askiseis reystodynamikon michanon
DESCRIPTION
Askiseis Reystodynamikon MichanonTRANSCRIPT
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A
. , ...
, 2012
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1
.
.
.
, ,
1981 2001. ,
.
. 2002 ( 2012)
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2002, 2012
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2
1 3 1.1 () 3 1.2 33
2 A 81 2.1 () 81 2.2 85
3 99
-
3
1 A
1.1 ()
A 1.1.1
. ,
.
( ) . .
125 m3/h, : ) h 60% ( ). ) h . ) KW 0,60. ) , , h ; h.
h
5 m ()
h
100 m 100 m
2 m
20 m
B(A)
: , , . 100 mm. d=50 mm. :
h=h=1,28 m 100 m3/h. .
: =1000 Kp/m3, =20 C, g=9,81 m/sec2.
-
4
1.1.2
,
20oC (1) (2) .
,
30 mm/60 mm. E : dH/dQ=-1/3 (H m Q m3/h) :
=120 m, Q=290 m3/h, : ) KW =0,75. ) .
2,0 mr=2D
4 m3 m
(1)
(A)
B20 m 100 m
E
60 m 70 m
: . D=100 mm. E. d=60 mm. 100 mm/200 mm 0,80. 0,50 m. . .
1.1.3
(,Q) ,,.
: ) . ) 20% .
.
) , 20% ( ) ( ), '2,3
-
5
. 3' 3.
( ). .
12=510-4 23=3010-4 24=5010-4 h=Q2 ( h m Q m3/h)
9 m13 m
3'
3
23'
()
()
2
424
(1)
12
()
23
(H,Q) ,
Q (m3/h) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
HA (m) 9,50 9,45 9,40 9,30 9,05 8,80 8,40 8,00 7,55 7,0
(m) 8,00 7,80 7,60 7,30 6,90 6,40 5,85 5,20
(m) 15,0 15,0 14,6 14,0 13,1 11,8 10,4
1.1.4
(1) (2) 10 m. , , (3), 50 m (1).
: ) (,Q, ). ) , ,
-
6
:
hfA=QA2/100 (hfA m QA m3/h).
: (,Q,) :
Q (m3/h) 0 100 160 220 260 290 310
H (m) 97,5 95,0 87,5 70,0 50,0 30,0 10,0
(%) 0 70 75 70 60 40 15
: 1=2=510-4 3=1,2510-4 hf=Q2 hf m Q m3/h.
10 m
50 m(A)
(B)
1
2
3
(1)
(3)
E
1.1.5
n=2000 RPM 40 m.
()
h=40 m
Z: ) , . ,Q, KW. ) n1 , .
: :
hf= Q2 =0,002 hf m Q m3/h. T : =1000 Kp/m3. (,Q,) n=2000 RPM 1% 100 RPM .
-
7
Q (m3/h) 40 60 75 90 110 H (m) 79,5 74,5 70,0 65,0 55,5 (%) 59 66 67,5 64,5 52
1.1.6
1 2, (). . D=500 mm, 0,001, 20 m 100 m.
, ,
: hf2=2Q2, : hf1=1Q2, 2=15 1=0,5 hf m Q m3/sec. .
(,Q,) n=485 RPM
Q (m3/sec) 0 0,4 0,7 1,0 1,3
H (m) 34,0 30,2 25,5 18,0 7,7
(-) 0 0,60 0,85 0,80 0,50
10 m
(1) (2)
h()
B
Z
: ) (,Q, ) n=485 RPM. ) 2 1 0,2 m3/sec : 1 2 2, 1 2. ) 1 2
-
8
.
2.
1.1.7 ( 16.9.1982)
,
, .
: ) 1. 1 +4,0 m. E
+4,0 m +0,25 m.
; ; . ) 1 2. 2 , 1 2
e1=7 10-6 2=1,2 10-5 1=6 10-6 2=1 10-5 =2,3 10-4 =8 10-5
hf= Q2 hf m Q m3/h
5m
5 m
(2)
(1) e1
e2
a1
a2
1 -
e1,2
a1,2
z=0,5 m
zmax
=4 m ""
""
1
0,25 m, 1 . 2, .
: : =20 oC, =10 m. ,
-
9
hf=Q2, hf m Q m3/h. .
(,Q,%) 1 n=1210 RPM :
Q (m3/h) 0 200 300 350 400 600 785
H (m) 56,5 53,7 51,0 49,0 46,0 36,5 0,0
(%) 0,0 66,0 76,0 78,0 76,0 28,0 0,0
A 1.1.8 ( 12.9 1983)
: 20oC , n=3000 RPM , , +15 m, .
: ) Q1 Q2 ( 3 ). ) (Q1+Q2) 30%. :
1) 1 2, . .
; 2) .
; 3) by-pass
, 3,
.
1, 2 3
.
: =1000 Kp/m3, =10 m. hf=Q2, hf m Q m3/h, . .
-
10
1=1,110-2 2=3,410-3 e=5,010-4 a=15,010-4
z=5 m
=20 C
B1
B3
B2
e
a
3by-pass
Q1
Q2z=15 m
=45 C
2
1
E
(H,Q,) n=3000 RPM:
Q (m3/h) 0 20 40 50 60 80 100
H (m) 31,0 29,0 25,7 23,5 20,8 13,5 0,0
(%) 0,0 48,5 75,5 81,0 76,5 47,0 0,0
1.1.9 ( 13.1.1984)
20oC 1 n=3000 RPM . , ,
. .
e=7,010-4 a=0,5010-4 A=55,610-4 B=27,810-4
()
()
ae
(2) (1)
z=2,5 m
zA=10 m
zB=15 m
z=0,75 m
: ) .
) .
-
11
) 1 2, 1 1, . 2
. 2 1. 1 2 .
: =10 m : (hf= Q2, hf m Q m3/h) .
(,Q,) 1 n=3000 RPM: Q (m3/h) 0 40 80 110 120 160 210
H (m) 32,5 31,8 28,8 25,0 23,7 16,0 0,0
(%) 0,0 48,5 75,5 81,0 76,5 47,0 0,0
1.1.10 ( 14.6.1984)
,
.
zmin=-5 m, , zmax=-2 m . .
1=810-6 2=22,610-6 (
) z=0
e aA1
z
2
z=15 m
z
B
: ) zA , (
-
12
;) ( ) ) (. ) 30% . ; ) ,
.
:
.
:
=12C 20C. =10 m. : hf= Q2, hf m Q m3/h, .
(,Q,) : n=1450 RPM, :
Q (m3/h) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
H (m) 50,0 47,5 43,2 38,0 30,5 18,3 0,0
(%) 0,0 43,0 68,0 78,0 67,0 43,0 0,0
1.1.11 ( 27.8.1985)
6 . ) A 100 m3/h 119 m3/h. A n=1500 RPM .
) 30% ,
.
1) , .
, ,
.
-
13
2) , .
,
.
e=110-4 a=910-4 B=2,04110-3
z=5 m
e a
(B)
(A)
zA=100 m
zB=150 m
z=0 m
E
: =10 m, =20 C. : hf= Q2, hf m Q m3/h. (,Q,) n=1500 RPM
Q (m3/h) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
H (m) 343 335 320 300 278 221 172
(%) 0 40 60 70 77 72 63
1.1.12 ( 13.6.1987)
1 2 : D1/D2=2. (,Q,) 1 n=1450 RPM :
Q (m3/h) 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
H (m) 50,0 46,5 42,5 37,0 29,5 18,5 0,0
(%) 0 63,5 75,5 80,0 70,0 49,0 0,0
: ) 1 , KW LA1 1 () .
-
14
) 2 , 1, 2 . ) 2 n2=2500 RPM 1 2 .
AK=2,06510-5 BK=5,010-5 K=0,5010-5
LA1
(1)
(2)
(B)
(A)
zA=15 m
zB=20 m
()z=30 m
3 mA
B
: =10 m, =15 C. hf=Q2, hf m Q m3/h. 2000 m .
1.1.13 ( 23.6.1988)
(1) 20 oC, (2) n=1450 RPM . .
e=4,010-5 a=4,010-5 c=3,3710-4
d=125 mmM
Az=120 m
e
a
E
c
Ez=128 m
(2)
(1) by-pass
-
15
: ) , KW .
) 30% by-pass b.
) ( ;) b by-pass .
) c 50% .
,
( by-pass ).
: =10 m. : hf=Q2 hf m Q m3/h. n=1450 RPM:
Q (m3/h) 0 80 120 160 200 240 300
H (m) 30,0 28,0 26,3 23,6 19,8 14,0 0,0
(%) 0 64,5 74,0 76,5 70,0 53,0 0,0
A 1.1.14 ( 13.9.1988)
,
.
( ) , .
. ,
,
.
: ) V ,
.
-
16
, V
, .
c=e=b=610-3 a=4810-3
) , n=2000 RPM : V=2b. .
