateuntil first IndigenousAircraft Carrier (IAC-1)enters service around2018.

1 Ordered INS Vikramaditya (Ru Admrial Gorshkov); reportedly being paintedbelow waterline atSevmash yard before Junesea trials and Decemberhand over to IndianNavy.

1 Ordered Indigenous Aircraft Carrier; launch of firstvessel Vikrant, of 40,000tonnes, expected 12August 2013 at Cochin,commissioning in 2017-18. Second, largervessel of 65,000 tonnes,INS Vishal, planned foraround 2025

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�� DDeessttrrooyyeerrss 3 Delhi-class5 Rajput-class (Ru

Kashin/Kashin II)3 Ordered Kolkata Project

15A-class; due to be delivered in 2013-14

4 Planned Imp. Kolkata/Project 15B-class; first vessel to be delivered in 2018

�� FFrriiggaatteess3 Talwar class; modified

Russian Krivak IIIsTalwar, Trishul and Tabarcommissioned betweenJune 2003 and April 2004

2+1 Imp. Talwar; costs from $1.2bil to 1.5bil. Brahmos missile capable, Teg and Tarkash commis-sioned April andNovember 2012, Tarikandset for delivery summer2013.

3 Brahmaputra-class/Project 16A

3 Godvari/Project 16 1 Nilgiri (Leander class) 3 Shivalik/Project 17; last

ship inducted in July 20127 Ordered Project 17A; $9 billion

project divided betweenMazagon Docks (4) and Garden ReachShipbuilders (3), equipped with Barak-2

�� CCoorrvveetttteess4 Khukri/Type 25; all

based at Vishakapatnam

4 Kora/Type 25A12 Veer/Tarantul I-class;

all based at Mumbai2 Prabal/Tarantul IV-class4 Abhay/Pauk II-class4 Ordered Kamorta/Project 28;

stealth ASW frigates, third vessel launched byGarden ReachShipbuilders & EngineersLtd on 26 March 2013, afourth planned for 2014.A further eightplanned.

�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess10 Sindhughosh/Kilo

Project 877EM/8773; last of seven planned boats completed upgrade in July at Zvezdochka shipyard

6 Ordered P75 Scorpene SSK; uncertainty surrounds project as Indian builderMazagon Dock Ltd reports an 18-month delay from 2015 deadline while DCNS insists it is on track. French ambassador announces 2014 first delivery. Projectvalue estimated at Rs 23,562 crores (around$4.071 billion).

6 Planned P75I; AIP equipped first two ships built overseas. The DCNSSuper Scorpene, ThyssenKrupp Marine with its HDW Type 214/216, Navantia S-90 and Russian Amur 1650 are expected to bid

4 Shishumar/Type 209/1500, upgrade to operate Harpoon mooted

1+2 Planned Arihant SSBN, due to enter service in 2015

1 INS Chakra/Project 971 Akula II, leased from Ru. in 2009 entered service in 2012

2 DSRV; RFI issued early 2011

�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess7 Sukanya patrol ships;

first 3 built in Korea,Saryu; built by Goa Shipyard

7 Super Dvora II-class 4 Bangaram/SDB Mk5 PB 2 SDB Mk3 PB10 Car Nicobar 1 + 5 Makar-class; catamaran

survey vessels with secondary patrol capability

�� MMCCMM8 Pondichery/Ru. Natya/

Project 266M-class upgrading with Thales equipment

2 Mahe-class (Yevgenya)2 Ordered Osprey class, ex-USN

vessels8 Order imminent Minesweepers; Korea's

Kangnam selected tobuild first two, further sixto be built by India's Goashipyard.

�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss WWaarrffaarree1 Jalashwa/US

Austin-class LPD5 Polnochny2 Magar-class LST8 LCU8 Ordered LCU; first block cutting

in September, first delivery in October 2013

�� RReepplleenniisshhmmeenntt aanndd SSuuppppoorrtt2 Fleet carriers Jyoti

and Aditya2 Deepak class Fleet

Tankers; $210m order with Fincantieri, first vessel INS Deepak commissioned Jan. 2011


NAVAL D IRECTORYREGIONAL

l MAY 2013 l 31

NOTES: The Indian Navy has issued its ten-year plan to acquire naval platforms underthe Maritime Perspective Plan (MPP) issuedin April covering nearly 100 ships with 50currently under construction. Plans forNavy’s INS Kadamba deep-water navalbase in Karwar, close to Goa, known asPhase-IIA, close to being given go ahead.INS Vikramaditya will be based there.MoD's capital budget for 2012–13 is over-whelmingly focused on the Navy which hasreceived a 72 percent hike in its modernisa-tion to INR241.51 billion. Defence ministryreport leaked in April anticipates low pointof 6-7 active submarines in 2015 as Kilosand 209s begin phasing out, according toIndian media.

INDONESIAIndonesian Navy� Frigates6 Ahmad Yani (Ne. Van

Speijk)1 ordered SIGMA 10514-class;

2400 tonne, first ship built by Damen in $220 mil., delivery in 2017 and up to 19 vessels built locally

� Corvettes

3 Fatahillah4 Diponegoro/Sigma

class; final ship transferred in March 2009

16 Pattimura/Parchim class; re-engined in 2005

3 Purchase agreedF2000 Nakhoda Ragham;BAE Systems design.

� Submarines2 Cakra/Type 209/1300;

Daewoo refurbishment in ROK underway

3 Ordered Type 209/1200; ROKN Chang Bo design, deal announced Dec. 2011 with two boats built in Korea the third by PT Pal in Surabaya

� Light Forces4 Dagger-class Missile

FAC; built in Korea4 Kakap class PB (PB57)4 Andau class FAC (FPB57)4 Todak class PB57; two

converted to carry C802 ASuMs

8 Sibaru class (ex-Aus. Attack-class)

13 Boa class patrol boats

�MCM2 Pulau Rengat

(Tripartite)9 Pulau Rote (GDR

Kondor II-class)� Amphibious5 Makassar LPD;

third and the first locally built vessel commissioned Nov 2009, the last Banda Aceh handed over in March 2011

6 Teluk Semangka;Tacoma type LSTH

12 Teluk Gelimanuk LSM (GDR Frosch-class)

3 Kupang-class LCU� Replenishment and Support1 Arun oiler

(UK Green Rover)1 Sorong Replenishment

Tanker1 Tanjung Dr Soeharso

(ex Dalpele); transport hospital ship

6 Troop transportsconverted from liners andferries: KRI TanjungOisina, TanjungNusanive, TanjungFatagar, Karang Pilang, Karang Tekok, KarangBanteng

NOTES: Indonesia has a requirement foraround 20 frigates largely based on Damen'sSIGMA 10514 design and built by PT Pal.MoD say that there are plans to field 10-12submarines in 2024. New submarine baseopened in Palu, central Sulawesi in April2013. Indonesia has agreed to buy three BAESystems Nakhoda Ragam F2000 designfrigates from Brunei following a NovemberMoU signed by the two countries and a sub-sequent meeting between defence ministers.The purchase was reported still to be in theplanning stage in January.

JAPANJapan Maritime Self-Defense Force� Helicopter Carrier2 Hyuga-class ‘DDH’;

carries 3 SH-60K with

The Indonesian Navy corvette KRIWiratno is a former East GermanNavy Parchim class vessel. She is pic-tured here between Australia andIndonesia with HMAS Maryborough© Royal Australian Navy image



option of further 7 SH-60K or MCH-101. Hyugacommissioned in March2009, in March 2011,built by IHI Marine

�� DDeessttrrooyyeerr2 Atago class; 10,000

tonnes, Aegis-equipped

4 Kongo-class; 9,500 tonnes, also Aegis-equipped, to receive SM-3 for BMD

2 Hatakaze-class; command capable

2 Shirane; to be replaced by ‘22DDH’

5 Takanami-class9 Murasame-class6 Asagiri-class8 Hatsuyuki-class1+5 Ordered Akizuki/19DD; to

replace Hatsuyuki1+1 Ordered 22DDH; FoC keel laid

in Jan. 2012, delivery in 2014 a 24,000 tonne design to replace Shirane-class

1 Ordered New 5,000 tonne ASW destroyer

�� FFrriiggaatteess6 Abukuma�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess5+4 Ordered Soryu-class; 9th vessel

ordered in FY2013 budget

11 Oyashio-class; life to be extended by five yearsto boost sub numbers

3 Harushio-class;remaining three of sevenreported to be trainingsubmarines

��MMCCMM2 Uraga, MCMC support

ships3 Yaeyama class

minesweepers; funding for replacement class in 2013 budget

5 Uwajima minesweepers 2 Niijima-class3 Hirashima coastal

minesweepers2 Ordered Improved Hirashima12 Sugashima coastal

minesweepers�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess6 Hayabusa PB�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss aanndd ssuuppppoorrtt3 Oosumi-class LPD2 Yusoutei-class LCU2 Yura class LCU12 LCM2 Mashuu class AOE 3 Towada class AOE

NNOOTTEESS:: The two Atago and four Kongoclass ships will receive the StandardMissile-3 interceptor. The country's CoastGuard has been given increased funding toacquire large patrol vessels to patrol islandscontested by China. FY 13 budget requestincluded Y72.3 billion for construction of anew 5,000-tonne destroyer “25DD”, 2 x

Kawasaki P1 MPAs, life extension work forHatsuyuki (3), Asagiri (6), Abukuma (4)and Hatakaze (1) destroyers and sub-marines Oyashio and Uzushio.

NORTH KOREAKKoorreeaann PPeeoopplleess NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess2 Najin-clas1 Soho; six were planned

but no further activity�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess23 Romeo-class;

operational statusin doubt

20-25 Sang-O class coastal subs30 Yugo/Yono midget subs�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess10 Soju Missile FAC (Ru.

I-Osa class)12 Osa-class Misile FAC19 SO-1 class12 Komar-class Missile FAC6 Hainan-class62 Chaho-class52 Chong-Jin-class6 Chong-Ju - class13 Shanghai II class12 Taechong-class37 Sin-Hung-class88 Ku Song33 Sinpo�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss FFoorrcceess8 Hantae-class LSMs16 Hungnam-class LSMs100 Nampo-class LCPs7 Hanchon-class LCMs130 Kongbang-class

hovercraft

The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Forcehelicopter carrying destroyer JDS Hyuga (DDH181), left, conducts a replenishment at sea withUS fleet replenishment oiler USNS Walter S.Diehl © US Navy image



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SOUTH KOREARReeppuubblliicc ooff KKoorreeaa NNaavvyy�� DDeessttrrooyyeerrss3 Sejong Daewang (KDX-

3); third ship the Ryu Seong-ryong, plans for three more ships cancelled in favour of KDX-2X, based on DDG-51 Flight IIA

6 Chungmugong Yi Sun Shin (KDX-2); 6 more Aegis equippedKDX-2X vesselsplanned for 2019-26

3 King Kwanggaeto (KDX-1)

�� FFrriiggaatteess9 Ulsan-class; to be

replaced by FFX programme

5 Ordered Incheon-class FFX; being produced by Hyundai Heavy Industries and STX, commissioned from 2013-2018. A total of 20 are required. 1 active, 2 under construction

�� CCoorrvveetttteess20 Po Hang; Cho-An

(Cheonan) lost in 2010, to be replacedby FFX, steadily being decommissioned with the Kun San recently

being transferred to Colombia

4 Dong Hae; to be replaced by FFX too

�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess3+6/11 Gumdoksuri missile FAC80 Chamsuri/’Sea Dolphin’

PB; to be replaced by Gumdoksuri

�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess3+6 Son Won Il KSS-2

(Type 214); Batch 1 production by HHI complete, two of six in next batch being built by Daewoo with first from that yard due to be commissioned in 2014

9 Chang Bogo Type 209/1200 SSK; MLU funded in 2013 budget

2 KSS-1 Dolograe midget subs, ADD has shown KSS 500A design as possible replacement

7 Cosmos midget subs��MMCCMM3 Yangyang-AM (I-Kang

Keong) MCMV6 Ganggyeong MCMV1 Won San; minelayer�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss 1+1 Ordered Dokdo LHD; third

vessel planned3 Alligator2 LST10 LCM

3 Tsaplya ACV�� RReepplleenniisshhmmeenntt aanndd SSuuppppoorrtt3 Chung Jee

NNOOTTEESS:: Studies into enhancing maritimedefences in contested waters against theNorth but also in islands claimed by Japanand China. Has a requirement to replacemidget sub with five new boats. The ROKNhas requested 18 UGM-84L HARPOONBlock II All-Up-Round Missiles worth $18million. A new base at Baengnyeong islandis being built.

MALAYSIARRooyyaall MMaallaayyssiiaann NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess2 Lekiu-class; BAE

Systems F2000 design�� CCoorrvveetttteess4 Laksamana class6 Kedah-class (Meko 100

RMN); last Kedah commissioned onNov 28th 2010

2 Katsuri (Type FS 1500); SLEP began in 2009

6 Ordered Next-Generation Patrol Vessels; Gowind classships from DCNS

�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess4 Handalan Missile FAC4 Perdana Missile FAC6 Jerong Gun FAC17 CB90�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess2 Scorpene Class; based

at Sepanggar Naval base, training and support from DCI-NAFCO

��MMCCMM4 Mahamiru (Lerici)

Minehunters�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtt1 TLDM Bunga Mas Lima

Auxiliary1 Gunga Mas Lima; heli-

copter capable supportship

2 Sri Indera Sakti Class;Combat Support Ship

NNOOTTEESS:: Second batch of Lekiu class frigates

RoK Navy 5,250 tonne destroyerChungmugong Yi Sun-Shin (975)pictured in the Sea of Japan in March2012. Launched in 2002, she is thelead KDX II vessel © US Navy image



l MAY 2013 l 35

reportedly planned, leading to eventual fleetof 6. Expansion of the submarine fleet is alsoreportedly under consideration. Reports thatRMN considering acquiring ex-US FFG-7and Whidbey Island-class LSD.