) V=0- : n=1000-4000 RPM. (,Q) .
.
) ,
V=2b. Q=12 m3/h .
: =10 m, =80 C. : hf=Q2. , Q m
3/h hf m. X n=2000 RPM:
Q (m3/h) 0 4 8 12 16 18
H (m) 10,0 9,5 8,2 5,8 2,6 0,0
(%) 0 51,0 70,0 58,0 27,5 0,0
-
17
1.1.15 ( 13.6.1989)
. ,
n=2900 RPM , (2) ( ) () .
,
d=4 cm. h=2,5 m, 60 % ( , .), 1.
e=a=8,96710-4 1=3,58710-3 2=2,5010-2
(2)
1
2
ae
z=0 mz1=15 m
z2=40 m
(A)
d=85 mm
M
h1
z=-2 mE
: ) , ,
B1
.
) (2) ,
B1 .
)
3-. )
. ,
1 (B1=0).
: (,Q,) n=2900 RPM:
-
18
Q (m3/h) 0 20 30 40 50 60 80
H (m) 120,0 106,0 96,5 85,0 69,5 52,5 0,0
(%) 0 65,0 72,0 75,0 69,5 57,0 0,0
: =10 m, : =1000 p/m3, : =20 C, : g=9,81 m/sec2. : hf=Q2 hf m Q m3/h.
1.1.16 ( 12.6.1990)
(2) (1).
( Q ). ,
(booster), , ,
booster.
: (H,Q,) n=1450 RPM :
Q (m3/h) 0 200 300 400 500 600 700
H (m) 100,0 92,0 98,5 77,5 68,0 57,0 45,0
(%) 0 65,0 78,0 85,0 78,0 64,0 42,0
B=10 m, g=9,81 m/sec2, =20 oC.
L=10.000 m, D=0,40 m. ,
=4,3010-4 (hf=Q2, hf m, Q m3/h). .
: ) , .
('=p/g+z) .
-
19
)
( ). , ,
; ) 150 m
.
AB
z=125 m
z=120 m
(2)
z=45 m
) Q=650 m3/h .
) ,
i) ii) , .
( ) .
A 1.1.17 ( 20.6.1991)
.
n=1500 RPM . (hf=Q2), hf m Q m3/h.
Q (m3/h) 0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0
H (m) 11,0 10,5 10,0 9,3 8,5 7,5 6,5
(%) 0 58,0 70,0 75,0 73,0 67,0 60,0
-
20
, =20 oC, B = 10 m (hf = Q2, hf m Q m3/h), e = 0,5103, a = 1,2103, 1 = 1,62103.
E1 1
z=6 ma
e
zA
0,50 m(A)
: ) 1 2 z=2 m.
.
3 1
:
) .
z=6 m 30 m3/h. ) . ;
z=6 m. ) 3 z=6 m, 30 m3/h .
;
: =20 oC, B=10 m
-
21
A 1.1.18 ( 22.6.1992)
-
.
60 m 22 m.
.
zA=0 m, zB=-18 m zAmin=-16,0 m. 20 m.
) n=900 RPM
.
.
e=1,5010-6 a=3,5010-6
22 m
22 mB
A
a e
60 m60 m
) 700 RPM
.
) ( ) 900 RPM. . zP=-18 m. 700 RPM ( ) ) .
; )
4000 m3/h. ,
-
22
.
: - =860 Kg/m3 - S=0,45 m -
: h=Q2 h m Q m3/h - (,Q,) n=900 RPM ( 3 )
Q (m3/h) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
H (m) 112 110 107 92 65 30
0 0,75 0,85 0,70 0,45 0,160
A 1.1.19 ( 5.10.1992)
ON-OFF. H d=4 cm .
70 % .
1 = 1,0104
2 = 8,0104
3 = 2,2104
hf = Q2 hf m Q m3/h
z2=64 m
z1=40 m
z
2
3
3
1
: ) =1,2 3. =3. ) (=1,2, 3) .
4 . ) .
-
23
; =3 .
) .
n=1450 RPM. =3
( . ) =3 20 % . .
: (Q,H,) n=1450 RPM
Q (m3/h) 0 40 80 120 160 200
H (m) 90 84 74 60 42 37
0 0,52 0,75 0,78 0,60 0,38
=10 m =15 C ,
hf=Q2 , hf m Q m3/h, .
A 1.1.20 ( 27.9.1995)
. o ,
n=1450 RPM. Qd 0 1,0 m3/sec. H z :
z1 < z < z2 z2 < z < z3 z> z3 O
-
24
e=4 a=14 hf=Q2 (hf m
Q m3/sec)
e
a
z2=185 m
z1=180 m
z=135 m
Qd
z3=190 m
D=0,6 m
M
e
()
zA=140 m
: ) Qd z z2 z3.
,
1 m3 ,
0,06 /Wh ) Qd z1 z2.
( ); )
( ). .
Qd=1,5 m3/sec.
.
)
.
)
.
: =1000 g/m3 S=0,23 m . =10 m, g=9,81 m/sec2
n=1450 RPM
-
25
Q (m3/s) 0 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
H (m) 80,0 70,0 66,0 60,5 45,0 27,0 0,0
(%) 0 77,5 80,0 76,0 59,0 35,0 0,0
1.1.21 ( 18.6.1996)
4 ( )
,
.
z=-10 m z=-1,0 m. ,
,
.
z=0,50 m, z=-2 m.
e = 2 a = 11
hf = Q2 hf m
Q m3/sec
e
a
z
2 m
z
z=0z=0
z
:
(Q,H,) n=1000 RPM Q(m3/s) 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
H(m) 15,0 14,07 12,90 11,15 10,28 9,11 6,57 3,40 0
(-) 0 0,54 0,775 0,875 0,88 0,862 0,725 0,44 0
e a
-
26
, :
h=Q2, h m Q m3/s s=0.23 m = 10 m
: ) ( ) .
) .
.
) ( ) .
) , ,
Q=1,0 m3/s .
1.1.22 ( 29.6.1999)
1 2 . 1 hB1=1 Q2 , Q 1 ,
.
e=8,910-5 a1=2,010-5 a2=1,610-4 1=7,510-4 2=2,410-3
hf=Q2 hf m
Q m3/h
z=6 m
z=8 m
1
1
2 a1
a2
e
E1
E2
-
27
) 1 (1=0) ,
(, ) 1450 RPM. H
.
) 1 1
. 1
Q1/Q2=1,25 ) 750 2000 RPM 1 ( ) ( ) Q2 2. Q2 1
Q2 1.
)
.
) , .
1450 RPM, 160 m3/h 1=0.
: (Q,H,) n=1450 RPM
Q (m3/h) 0 50 100 125 150 200 260
H (m) 23,0 22,0 20,0 18,5 16,3 10,5 0,0
(%) 0 52,0 71,0 76,0 72,0 55,0 0,0
=10 m =15 C ,
hf= Q2 , hf m Q m3/h, .
-
28
1.1.23 ( 29.9.1999)
1 2. 2
1 2. .
) 2
m3 0,06 /KWh. ) 2 30%
.
2. 2 ( ) 2 6- ( ).
e1 = 1103 a1 = 2103 e2 = 1103 a2 = 3103 = 4103
hf = Q2 hf m Q m3/h
A1
zK=110 m
z2=72 m
e1
a2
a
z=220 m
d=100 mm
M
K
e2
z2=80 m
z1=100 mA2
a1
) 1 2 .
,
.
) z1 z2 5
( ).
.
-
29
) 2 ( 1 ). 1 2 .
: =10 m, =15 C, ,
hf= Q2 , hf m Q m3/h, . (Q,H,) n=1450 RPM
1 Q (m3/h) 0 50 75 100 125 150 175
H (m) 200,0 180,0 160,0 138,0 110,0 64,0 0,0
(%) 0 67,0 76,0 80,0 67,0 44,0 0,0
2 Q (m3/h) 0 10 15 20 25 30 35
H (m) 220,0 182,0 162,0 136,0 112,0 65,0 0,0
(%) 0 65,0 72,0 76,0 65,0 42,0 0,0
1.1.24 ( 27.6.2000)
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3), z3=274 m. (1) z1min=168 m z1max=178 m. (2) , . z2=284 m . 1 3 n=960 RPM.
: ) (, ) 1. ) 1
.
) 2 (3)
-
30
1 (2). 2 (, ).
(2) (3) (2). ,
2 , : (2) by-pass 1 (1) . 2 ,
(2). ) by-pass ( (1)). ) 2 ,
.
z3=274 m
a
(1)
e
(2)b
z1max=178 mz1min=168 m
c
A1
A2
z
K by-pass
: = 15C = 10 m, h = Q2 h m Q m3/h: e = 0,5106, a = 2,3106, b = 1,0106, c = 1,6106 1 2 n = 960 RPM:
A 1
Q (m3/h) 0 720 1440 2160 2880 3600 4320 5040
H (m) 160 159 157 148 138,5 126,5 110 90
(-) 0 0,446 0,70 0,819 0,851 0,831 0,713 0,539
-
31
A 2 Q (m3/h) 0 750 1500 2250 3000 3750 4500 5250
H (m) 32 30,6 29,6 28,7 27,6 26,5 22 16,7
(-) 0 0,230 0,434 0,600 0,743 0,832 0,858 0,619
A 1.1.25 (A 20.9.2000)
(1) (3) (2). (1) (3)
. 2 , .
.
3-.
(2)
2
z1=310 m
z3=674 m
B
(1)
A1
z2
3 4
: 1000 m3/h ) (2),
.
) 20% .
.
4 , n=1500 RPM n=1800 RPM (
-
32
) ) , (2),
m3
) 470 m o .
.
:
h = Q2 h m Q m
3/h: 1 = 1,0106, 2 = 9,0106, 3 = 1,0106, 4 = 4,0106 = 25 C =10 m : 0,07 /KWh n=1500 rpm:
A
Q (m3/h) 0 600 1000 1200 1400
H (m) 320 270 200 124 0
(-) 0 0,60 0,75 0,60 0
-
33
1.2
1.2.1 (A 14.1.1983)
1 n=2100 RPM (). , zY,
za () z : - : z=+1,0 m, z=1,5 m - : z=-1,0 m, z=3,0 m - z : 35 m, 30 m. 1=4,39 10-5 2=26,3 10-5 3=13,2 10-5 4=5,0 10-5
z=0 mzY
1
z
(1) 2
()
3
4
z
(2)
: ) 1 () .
) ( ). ) z=-4 m () 2, 1. 2 1 2 z=30 m, z=+1,0 m, 2 10 m3/h 2=0,71 ( 2 10 m3/h).
: =1000 Kp/m3, : 25C (), 10 C (.). =10 m. : hf=Q2 hf m Q m3/h . (,Q,) 1 n=2100 RPM:
-
34
Q (m3/h) 0 80 120 140 180 260 300
H (m) 55,0 53,8 46,7 44,2 36,2 14,0 0,0
(%) 0 58,0 73,0 75,0 64,0 26,5 0,0
)
:
=(z-z)+(1+2+3) Q2
h=(z-z) .
z=30 m z=1.0 m. A hmin=(30-1)=29 m. hmax=35-(-1)=36 m.
-M :
1=hmin+ Q2=29+(4,39+26,3+13,2) 10-5 Q2=29+43,89 10-5 Q2
1 : Q=Qmax=162 m3/h, H=40 m, =0,70.
:
47,2670,01023600
162401000=
==
HQN W
- :
H=h+ Q2=36+43,89 10-5 Q2
: Q=Qmin=140 m3/h, H=44,20 m, =0,75 =22,47 KW.
) > H. :
=-he-hfe-HS : hfe=1 Q2
-
35
S
. :
=max=25oC : S=0,336 m
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Q (m3/h)
0
20
40
60
80
(%
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Q (m3/h)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
H (m
)
H=36+43,89.10-5.Q2
10 m3/h
(H, Q)1
H1=29+43,89.10-5.Q2
(1) HoE=1+H1-(1+2).Q12
(3) HoE=30+3.Q2
: H=, 4.4 :
5,14492,44
1402100 75,05,0
4/3
2/1
===HQ
nnq
0,125. : =0,125 44,2=5,525 m.
-
36
, .
: = (Q/Q)2
:
- : he=za-zY=1,50-1,0=0,50 m, (Q=Qmax)=H (Qmax/Q)2=5,525 (162/140)2=7,398 m.
:
=10-0,50-4,39 10-5 1622-0,336=8,011 m > H(Q=Qmax)=7,398 m. .
- : he=3-(-1)=4,0 m. :
==5,525 m :
=10-4,0-4,39 10-5 1402-0,336=4,80 m < H=5,525 m
.
) 2 : z=30 m, z=1,0 m z=-4,0 m, Bernoulli ' , Q1 1 Q2 2:
(1) oE=1,0+1-(1+2) Q12 (2) HoE=-4,0+H2-4 Q22 (3) oE=30+3 Q2
:
(4) Q=Q1+Q2
(1) (3), . oE=f(Q), (,Q) Q (Q, :
Q (m3/h) 0 40 80 120 160 200 (1) HoE (m) 56,0 54,0 49,78 43,27 33,43 20,0 (3) oE (m) 30,0 30,21 30,84 31,89 33,38 35,28
(4), Q2=10 m3/h, (1) Q2. (1), Q2, (3) , :
Q=Q1=Q2=170 m3/h oE=33,5 m Q2=10 m3/h : Q1=160 m3/h.
-
37
(2) oE , 2 :
oE=33,5=-4,0+2-5 10-3 Q22=33,5+4,0+5 10-3 102=38 m : Q2=10 m3/h 2=38 m
(1) (,Q,) (1). =2=0,71 Q < Q=140 m3/h. :
Q1'=112 m3/h 1'=47,7 m
(1',Q1') (2,Q2) .
: D2/D1=, n2/n1= :
089286,0112103
1
23
1
2
1
2 ===
=
n
n
DD
QQ
79665,07,47
38222
1
22
1
2
1
2 ===
=
n
n
DD
HH
: =D2/D1=0,3163 =n2/n1=2,822 , : n2=2,822 2100=5926 RPM.
A 1.2.2 ( 6.9.1984)
, ,
(1), (2) (3), . (1), (2) (3) .
: ) (2) (3) .
) .
) , =1,20 ( ).
80% (. ).
-
38
; . .
: : =900 Kg/m3, pS=0,30 Kp/cm2. E : g=9,81 m/sec2. : hf= Q2, hf m Q m3/h. (,Q,) n=3000 RPM :
Q (m3/h) 0 20 40 65 80 100 115
H (m) 87,5 86,0 82,6 70,0 57,5 32,5 0,0
(%) 0 36,5 62,5 75,0 68,0 44,0 0,0
e=0,50 10-3 a=1,0 10-3 2=5,52 10-3 3=8,23 10-3
3
2
a
z=2 m
z=12 m
p=4 bar
p=4 bar
p=0,5 bar
(A)
(1)
(3)
e
ze
z=8 m
(2)
) m : =p/g, KSA 1 Pa=110-5 bar. Kg/m3 m ( ).
Bernoulli ' :
(1) oK=1-(e+a) Q2+2,0+HA=5,663-(0,5+1,0) 10-3 Q2 +2,0+HA (2) HoK=H2+2 Q22+8,0 =45,304+5,52 10-3 Q22+8,0 (3) HoK=H3+3 Q32+12,0=45,304+8,23 10-3 Q32+12,0 i (i=1,2,3) i=1,2,3 .
-
39
:
(4) Q=Q2+Q3
(1),(2) (3) (,Q), . oK=f(Q), Q. M
(2) (3) (1) :
Q=71 m3/h, Q2=46 m3/h Q3=25 m3/h.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Q (m3/h)
0
20
40
60
80
(%
)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120Q (m3/h)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
H (m
)
(H, Q)1
(1) HoK=7,663+HA-(e+a).Q2
(3) HoK=57,3+3.Q32
(2) HoK=53,3+2.Q32
(2)+(3)
, Q=71 m3/h o : =64 m, =,073. :
-
40
26,1573,01023600
7164900=
==
HQN KW
( = g=900 9,81 t/m3=900 Kp/m3)
) : >, :
=e-S=HE-he-hfe-HS E=0,50 ata=5,663 mY, he=ze-zE=ze-2,0 (ze ),
hfe=e Q2 =0,5010-3 712=2,52 mo
, m :
S=pS/(g)=0,3 105/(900 9,81)=3,4 m :
=5,663-(z-2,0)-2,52-3,4=1,743-z :
=f(nq), : 60,1081
70653000 75,0
5,0
4/3
2/1===
HQ
nnq
( ), : 0,07. :
= =0,07 70=4,90 m :
= (Q/Q)2 =4,90 (71/65)2=5,846 m. :
> 1,742-ze > 5,846 ze < -4,104 m . -4,104 m ( ).
) , , , =1,20. , , 80% , .
QB=0,80 Q=0,8 71=56,8 m3/h.
(1),(2) (3) , (2+3), : QB=Q2+Q3=56,8 m3/h oK=61 m., (1), A B :
oK=61=7,663-1,5 10-3 56,82+B B=58,176 m.
-
41
(QB=56,8 m3/h, HB=58,176 m), ,
, . : QA=65 m3/h , HA=70 m : =0,75.
:
=
=
=
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
n
n
n
n
n
n
DD
QQ 33
3
2,1
: nB=nA (56,8/65)(1/1,2)3=3000 0,505=1.517 RPM.
H :
80,1075,01023600176,588,56900
=
==
HQN KW
,
: QB=56,8 m3/h < 71 m3/h
.