MYANMARMMyyaannmmaarr NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess2 Jianghu II-class (Project

053H1) 1+1 building Aung Zeya class built

by Myanmar Naval Dockyard

�� CCoorrvveetttteess3 Anawratha-class1 ‘Stealth ship’ reportedly

entered service in 2012�� LLiigghhtt VVeesssseellss6 Houxin Missile FAC9 Myanmar-class PB2 Osprey-class OPV9 Hainan-class12 PGM PB3 PB90

NNOOTTEESS:: Building up forces to matchBangladesh. ‘Stealth ship’ pictured onMyanmar navy Facebook page.

NEW ZEALANDRRooyyaall NNeeww ZZeeaallaanndd NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess2 ANZAC class (MEKO

200); Platform Systems Upgrade on HMNZSTe Mana completed in late 2010

�� LLiigghhtt VVeesssseellss2 Protector OPV 4 Lake-class Inshore

Patrol Vessels, entered service in 2009

�� RReepplleenniisshhmmeenntt aanndd SSuuppppoorrtt1 Canterbury MRV; part

of Project Protector1 Endeavour Fleet

Tanker; due to be replaced by 2017/18

1 Manawanui Dive Support Vessel

NNOOTTEESS:: Increased defence budget by 9 per-cent for 2013. Tanker Endeavour no longercomplies with environmental requirements

to operate as a tanker but continues as cargovessel with reduced capacity until replace-ment. Statement of Intent for 2013-16includes start of frigate systems upgradeand remediation of MRV HMNZSCanterbury. Remedial work on ProjectProtector vessels planned. US has lifted banon naval visits to New Zealand.

PAKISTANPPaakkiissttaann NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess4 Zulfiquar (Chinese F-22P) 5 Tariq (UK Type 21)1 Almagir (US FFG-7);

transferred to Pakistan�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess3 Khalid (Agosta 90B);

all vessels to receive MESMA AIP

2 Hashmat (Agosta 70)2 MG 110 Midget-sub;

enlarged SX756 design�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess2 Azmat-class FAC;

missile equipped first boat built in China, second in Pakistan based on Houjian-class (Type 037/2) equipped with eight C-802A/CSS-N-8 Saccade ASuW

1 Larkana-class2 Jalalat-class

2 Jurrat-class1 Town-class PB2 Multi-Role Tactical

Platform-332 MRTP-15 fast patrol craft 12 Griffon class

hovercraft (UK)�� MMCCMM3 Munsif-class (Tripartite)�� RReepplleenniisshhmmeenntt aanndd SSuuppppoorrtt1 Moawin (Ne. Poolster)1 Nasr (PRC Fuqing)2 Coastal oil tankers (PNS

Gwadar, Kalmat)1 Hydrographic vessel

(PNS Behr Paima)1 Dredger (PNS Behr

Krusha)2 Small tankers/utility

ships (PNS Madadgar,Rasadgar)

12 Gulf Craft

NNOOTTEESS:: In talks with China about a replace-ment of all current subs. Agosta 90sdescribed as 'good' but old Agosta 70s as'decrepit' by former Australian defenceattaché to Pakistan. Reports that Pakistanmay acquire four modified F22P using sys-tems from Type 054A with unit cost ofapproximately $200m. Fourth F22P and thefirst locally built, PNS Aslat, commissionedin April 2013. Economic and political difficul-ties make transfer of US FFG-7 class frigatesor UK Type 42 destroyers to replace Type 21s

Pakistan Navy destroyer Shahjahan(D-186) is an ex-Royal Navy Type 21.These extensively modified ships areto begin decommissioning during2013 as the service adopts Chinesedesigns © US Navy image



unlikely. First of the Type 21s, PNS Badr,decommissioned in April 2013. Plans toacquire HDW type 214 submarines reported-ly on hold due to lack of money.

PHILIPPINESPPhhiilliippppiinneess NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess1 BRP Rajah Humabon

(US Cannon); to be replaced by USCG Hamilton

2 Ramon Alcaraz(ex-USCG Hamilton Cutters); unit cost $13.8m ex-US AsuW and AAW upgrades funded in 2013 budget

�� CCoorrvveetttteess2 Rizal (US Auk)6 Miguel Malvar (US PCE)3 Jacinto (UK Peacock);

AsuW and AAW upgrades funded in 2013 budget

�� LLiigghhtt VVeesssseellss1 Mariano Alvarez (US

Cyclone)2 Aguinaldo Class22 Jose Andrada Class2 PC 394 (USCG Point-

class Cutter)10 Conrado Yap Class8 Tomas Batillo Class

(ROKN Chamsuri PKM Class)

3 Kagitingan Class

NNOOTTEESS:: The Philippine Navy (PN) has pub-lished its 15 year $11.5b plans for ‘PhilippineFleet Desired Force Mix’ comprising six anti-air warfare frigates each with a helicopter; 12anti-submarine warfare corvettes also withits own helicopter; 18 Offshore Patrol Vessels,three submarines and three Mine CounterMeasure Vessels. Support and deployment ofground forces by sea will be provided byFour Strategic Sealift Vessels which togetherwould be capable of deploying a brigade ofMarines or similar with each vessel equippedwith two Multi-Purpose Helicopters. Othersupport forces would include 18 LandingCraft Utility, three Logistics Support/Replenishment Ships, three Ocean tugs and

six other tugs. The Navy also seeking 12Cyclone class Coast Patrol Interdiction Craft,30 Patrol gunboats, 42 Multi-Purpose AssaultCraft and 24 Rigid Hull Inflatables.Philippines government reportedly plans tospend P18 billion on two new frigates to bebased on western seaboard, source may beSpain, South Korea or Singapore.

RUSSIA PPaacciiffiicc FFlleeeett�� HHeeaavvyy nnuucclleeaarr ppoowweerreedd GGuuiiddeeddmmiissssiillee ccrruuiisseerrss1 Inactive Project 11442 Orlan

(Kirov) class 'battlecruiser' AdmiralLazarev (ex Frunze).Plans to upgrade andreactivate Lazarev andothers discussed inRussian media

�� GGuuiiddeedd mmiissssiillee ccrruuiisseerrss1 Slava Class cruiser

Varyag)�� LLaarrggee aannttii--ssuubbmmaarriinnee sshhiippss4 Project 1155 Udaloy class

destroyers includingAdmiral Panteleyev (BPK548), MarshallShaposhnikov (BPK 543), Admiral Vinogradov(BPK 554) and AdmiralTrubuts (BPK 552),all active

�� DDeessttrrooyyeerrss4 Project 956 Sovremenny

class ships of uncertainserviceability, only 715Bystryy believed active

�� GGuuaarrdd sshhiippss 2�� SSmmaallll aannttii--ssuubbmmaarriinnee sshhiippss9 Project 1124M Grisha

III and IV

�� FFaasstt aattttaacckk ccrraafftt4 Project 12341

Nanchuka III class �� MMiissssiillee bbooaattss11 Project 1241/12411

Tarantul I/III class�� OOcceeaann mmiinneesswweeeeppeerrss2 Project 266ME Natya class�� CCooaassttaall mmiinneesswweeeeppeerrss7 Project 1265 Sonya class�� LLaarrggee llaannddiinngg sshhiippss4+2 Includes Project 775

Ropucha class vesselsPeresvet and Admiral Nevelskoy, Oslyabya andProject 1171 Tapir/Alligator class shipNikolay Vilkov. TwoFrench-designed MistralBPCs named Vladivostokand Sevastopol reported-ly earmarked for Pacific fleet.

�� LLaannddiinngg ccrraafftt4 1 project 11770 Serna

class and 3 Project 1176Ondatra class

�� LLooggiissttiicc ssuuppppoorrtt vveesssseellssIncludes tankers such asPechenga, rescue ships,tugs, ammunition ships, repair ships

�� NNuucclleeaarr ppoowweerreedd bbaalllliissttiicc mmiissssiilleessuubbmmaarriinneess ((SSSSBBNN))4 +1 Project 667BDR (Delta III)

submarines: K-223Podolsk, K-433 Sv.Georgiy Pobedonosets,


Russian Navy guided missile cruiser Varyag(011) works with the US Navy in thePhilippine Sea during Exercise Pacific Eagle.Varyag represents an increasingly activePacific fleet © US Navy image


Zelenograd and K-44Ryazan reportedly basedat Vilyuchinsk on theKamchatka Peninsular.Project 955 Borey classsubmarine AlexanderNevsky reportedlypreparing to join thePacific fleet.

�� NNuucclleeaarr ppoowweerreedd ccrruuiissee mmiissssiilleessuubbmmaarriinneess ((SSSSGGNN))5 Believed to include Project

949 Oscar IIvessels K150 Tomsk, K456 Vilychinsk and K186Omsk plus Project 949Asubs K132 Irkutsk andK442 Chelyabinsk, some inactive

��MMuullttiippuurrppoossee nnuucclleeaarr--ppoowweerreeddssuubbmmaarriinneess ((SSSSNN))5 Believed to include Project

971 Akula 1vessels K295 Samara,K322 Kashalot, K331Magadan, K391Bratsk and K419 Kuzbass, some inactive

�� DDiieesseell ssuubbmmaarriinneess ((SSSSKK))8 Project 877 Kilo class

NNOOTTEESS:: Fleet now active after long dor-mancy. First Borey class SSBN could bejoined by three more by 2020; Delta IIIs tobe decommissioned. Four project 885Severodinsk SSNs expected after 2015.Mistrals expected in 2014/15. Project 1164CG Marshall Ustinov may join Pacific fleetafter repairs. Project 1144 CGN Admiral

Nakhimov may join Pacific fleet by end ofdecade. Other surface combatants expectedinclude Project 22350 frigates and Project20380 corvettes. Miscellaneous new shipsincluding Project 18280 reconnaissancevessel Yuriy Ivanov, Project 21980 anti-sabateur vessels, Project 11770 Serna andProject 21820 Dugon landing craft alsoanticipated. Reportedly re-arming thesubmarine base on Kamchatka peninsular,negotiating for naval bases in Yemenand Vietnam.

SINGAPORERReeppuubblliicc ooff SSiinnggaappoorree NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess6 Formidable-class (Fr.

mod. La Fayette); now operational with S-70B Sikorsky Seahawks

�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess4 Conqueror (Ne.

Sjoormen-class)2 Archer (Swe.

Vastergotland-class)�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess6 Victory-class; missile

corvettes now operating ScanEagle UAVs

11 Fearless-classpatrol vessels

��MMCCMM4 Bedok (Landsort)

�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss4 Endurance LSTs

with well dock andflight deck

�� SSuuppppoorrtt1 Submarine rescue vessel

(MV Swift Rescue)

NNOOTTEESS:: New submarine rescue agreementsigned with Royal Australian Navy. Mindefordered eight new ships from ST Engineering toreplace Fearless class patrol vessels from 2016.

SRI LANKASSrrii LLaannkkaann NNaavvyy�� LLiigghhtt VVeesssseellss1 Sukanya OPV1 P621 (USCG

Courageous PB)2 Vikram class OPV1 Jayasagara OPV2 Nandimithra Class Saar

4 FAC1 Ranarisi (Mod.

Shanghai II) FAC5 Weeraya (Shanghai II)7 Ranajaya (Haizhui)2 Prathapa (PRC Lushun

Class)4 Super Dvora Mk. I4 Super Dvora Mk. II3 Dvora3 Trinity Marine class3 ROK ‘Killer’ FAC6 Shaldag-class FAC5 Trinity Marine-class PB10 Colombo FAC

�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss2 Yunnan LSM1 Yuhai LCT1 M10 Hovercraft

TAIWANRReeppuubblliicc ooff CChhiinnaa NNaavvyy�� DDeessttrrooyyeerrss4 Kee Lung (US Kidd-class)�� FFrriiggaatteess8 Cheng Kung (Mod. US

Perry)6 Kang Ding (Mod. Fr. La

Fayette)8 Chi Yang (US Knox)�� LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess


l MAY 2013 l 37

Republic of Singapore Navy Endurance classLPD RSS Endeavour in the Gulf of Aden withUSS George HW Bush (CVN-77). TheEndurance class are the RSN’s largest ships ©US Navy image




1 Ordered Hsun Hai (Swift Sea); new catamaran corvette design to be equipped with HF-2E land attack cruise and HF-3 AsuW supersonic missiles, dueto enter service in 2014. Atotal fleet of 12 planned

12 Jin Chiang OPV; 7 of class to be equipped with HF-3 ASuW

47 Hai Ou (Dvora) Missile FAC

2 Lung Chiang Missile FAC

8 Ning Hai30 Kunh Hua VI�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess2 Hai Lung/Sea Dragon

SSK (Mod. Ne. Zwaardvis) 2 Hai Shih(US Guppy II) training

�� MMCCMM2 Osprey Minehunters;

delivered to Taiwan in August

4 Yung Feng (MWV-50) minehunters

4 Yung Yang (US Aggressive)

4 Adjutant/MSC 268 minesweepers

�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtt2 Chung He LST (US

Newport-class)1 Xu Hai (US

Anchorage class) LSD1 Wu Yi AOE-530 oiler3 Wu Kang transports1 Da Quan survey ship

(AGS-1601)

NNOOTTEESS:: All Hai Ou retired in by mid-2012.Reports of plans to acquire 2-4 four OliverHazard Perry-class frigates to replaceKnox/Chi Yang-class frigates.

THAILANDRRooyyaall TThhaaii NNaavvyy�� AAiirrccrraafftt CCaarrrriieerr1 Chakri Naruebet CVM,

operates as helicoptercarrier, rarely goes to sea, being equipped with

Saab 9LV Mk4 CMS�� FFrriiggaatteess2 Planned 'New Frigates'; $1bil.