A 1.2.3 ( 8.6.1985)
(z=0) (z=-12 m) : (1) (,Q ) n=750 RPM , (2), (1).
(1) z=-10 m. (1)
. , z=-10 m z=-12 m (1) (2). (1) (2) , .
: ) (1) (z=0) (z=-10 m) . z=-10 m.
-
42
) (2) (1)
z=-11 m 0,40 m3/sec. .
a=5,50 e1=1,0 e2=2,0
z=-12,5 m
e1 e2
(1) (2)
a
zA=0
z=-12
z
K
) (1) (2) (z=0). .
: (,Q,) (1) n=750 RPM Q (m3/sec) 0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,3 1,6 1,8
H (m) 24,0 23,6 23,0 19,2 17,8 14,3 10,7
(-) 0 0,57 0,79 0,82 0,84 0,67 0,42
- =10 m, =20C. hf=Q2, hf m Q m3/sec .
) :
=h+(e+a) Q2=(0-z)+(e+a) Q2=-z+(e+a) Q2 z , .
z=0=. , . .
z=0, :
=(e1+a) Q2
-
43
(,Q) (1). : Q=1,525 m3/sec, H=15,3 m =0,75. :
= 305750102
525131510001000
819=
=
,
,,QH,
KW.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8Q (m3/sec)
0
20
40
60
80
100
(%
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8Q (m3/sec)
0
5
10
15
20
25
H (m
)
(H, Q)1
(3) HoK=a.Q2
H=10+(e1+a).Q2 (1)+(2)
(H, Q)2
(1) HoK=H1-e1.Q2
H=(e1+a).Q2
(2) HoK=H2-e2.Q2
(1), . z=-10 m, :
=-(-10)+(e1+a) Q2 (1) : Q=1,19 m3/sec, H=20,50 m =0,81. : =295,27 KW.
-
44
n=750 RPM, Q=1,35 3600=4.860 m3/h =17,8 m:
4,033.68,17
4860750 75,05,0
4/3
2/1===
HQ
nnq
. 4.4 =1 0,70. :
= =0,7017,80=12,46 m.
, . Q=1,18 m3/sec, :
=
2
KQQ
=12,462
351181
,
,
=9,52 m.
,
:
=-he-hfe-HS=10-(-2.5)-1 1,252-0,239=12,5-1,5625-0,239=10,698 m
: =10,6985 > =9,52 m .
) z=-11 m 2 Q2=0,40 m3/sec : =H2=-z+(e2+a) Q2=11+7,50,402=12,2 m
2 1, . : 1=17,8 m Q1=1,35 m3/h. M ,
=(D2/D1) =n2/n1:
=
=== 3
1
23
1
2
1
2 2963,035,140,0
n
n
DD
QQ
222
1
22
1
2
1
2 6854,08,172,12
=
===
n
n
DD
HH
:
=0,5982 =n2/n1=1,3838 n2=1,3838 n1=1037,90 RPM.
2, : 2=max=0,82. 2 :
2= 35588201024002121000
1000819
,
,
,,QH,=
=
KW.
-
45
2
1. nq2=nq1 : 2=1=0,70 : = 2=0,70 12,2=8,54 m
: =-he-hfe-HS=10-(12,5-11)-2 0,42-0,239=10,941 m
: > H=8,54 m 2 .
) (,Q) 2, , =0,5982 =1,3838.
Q (m3/sec) 0,1185 0,237 0,40 0,574 0,0
H (m) 16,10 15,08 12,20 7,40 6,40
( ) Bernoulli ':
(1) oK=1 e1 Q12 (2) HoK=H2 e2 Q22 (3) HoK=a Q2
: Q=Q1+Q2. oK=f(Q) (,Q), Q. (1) (2) (3) .
1.2.4 ( 24.6.1986)
(1) (2).
.
n=750 1000 RPM (,Q,).
: ) , (
-
46
m) .
.
) .
)
.
.
.
: =10 m, =15 C, g=9,81 m/sec2. : hf= Q2, . hf m Q m3/sec .
e=0,15 a=2,91
(2)z=800 m
a
z=310 me
A
B
(1)
z=300 m
(H,Q,) . H 4-.
A Q (m3/sec) 0 2,0 4,0 4,75 6,0 8,0
H (m) 800,0 675,0 520,0 450,0 325,0 0,0
(-) 0 0,52 0,77 0,80 0,70 0,0
Q (m3/sec) 0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0
H (m) 100,0 99,0 97,5 49,0 0,0
(-) 0 0,63 0,80 0,60 0,0
-
47
) :
= h+(e+a) Q2=(800-300)+(0,15+2,91) Q2 '
( ). :
Q=QA=QB=4,25 m3/h A=495 m B=74,5 m.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Q (m3/sec)
0
20
40
60
80
100
(%
)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Q (m3/sec)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800H
(m
)
(H, Q)B
H=(119,04/4,752).Q2
H=500+(e+a).Q2 (HA+HB, Q)
(, Q)A(, Q)
(H, Q)A
(,Q)A (,Q)B : A=B=0,78 :
A= 31442267801022544951000
1000819
,.
,
,QH,=
=
KW
-
48
NB= 7097937801022545741000
1000819
,.
,
,,QH,=
=
KW
:
=A+B=26.442,31+3.979,70 KW=30.422,0 KW=30,422 MW.
,
. e ,
Bernoulli ( ). : oe-H=z1+H-hfe=300+74,5-0,154,252=371,79 m e , . : (oe-H), : oe-=e+ze+ce
2/2g ce
: ce=Q/Fe, Fe=D2/4= 1,02/4=0,7853 m2. : ce=4,25/0,7853=5,411 m/sec.
e () , .
, m. e :
e+310+5,4112/(2 9,81)=371,79 He=371,79-310-1,492=60,298 m
,
, , :
1=/4=450/4=112,5 m
2,839.25,112
)360075,4(750 75,05,0
4/3
2/1=
==
HQ
nnq
: 0,25. :
= =0,25 112,5=28,125 m
,
:
= (Q/Q)2=28,125 (4,25/4,75)2=22,516 m. :
=e-HS=(H+)-he-hfe-HS B=74,5 m . :
-
49
=10+74,5-(310-300)-0,15 4,252-0,207=74,5-2,709-0,207 =71,584 m
:
=71,584 m > H=22,516 m
.
) : QA=4,75 m3/sec, HA=450 m ,
: Q'B=QA=Q=4,75 m3/sec. ,
:
=+H=h+(e+a) Q2=500+(0,15+2,91) 4,752=569,04 m. : H'B=569,04-450=119,04 m To : QB'=4,75 m3/sec, HB'=119,04 m n'B .
(,Q) nB=1000 RPM. (Q'B,'B):
= Q2= 22 Q'Q'
B
=
22754
04119 Q,
,
=5,276 Q2
n=1000 RPM : Q=3,75 m3/sec B=76,0 m.
:
267,175,375,4''
===B
B
B
B
QQ
n
n
:
n'B=1,267 nB=1267 RPM.
) , , , .
: Q=Q'B=QA=4,75 m3/sec, , : 'B=119,04 m. ', ,
.
n=1000 RPM : QB=4,0 m3/sec B=75 m.
-
50
, =(D'B/DB), , =n'B/nB, :
=== 31875,1475,4'
B
B
QQ
225872,175
04,119' ===
B
B
HH
:
=0,971 =1,2976 : n'=1,2976 n=1287,6 RPM.
H :
85,194.2680,0102
75,44501000=
==A
AAA
QHN
KW
4,929.680,0102
75,404,1191000''' =
==B
BBB
QHN
KW
:
=+=33.124,25 MW
A : nqA=2839 4.4 .
:
708.45,97
)36000,4(1000 75,05,0
4/31
2/1
=
==B
BBqB
HQ
nn
,
.
1.2.5 ( 25.8.1986)
.
, ,
0 1500 RPM, .
z ( ). , zK=5 m, , ,
-
51
z=19 m. .
.
: )
.
) (1) n=1500 RPM (2) (2) .
(1). ) (1) n=1500 RPM, (2) (2) 400 m3/h (1)
: (,Q,) n=1500 RPM.
Q (m3/h) 0 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500
H (m) 40,0 39,0 37,5 34,0 28,0 19,0 0,0
(%) 0 64,5 76,0 80,0 72,0 57,0 0,0
: =10 m, =15C. O : hf=Q2. Q m3/h hf m .
e=1,0 10-6 a=4,5 10-6
e
a
z=19 m
e
(1)
(2)
zK=5 m
) , , : =h+(e+a) Q2 = (19-5)+(e+a ) Q2
-
52
: =,
.