Funding agreed by government in September, DW3000H from South Korea'sDaewoo Shipbuilding andMarine Engineeringreportedly selected

2 Phutta Yofta(US Knox-class)

2 Naresuan (PRC Jianghu Type 25T); upgrade inc. Sea Giraffe and 9LVCMS

4 Chao Phraya (PRC Jianghu 053HT/HT(H))

1 Makut Rajakumarn; training vessel

�� CCoorrvveetttteess2 Pattani; OPV built by

Hudong Shipyard2 Rattanakosin-class2 Tapi (US PF103 class)3 Khamronsin class; taken

on OPV roles1 Modified UK River class,

locally built to BAE Systems design

�� LLiigghhtt VVeesssseellss3 Hua Hin PB3 Chon Buri Gun FAC2 Ratcharit Missile FACM3 Prabprarapak Missile

FAC6 Sat Tahip PB�� MMCCMM2 Lat Ya (Gaeta)2 Bang Rachan 2 Bangkeo-class

(Bluebird)1 Thalang; MCM

Support Ship�� AAmmpphhiibbiioouuss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtt FFoorrccee1 Ang Thong LPD;

modified Endurance class LPD $155 mil. Delivered to RTN in April 2012

1 Similian (PRC Fusu AOR)2 Normed-class LST

NNOOTTEESS:: Plans to acquire ex-BundesmarineType 206A SSK collapsed earlier this year

with funding reallocated to new frigatesalthough reports RTN is interested in PRCType 039s. Agreed to buy nine Evolved SeaSparrow missiles for the two Naresuanclass frigates in Jan 2013. Plans to accepttwo surplus US Navy Oliver Hazard Perryfrigates held up by failure of transfer bill inUS Congress.

VIETNAMVViieettnnaammeessee PPeeooppllee’’ss NNaavvyy�� FFrriiggaatteess5 Petya II Class2+2 Dinh Tien Hoang;

Project 11661 Gepard �� CCoorrvveetttteess aanndd LLiigghhtt FFoorrcceess4 Tarantul I 1241RE6+4 Tarantul /Project 1241.8

Missile FAC2 Imp. Pauk Project 1241.24+2 Svetylak PB 1041.28 OSA II FAC5 Turya FAC4 Shershen FAC18 Zhuk/Mod. Zhuk PB2 Poluchat PB4 Stolkraft-class 22.5 m

patrol vessel�� SSuubbmmaarriinneess6 Ordered Kilo Project 636M;

ordered in December 2010 worth around $2.8billion; builder Rubin says the first will bedelivered during 2013

2 Yugo-class Midget subs�� MMiinnee WWaarrffaarree2 Yurka minesweeper2 Yevgenya minesweeper4 Sonya Minesweepers�� MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss

Various amphibiouslanding ships andauxiliaries of US andSoviet origin

NNOOTTEESS:: Plans to build SS-N-25 Switchbladelocally under agreement with Russia. 2012defence budget saw a leap in spending by 35percent. Vietnam and Damen Scheldereportedly finalising contract for four Sigmafrigates. Second pair of Gepard frigatesreportedly scheduled for delivery byZelenodolsk Shipyard in 2016 and 2017.


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Superior maritime intelligence, clearly.The ScanEagle unmanned aircraft system provides persistent maritime intelligence, delivering high-quality

imagery day or night. ScanEagle operates autonomously at low or mid altitudes for extended periods,

dramatically enhancing situational awareness. The result is a multi-mission force multiplier for large and

small vessels alike, delivering the intelligence critical for decision-making superiority.

www.insitu.com/maritime-intelligence

I S T A RURBAN

In May, DARPA asked industryfor information on technologiesthat can provide digitisedsquads of 9-13 members withbetter tactical awareness for amile around © DARPA image


Dismounted Istar May13:AMR 6/11/13 3:29 PM Page 2

Such capabilities are central tosoldier systems develop-ments around the worldand are rapidly evolvingthanks to new sensors for sol-

diers to carry and for better, faster means ofexploiting existing ISTAR sources.

ACMS on exerciseThe Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), forexample, put its dismounted soldierISTAR capabilities through their paces inDecember when troops equipped with theAdvanced Combat Man System (ACMS)exercised in seven-man tactical sections atthe Murai Urban Training Facility (MUTF)within the Lim Chu Kang training area.

Developed by Singapore TechnologiesEngineering, ACMS is a key element of the3rd Generation SAF’s progressive provi-

I S T A RURBAN

While soldiers havealways functioned assensors, now they areamong the greatestproducers andconsumers ofIntelligence,Surveillance, TargetAcquisition andReconnaissance(ISTAR) informationfor immediate tacticaluse and for buildinga long-termunderstanding of theoperational theatresand human cultures inwhich they findthemselves.

by Peter Donaldson

l MAY 2013 l 41

DismountedISTAR

DismountedISTAR


sion of network capabilities to tactical units,enabling them to get the most of theirISTAR capabilities. With the section com-manders and team leaders equipped withthe ACMS, says Singapore’s Ministry ofDefence (MinDef), the section becomes partof a larger network that can tap into thewider resources of the battalion and call formore responsive and precise fire support.

“These sections function not only asfighting units but also as ground sensors,tracking the positions of friendly and hos-tile forces and feeding images back to thecommand headquarters for enhancedcommand and control of the battlefield.”

ACMS includes a helmet-mounteddisplay that can show satellite pictures,digital maps with positions of friendlyforces and detected hostile forcesimagery from various sensors. The sec-tion commander is to have a cameraattached to his SAR-21 assault rifle thatwill enable him to capture images and

transmit them to higher levels of com-mand using buttons on the rifle’s handguard. Additional ACMS sensors includea surveillance ball, a small UnmannedGround Vehicle and a key-hole sensor.

ISTAR Concepts and SolutionsIn August of last year, the UnitedKingdom Ministry of Defence (UK MoD)awarded QinetiQ a £6.4 million prime con-tract for four years of research under theISTAR Concepts and Solutions (ICS) pro-gramme, which is intended to drive thenext generation of ISTAR developments in

all domains, including that of the dis-mounted soldier. The idea, says QinetiQ,is to apply the best science and technologyto demonstrate cost-effective solutionsthat will significantly improve the infor-mation and intelligence available to UKarmed forces, either by developing newtechnologies or by other means such aschallenging current operational practice.

ICS, which includes the industry-ledcollaborative environment known collo-quially as the “ICS Engine Room”,and which QinetiQ has been selected tolead, is managed by MoD staff at theDefence Science and TechnologyLaboratory (DSTL), working closely withcolleagues in industry and academia.

“QinetiQ is delighted to have theopportunity to work with DSTL on the ICSproject”, said Jeremy Ward, ManagingDirector of QinetiQ’s C4ISR Division. “Wewill lead a strong, pan-industry and aca-demia team, which includes some of theUK’s most respected scientists, engineersand academics. The team will provide theMoD with access to world leading innova-tions in C4ISTAR technology and willexplore novel ISTAR technologies andprocesses, which will really make a differ-ence to front line troops in the future.”

A medium scale integrated tacticalISTAR experiment is due to take placeunder the auspices of ICS in June to exam-ine how dismounted soldiers can havemore timely access to the range of sensorsthat the UK employs, to gain improvedawareness of their surroundings, and tobetter share information.

The concept of every soldier becoming asensor is one focus of the experiment andwill look at how information can be betterpassed around the battlefield betweenteams, and how the information collectedby soldiers on the ground can be used forwider effect. Adaptable tactical situationalawareness will be another focus, examin-ing how information and intelligence col-lected from a wide variety of sources canbe brought together for greater effect.


A US Army soldier launches an AerovironmentRQ-11 Raven lightweight UAV, a key use ofwhich is to capture insurgent activity on videoincluding the planting of IEDs © US Army image

I S T A RURBAN

ACMS is a key elementof the 3rd Generation

SAF’s progressiveprovision of

network capabilitiesto tactical units


Finally, reach-back and reach-out togeospatial information and intelligenceresources will also be investigated with theaim of identifying tools that can be given tothe basic user to enable them to performtasks previously delivered by specialistteams, according to DSTL.

Dismounted CloseCombat SensorsUnder the related Dismounted CloseCombat Sensors (DCCS) programme,Roke Manor Research was awarded athree-year £5 million contract by DSTL inMarch. The company will lead a team ofindustrial and academic specialists toassess, mature and integrate innovativeclose combat sensor technology for thedismounted soldier. With Roke as primecontractor, the team which includes SEAand QinetiQ, will perform a comprehen-

sive system integration, architecture andexperimentation role.

One important goal is to develop anopen system architecture that is compatiblewith the developing Generic SoldierArchitecture (GSA). This will allow for theintegration of multiple sensor-based sub-systems, such as acoustic, thermal imagingand Radio Frequency subsystems, saysRoke, enhancing situational awareness,facilitate collaborative targeting andincrease operational tempo, while minimis-ing the size, weight and power burden.

“The DCCS research to be delivered byRoke is an important programme for theMinistry of Defence,” said Dr David

Massey, Programme Lead for DSTL'sC4ISR Domain. “The intent is to developthe UK's dismounted soldier as an inte-grated sensor capability within the widerISTAR enterprise, thus providing himwith greater local and shared situationalawareness whilst increasing his overallcombat effectiveness. Over the next threeyears, Roke, along with its partners, willbe developing the key low-power, low-weight sensor and processing technologiesthat will realise the benefits envisaged.”

“DSTL encourages all sensor technolo-gy suppliers with potential offerings tocontact Roke with details as to how theymay be able to contribute to the pro-gramme,” Massey said.

Cargo pocket ISRIn early April, for example, the US Armyasked industry and academia for enablingtechnologies that could lead to aUnmanned Aerial Vehicle system that asoldier could carry in a cargo pocket anddeploy effectively inside or out for ISRmissions. A cargo pocket measures 7.5 x


The concept of everysoldier becoming

sensor will look athow information can

be better passedaround the battlefield

between teams

I S T A RURBAN

Acoustic gunfire locators like the ones used bythese US special operators — the soldier on theright has a sensor on his helmet — can benetworked to improve location accuracy andteam situational awareness © US Army image


7.5 x 1 in, yielding a volume of 56.25 in3.The two enabling technologies in whichthe service is interested are night- andlow-light-capable sensors that consumevery little power and weigh around twograms, plus guidance, navigation andcontrol systems that support navigationindoors and in Global Positioning System-denied environments. These systemsshould also provide capabilities includingsemi-autonomous operation (stationkeeping, hovering and waypoint naviga-tion), collision avoidance and recovery ofstability after a collision.The request came from the Army

Contracting Command at AberdeenProving Ground on behalf of theUnmanned Systems and WarfighterTechnology Team based at the NatickSoldier Research Development andEngineering Center (NSRDEC), in Natick,Maryland. Initially, the Army wantswhite paper proposals from which tochoose the most promising ideas, whoseoriginators would be invited to submitformal proposals. “The desired final, out-come,” according to the Broad AreaAnnouncement (BAA), “would be proto-type hardware and software that will beused to advance the state of the art in sol-dier ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance andReconnaissace) and integrate with anoverall Cargo Pocket ISR system whenthey reach the requisite TechnologyReadiness Level (TRL).” The BAA is toremain active until 30 March 2015.

PIXNET sensor fusionThe Defense Advanced Research ProjectsAgency (DARPA) has initiated a pro-gramme to develop a clip-on or helmet-mounted camera system that would fusevisible, near infrared, and infrared imagesinto a single picture containing the bestinformation from each sensor under allvisibility conditions. DARPA hasapproached industry for ideas.The Pixel Network for Dynamic

Visualisation programme, known asPIXNET, is intended to provide thesecapabilities to increase the battlefieldawareness and threat detection and iden-tification capabilities of dismountedwarfighters and small combat units. Theidea is to show the fused, information-richimage on the soldier’s heads-up displayand enable it to be shared over communi-cations networks.“Existing sensor technologies are a

good jumping-off point, but PIXNET willrequire innovations to combine reflectiveand thermal bands for maximum visibili-

ty during the day or night, and then pack-age this technology for maximum porta-bility. What we really need are break-throughs in aperture design, focal planearrays, electronics, packaging and materi-als science,” said Nibir Dhar, DARPA’sPIXNET programme manager. “Successwill be measured as the minimization ofsize, weight, power and cost of the systemand the maximization of functionality.”DARPA intends PIXNET to exploit the

processing power and communicationscapabilities of an Android-based smartphone for image fusion and for network-ing among units, connecting with thephone wirelessly. The agency has alsoasked industry to develop whatever soft-ware apps are needed for the desired func-tionality and to develop plans for transi-tioning the low-cost camera system intomanufacturing. With the helmet-mountedsystem, for example, DARPA wants a unitthat would cost $3,300 based on a produc-tion rate of 10,000 per month.

TerraSight EXThe enormous numbers of sensors on andover the modern battlefield generate vastquantities of video imagery that could beof critical importance to soldiers on theground – if they can exploit it in time.Enabling timely exploitation of multi-source video is the purpose for which SRI

I S T A RURBAN

l MAY 2013 l 45

Soldiers need ISR/ISTAR information from a widevariety of other sources, with full motion videofrom aircraft being particularly vital. The USArmy is experimenting with 4G networks toprovide dismounts with actionable intelligence.© US Army image

DARPA researchers have demonstrated a newfive-micron pixel LWIR camera that couldmake this class of sensor small, light andinexpensive enough for use in dismountedsoldier sensors © DARPA image


International developed its TerraSightsoftware; software that the company saysis in use with all branches of the USDepartment of Defense including SpecialOperations Command.

In late October, the company launchedan expeditionary version dubbedTerraSight EX that works on a ruggedlaptop. SRI says that the software canprocess standard video feeds from UAVsystems and convert them in real timeinto integrated tactical information.TerraSight EX takes Full Motion Video(FMV), stabilises, mosaics and geo-regis-ters it and drapes it over a relief map in asingle integrated display. It also gener-ates precise, accurate targeting coordi-nates from FMV and, says the company,enables ground teams to reach backwhile sharing critical, time-sensitiveinformation with headquarters.

“With conventional UAS video, expe-ditionary teams are often confronted withambiguous, imprecise images that lack

context,” said Mark Clifton, vice presi-dent, SRI Sarnoff products and servicesdivision. “The TerraSight EX system over-comes these limitations, giving usersgreater situational awareness and fasterreaction time. Increased precision meansmore space and time to anticipate andrespond to threats.”

TerraSight uses a mosaic process tostitch individual video frames together tocreate a broader view with more context.It also uses geo-registration, assigningaccurate latitude, longitude, and elevationcoordinates for each video pixel and over-laying them onto a three dimensional

map. Operators can generate target fold-ers and messages by point and click forforwarding to fires networks, commandcentres, or systems using the Cursor-on-Target (CoT) method, says SRI.

A related SRI software applicationcalled Salience-Based Compression (SBC)for handheld devices delivers “relevant,high-resolution, geo-registered video anddata to the dismounted soldier over band-width-limited communication networks”.

These features are designed to elimi-nate serious problems with conventionaland legacy systems such as location driftand metadata synchronisation errors thathurt target location accuracy and the useof separate windows for video and mapsthat make it more difficult for the user tocreate a coherent mental picture.

Networking acoustic sensorsOne of the most immediately critical ISRfunctions that soldiers must perform tosurvive and prevail in combat is rapidlyand accurately locating sources of hostilegunfire. There are now several acousticgunfire location systems that can be wornby a soldier or mounted on a weaponavailable from manufacturers such asAAI, Metravib, QinetiQ, Raytheon, UltraElectronics and others. While useful indi-vidually, these systems can generatemuch more accurate solutions if they canbe networked and their outputs fused,which is the subject of an effort by scien-tists Jemin George and Lance M Kaplan ofthe US Army Research Laboratory’sSensors and Electron Devices Directorate.

George and Kaplan have developed afusion algorithm that enables such fusionof outputs sent via EPLRS radio to a centralnode for processing and returned to theindividual soldiers the same way. The sol-dier worn sensors have integral GPSreceivers, providing ‘ground truth’ for sen-sor locations while a consistency weightinghelps the algorithm work out which sen-sors have the best view of a particular gun-fire source. The researchers describe is as a‘non-linear least-squares algorithm’ andsay that it can improve localisation accura-cy by a factor of four compared with a sim-ple averaged solution.


I S T A RURBAN

Critical ISR functionsthat soldiers must

perform to survive incombat is accurately

locating sources ofhostile gunfire

DARPA’s Wireless Network Defense(WND) effort seeks to develop newtechnologies to help make wirelessnetworks more resilient to failuresin individual nodes, interferenceand attack © DARPA image


Right-Hand Drive HMMWV

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versatile Mobile adaptable affoRDableAM General’s Right Hand Drive HMMWV is now engineered for the 70-plus countries that have this driving requirement. Developed by the company’s award-winning engineering and design team, this workhorse brings with it the same unsurpassed rugged performance, reliability and affordability that has made the AM General HMMWV the Light Tactical Vehicle of choice around the world.

Focussing on the sea and landarenas in this article, we exam-ine some solutions for soldiersand sailors. In the space avail-able it is impossible to cover

every form of protection, but we shall lookat some pertinent products on the market.

Soldier survivabilityAt the most basic level, survivability isgreatly enhanced by ballistic protection

worn by soldiers – primarily helmets andvests. For example, in a recent interview atFort Bonifacio in Manila, LieutenantGeneral Noel Coballes, the Chief of thePhilippine Army, told the author that anacquisition priority was force protectiongear such as flak jackets and helmets for hissoldiers fighting communist and Islamicinsurgents. The standard body armour nowused by the US Army is the ImprovedOuter Tactical Vest (IOTV) produced by

BAE Systems, KDHDefense Systems, PointBlank Body Armor, Protective ProductsEnterprises (PPE) and UNICOR. ReplacingInterceptor BodyArmor, it was first used inaction in late 2007 and a complete systemweighs 13.6kg. One innovation is that theentire suite can be released by pulling a hid-den lanyard, ideal for situations where thewearer is trapped in a hazardous environ-ment (e.g. underwater) or to aid medicalaccess. A female-specific IOTV version wasfirst issued to Afghanistan-bound soldierslast September.The lighter (7.3kg) Modular Body

Armor Vest (MBAV) from EagleIndustries is worn by special forces, whilethe US Marine Corps (USMC) uses theScalable Plate Carrier (SPC) as a lighteralternative to the Modular Tactical Vest(MTV). Marines typically deploy with


A N D U P G R A D E SSSUURRVVIIVVAABBIILLIITTYY

Survivability on the battlefield isimportant… obviously! Threats come frommultiple directions and in many shapes,so the pertinent question is how to protectpersonnel and their platforms to themaximum extent possible.

bbyy Gordon Arthur

Survivability:Stopping EnemyFires On Sea And Land

Survivability:Stopping EnemyFires On Sea And Land

Joint Survivability May13:AMR 6/11/13 6:01 PM Page 2

both the MTV and SPC and the threatenvironment determines which one willbe worn. The MTV was adopted by theUSMC in 2006 with 60,000 vests initiallyordered from PPE.

Along similar lines, anti-ballistic shieldsoffer counterterrorism units, in particular,protection against bullets. Danish compa-ny TenCate Advanced Armour recentlyunveiled its lightweight Targa-light CXanti-ballistic shield. These portable shieldsoffer National Institute of Justice (NIJ) levelIV protection. TenCate claims its 17.2kgshield outperforms all others, and is lightenough not to need wheels.

Vehicle survivabilityIt is not just individuals who need protec-tion. So do vehicles and bases. Explosivereactive armour (ERA) on vehicles has

been around for decades but a newertrend is net armour to defeat rocket-pro-pelled grenades (RPG). Such armouroffers an alternative to the slat/bararmour applied to many Coalition vehi-cles in Iraq and Afghanistan. A primeexample is the US Army’s Stryker, wherethe 2,200kg slat armour brings penaltieswhen manoeuvring in narrow spaces andprevents transport aboard C-130 Herculesaircraft. The heavy ‘bird cage’ armour alsoupsets a vehicle’s centre of gravity and

can lead to rollovers. QinetiQ offers Q-Net, of which some 11,000 examples hadbeen procured by late 2012. It also intro-duced Q-Net II, claimed to be 15% moreeffective and 10% lighter than its prede-cessor. AmSafe produces Tarian, a netsystem 98% lighter than traditional steelslat armour. Additionally, Textron mar-kets its Tactical RPG Airbag ProtectionSystem (TRAPS) and TRAPSNet modularnet variant that eliminates interference toa crew’s field of view. TRAPSNet sensors

A N D U P G R A D E SSURVIVABILITY

l MAY 2013 l 49

This Type 730 CIWS is aboard aType 052C destroyer of thePeople’s Liberation Army Navy(PLAN) © Gordon Arthur

This US marine participating inExercise Ssangyong in South Koreain April 2013 is wearing the latestbody armour © Gordon Arthur


detect incoming threats and deploy thenet countermeasure.Vehicles may also be fitted with gun-

shot detection systems. Perhaps the mostpopular type is the PILARw fromMetravib, with the French company stat-ing 20+ countries already have it in serv-ice. Singapore, for example, has fittedsuch a system to some Terrex 8x8 InfantryCarrier Vehicles. Raytheon BBNTechnologies developed Boomerang formounting on HMMWV, Stryker andMRAP vehicles, and in June 2008 the USArmy placed an order for 8,131 systems.The Boomerang’s seven microphones pro-vide vehicle operators with relevant infor-mation on a firer’s point of origin on aninternal display panel.Active protection systems (APS) can be

divided into soft-kill (typically electroniccountermeasures) and hard-kill systems(physical interventions). For example, SouthKorea’s pending K2 main battle tank (MBT)will be fitted with an indigenous APS, itsfour-missile rocket launcher having a report-ed reaction time of 0.2-0.3 seconds and rangeof 150m. Such technology is not cheapthough – it allegedly costs USD600,000 perkit! A number of APS products are on themarket: Saab Avitronics LEDS-150(Sweden), Arena and Drozd-2 (Russia),Israel Military Industries (IAI) Iron Fist andRafael Trophy (Israel), Raytheon Quick Killand Artis Iron Curtain (USA), AMAP-ADSfrom IBD (Germany; also known as ThalesShark in France) and Zaslon (Ukraine). Suchsystems are typically fitted to MBTs, butlighter-weight versions are also available forsmaller armoured vehicles. It is rumouredSingaporemay have chosenAMAP-ADS forits Leopard 2 SG tanks although it has notbeen seen publicly to date. In 2009 Saab waslinked to a contract for 1,657 LEDS-150 sys-tems for Indian T-90S tanks, but confirmato-ry details are scant.

Base survivabilityThe existence of large forward operatingbases (FOB) and increasing casualties to

indirect fire in Iraq and Afghanistan led toa requirement for systems to detect anddefend against would-be attackers.Nowadays, larger bases are commonlyequipped with counter-rocket, artilleryand mortar (C-RAM) systems that destroyincoming enemy projectiles, the secondbiggest threat to troops after improvisedexplosive devices (IED). Raytheon’sCenturion C-RAM, essentially a terrestrialvariant of the Phalanx 1B close-in weaponsystem (CIWS) fitted to navy ships, was

first deployed to Iraq in 2005. It featuresthe same 20mm M61A1 Gatling cannon,although it fires HEIT-SD (High-Explosive Incendiary Tracer - Self-Destruct) rounds instead of tungstenarmour-piercing rounds to reduce collat-eral damage. The Centurion is trailer-mounted for mobility and a single systemcan defend a 1.2km² area. In 2008, 20 sys-tems were deployed in CENTCOM’s areaof operations, and that year another 23Centurions were ordered. Rheinmetall


The South Korean K2 from Hyundai Rotem, whenit enters service next year, will feature a modernactive protection system © Gordon Arthur

Singapore’s indigenously built Terrex 8x8 has a gunshot detection system. It is visible atop theleft-rear corner of the hull © Gordon Arthur



produces MANTIS, which features sixOerlikon Skyshield 35mm cannons. TheGerman Army ordered two systems; thefirst, accepted in January 2011, was des-tined for base protection in Afghanistan.Such C-RAM systems work in conjunc-

tion with ground-based radar systems.The USA’s legacy system is the AN/TPQ-36/37 Firefinder series, although itsreplacement is the Lockheed MartinAN/TPQ-53 counter-fire target acquisi-tion radar now in low-rate initial produc-tion (LRIP). The Q-53, mounted on a 5-tonFMTV truck, locates the source of enemyindirect fire. Its first overseas deploymentwas in 2010 and some eight radars arenow in Afghanistan. A contract for twelvesystems was awarded in February 2012,and another 21 the following month. A

potential buyer is Singapore as it has areported counter-fire radar requirement.Because the Q-53 will be rolled out

slowly, ThalesRaytheonSystems (TRS) isupgrading incumbent US ArmyFirefinders that date from the 1970s. Thenewest AN/TPQ-37(V)9 Firefinder enjoysreliability and maintainability improve-ments. Meanwhile, the USMC is pursuingits own ground-based radar in the form of

the Northrop Grumman AN/TPS-80Ground/Air Task-Oriented Radar(G/ATOR) that can track rocket, artilleryand mortar fire, as well as low-level mis-siles, aircraft and unmanned aerial vehi-cles (UAV). LRIP could commence laterthis year. Another popular C-RAM sys-tem is the Saab Giraffe Agile Multi-Beam(AMB) radar.Worthy of mention is Rafael’s Iron

Dome that intercepts projectiles firedfrom 4-70km away. This Israeli systemachieved headlines when counteringenemy rockets fired against Israeli territo-ry after it went operational in March 2011.Regarded as the most effective counter-missile system in service today, IronDome has achieved an alleged 85-90% killrate against Gaza-launched rockets, andby last November it had intercepted morethan 400 rockets. The Israel Defense Force(IDF) has five batteries in service. TheUSA directly contributed funding and islikely to seek co-production rights, whilepotential customers are India, Singaporeand South Korea. It is believed Israel isworking on extending its range to 250km.

Ship survivabilityOne of the greatest threats for naval ves-sels is the anti-ship missile (AShM), andactive measures to defeat incoming firecan be categorised into two main areas –the CIWS and anti-missile missile. Thenewest looming regional threat is theappearance of China’s anti-ship ballisticmissile based on the medium-range DF-21. The USA believes China could have 80such missiles in service by 2015. At therecent IMDEX show in Singapore, theauthor asked the US Navy’s Chief ofNaval Operations, Admiral JonathanGreenert, about the threat posed by thissystem. He replied, “It hasn’t altered ouroperations to date,” and he pointed outthere were many vulnerable points wherea weapon’s ‘kill chain’ could be broken.A ship’s survivability depends on

layered defence with short-and-medium-

This AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder ground-based radarbelongs to the US Army’s 2nd Infantry Divisionbased in South Korea © Gordon Arthur

l MAY 2013 l 51

One of the greatestthreats for naval

vessels is the anti-shipmissile (AShM), and

active measuresto defeat incoming fire



range components. If an enemy AShMpenetrates the outermost layer, the CIWS,an automated point-defence cannon pres-ent on nearly all warships, comes intoplay. It has little time to respond – forexample, an enemy missile approachingat 1,500m/s gives the CIWS just 1/3 of asecond to shoot it down within its effec-tive kill range of 500m! Independent orship-based radar systems track incomingthreats and automatically guide the CIWSto engage incoming missiles.The best-known CIWS is the Raytheon

Phalanx used by 22 nations. Regionally,these include Australia, India, Japan, New

Zealand, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwanand Thailand. The newest configuration isthe Block 1B, which added a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) system in 1999.Commander Shane Arndell, the captain ofHMNZS Te Mana, told the author that theRoyal New Zealand Navy had finishedupgrading Phalanx on its two ANZAC-class frigates to this configuration.Alternative systems to the Phalanx are theThales Goalkeeper, Rheinmetall Sea