(Q=0) H=h, : Q=0, H=Ho=h=zA-zK=19-5=14 m.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600Q (m3/h)
0
20
40
60
80
(%
)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600Q (m3/h)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
H (m
)(H,
Q)1
H=(34/8002).Q2
H
(1) & 400 m3/h
(1) HoE=H1-e.Q2
(3) HoE=(zA-zK)+e.Q2
H=(24/4002).Q2
(Q=0, H=0) . Q=0, Q=0. A, (Q'=0, H'=14 m n' ) n=1500 RPM : Q=0, H=40 m. :
-
53
41,887)40/14(1500'1500
'
4014'' 5,0
22
==
=
= nn
n
n
HH
RPM
,
n=1500 RPM, .: Q=800 m3/h, H=34,0 m.
:
=h+(e+a) Q2 = (19-5)+(e+a ) Q2 (,Q) Q.
: = Q2 n=1500 RPM, . :
= 2280034 Q
(,Q) : Q'=530 m3/h, H'=15 m. :
75,993)800/530(1500'1500
'
800530''
==
=
= nn
n
n
QQ
RPM
) 1 n=1500 RPM, 2 . : Q2=0 : Q=Q1, . 1 2. 1 =f(Q), n=1500 RPM (,Q). : Q1=1160 m3/h, H1=21,60 m =0,61
,
zK, : ( 1) (1) oE=1-e Q12 ( 2) (2) oE=2-e Q22 H (2) Q2=0 : (2') oe=2
1: Q1=1160 m3/h 1=21,6 m, (1) :
oE=21,6-1,0 10-6 11602=20,254 m (2'), 2 :
2=oE=20,254 m Q2=0
-
54
,
n=1500 RPM : Q=0, H=40 m. :
4,1067150040
254,202
22
22 =
=
= n
n
n
n
HH
RPM
, 1 n=1500 RPM, 2 n2=1067,4 RPM.
z
.
: =-he-hfe-HS : =10 m,
HS=0,182 m ( =15oC), hfe=e Q2=1 10-6 11602=1,3456 m
he=(z-z) , z .
: > .
, ,
.
:
012.3348001500 75,0
5,0
4/3
2/1===
HQ
nnq
4.4 : 0,28. : = =0,28 34=9,52 m. :
=
2
QQ
=9,52 2
8001160
=2,1025 9,52=20,01 m
: > H 10-(z-z)-1,3456-0,182 > 20,01
(z-z) < -11,627 z < -11,267+5=-6,627 m. z
z=-6,627 m.
1 :
-
55
86,11161,01023600
11606,211000=
==
HQN W
) 1 n=1500 RPM 2 Q2 400 m3/h.
zK:
( 1) (1) oE=1-e Q12 ( 2) (2) oE=2-e Q22 ( ) (3) oE=(zA-zK)+a Q2 :
(4) Q=Q1+Q2
(1) (3) (,Q) Q Q1.
Q2 Q2=400 m3/h, (1) Q2, . (1) 400 m3/h. H (3) :
Q=Q1+Q2=1480 m3/h : Q1=Q-Q2=1480-400=1080 m3/h
Q1 (1) : oE=23,50 m, (2) 2 2 :
Q2=400 m3/h, H2=23,66 m
2 .
n=1500 RPM : =Q2 : Q=Q2=400 m3/h, =H 2=23,66 m . :
=
2400
6623, Q2=0,0001479 Q2
(,Q) n=1500 RPM : Q=520 m3/h, H=38,5 m.
:
8115352040015002222 ,Q
Qnn
n
n
QQ
==== RPM
-
56
n=1500 RPM 1, . : Q1=1080 m3/h : 1=0,68. 1 :
131086801023600
108002510001 ,
,
,QHN =
==
KW
1.2.6 ( 12.9.1987)
1 2 (3) (1) (2) . : ) 1, , ,
.
) 1, 125 m3/h. 1 ; ( ) , ). ) 2 1 , . z=3. 2 ( 1 n=2900 RPM) 2 80 m3/h .
e1 =6,53 10-5 1=6,53 10-5 =1,959 10-4 =3,265 10-4 2=6,0 10-4
A1
z
=93 m
e1
z3=220 m
D=125 mmM
K
z2=120 m
z1=100 m
A2
: =10 m, =20 C, g=9,81 m/sec2. : hf=Q2, , Q m3/h hf m. 1, 3 , n=2900 RPM, :
-
57
Q (m3/h) 0 100 140 200 250 300 320
H (m) 220,0 200,0 180,0 143,0 100,0 30,0 0,0
(%) 0 75,0 80,0 65,0 42,0 15,0 0,0
) 1 (,Q) 1 , Q=Q1:
=(z3-z1)+(e1+A!M+MK+K) Q2=120+6,53 10-4 Q2 (,Q). o 1: Q1=190 m3/h, H1=142,5 m 1=0,66 :
5,11266,01023600
1905,14310001
111 =
==
QH
N KW
,
oM
Bernoulli: HoM=z1+H1-(e1+A1M) Q2=100+143,5-2 6,53 10-5 1902=238,80 m
oM :
oM=zM+HM+cM2/(2g) M ,
, m, c
, .
c=Q1/F1 , F1=D2/4=3,14 0,1252/4=0,012272 m2 Q1=190/3600=0,05278 m3/sec. A : cM=4,30 m/sec, H=93+H+4,302/(2 9,81)=93+H+0,9424=238,80 m =144,86 m
1, 3- :
60,591.1)3/180(1402900 75,0
5,0
4/3
2/1===
HQ
nnq
4.4 nq=1591,6 0,13 : = (/3)=0,13 60=7,8 m
-
58
, .:
=
2
QQ
=7,8 2
140190
=14,366 m
:
=-he-hfe-HS=10-(93-100)-6,53 10-5 1902-0,239=14,404 m : =14,404 m < H=14,366 m 1 .
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350Q (m3/h)
0
20
40
60
80
(%
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350Q (m3/h)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
H (m
)
H=(130,2/1252).Q2
(H, Q)
H1=120+3,265.10-4.[Q12+(Q1+80)2]
H=120+6,53.10-4.Q2
-
59
) 1, . Q1'=125 m3/h, :
H=1'=120+6,53 10-4 1252=130,2 m 1 n=2900 RPM, (,Q) , . : = Q2 : Q1'=125 m3/h 1'=130,2 m. :
=
21252130,
Q2=0,008333 Q2 1 n=2900 RPM :
Q1=148 m3/h, H1=178 m
n1':
3,449.21481252900''''
1
111
1
1
1
1 ==== QQ
nnn
n
QQ
RPM
,
.
,
( ) , : > .
) Z 2, 1, 2 80 m3/h. ,
.
=f(Q1) Q2=80 m3/h. , .
1 , 2 : 1=(z3-z1)+(e1+A1M+MK) Q12+ (Q1+Q2)2 Q2=80 m3/h, Q1: 1=1=f(Q1), (,Q) (H,Q) 1 1. : Q1=177 m3/h 1=153 m.
2
2 :
-
60
2=2=(z3-z2)+2 Q22+ (Q1+Q2)2 Q2=80 m3/h Q1=177 m3/h : 2=2=(220-120)+6 10-4 802+3,265 10-4 (177+80)2=125,4 m. 2 (Q2=80 m3/h, H2=125,4 m), ,
2 1, . : Q1=140 m3/h, H1=180 m, .
M ,
=D2/D1 =n2/n1:
5714,01408033
1
2 === QQ
69667,0180
4,12522221
2 === HH
: =D2/D1 0,8274 =n2/n1 1,0 : n2 n1=2900 RPM.
2, , : 2=1max=0,80. A 2 :
15,3480,01023600804,1251000
2
222 =
==
QH
N W
1.2.7 (A 13.6.1987)
, :
=6 m Q=2,2 m3/sec d=0,37 m, D=0,8 m n=600 RPM. Y 2 i=0,7 h=0,92.
:
cm=cm1=cm2=Q/ : =(D2-d2)/4= (0,82-0,372)=0,3951 m2 A: cm=2,2/0,3951=5,568 m/sec
-
61
Euler , ( : cu1=0) :
===
2
222
222 1
tgu/c
gu
g'cu
HH niu
iu
h , : h=0,92. : = n/30= 600/30=62,83 rad/sec:
: u2= d/2=62,83 0,37/2=11,624 m/sec A Euler 2:
6,0=0,7 0,92
2
2 6241156851819
62411tg
,/,,
,
:
tg2=0,51447 2=27,225 : u2=D/2=62,83 0,8/2=25,1327 m/sec, o Euler :
6,0=0,7 0,92
2
2 13272556851819
132725tg
,/,,
,
tg2=0,225 2=12,67
1.2.8 ( 12.9.1987)
n=3000 RPM : Q=42 m3/h, =45 m =6,62 KW. : Q=m=0,98, '
:
D1=65 mm, D2=190 mm b1=27 mm, b2=9 mm 1=20 o, 2=22 o .
Q=42 m3/h optimum ;
H : =2n/60=2 3000 /60=314,159 rad/sec : u1= D1/2=314,159 0,065/2=10,21 m/sec u2= D2/2=314,159 0,190/2=29,845 m/sec
-
62
H : Qu=Q/Q=42/0,98=42,857 m3/h :
cn1=Qu/(D1b1)=42,857/(3600 0,065 0,027)=2,159 m/sec cn2=Qu/(D2b2)=42,857/(3600 0,190 0,009)=2,216 m/sec O :
=
QH=
62,6)1023600/()45421000(
=0,778
:
h= 98,098,0778,0
= mQ
=0,8098
A Euler cu1=0 :
=
2
222
2 /1
tg
uc
gu
H nhiu
i
:
45=i 0,8098
)(tg
,/,,
,
228452921621
81984529 2
i=0,7498
cu2 : cu2=i cu2'
cu2'=u2- )(tg,
,)(tgc
o
n
22216284529
2
2 =
=24,353 m/sec.
: cu2=i cu2'= 0,7498 24,353=18,26 m/sec. .
u1=10,21 m/sec
cn1=c1=2,159 m/sec
w11=11,94
cu2=18,26 m/sec
cu2'=24,353 m/sec
u2=29,845 m/sec
cn2=2,216 m/sec
w2 c2
c2'
5 m/sec
-
63
u1
c1=cn1=2,159 m/sec. H 1' :
tg(1')= 21101592
1
1
,
,
u
cn = cn1/u1=0,2114 1'=11,94 o
1'=11,94 o 1=20 o 42 m3/h optimum .
1.2.9 ( 20.6.1995)
.
0 40 KW, .
.
' .
.
: ) ( 4 ) n (RPM) Q. .
( ); ) ( KW) ( ) (n,Q) n (RPM) , .
)
,
.
) , ,
40 KW.
-
64
e=0,2 10-3 a=0,8 10-3 (hf= Q2 hf m Q m3/h)
zA=145 m
zE=120 m
e
a
A
: =1000 Kg/m3, HS=0,25 m , =10 m, (Q,H,) n=1500 RPM ( ).
Q (m3/h) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
H (m) 50,0 48,0 44,0 40,0 35,0 27,5 16,0
(%) 0 42,0 67,0 76,0 80,0 67,0 44,0
)
: =(zA-zE)+(e+ a) Q2=(145-120)+(0,2+0,8) 10-3 Q2
.
.
(Q,H) n=no=1500 RPM: (Qo,Ho) (50,48), (100,44) (150,40) = Q2. O (H,Q) .
(H,Q)
:
ooo QQ
nn
n
QQ
== 1500
-
65
n=no=1500 RPM.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Q (m3/h)
0
20
40
60
80
(%
)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Q (m3/h)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
H (m
)
(H, Q)
H=25+10-3.Q2
H=
(48/5
02). Q
2
H=
(44/1
002 ). Q
2
H=(40
/1502 )
. Q2
H.Q=11743
n=no=1500 RPM
. :
Q=130 m3/h, H=41,95 m, =0,715.
: - Qo n=no=1500 RPM
-
66
- ( ) Q, H, n (=HQ/)
Qo (m3/h) Q (m3/h) n (RPM) H (m) (-) N (KW)
50 39,5 1185 26,2 0,42 6,71
100 85,0 1275 32,2 0,67 10,8
130 130 1500 41,95 0,715 20,8
0 175 1750 55,5 0,76 34,8
n(RPM) ( 3) Q (m3/h) ( 2).
(Q=0) H=(zA-zE)=25 m, ,
n.
(Qo=0, Ho=50 m) no=1500 RPM. :
66106050251500
21212
,
HH
nnn
n
QQ //
o
o
oo
=
=
=
= RPM
(zA-zE)
.
0 50 100 150 200Q (m3/h)
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
n (rp
m)
-
-
67
0 50 100 150 200Q (m3/h)
0
10
20
30
40
Na
(K
W)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800n (rpm)
0
10
20
30
40
Na
(K
W)
- -
) , ,
,
.
( 6) Q ( 2). =40 KW Qmax=180 m3/h. n
.
=40 KW - nmax 1800 RPM
)
: >.
:
-
68
=HB-he-e Q2-HS HS : =10 m, HS=0,25 m .
Qmax=180 m3/h. ,
( -)
.
: Qmax=180 m3/h, nmax=1800 RPM.
no=1500 RPM
nq :
2,474.12,44
1401500 75,05,0
4/3
2/1
===
HQ
nnq
4.4 nq =0,13. A no=1500 RPM : = =0,13 35=4,55 m. nmax=1800 RPM (. 4.10) :
m=H 2
o
max
n
n=4,55
2
15001800
=6,552 m
nmax=1800 RPM :
Qm=Q
o
max
n
n=200
15001800
=240 m3/h
Q=Qmax=180 m3/h nmax=1800 RPM nmax=1800 RPM . A :
= m
2
m
max
QQ
=6,552 2
240180
=3,685 m
z
. :
=HB-he-eQ2-HS > 10-( z-zE)-0,2 10-3 1802-0,25>3,685
-
69
119,59> z zmax=119,59 m
) E ,
. =0,80.
Q ( m3/h) H/ ,
:
=2
QH=40 KW
2 8003600102
1000,
'Q'H
= 40 H(2Q)=11750,4
(,Q) Q=11750,4 Q=2Q , .
(H,2Q) , Q=2Q : =H=(zA-zE)+(e+ a) Q2=(145-120)+(0,2+0,8) 10-3 Q2
Q=11750,4 : /=62,5 m, Q=2Q=188 m3/h Q=94 m3/h.
To : /=62,5 m, Q=94 m3/h n=1500 RPM: H=35 m, Q=200 m3/h.
, =(D'/D), , =n'/n, :
347,020094
'
===QQ
22768,135
5,62'
===HH
: =0,593 =2,2535 , : n'=2,2535 n=3380,25 RPM.
-
70
A 1.2.10 ( 29.6.1999)
o (,Q) (,Q) n :
=a Q2+b =cQ2+d n1 :
=a1Q2+b1 =c1 Q2+d1 a1, b1, c1 d1 a, b, c, d , n n1 .
(,Q) n RPM : =a Q2+b n1 o o (H1,Q1,1) (,Q,) n :
11
11 n
nQQn
n
QQ
==
2
11
2
11
=
=
n
nHHn
n
HH
=1
=a Q2+b Q: 2
1
211
+=
nn
bQaH
: a1=a b1=b (n1/n)2
E =c Q2+d Q:
12
11
2
1
211 dQcd
n
nQc +=+
==
: c1=c (n/n1)2 d1=d.
-
71
1.2.11 ( 11.09.2001)
,
, .
(. ) 5 bar, . .
: ) 2 ,
.
) 2
.
.
) ,
.
)
( ).
.
) , ,
.
.
:
h= Q2 h m Q m3/h: e=4,0 10-3 , a=8,0 10-3 , K=8,0 10-3 =8 10-2 ( )
=25 C A =10 m g=9,81 m/sec2 X ( ) n=1450
RPM
-
72
Q (m3/h) 0 30 50 60 70 H (m) 96 81 60 37,5 0 (-) 0 0,60 0,75 0,60 0
h= Q2
h m
Q m3/h
e=4,0 10-3 a=8,0 10-3 K=8,0 10-3 =8,0 10-2
z2=59 m
z1=53 m
K
a
e
z1=50 m
zA
K
M
) .
:
1=h1+(e+a+) Q2=3+9,2 10-2 Q2 o
: Q=29 m3/h , H=80,37 m.
( m) Bernoulli , ( ) :
z1+H-(e+a)Q2=HoK=HK+zK A Bernoulli : 50+80,37-1,2 10-2 292=+53 =67,15 m >50 m 5 bar .
:
2=h2+(e+a++) Q2=9+0,1 Q2 2 o
: Q=27 m3/h , H=81,90 m.
-
73
( m) Bernoulli : z1+H-(e+a+) Q2=HoK=H+z A Bernoulli : 50+81,90-0,02 272=M+59 M=58,20 m >50 m 5 bar .
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Q (m3/h)
0
20
40
60
80
(%
)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Q (m3/h)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100H
(m
)
(H, Q)
(1) H'oK=H-(e+a).Q2
H1=3+0,092.Q2
(2) H'oK=3+.Q12
(2)+(3)
H2=9+0,1.Q2
(3) H'oK=9+(+).Q22H=.Q2
Q2Q1
) 2 , K ,
Bernoulli. :
-
74
(1) =z1+H-(e+a) Q2=H-12 10-4 Q2 (2) HoK=z1+ Q12=3+8 10-2 Q12 (3) = z2+(+) Q22=9+8,8 10-2 Q22 Q1 Q2 . ( Q2)
. (1), (2) (3) (,Q), .
:
(4) Q=Q1+Q2 (1), (2), (3) (4) (2) (3) . (2) (3) (1) 4 . :
Q=49 m3/h, H=61,0 m, 0,745 =10,926 W Q1=26 m3/h, Q2=23 m3/h.