Zenith, Oerlikon Millennium, SpanishMeroka, Denel 35mm Dual-PurposeGun and Oto Melara DARDO orFastForty/Twin 40L70 Compact.Russian systems are also popular

regionally with the Phalanx equivalentbeing the Tulamashzavod AK-630M,which features a six-barrelled 30mm GSh-6-30K rotary cannon. Its firing rate is high-er than Phalanx’s, and it is used locally byChina, India, Indonesia, Myanmar,Pakistan and Vietnam. A lighter-weightversion known as the AK-306 is availablefor smaller vessels. The most capableRussian CIWS, however, is the CADS-N-1Kashtan, which combines two AO-18Ksix-barrel rotary cannons with two SA-N-11 “Grisom” missile launchers. TheKashtan is used on modern Russian Navyvessels as well as China’s Sovremenny-class destroyers, Indian Navy vessels andVietnam’s new Gepard-class frigates.Such a gun/missile combination providesperhaps the best kind of protection, withthe Kashtan’s claimed kill probability list-ed as 0.96-0.99. The newest version is theKashtan-M that will become standard forthe Russian Navy.China makes its own Type 730 CIWS

with seven 30mm cannons. Chinese war-ships employ the Type 730, as doPakistan’s new F-22P frigates. It is likelyChina will soon deploy a version incorpo-rating missiles similar to the land-basedLD-2000. A further development is theeleven-barrelled Type 1130 as fitted aboardChina’s new aircraft carrier Lianoning.While the CIWS provides that last line

of defence, the outer perimeter is thejurisdiction of missiles. The most com-mon Western system is the RaytheonSeasparrow, with the latest version beingthe RIM-162 Evolved Seasparrow Missile(ESSM) with a more powerful motor andgreater manoeuvrability. Australia,Japan, New Zealand and South Korea areregional ESSM operators, soon to bejoined by Thailand.Another popular solution is

Raytheon’s short-range RIM-116 RollingAirframe Missile (RAM) that holds 21missiles. RIM-116 will eventually be fittedaboard some 74 USN ships, includingcarriers, assault ships, dock landing ships

A ship’s survivabilitydepends on layereddefence with short-and-medium-range

components


This is the upgraded Phalanx Block 1B aboardHMNZS Te Mana, one of New Zealand’s twofrigates © Gordon Arthur

A N D U P G R A D E SSSUURRVVIIVVAABBIILLIITTYY


and Littoral Combat Ships (LCS). SouthKorea also produces it under licence forits KDX-II, KDX-III and Dokdo-class ves-sels. Last year, the Block 2 version enteredLRIP, this type giving enhanced perform-ance against more manoeuvrable AShMs.To overcome modern sea-skimming mis-siles, SeaRAM combines the Phalanx 1Bwith the 11-cell RAM launcher. It operatesautonomously with its own sensors, andalthough still under trial, one SeaRAMwas fitted aboard the LCS vessel USSIndependence.

Other countries have equivalent anti-missile systems, including the Sea Wolfand Sea Viper in the United Kingdom. SeaViper is the British name for the MBDAPrincipal Anti-Air Missile System(PAAMS) that utilises Aster 15 and 30medium-range missiles. MBDA is alsodeveloping the successor to the Sea Wolf,the Common Anti-Air Modular Missile(CAMM), or Sea Ceptor, which sharescomponents with the ASRAAM air-to-airmissile. India and Singapore both operate

the IAI Barak 1. Following a USD330 mil-lion contract signed in 2007, India andIsrael are collaborating on the new 70km-range Barak 8 that had a successful maid-en firing in July 2009. Russian offeringsinclude the 3K95 Kinzhal (SA-N-9“Gauntlet”), of which the newest type isthe 9K332 Tor-M2 introduced in 2008. Themedium-range 3S90 Uragan (SA-N-7“Gadfly”) has been superseded by the9K37M1-2 Shtil (SA-N-12 “Grizzly”).

This article has presented a précis ofsome survivability solutions open to mili-taries. Of course, there are many systemswe have not even alluded to, such as decoysystems on ships or electronic countermea-sures on vehicles to disrupt IEDs. Whiletechnology is providing solutions, thesesame technologies are simultaneously cre-ating even more potent threats as part of anever-ending cycle.

A RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile aboard USSPeleliu, the US Navy’s last remaining Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship © Gordon Arthur



W A R F A R ESSUUBBMMAARRIINNEE

Submarinewarfareand upgradesA century ago naval power was counted in battleships, but themodern arbiter of naval power consists of invisible battleshipssubmarines which have played a major role in shaping modern Asiaand are likely to continue to do so. A market survey at thebeginning of the year calculated that by the end of the decade theregion’s expenditure on submarines will total $46 billion.

bbyy Ted Hooton


Submarine Warfare&Upgrades final:AMR 6/11/13 1:27 PM Page 2

The submarine is far superior, interms of influencing a maritimesituation, than any battleship forit combines firepower withcovert flexible operation, open-

ing the way to a wide variety of other roles,especially in the modern world. Maritimedomination was the submarine’s originalrole focusing upon denying waters to hos-tile warships; indeed the first modern sub-marine attack in 1912 was by the Greeksubmarine Delfin against a Turkish iron-clad. A century later this remains a rele-vant role as demonstrated in 1982 whenthe sinking of an ancient cruiser by a sub-marine saw the Argentinean navy confinedto harbour for most of the South Atlanticcampaign. The presence of submarinesremains a major inhibitor to enemy surfacestrike or amphibious groups and thereforea deterrent to precipitous action.

The submarine then rapidly expandedinto interdicting maritime lines of commu-nication and destroying mercantile fleets.The impact of German attacks upon theBritish Empire in two world wars, and theway US submarines strangled the JapaneseEmpire in the Second World War are wellknown. Indeed the latter helped to shapeAsian history by weakening Japanese con-trol on the mainland and the offshoreislands and archipelagos. Asian economiesare increasingly dependent upon maritimetrade over great distances both for import-ing raw materials and for exporting manu-factured goods. The threat from pirates offthe Horn of Africa as well as ‘choke points’such as the Straits of Malacca demonstratestheir vulnerability.

Submarine attack, or the threat of sub-marine attack, can wreak havoc on mar-itime trade; indeed the Japanese MaritimeSelf Defence Force is shaped to securingthe island kingdom’s sea lanes, althoughmost modern navies appear to be indenial and prefer to focus more upon theoriginal role of Fleet attack.

Compared with wartime boats, sub-marines have high underwater speeds, andthrough hull shaping, ‘rafting’ machineryand shaping moving parts such as pro-

pellers they are much quieter, indeed somuch so that in 2009 British and Frenchnuclear submarines collided without beingaware of each other’s presence. Theendurance of diesel-electric boats has beengreatly extended through the introductionof air independent propulsion allowingthem to remain on station far longer, com-pensating for a decline. It is also worth not-ing that US anti-submarine forces have dif-ficulty detecting foreign diesel-electricboats during training exercises.

The submarine can now deploy sophis-ticated torpedoes, such as wave-homers,as well as anti-ship missiles, but anotheroption is to use the mine, which can belaid covertly and with great precision aswell as being carefully activated and oper-ated. All submarines can carry mines inlieu of other weapons and the presencealone of mines can disrupt trade asdemonstrated by incidents around theArabian Peninsula during the mid 1980s.

The past half century has seen a newthreat emerge from under the sea, the bal-listic missile submarine. These can vanishinto the world’s oceans beyond the abilityof any potential enemy to detect them andremain on station almost indefinitely, thelimitation being food for the crew.Nuclear-powered vessels can delivercolossal fire power across the globe, andwhile once the prerogative of the GreatPowers they are now in the inventories ofAsia’s Great Powers. China has had theXia since 1987 and is adding the Jin (Type094) class with a dozen JL-2 missiles witha 4,300 nautical mile (8,000 kilometre)range, while India’s first domestically-produced nuclear submarine, INSArihant, will be similar but with dozenSagarika ballistic missiles with a moremodest 400 nautical mile (750 kilometres)range. While the capital costs of thesestrategic deterrents are very high, whileIndia’s first domestically-producednuclear submarine, INS Arihant, will besimilar but with dozen Sagarika ballisticmissiles with a more modest 400 nauticalmile (750 kilometres) range. While thecapital costs of these strategic deterrentsare very high the operating costs are rela-tively low. The Trident force, which pro-vides 54 per cent of the US strategic deter-

W A R F A R ESUBMARINE

A Malaysian Scorpene class submarine. Similarboats are being built for India © DCNS

l MAY 2013 l 55


rent, uses 35 per cent of Washington’sstrategic budget but only 1.5 per cent ofnaval personnel.

The successors to INS Arihant arescheduled to receive ‘cruise’ or ‘air breath-ing’ missiles, turbofan-powered miniatureaircraft with inertial navigation systemscapable of flying long missions at lowlevel and concluding with a precisionattack upon the target. These weaponshave been launched from torpedo tubesby attack submarines of the US Navy andthe Royal Navy since 1991 and provide animpressive, non-nuclear means of strate-gic strike hundreds of kilometres from thesea. It is a capability that will increasinglybe at the disposal of major Asian naviesthat wish to acquire it, and it is worthrecalling that 40 per cent of the world’spopulation lives within 100 nautical miles


The Subtics consoles; like those of ISUS90 are multi-role units. They are to befound in Malaysian boats and will alsoequip Indian Scorpenes © DCNS

The prime weapon of the submarine is thetorpedo and one is seen being loaded in thispicture © Atlas Elektronik



(185 kilometres) of the sea in an areawhich produces 67.6 per cent of theworld’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Significantly, India’s Russian-built Kilo

(Project 877) or Sindhughosh class sub-marines are being upgraded atSeverodvinsk to operate the Klub missilesystem family, and while most boats arebeing adapted to use the 3M54 (SS-N-27)anti-ship missile two have been adaptedto take 3M14 (SS-N-30) land attack mis-siles with a 160 nautical mile (300 kilome-tre) range. India is also developing a sub-marine-launched version of the superson-ic Brahmos missile, which has a similarrange to the 3M14, and while this might beprimarily for anti-ship, a land attack rolecannot be ruled out. In fact, conventionalland attack now lies within the reach ofsmaller navies using anti-ship missiles formanufacturers have responded to thegrowing demand for littoral warfare byadapting these weapons initially to engagevessels operating in the radar clutter fromthe coast or a harbour and later directly toattack land targets. This capability exists inthe latest Exocets, supplied to Malaysia forits Scorpenes, and the turbojet-propelled

Block 3 version has a range of 95 nauticalmiles (180 kilometres).

The submarine has a key role even inpeace time, or in crises short of hostilities,by providing covert Intelligence,Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) alegacy capability enhanced by moderntechnology. During the war against Japansubmarines regularly exploited the highmagnification rates of their opticalperiscopes to conduct visual and photo-graphic reconnaissance; indeed, usingthem to count the number of latrines, USNavy intelligence was able to determinewith great accuracy the size of the garri-son on the island of Tarawa in 1943.The introduction of mast-mounted tel-

evision cameras, which can be augmentedby image intensifier and/or thermal

imager systems, has enhanced this capa-bility. These masts can be raised, turn upto 360 degrees capturing and recording animage with a television camera and thenbe lowered all within 10 seconds and theimages can then be studied at leisureupon a console. Interestingly, the newJapanese Souryu class submarines havethe licence-built Thales Optronics CM 10mast-mounted system and it seems likelythis technology will be acquired by otherAsian navies in the coming years especial-ly in new-build vessels such as Australia’sCollins successor.Wartime submarines were also used to

deliver special forces both for reconnais-sance and commando raids. Modern spe-cial forces may be delivered through thetraditional inflatable boat but it is morelikely they will use swimmer deliveryvehicles (SDVs) which can pull themthrough the water saving time and ener-gy. Major navies are looking at dedicatedminiature submarines attached tonuclear-powered attack submarines todeliver special forces from longer ranges,and the concept has already been accept-ed by some Asian navies such as North



A Thales flank array in theSonar 2076 system. Althoughthis is for a nuclear-poweredboat it is typical of this type ofsubmarine sensor © ThalesUnderwater Systems

The existing andpotential capabilities of

submarines mean thatthe Asian market

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and South Korea as well as Pakistanwhich operate conventional miniaturesubmarines specifically for this role.

Modern submarine design is increas-ingly incorporating features to supportspecial operations and these willundoubtedly filter into Asian navies.Germany’s new batch of Type 212A sub-marines will include a lock-out chamberfor up to four special forces troopers at atime while Israel’s German-built Dolphinshave a similar feature and the four 650mm(25.6 inch) torpedo tubes in these boats arereported to be for SDVs. Kockums recent-ly revealed their design for the SwedishNavy’s A26 which included a bay on thecasing for an SDV or even a miniaturesubmarine, while the conventional torpe-do compartment has been replaced by amulti-role space which can also houseSDVs that will depart or enter through a1.5 metre wide multi-mission portal in thebow between the torpedo tubes. Behindthis is a 6-metre long airlock which canhold up to eight personnel.

Submarines can also use their electron-ic sensors in the ISR role. Sonars can notonly monitor traffic and build up a pictureof maritime and naval movements butalso be used to create a library identifyingindividual ships to provide further detailof naval activity. This is not new; in 1943US submarines were able to identify aparticular Japanese destroyer operating in

the waters of what is now Indonesiabecause it had nicked a propeller bladeand had a very distinctive signature. Thesophisticated processing of modern sonarsystems carries this further forward bymonitoring, and recording, the whole of aships’ acoustic signature.