O Bernoulli ( ) , .:
(5) =+zK=zK+ Q12 = Q12 =0,08 262=54,08 m > 5 bar
(6) =+z=z + Q22 = Q22 =0,08 232=42,32 m < 5 bar
.
) (2), . (6) 50 m : =50= Q22 Q22 =HM/ Q2= 2508,0/50 = m3/h
(1), (2), (3) (4) . (3) ( z=50 m): Ho=z2+(+) Q22=9+0,088 252=64 m (2) Q1 :
HoK=z1+ Q12 64=3+0,08 Q12 Q1= 63,2708,0/61 = m3/h
-
75
Q=Q1+Q2=25+27,63=52,63 m3/h H (1), Ho=64 m : =z1+H-(e+a) Q2 64=0+-0,012 52,632 =97,24 m
:
Q=52,63 m3/h =97,24 m
n
.
: = Q2 : Q=52,63 m3/h =97,24 m. (,Q) n=1450 RPM :
Q=43,7 m3/h =68,6 m E n :
3,17467,4363,521450'''' ==== Q
Qnn
n
n
QQ
RPM
) .
:
6,47560501450 75,0
5,0
4/3
2/1
===
HQ
nnq
. 4.4 =0,03. n=1450 RPM : = =0,03 60=1,8 m.
n=1450 RPM : H= (Q/QK)2=1,8 (43,7/50)2=1,375 m
n=1746,3 RPM , :
H= (n/n)2=1,375 (1746,3/1450)2=1,994 m
: -he-e Q2-HS S=0,3353 m =25 C. : 10-he-0,00452,632-0,3353 1,994 he =(zA-z1) -3,409 m
zA 50-3,409=46,59 m
-
76
,
.
,
.
) , ,
, .
, :
Q1=Q/2=52,62/2=26,315 m3/h 1==97,24 m
n=1450 RPM.
:
=
=== 31
311 5263,0
50315,26
n
n
DD
QQ
K
222
12
11 621,160
24,97 =
===
n
n
DD
HH
K
. 2 : =0,6429 =1,9806 n1=1,9806 1450=2.871,9 RPM.
1.2.12 ( 5.9.1989)
=914 Kg/m3, .
D=20 cm, , , ,
. (H,Q,) n=3000 RPM . ,
.
(,Q,) n=3000RPM Q (m3/h) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 32 H (m) 30 28 25,4 22 18 13,1 6 0 (-) 0 0,34 0,52 0,60 0,575 0,46 0,27 0
-
77
h= Q2 h m Q m3/h
1=4,8 10-4 2=8,0 10-4
P
3
1
1
1
2
Dz1
: ) : =360 Kp .
KW ( ) ) ,
=360 Kp n=3000 RPM. ) =360 Kp 0,30 m/sec .
) n=3000 RPM =360 Kp by-pass . 3 0,1 m/sec .
) c=Q/F, F : F= D2/4=3,14 0,22/4=3,14 10-2 m2. c . 1 2
( m ) , , :
=(1-2) g F =360 p=9,81 360=3.531,6 Nt : 1-2=12,5374 m Bernoulli , :
1=-(1+1+1) Q2= -31Q2 H2=2 Q2
-
78
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Q (m3/h)
0
20
40
60
(%
)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Q (m3/h)
0
10
20
30
H (m
)
(H, Q)
H=12,7+9,6.10-4.Q2
H=12,537+22,4.10-4.Q2
H=.Q2
, :
=(1-2)+(3 1+2) Q2=12,5374+22,4 10-4 Q2
.
:
Q=24,5 m3/h , H=13,85 m =0,475 :
== H Q/= 914 13,85 24,5/ (102 3600 0,475)= 1,778 KW
-
79
. :
=-i=N- Q =N (1-)=1,778 (1-0,475)=0,9335 KW N= hf Q= [(3 1+2) Q2] Q=0,082 KW
: =+ =0,9335+0,082=1,015 W
) : c=0 Q=0, n=3000 RPM : =30 m=(1-2). : =+zM, zM
.
P=360 Kp, n :
Q=0, H=H1-H2=12,5374 m : Q=0, H=30 m n=3000 RPM
:
4,1939'305374,12
3000'''
22
==
=
n
n
HH
n
n RPM
To Pmax (1-2) , , . Q=0 c=0.
n=3000 RPM Q=0 : =(1-2)=30 m p1-p2= (1-2)=Pmax/F 914 9,81 30 t/m2=Pmax/(3,14 10-2) Pmax=8,4506 103 Nt=861,42 Kp
) c=0,3 m/sec :
Q=c F=0,3 3,14 10-2 m3/sec=33,929 m3/h A :
=(1-2)+(3 1+2) Q2=12,5374+22,4 10-4 Q2=15,116 m :
Q=33,929 m3/h, H=15,116 m n RPM.
n=3000 RPM, n=3000 RPM :
-
80
= Q2 : Q=33,929 m3/h, H=15,116 m. : =15,116/33,9292. :
Q=27,50 m3/h, H=10 m, =0,375.
:
34,3701'3000
'
50,27929,33''
=== nn
n
n
QQ RPM
: ==0,375. :
= H Q/= 914 33,929 15,116/ (102 3600 0,375)= 3,404 KW
) c=0,1 m/sec : Qc=c F=0,1 3,1159 10-2 3600 =11,31 m3/h
, ,
(1-2) , . 1-2=12,5374 m. Q , :
Q=Qc+Qb by-pass. Bernoulli Q : =(1-2)+(1+1) Q2+(1+2) Qc2 = =12,5374+(4,8+8) 11,312+2 4,8 10-4 Q2=12,7+9,6 10-4 Q2 H (,Q)
n=3000 RPM . : Q=24,7 m3/h =13,5 m.
by-pass : Qb=Q-Qc=24,7-11,31=13,39 m3/h Bernoulli by-pass Q : 3 by-pass : =(1+1) Q2+3 Qb2 13,5=2 4,8 10-4 24,72+3 13,392 3 3
by-pass : 3=7,20310-2 (h= Q2 h m Q m3/h)
-
81
2
2.1 ()
A 2.1.1 ( 13.1.1984)
.
(,Q,) 85% :
Q (m3/s) 0 10 15 20
H (m) 40 50 100 160
(%) 47 800 92 81
z1hf=5 m Q=10 m3/sec
z2=140+2(Q/10)1/2 Q m3/sec
z2
: ) , 85% , 17 MW. ) , .
)
.
.
2.1.2 ( 6.9.1984)
: Q=15 m3/sec, H=150 m
92%. 1/4,
-
82
:
.
hf= Q2
: ) , o .
)
( ) 1500 RPM : h= Q2 =30 Q m3/sec h m. ) =526,3 KW
Moody ckeret.
2.1.3 (A 13.9.1988)
Francis ( ).
z1=510 m
hf=5 m Q=6 m3/sec
z2=200 mB
-
83
, :
Q (m3/s) 4 5 6 7 8 9
H (m) 265 272 280 290 305 325
(%) 71,0 82,5 88,0 90,0 87,0 77,5
: ) , ,
z1=510 m ( ) ) z1=510 m .
KW ; ) D2e'=0,45 m. '=15 m.
.
: B=10 m, =10 oC.
A 2.1.4 ( 12.6.1990)
4 . , ,
12 m3/sec, :
P=0,87 =0,91.
: =20 C, =10 m g=9,81 m/sec2.
z2=150 m
z1=550 m
-
4
hf=25 m Q=10 m3/sec
-
84
: ) , .
) D2 b2 n=500 RPM : =cn2/u2=0,22 ( : i, Q m). 2 : 2=30o. .
) .
.
.
A 2.1.5 ( 1.10.1997)
,
.
(1) (2) .
;
.
zE=450 m
z=200 m (2)
(1) z=220 m
2.1.6 ( 29.6.1999)
b=100 mm
02 .
b 01=22 c01=8,5 m/sec, 02=150 :
-
85
)
, D1=350 mm b=100 mm, .
1500 RPM. ) ( ). , ; (=1000 Kg/m3, g=9,81 m/sec2).
D01=425 mmD02=400 mm
D1
(02)
(01)c01
01
02
2.2
A 2.2.1
Y Francis 79 m 700 mm, 700 m, 0,0001. =7, h m3/sec h m.
z1
z2
BL=700 m
D=700 mm
h=79
m
-
86
: : D1=3 D2=1440 mm : b2=3 b1=153 mm : 1= 135 , 2=35
,
700 mm . Q=1,155 m3/sec .
: ) , .
) ) h .
: ,
(Q=1,0). : =10oC, =1000 Kp/m3, g=9,81 m/sec2.