Electronic signal measures (ESM) sys-tems are in all submarines, detecting and


A Korean Type 214 submarine built forthe KSS-2 programme © HDW


monitoring radar and communicationssignals in order to alert them to the pres-ence of hostile ships and aircraft. The samesystems can also be used to monitor radiotraffic and to detect and to locate radar sta-tions and help a nation covertly build up apicture of potentially hostile activity in aneighbour. This picture can include tech-nical details of aircraft and of ships, organ-isation of command and control assetswith supporting sensor and weapons aswell as clues to strategic intentions as wellas operational capabilities.The development of robot submarines,

both remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles(AUVs), may well extend this ISR func-tion. They could be deployed through tor-pedo tubes- after all heavyweight torpe-does are wire guided so wire guidanceshould not be impossible- but thereremain questions of control, and the diffi-culties of recovering these vehicles makeit likely they will be disposable assets; butthey could be used for hydrographicalsurveys, to plot enemy minefields (whose

presence would be discovered by the sub-marine’s mine detection and obstacleavoidance sonar) and possibly to neu-tralise them. Indeed, if mine fuzes can bedesigned to switch on or off based upon atimer, then it is technically feasible forROVs to attach disposal charges withtheir own timer fuzes to neutralise themines at a preferred time such as when anamphibious group arrives off its objective.Interestingly the US Navy has announcedplans to deploy Unmanned Air Vehicles(UAV) from submerged submarines dur-ing the RIMPAC (Rim of the Pacific) exer-cise possibly adding an aerial reconnais-sance capability to the submarine’salready broad inventory of tasks.The existing and potential capabilities of

submarines mean that the Asian marketremains dynamic with new build andupgrades. In the past 12 months Indonesiahas ordered two submarines from SouthKorea, andDaewoo Shipbuilding &MarineEngineering (DSME) has been awarded acontract to build the first two 3,000-tonneKorean Submarine Phase 3 (KSS 3) boats

with Seoul having a requirement for up tonine. Singapore has received the secondformer Swedish Västergötland class boat,RSS Swordsman which, like RSS Archer,has been comprehensively upgraded,refurbished and tropicalised.Building of Scorpenes to meet India’s

Project 75 requirement has slipped at leasta year although New Delhi is preparing tolaunch the Project 75A programme whileAustralia is in a similar position with theCollins class successor in Project Sea 1000.In the distaff side there is no sign ofTaiwan getting its longed for new sub-marines, while Thailand’s plans to acquireGerman Type 206 coastal boats was scut-tled by inter-service financial wrangling.Thailand retains a submarine requirementwhile Bangladesh and the Philippineswould both like submarines, Maniladefining the requirement at three boats,but financial hurdles remain too high toovercome. Upgrade programmes contin-ue but news is muted; Pakistan’s Khalids(Agosta 90B) are receiving MESMA airindependent propulsion systems andAustralia’s Collins will have their Scyllasonars improved, while Russia continuesto upgrade India’s Kilo class boats.


An ISUS 90 operator's console.These are software driven and can be used for multiple tasks andare used in Korean boats © Atlas Elektronik



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C A P A B I L T I E S

Little surprise then that once thetank became a permanent featureof modern warfare, efforts todefeat this new threat beganapace. Initially these efforts were

focused on the development of other muni-tions which could penetrate their thickarmour and cause catastrophic damage totheir interior. The significant advances inrocket technology during the Second WorldWar, and in the years that followed, resultedin the development of the Anti-TankGuided Missile (ATGM).

ATGMs have become progressively moresophisticated over the years with a varietyof designs able to outfit helicopters, landvehicles and to be used as man-portableshoulder-launch weapons. While militaryoperations in Afghanistan and Iraq haveseen precious little in the way of anti-tankcombat, there is no guarantee that futureconflicts will not see the widespread use ofarmour. Several countries around the worlddo face an existential threat from large-scalearmoured warfare, such as India, for exam-ple. Conventional military logic dictates thatif 50 percent of an attacking armoured forcecan be destroyed, then it will be impossibleto continue the manoeuvre; hence theimportance of helicopters, vehicles and per-sonnel deploying ATGMs being able to fireas many missiles as possible.

This article will profile several weaponsincluding MBDA and Diehl-BGT’s PARS-3LR and the former company’s Brimstone;Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and IsraelAerospace Industries’ respective Spike andLahat offerings; LockheedMartin’s AGM-114Hellfire and Javelin, and Raytheon’s BGM-71TOW (Tube-launched, Optically-tracked,Wire-guided) discussing their latest stages ofdevelopment. Finally, the discussion will castan eye towards the future to examine the cur-rent status of Thales’ Lightweight MultiroleMissile (LMM), Lockheed Martin’s Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) initiatives andMBDA’s MLP programme.

MBDAEurope’s missile suppliers offer severalATGM products. For example, MBDA hascollaborated with Diehl-BGT in developingthe PARS-3LR which is equipping theGerman Army’s Eurocopter Tigre’s EC-665UHT Tigre attack helicopters. Deliveriesof up to 680 rounds expected to be complet-ed by 2014. The green light for full-scale pro-duction of the missile was given byGermany’s BAAINBw (Bundesamt für

Ausrüstung, Informationstechnik undNutzung der Bundeswehr/Federal Office ofGerman Armed Forces Equipment,Information Technology and In-ServiceSupport) in October 2012 following the suc-cessful engagement of a tank movingbetween houses on a test-range in the north-west of the country. This demonstrated themissile’s ability to hit such a target with pre-cision in an environment with a significantrisk of collateral damage. With a range of


To Kill a TankANTI ARMOURED

MBDA and Diehl BGT Defence have combined their talents to develop the PARS-3LR air-to-groundmissile. This weapon is now cleared for service onboard the German Army’s Eurocopter EC-665UHTTigre attack helicopters © MBDA

Anti Armoured May13:AMR 6/11/13 1:35 PM Page 2

l MAY 2013 l

circa seven kilometres, the missile destroysits target using a High-Explosive Anti-Tank(HEAT) warhead. Several missiles can belaunched at once against different targetsand, thanks to its fire-and-forget capability,the launching aircraft can rapidly vacate thescene as soon as the missile is underway.

Another potent MBDA anti-armourweapon which remains the principal anti-tank missile in the Royal Air Force (RAF)service is the company’s Brimstone ATGM.The development and production contractfor Brimstone was awarded by the UnitedKingdom Ministry of Defence (UK MoD) in1996, with the weapon entering RAF serviceon 31st March 2005. Brimstone utilizes aMillimetre-Wave (MMW) seeker to providea sharp image of the target regardless ofweather and visibility helping to improveprecision and reduce the danger of collater-al damage. Target engagement can be per-formed in a direct or indirect fashion.

Brimstone’s latest incarnation, known asDual Mode Brimstone (DMB), contains theMMW seeker and a Semi-Active Laser. Thisgives the user a number of targeting optionssuch as employing the missile in a beam-rid-ing configuration, alternatively using onlyits original MMW seeker, or both. Theweapon’s development was the result of anUrgent Operational Requirement issued bythe UK MoD for a weapon producing lowcollateral damage which can be employedagainst a large number of targets, both stat-ic and mobile. Current DMB activity

includes augmenting the missile with aninsensitive munitions-compliant warheadand rocket motor plus a modular airframe.These features are intended to enhance theweapon’s safety while extending its air car-riage life. DMB has primarily been usedonboard RAF Panavia Tornado GR4/A air-

craft, although the company states that itcould equip a number of platforms includ-ing helicopters and Unmanned AerialVehicles. For the RAF, DMB integration is inthe pipeline onboard the EurofighterTyphoon F/GR4 and Lockheed Martin F-35Lightning-II Joint Strike Fighters that theforce is acquiring.

SpikeIsrael’s Spike family of weapons producedby Rafael Advanced Defense Systems pack apowerful punch. Like other weapons exam-ined in this article, such as Lockheed

Martin’s AGM-114Hellfire family (seebelow), and Raytheon’sBMG-71 missile, the Spikemissile is produced in sev-eral variations. Short-rangeengagements can be effectedusing the short-range Spike-SR which has areach of 300 metres. The medium-rangeSpike-MR is sufficient to hit targets at 2.5km,with the extended-range Spike-ER hittingtargets at eight kilometres. Spike variantshave been acquired by Spain for useonboard its Eurocopter EC-665HAD Tigregunships.

Even longer ranges are attainable withthe new Spike-NLOS (Non-Line-Of-Sight)weapon which has a reach of 25km. Alongwith its impressive range the weapon can beoutfitted with a number of warhead config-urations according to the target that the mis-sile will engage. South Korea is one of thecustomers for the Spike-NLOS, with themissile probably also serving with the IsraelDefence Force.

LahatRafael Advanced Defense Systems Spikefamily is joined by Israel AerospaceIndustries’ Lahat missile which has a rangeof up to eight kilometres. This laser-homingweapon can be fired in both a line-of-sightand non-line-of-sight mode. In productionnow for over ten years, IAI has produced themissile in several configurations including a

South Korea is one ofthe customers for

Spike-NLOS missilealso serving with theIsrael Defence Force

When they first graced the mud and horror of thebattlefields of the First World War they made the horsecavalry obsolete almost overnight. At the same time,these armoured land ships struck fear into the hearts ofinfantry, able to pour down fire onto their positions,with near impunity from retaliation.

by Tom Withington

C A P A B I L T I E SANTI ARMOURED

To Kill a Tank

63

Israel Aerospace Industries’ Lahat missile is ahighly versatile weapon capable of utilizationin both line-of-sight and beyond line-of-sightmodes. Moreover, the weapon is available inseveral variants including versions which canbe fired from tank guns © IAI


canister launch version for vehicles and hel-icopters, and two versions which can befired from a 105mm tank main armamentand a 120mm gun. For the future, the com-pany says that there is the possibility ofenhancing the weapon with a dual seekerconfiguration which could include a GlobalPositioning System along with anotherguidance mechanism.

Lockheed MartinNorth American ATGM offerings includeLockheed Martin’s famous AGM-114Hellfire-II family. These weapons are not justused by helicopters, as the company says that“Hellfire-II has been integratedwith a varietyof aircraft and weapons systems, both rotary-wing and fixed-wing,” according to an offi-cial statement. It adds that “Hellfire-II hasbeen successfully fired from wheeled andarmoured vehicles, small boats and ships,and ground-mounted tripods.” The missile isguided using a Semi-Active Laser (SAL)homing and a MMW seeker. Available vari-

ants include the AGM-114K which carries aHigh-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) warheadand is specifically designed to engage MainBattle Tank (MBT) targets. The AGM-114Kprovides the basis for the AGM-114KAwhich has a blast fragmentation warhead forundefended and lightly-armoured targets in

open spaces. The AGM-114L is designed tobe used in conjunction with the LockheedMartin/Northrop Grumman Longbow firecontrol radar. Further up the alphabet, theAGM-114M is primarily intended for themaritime domain to prosecute surface tar-gets, along with a land application for thedestruction of buildings and soft-skinnedvehicles. The AGM-114N, meanwhile, has a

thermobaric warhead optimized for useagainst caves and multi-floored buildings.One of the latest versions of the Hellfire isthe AGM-114R Hellfire-II which adds aninertial guidance system, while removingthe missile’s gyroscopes and retaining theSAL. The AGM-114R is “a single missile witha multipurpose warhead that defeats a broadrange of targets, including tanks,” accordingto the firm. Effectively this affords theweapon a faster response time as it is able toquickly ascertain its position after launch.This year, the United Kingdom will takedelivery of £29 million’s worth of missiles invarious configurations.Besides the AGM-114 Hellfire-II family,

Lockheed Martin produces the JavelinATGM which it designed in conjunctionwith Raytheon and describes as “the world’smost versatile and lethal one-man portable,anti-tank guided munitions and surveil-lance weapon system.” Production for theUnited States Army and United StatesMarine Corps commenced in 1994. The full


Alongside the company’sAGM-114 Hellfire family,Lockheed Martin hasdeveloped the Javelinanti-tank guided missile inanswer to a United StatesArmy and United StatesMarine Corps requirement© Lockheed Martin

“Javelin is adaptableto many platforms

including trucks andlight-armoured

vehicles”

C A P A B I L T I E SAANNTTII AARRMMOOUURREEDD


Javelin ensemble includes the missile, itslaunch unit and command system. Whileused as a one-man operated anti-tank sys-tem, Lockheed Martin is keen to point outthat “Javelin is adaptable to many platformsincluding trucks and light-armoured vehi-cles,” adding that, as far as the future is con-cerned, “the weapon is currently undergo-ing a cost reduction and obsolescence avoid-ance programme.”

RaytheonLike the AGM-114, the BGM-71 TOW is avail-able in a number of versions. These includethe original BGM-71A model, the BGM-71Dwhich comes equipped with an enhancedwarhead, the BGM-71E which has a tandemwarhead, and the top-attack BGM-71F. One ofthe latest additions to the BGM-71 family isthe TOW-2B AERO which increases theweapon’s stand-off range to four kilometres,while a new propulsion system is in theworks which could increase the weapon’srange while reducing its flight time.

LMMAs regards the future, Thales is equippingthe British Army with the firm’sLightweight Multirole Missile (LMM).Manufactured at the firm’s plant in Belfast,Northern Ireland, the LMM is destined toequip the AgustaWestland Lynx AW-159Lynx Wildcat naval and battlefield supporthelicopters outfitting the Royal Navy andBritish Army. The missile has been designedto engage a range of targets and has a light-

weight design intended to maximize thenumber of rounds that the aircraft can carryin comparison to legacy weapons. Speakingduring a presentation of the missile atThales’ facilities in Northern Ireland on 21stMarch, the company said that it hoped tocommence production of the LMM in 2014.Armed with a shaped charge blast/frag-mentation warhead, the missile has a sur-face-to-surface range of six kilometres, andan air-to-surface range of eight kilometres.Integration of the missile onboard theWildcat will commence in the next fewmonths and is expected to take two-to-threeyears. The firm adds that it expects to see thegrowth potential for the missile to include afull anti-tank capability, with an appropriatewarhead currently under development. TheLMM could represent an important steptowards a ‘one-size-fits-all’ missile whichwould be able to engage a multitude of tar-gets, and equip land, air and sea platformsusing a single missile design.

JAGMSimilarly, Lockheed Martin’s Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) semi-active andMMW weapon could replace the BMG-71and AGM-114 (see above), along with theAGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground weapon.

The JAGM has been optimized to have arange of up to 16km and could equip a vari-ety of platforms including the Boeing AH-64D Apache and Bell Textron AH-1Z Vipergunships, Bell Textron OH-58D Kiowa scoutrotorcraft and Sikorsky MH-60R/S mar-itime support helicopters. It could enterservice around 2016.

MLPLikewise, MBDA is considering the replace-ment of its MILANATGM product line. Thiscould take the form of the firm’s MLP(Missile de Longue Portée/Long RangeMissile). The MLP has a range of circa eightkilometres with its sister weapon, the MMP,achieving a range of half that. The develop-ment of both weapons is being funded by thecompany, with some financial assistancefrom the French government for risk reduc-tion work. Initially, France procured theJavelin system (see above) as an interim solu-tion to cover the retirement of MILAN withthe advent of its replacement. No formaldecision has been made regarding the intro-duction of the MLP into formal service withthe French armed forces. Currently, France isawaiting the publication of the Livre Blanc(White Paper) on defence which is expectedby the end of the year. This will outline thegovernment’s defence procurement priori-ties and its military posture. The biggestchallenge to the adoption of the MLP is like-ly to be the austere financial environmentand budget cuts therein which the Frenchdefence community is strongly expected toexperience over the coming years.

Ongoing efforts such as the MLP, LMMand JAGM initiatives underline that the chal-lenge posed by armour is still very much atthe forefront of weapons engineers’ mindsdespite the apparent renaissance in dis-mounted warfare, which has been illustratedduring recent military operations in CentralAsia and the Middle East. Current ATGMdesign efforts are taking lessons learnedfrom previous conflicts into account whileanticipating future advances in armouredvehicle technologies which they may need todefeat. The main battle tank may have beenabsent from the battlefield enmasse for sometime, but there remains every chance thatthis situation could change at a moment’snotice in the future.

l MAY 2013 l 65

One of the most famous names in the world ofair-to-ground anti-tank missiles is LockheedMartin’s AGM-114 Hellfire family. The missile isavailable in several different configurations andhas received a number of important upgradesduring its service life © Lockheed Martin

C A P A B I L T I E SAANNTTII AARRMMOOUURREEDD


China and Russia have inked a deal forBeijing to buy 24 advanced SukhovSu-35multirole jet fighters and four

Lada-class diesel-electric-poweredsubmarines, two of which will be built inChina, in the largest arms sale between thetwo countries in 10 years.

Or have they?Chinese state TV reported Monday that theon-again, off-again deal was finalized duringthe weekend visit of Chinese President XiJinping to Moscow.

But Russian media denied that Tuesday,saying no agreement had been reached,Defense News reported.

"The Kremlin is officially denying evendiscussing arms trade during Xi's visit,"Vasiliy Kashin, a China military specialist

at the Moscow-based Centre for Analysisof Strategies and Technologies, toldDefense News.

Another defense industry source in Russiatold the publication that there were "strongreservations" in Moscow about going forwardwith the deal, which the two countries agreedto explore in a memorandum ofunderstanding signed in December.

China is widely believed in Moscow tohave stolen the technology for the lastfighter it bought from Russia, the Su-27,building a copy of the Russian jet fighterand calling it the Chinese J-11B.

The sale of the Su-27SK, signed in 1995for 200 of the planes, was aborted byRussia in 2006 after only 95 aircraft had

CHINESEDEAL TO BUYRUSSIAN JETS,SUBS MURKY;MOSCOWFEARSBEIJING’STECH THEFT

Su-35

Project 677

CHINESEDEAL TO BUYRUSSIAN JETS,SUBS MURKY;MOSCOWFEARSBEIJING’STECH THEFT

ROT May13:AMR 6/11/13 1:29 PM Page 2

Despite protests fromabipartisan groupof lawmakers in lateMarch, theDefenseDepartment is buyingRussian

military helicopterswhether they like it or not.“The Department of Defense has notified

Congress of its intent to contract withRosoboronexport for 30 additional Mi-17rotary-wing aircraft to support theAfghanistan National Security Forces(ANSF) Special MissionWing,” Pentagonspokesman JamesGregory told RIANovostiin emailed comments.A team of 10 lawmakers sent a letter to

new Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel onMarch 25, urging him not to purchaseadditional helicopters from the state-ownedRussian arms dealer Rosoboronexport.They argue that the company has continuedto transfer weapons to Syria’s government,which is in themidst of a civil war.TheMi-17s will be used forAfghan

National Security Forces. The aircraft arealready in use there by joint U.S.Army andAfghan forces.The letter stated:Wewrite to oppose any

continuation of the Department of Defense’s(DoD) business relationship withRosoboronexport, Russia’s primary armsexporter and an enabler of the ongoingmassatrocities in Syria. In January, Section 1277of the National DefenseAuthorizationAct forFiscal Year 2013, which expressly prohibitsthe use of funds to enter into any contracts oragreements with Rosoboronexport, wasenacted into law. Further, duringconsideration of the Department of DefenseAppropriationsAct, 2013, the House ofRepresentatives overwhelmingly approvedan amendment prohibiting further contractswith Rosoboronexport by a vote of 407-5.Weurge you to uphold this law and clear

expression of Congressional intent byensuring that any further DoD procurementof helicopters for theAfghan NationalSecurity Forces is not conducted throughRosoboronexport. “The roughly $1 billion contract is far from

new. It was awarded by the Department oftheArmy on June 1, 2011 on a sole-sourcebasis for a minimum of 21Mi-17 helicoptersand spare parts for theAfghanmilitary. Thedeal with the Russians includes options foradditional aircraft, spares, and support. TheArmy has indicated that the procurement ofadditional Mi-17 for theAfghanmilitary maybe required, with Gregory telling Ria Novostithat it is up to 30.“Given current timelines, the department

has determined that Rosoboronexport is theonly viable means of meetingANSFrequirements” for the helicopters, Gregorytold the newswire.Ironically, theU.S.Air Force is in a similar

procurement fight withAmerican aircraftmanufacturer Beechcraft. USAFawardedBrazilian aircraft maker Embraer around $420million to build 20 light air support fighterscalled SuperTucanos. Beechcraft wasinvolved in the bid. TheSuperTucanos arealso for theAfghanistanmilitary andUSAFspokesmen told Forbes that they had topursue the contract despite an investigationby theGovernmentAccountability Office.Russia’s Mi-17, like the Super Tucano,

appears to be right aircraft for themissions inAfghanistan, the Defense Departmentattests. The copter has a long history inAfghanistan. It was used in the USSR-Afghanistan war back in the 1980s.There are around 20,000Mi-17

helicopters in circulation, including in Iran,Thailand, Malaysia, Colombia, Pakistan andVenezuela. India has over 130 of them.Russia has been supplyingAfghanistan withMi-17s under a NATO contract as part of aU.S.-run procurement deals.The U.S. is no stranger to this flying

whale. It gave four Mi-17 helicopters toPakistan to assist its anti-terrorism activity inJune 2009. The U.S. Navy delivered four Mi-17s to theAfghan NationalArmyAir Corps inSeptember of that same year. TenMi-17-V5helicopters were delivered to theAfghanAirForce (AAF) by December 2010.

Courtesy: Forbes

DEFENSE DEPT STICKING WITHRUSSIAN HELICOPTER DEAL

Expert’s Opinion

been supplied. The reason? Russia"discovered China had reverse-engineeredthe fighter and was secretly manufacturingan indigenous copy, the J-11B, withChinese-made avionics and engines,"Defense News reports.In particular, China is believed to covet

access to the technology for the Su-35'sadvanced Saturn AL-117S jet engine, whichalso is used in Russia's fifth-generationstealth fighter prototype, the T-50."There are strong suspicions [in Moscow

that] China will procure the technologicalknow-how of the Su-35 and [Lada] andsimply produce an indigenous version," thepublication concluded.The Chinese reports over the weekend

did not give any figures for the valueof the deal for either four submarinesor 24 aircraft.But earlier this month, Russia's RIA-

Novosti news agency reported that a dealfor 48 Su-35s — twice the numberapparently now envisaged — would beworth about $4 billion.China, the world's No. 1 importer of

weapons, has been a major customer forRussian arms exports since the 1990s,RIA-Novosti added. Trade peaked in 2005,just before the Su-27 cancellation, whenRussian sales to Beijing reached almost $4billion. They have fluctuated since then,dipping to $800 million in 2009 andrebounding to $2.1 billion last year, theagency said, citing figures fromRosoboronexport, Russia’s state-ownedarms export monopoly.

Courtesy: The Washington Times

Su-27SK

Mi-17-1V

ROT May13:AMR 6/11/13 1:29 PM Page 3

A N D D E V E L O P M E N T S

HAL- ROLLS ROYCEPRODUCTION FACILITYINAUGURATED�� HAL & Rolls-Royce (UK)50:50 joint venture companyInternational AerospaceManufacturing Limited’sproduction facility wasinaugurated recently. State-of-the-art facility in Bengaluruwill produce components forthe technologically advancedTrent family of civil aeroengines, as well as for anumber of marine and energygas turbines.”At an investment of

US$25 million over a land of7,200 sqm, the unitincorporates the latest Rolls-Royce manufacturingtechniques for making 130different compressor parts.The facility will includelatest machine tools,computerised maintenancemanagement systems,metal spray booths and non-destructive testing lines.

INDIA INDUCTSFASTINTERCEPTORNAVAL VESSELS�� Indian Navy has recentlyinducted four Fast InterceptionCraft (FIC). Southern NavalCommand will get 12 more ofthese craft in the comingmonths. Sagar Prahari Bal(SPB) – the force raised by theIndian Navy for coastaldefense- will operate thesecrafts. The FICs built at SolasMarine Lanka Private Limited,

are highly capable vessels andcan do speeds up to 45 Knotsand have an endurance of 200nautical miles at 15 Knots. Theycan carry a variety of armamentlike heavy machine guns. Theupper deck canopies are bulletproof. The versatile vessels arefitted with modern navigationalaids and communication equip-ment including AIS (AutomaticIdentification System) andLRAD (Long Range AcousticDevice)- an anti piracy device.

INDIA & EGYPTTO ENHANCE DEFENCERELATIONS�� India & Egypt will begradually building up defenceexchanges and interactions,particularly in the area of train-ing exchanges. This was agreedafter the joint meeting ofEgyptian Defence Minister,

Gen. Abdel Fattah al Sisi &Indian Defence Minister AKAntony in New Delhi.Gen. al Sisi is part of thedelegation accompanying theEgyptian President duringhis visit to India.Both countries have agreed

that there was scope for enhanc-ing bilateral defence coopera-

tion in various areas, includingby way of increased interactionsbetween the armed forces ofboth countries and throughtechnology collaborationbetween industries. It was alsodecided that opportunities forincreasing cooperation will bediscussed by both sides duringthe next meeting.

BOEING & BEL EXPANDPARTNERSHIP�� Boeing and BharatElectronics Limited are expand-ing their partnership through afollow-on contract involvingthe manufacture of subassem-blies for the Boeing F/A-18E/FSuper Hornet fighter jet.This contract, for Super

Hornet subassemblies, expandswork Boeing had awarded BELin 2011. BEL delivers compo-nents for the Super Hornet and

P-8I maritime reconnaissanceaircraft; and is a partner withBoeing at the Analysis &Experimentation Centre inBengaluru that opened in 2009.Through the new contract

BEL will produce Super Hornetsubassemblies including theGround Power Panel, HelmetVehicle Interface Stowage andSwitch assembly andCockpit Console Panelsand Friend or Foe interrogatorindentification for P-81.


ASIA PACIFIC PROCUREMENT UPDATE

RREEGGIIOONNAALL NNEEWWSS

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INDIAN COASTGUARD COMMISSIONSACV & IPV�� Indian Coast Guard hasrecently commissioned ShipH-191 ACV & ‘Rajdoot’ IPV.H-191 is the fifth of the seriesof twelve Air Cushion Vehicleswhich was commissioned atMumbai. The 21 metres longAir Cushion Vehicle with 31tonnes displacement canachieve a maximum speed of45 knots. The ACV is capableof undertaking multi-farioustasks such as surveillance,interdiction, search andrescue and renderingassistance to small boats andcraft in distress at sea.‘Rajdoot’, Inshore Patrol

Vessels (IPVs ) is built byGarden Reach Shipbuildersand Engineers and was com-missioned at Kolkata. The 50meter ship the sixthof eightIPV which displaces 300 tonsand can achieve a maximumspeed of 34 Knots.

News May13 final:AMR 6/11/13 1:31 PM Page 2

A N D D E V E L O P M E N T SRREEGGIIOONNAALL NNEEWWSS

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PHILIPPINE NAVY TOPROCURE AW109POWER HELICOPTERS�� AgustaWestland hassigned a contract with thePhilippine Navy for threeAW109 Power maritime heli-copters plus two options. Thehelicopters will be used for awide range of naval missionsincluding economic zoneprotection, surface surveil-lance, SAR and maritime secu-rity. The aircraft will be deliv-ered in 2014 and will operatefrom both shore and shipbases. The contract includesinitial logistics support andtraining for aircrew andmaintenance personnel. TheAW109 is a three-tonne classeight seater helicopter withtwo PW206C engines.

SINGAPORE ANDBRUNEIAN BILATERALNAVAL EXERCISE �� The Republic of SingaporeNavy (RSN) and the RoyalBrunei Navy (RBN) have con-ducted a bilateral naval exer-cise, codenamed ExercisePelican, from 11 to 15 March2013. Hosted by the RSN,this year’s exercise marks the32nd in the series.

The command teams fromRSN’s Formidable-class stealth

frigate (RSS Tenacious) andmissile corvette (RSS Valour),as well as RBN’s Darussalam-class patrol vessel (KDBDarulehsan) and Ijhtihad-classfast patrol boat (KDB Afiat),were involved in this year’sexercise. During the exercise,the two navies conducted aseries of tactical discussionsand simulation exercises innaval warfare such as anti-sur-face, anti-submarine, anti-airand maritime air operations.

AIRBUS MILITARY &INDONESIA TODEVELOP LIGHT UTILITYTRANSPORT AIRCRAFT �� Airbus Military and PTDirgantara Indonesia (PT DI)have signed an agreementcovering the developmentplan for the NC212i light utilitytransport aircraft. Theagreement, signed at the LIMA

Airshow in Langkawi,Malaysia by PT DI CEO BudiSantoso and AirbusMilitary CEO DomingoUreña-Raso ratifies and detailsthe joint development, manu-facturing, commercialisationand support work packages forthe new NC212i launched inNovember 2012.

Under the terms of theagreement, the companies willbe long-term, risk-sharing part-ners with engineering andmanufacturing being led by PTDI, supported by AirbusMilitary, and certificationbeing an Airbus Militaryresponsibility.

The aircraft will be deliv-ered from Bandung, inIndonesia and will be promot-ed and supported by PT DIand Airbus Military teamsworldwide.

SINGAPORE, THAILAND& US TRILATERALAIR EXERCISE�� Exercise Cope Tiger, atrilateral air exercise conductedby Singapore, Thailand andthe United States, at KoratAir Base, Thailand.

The exercise, the 19th in itsseries, was conducted in two

phases. The first phase was acommand post exercise, held atthe Multinational Operationsand Exercises Centre inChangi Naval Base, Singapore,from 11 to 13 December2012, while the second phasewas a flying trainingexercise, conducted at KoratAir Base from 11 to 22March 2013.

This year’s exercise saw thedeployment of about 80 air-craft, 36 ground-based airdefence systems, and morethan 2,000 personnel from theparticipating nations. TheRepublic of Singapore AirForce’s Surface-to-airPYthon-5 and DERby ground-based air defence system alsoparticipated for the first timeand particpants also providedhealth and dental services tolocal community.

SINGAPORE ANDTHAILAND CONCLUDE15TH KOCHA SINGAEXERCISE �� The Singapore Army(SAF) and the Royal ThaiArmy (RTA) concluded a bilat-eral army exercise, codenamedExercise Kocha Singa.

The exercise, the 15th in theseries, was held in Singaporefrom 19 to 26 March 2013 andinvolved personnel from theSAF’s 3rd Battalion, SingaporeInfantry Regiment and theRTA’s 1st Infantry Battalionfrom the 2nd InfantryRegiment. The exerciseincluded professionalinteractions, live firing, as wellas participation in urbanoperations training in MuraiUrban Training Facility.

l MAY 2013 l 69




JAPAN ORDERSADDITIONAL AW139HELICOPTER�� AgustaWestland havebeen awarded a contract by theJapan National Police Agency(JNPA) to supply two AW139twin engine helicopters whichwill be operated in Hokkaidoand Fukushima prefectures.The AW139 has provenextremely successful in Japanperforming a number of rolesincluding search and rescueand coast guard duties, lawenforcement, fire fighting, dis-aster relief and electronic newsgathering. The Japan CoastGuard has placed orders for 18AW139s so far.The AW139 has also

become the platform of choicefor public utility roles such aslaw enforcement, fire fightingand disaster relief.

CHINA AWARDSSEARCH AND RESCUEHELICOPTER CONTRACT�� China’s Ministry ofTransport’s Rescue andSalvage Bureau (MOT) hassigned a contract for the supplyof four Sikorsky S-76D™ heli-copters, with an option foranother four next year, to fur-ther enhance MOT’s maritimesearch and rescue capabilities.China’s MOT first intro-

duced Sikorsky S-76 search andrescue helicopters in 2000, andthis is the fourth contract it hasawarded Sikorsky for the S-76®series of helicopters. Whenthese four aircraft are deliv-ered, MOT will operate a fleetof 12 S-76 search and rescue

helicopters of various versions,which have formed the back-bone of China’s aerial searchand rescue capabilities for mar-itime operations.Designed for safety, reliabili-

ty and efficiency, the S-76Dhelicopter’s standard equip-ment features are all-composite,flaw-tolerant main rotor blades;an advanced THALES integrat-ed avionics system and autopi-lot; health and usage monitor-ing system, and active vibra-tion control. The S-76D is pow-ered by Pratt & WhitneyCanada’s compact light-weightPW210S, which delivers thebest in class power-to-weightratio and fuel burn with greatpayload and range benefits.

SOUTH KOREA TORECEIVE ADVANCEDWEATHER IMAGERTECHNOLOGY�� ITT Exelis has been award-ed a multimillion dollar con-tract to provide South Koreanadvanced geostationary weath-er imager to support the coun-try’s forecasting capabilities.Under the GEO-KOMPSAT-

2A program, Exelis will deliveran Advanced MetorologicalImager (AMI), which will belaunched into geostationaryorbit in 2017. The AMI is aKorean version of theAdvanced Baseline Imager(ABI) Exelis is currently build-ing for the U.S. NationalOceanic and AtmosphericAdministration and NASA forthe next-generationGeostationary OperationalEnvironmental Satellite series

known as GOES-R.Geostationary imagers fly

22,300 miles above Earth star-ing at specific regions, provid-ing constant, near real-timedata to weather forecasters.Known as sentinels in the sky,

these satellite instruments arecritical to short-term and imme-diate severe weather forecast-ing. Geo-imagers capture mostof the images of hurricanes andstorms taken from space, whichare shown by meteorologists ontelevision and in other media.The ABI class imager beingused by South Korea providesfive times the temporal resolu-tion than current imagers, com-pleting a scan of the full hemi-sphere in five minutes ratherthan the 30 minutes.The AMI will also provide

several spectral bands and twotimes the resolution capabilityof South Korea’s existing satel-lites to about one-half mile.These increased capabilitiesand higher latency will providenew products and tools forweather forecasters to improvetheir forecasts.


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ELBIT SYSTEMS TO FORMJV IN SOUTH KOREA�� Elbit Systems hasannounced the establishmentof Sharp Elbit SystemsAerospace, Inc.(SESA), a joint-ly owned company in SouthKorea, with Sharp Aviation KInc., located in Seoul, SouthKorea. Elbit Systems will own19% with a growth option to50% ownership.SESA will operate in Ansan

and among other capabilities,will offer maintenance, repairand manufacture of advancedmilitary aircraft avionics aswell as research anddevelopment of systems andavionics for both existing andfuture projects, such as theKorean Light AttackHelicopter (LAH) and theKorean Future Fighter (KFX).

WORLD’S FIRSTSATELLITECOMMUNICATIONSYSTEM EQUIPPEDHELICOPTER �� Japan’s Fire andDisaster Management Agencycapability in crisis responseand coordination will besignificantly improvedfollowing its introduction of aEurocopter AS365 N3 helicop-ter equipped with a high-speed, real-time transmissionsystem using Earth-orbitingrelay satellites – a world’s first.This installation is called

the Helicopter SatelliteCommunication SystemDeveloped by Mitsubishi. Itenables direct transmission tosatellites without interruptionfrom a helicopter’s movingrotor blades, and relays data toground receiving stations.




EXERCISE BERSAMASHIELD 2013�� Exercise BERSAMASHIELD 2013 was conductedon the South China Sea,Singapore and the MalaysianPeninsula from 8-18 April.

Australia was the onlynation to deploy a submarinein support of ExerciseBERSAMA SHIELD 2013.Throughout the exercise thesubmarine was “hunted” bytwo AP-3C Orion aircraft fromRoyal Australian Air Force’s(RAAF) 92 Wing, based atRAAF Edinburgh in SouthAustralia. The AP-3C Orionaircraft flew a total of sevensorties in support of the FivePower Defence Arrangementsled exercise, allowing the AP-3C crews to hone their skills ina complex multinational exer-cise environment involvingnaval and air forces.

The Five Power DefenceArrangements is the longeststanding multilateral arrange-ment in South East Asia.

TELECOMMUNICATIONSCONTRACT�� Australian defence hassigned a $1.1 billion contractwith Telstra for the provision oftelecommunications services.

The six-and-a-half year con-tract will enable AustralianDefence to transform its com-munications technology includ-ing better integrating fixedtelecommunications with satel-lite and tactical networks.Defence will partner withTelstra to implement the trans-formed network solution whichhas a targeted completion dateof mid-2016. The Defencetelecommunications networkincludes networks at 430 sites.

OPERATION ASTUTEIN TIMOR-LESTECOMPLETED�� The Australian DefenceForce has formally concludedOperation ASTUTE in Timor-Leste and has redeployed alltroops and equipment toAustralia. Chief of JointOperations, Lieutenant General(LTGEN) Ash Power said asmall number of AustralianDefence Force personnelreturned home to Australia.

The latest mission in thefledgling nation started on 25

May 2006 in response to arequest from the Governmentof Timor-Leste and had been asuccess in restoring publicorder and stability. The end ofthe operation was declaredafter the helicopter point of dis-embarkation became the finalbase to be handed over thisyear to the Government ofTimor-Leste.

Australia’s three army BlackHawk helicopters, four infantryplatoons and 102 vehicles havebeen returned to Australiasince November 2012.

HMAS CHOULESRETURNS TO SEA�� HMAS Choules hasreturned to sea following seaassurance testing of the ship’ssix propulsion and power dis-tribution transformers whichwere replaced after a defectwas identified in June 2012.

The ship then followed agraduated program of trials

and training, assisted byAir Force and Navy whichconcluded with a finalsuccessful readiness assess-ment on 12 April 2013.

The ship will now partici-pate in a number of minoramphibious exercises in NorthQueensland during May andJune 2013 before joining otherNavy ships in ExerciseTalisman Sabre 13 off theQueensland coast.

The Navy’s amphibiousforce includes Choules, theLanding Ship Heavy HMASTobruk, Australian DefenceVessel Ocean Shield, and threeLanding Craft Heavy vessels.

The first Landing HelicopterDock, recently named NUSHIPCanberra, is due to achieveinitial operating capability bythe end of 2014.

CLUSTER MUNITIONS�� Australia has become aparty to the Convention onCluster Munitions withlegislation making it an offencein Australia to develop, keepor transfer land mines orcluster munitions. Theconvention and act allows forcertain activities that protectAustralia’s national andinternational security, such asinteroperability and acquiringand retaining munitions fortraining in clearance anddestruction techniques.

The convention and act willapply to Australian DefenceForce (ADF) personnel duringmilitary operations.


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AUSTRALIA ANDTHAILANDCONCLUDES EXERCISEAUSTHAI 2013 �� The Royal AustralianNavy, supported by the RoyalAustralian Air Force, conduct-ed a highly successful mar-itime exercise with the RoyalThai Navy. The AustralianAnzac Class Frigate HMASParramatta travelled toThailand in March to conductExercise AUSTHAI with theRoyal Thai Navy’s HTM ShipsRattanakosin and PhutthayotfaChulalok. The three ships werejoined by two patrol aircraft:an AP3-C Orion from theRoyal Australian Air Force,and a Royal Thai NavyDornier 228. The aim was topractice maritime warfareskills and strengthen navalinteroperability.




�� As domestic economieschange into a global market,dependent on the ocean forenergy, food and transporta-tion, the open seas becomingcontested areas, and pirates,outlaws and terrorists usingisolated littorals as safe haven,prowling waterways and theopen sea along internationalmerchant routes. no wonderthat governments are lookingfor new tools to deal with thenew challenges.Addressing such issues, IAI

Ramta has launched the SuperDvora class of multi-role FastPatrol Boats / Fast Attack Craft(FPB/FAC). The current classof Israeli Super Dvora is at itsthird generation and has beensupplied to customers withWaterjets or ArticulatedSurface Drive (ASD) propul-sion. Both offer excellent accel-eration and high speed, withASD offering a slight edge inmaneuverability and shallowwater operability (at waterdepth of 1.3 meters.), whilewaterjets provide somewhatmore efficient maneuverability.Both propulsion variants

allow top speeds in the 45-50knot range. The hard chine

planning hull design ensuressafe operation in shallowwater and reduced drag athigh speeds. Constructed ofdurable marine aluminum, theSuper Dvora is built to operatefor a service life of 30+ years,with minimal maintenanceoverhead.IAI Ramta has recently

launched two new variants ofthe Super Dvora class – theSuper Dvora Multi-Role(SDMR) multi-mission patrolboat and Mini-Dvora intercep-tor class fast boat.Built in a compact hull

design, Mini Dvora allows theuse of smaller, more cost effi-cient engines and propulsorsthus lowering acquisition andlifecycle cost. The boat’s dimen-sions enable more flexible landtransportation, efficientlydeploying the boat in landlocked lakes and riverine.An affordable ‘interceptor’

type boat, Mini-Dvora enablesfast and highly responsiveteams to efficiently cover largeareas from forward operatingbases. Requiring low mainte-nance and minimal shore sup-port, these boats can efficientlyoperate either under naval

flotillas or independently.The ‘Golden Shield’ radar

developed by IAI Elta Systemsis a common system shared byall Super Dvora configurations.This radar detects all types ofthreats, including guided orunguided missiles fired at theboat. The system is configuredin an ‘Aegis’ like scheme.The system’s modules are

connected via fiber-opticallinks, for maximum speed andsecurity. The system hasalready been tested at sea withexcellent results. In addition toself-protection, the boat is alsoequipped with a stabilized elec-tro-optical payload with anintegrated laser designationcapability.The primary weapon

system is a stabilized marinecannon slaved to the elecro-optics payload which delivers‘One shot-One Kill’ capabilityon target at a distance of 1,500meters. . It also carries preci-sion guided missiles, extendingthe platform’s effectivenessto 6-8 kilometers. The compactSDMR can carry a completemission system currentlycarried by much largerOffshore Patrol Vessels witha comparatively small buteffective crew of 10.


SMALL BOATS-BIG GAINS!

ELBIT SYSTEMS TOSUPPLY ELECTRO-OPTICOBSERVATIONSYSTEM TO BRAZIL�� Elbit Systems announcedthat AEL International Ltd., asubsidiary of AEL SistemtoasS.A., which is a Brazilian sub-sidiary of Elbit Systems, wasawarded a contract to supplyelectro-optic observation sys-tems to Savis Tecnologia eSistemas S.A, a subsidiary ofEmbraer Defesa & SegurançaS.A., wholly-owned byEmbraer S.A. The contractvalue is in an amount that isnot material to Elbit Systems.The electro-optic systems

will be supplied within a year,starting in 2014, as part of thefirst phase of the Brazilianmulti-year “Sisfron” IntegratedBorder Monitoring System.In addition, as part of the

program, Elbit Systems will bemaking investments inBrazilinterms of assets, infrastructureand know-how in optronics.Mr. Bezhalel (Butzi)

Machlis, Elbit Systems’President and CEO, comment-ed: “We see great importancein this award, marking abreakthrough for our electro-optic activities inBrazil, whichis a significant market for ElbitSystems. Sisfron is a globalleading and very unique bor-der security project, and weare very proud to be involvedin it. This is yet an additionalopportunity for our Braziliancompanies to provide ouradvanced technologies, thistime in the field of observation,inBrazil, a country that valuesunique, cutting edge technolo-gy in every field of operation”.


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