) : c=Q/(D2/4)=1,155/( 0,72/4)=3,03 m/sec H Reynolds :
Re=(cD)/=3,03 0,70/1,465 10-6=1,45 105 A Moody s=0,0001 Re=1,45 105 : =0,017, :
01,1181,92
03,3770,0
700017,02
22
=
+=
+=g
c
Dlh f m
: =h-hf=79-11,0168 m
,
: 2=
-
87
( ):
cr1= 01,511=
bDQ Q
=5,01 m/sec
u1=3 u2=3 7,15=21,45 m/sec :
cu1=u1+ )135180(1
tgcr
=u1+ or
tgc
451
=5,01+21,45=26,46 m/s
tg(1)= 46,2601,5
1
1 =u
r
c
c=0,1893 1=10,72 o.
u2=7,15 m/sec
w2
u1=21,45 m/secc
u1=26,46 m/sec
5 m/sec
2=35
c n1=
5,01
m
/secc1
1=10,72 w11
c n2 =
5,
01 m
/sec
D1, () : 1=10,72 o.
) Bernoulli, . :
gc
Hp
2
211
c1 :
c1= 187,001,5
sin 11 =
rc=26,72 m/sec
:
1= =
==81,92
72,26682
2211
gc
Hp
32,31 m 3 231, bar
( ).
-
88
,
za=z2, :
gc
zg
cz
p aa 22
2222 +=++
81,9201,503,3
2
2222
22
=
=gccp a
=-0,79 m
) : hK=2 U1 Cu1= 6881,9
46,2645,2122 11
=gH
cu u=0,835
A : h= HgchH afea )2/( 2
:
677,981,92
03,3)835,01(682
)1(22
=
==g
cHh ahfea m
A 2.2.2
Z - 60 z, :
=7353 KW, Q=12,5 m3/sec, =0,80, Q=0,96 m=0,98 : h=54,35 m. O L=500 m s=5,10-5. 50 Hz.
: =1000 Kp/m3, =15 oC g=9,81 m/sec2. : ) .
) ,
) 1=90o cr1=6,4 m/sec ) D1 b1 b1=0,20 D1 ) ( ) m () , .
-
89
) f . f1=50 Hz n1.
n1,
f2=60 Hz. :
3/1
2
12/1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
=
===
NN
HH
QQ
ff
n
n
:
1=2 2,425360507353
33
2
12
3
2
1 =
=
=
ffN
n
n W
) Q1 : Q1=Q2 416,1060
505,122
12
2
1 === ffQ
n
n m
3/sec
A : 2= 2Q2 /102 : 2
22
102Q
NH
=
: 2=7353 KW, Q2=12,5 m3/sec =0,80 : 2=76 m.
:
1=2 =
=
22
2
1
605076f
f 52,78 m
: hf=h-H=54,35-52,78=1,57 m
:
hf= g
c
Dl
2
2
Moody, s=0,00005 =0,0106. c c=Q/(D2/4). :
== 95,202 2
25
fhgQL
D
D=1,837 m.
-
90
:
c=3,93 m/sec Reynolds: Re=c D/=3,93 1,837/1,37 10-6= 5,2 105
. Re s=0,00005 Moody : =0,0135 : D=1,93 m.
) 1=90o, , : cu1=u1 cr1=w1=6,4 m/sec : U1Cu1=gH h Cu1=U1 : u1
2=gHh u1= 85,008,5281,9 =hKgH =20,83 m/s
:
h= 96,098,080,0
= mQ
=0,85
:
tg1= 83,204,6
1
1 =u
r
c
c=0,307 1=17,08 o
:
c1=2
12
1 ur cc + c1=22 83,204,6 + =21,80 m/sec
) : D1b1cr1=QQ 0,20 D12 cr1=Q Q D12
120,0 rQ
c
Q
=
D1=1,577 m : b1=0,2 D1=0,2 1,577= 0,315 m
) h :
h= HgchH afea )2/( 2
ca , : Da=2 D=2 1,93= 3,86 m. A:
ca=4/86,314,3
416,104/ 22 =
aDQ
=0,89 m/sec
0404,02
2
=g
ca m
:
gc
Hhg
chHH ahfeaafeah 2)1(
2
22
==
hfea=52,08 (1-0,85)-0,0404=7,78 m
-
91
.
2.2.3
,
Francis n=510 RPM, hf=5 m Q=100 m3/sec. : - z2 o :
z2=140+2 100Q
(h2 m Q m3/sec) -
- : =10 m : g=9,81 m/sec2
z1max=270 m
hf=5 m Q=100 m3/sec
z2=140+2(Q/100)1/2
z1min=220 m
z2z=141,5 m
: ) 80 % z1=230 m. ) , ; . ) : m=Q=0,99 ) ;
) :
H=(z1-z2)-hf=230-
+
1002140 Q -5
2
100
Q
H=90-2 100Q
-5 2
100
Q
T =f(Q) (H,Q) . 80% :
-
92
Q=110,2 m3/sec, H=82 m 0,925 :
75,947.81102
925,02,110821000102
=
== HQN KW
60 70 80 90 100 110
160
140
120
100
80
60
A=100 %
A=90 %
A=80 %
A=70 %
A=60 %
max
=0,94
=0,935
=0,93
=0,92
=0,91
=0,90
(m)
Q (m3/sec)
H=90-2(Q/100)1/2-5(Q/100)2
) Francis 7.1 HK=100 m ( ).
,
:
HK=100 m, QK=145 m3/sec, K=0,94 :
627.133102
94,01451001000=
== HQN W
( ) :
4,173100
133627150 4/52/1
4/5
2/1
==K
KS
HN
nn
( ) :
-
93
12,57100145150 4/3
2/1
4/3
2/1
===K
Kq
HQ
nn
nQ . 7.1 HK=100 m : nq 60. n=150 RPM, , .
(10.3): =7,54 10-5 n1,41=7,54 10-5 173,41,41=0,10825
(Q=QK=145 m3/sec) :
=z-z2=141,4-
+
1002140 Q =-1,008 m
Thoma (. 8.12): 1088,0
10013,0008,110
=+
=
=K
SB
HHHH
o HS=0,13 m. : =0,1088>=0,10825
( ).
) : cr1=cro, cr1 () o cro
( G 10.2).
D2e ( 10.2) (10.5) (10.4). : U2e=0,31+2,5 10-3 ns=0,31+2,5 10-3 173,4=0,7435
U2e= gH
nD e2602
D2e=n
gHU e
260 2
1932,415014,3
10081,927435,0602 =
=eD
D2e=4,1932 m
(10.8) b : b/D2e=7,28 10-4 ns(2-1,82 10-3 ns)=
=7,28 10-4 173,4 (2-1,82 10-3 173,4) =0,2126 b=0,2126 D2
-
94
G=(0,89+Sn
5,96 )D2e=1,4465 D2e
:
cro= 122
sec/83,82126,04464,114,3
150r
e
cmDbG
Q=
=
H :
D1i=(0,4+Sn
5,94 ) D2e=(0,4+ 4,1735,94 ) 4,1932=3,9625 m
:
u1= 609625,315014,3
601 =i
nD=31,12 m/sec
:
gHhK=u1cu1 1
1u
gHc hKu
=
:
hK= 99,099,094,0
=
mQ
=0,959 :
cu1= 056,303,31959,010080,9
=
m/sec
cr1, cu1 u1 .
u1=31,12 m/sec
1
c1
cu1=30,23 m/sec
c r1=
12,94
m
/sec
w1
) ,
. cu2 , .
u : Q < QK ( . 6.13)
-
95
2.2.4 ( 12.9.1987)
/ . :
Q=12 m3/sec, H=200 m, =0,90.
1:5,
n=1450 RPM .
hf= Q2
: ) , .
) , n=1500 RPM, : =4,8210-6 (hf=Q2, hf m Q m
3/h). )
: =110,42 KW , Q=m=0,98. Moody Ackeret,
.
.
: f=50 Hz, g=9,81 m/sec2, =1000 Kp/m3.
-
96
X (H,Q) n=1450 RPM:
Q (m3/h) 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
H (m) 120,0 113,5 104,5 93,0 79,0 62,0
) 7.1 K=200 m Francis. Francis
(10.1): ns=3470 H-0,625=3470 200-0,625=126,53 ( K KW)
:
5,176.21102
90,0122001000=
== KKKK QHN W
95,6535,21176
20053,126 2/14/5
2/1
4/5
4/5
2/1
====K
KS
K
KS N
Hnn
HN
nn RPM
f=50 Hz : n=60 f/p p () . : p = 4 5 6 : n(RPM) = 750 600 500 : n=600 RPM o :
1,116200
53,21176600 4/52/1
4/5
2/1
==K
KS
HN
nn
H D2e (10.4) (10.5): U2=0,31+2,5 10-3ns=0,600=
K
e
gHu
22
u2e=0,6 20081,92 =37,585 m/sec :
u2e= D2e/2 = n/30= 600/30= 62,832 rad/sec :
D2e=2u2e/=2 37,585/62,832=1,1964 m (10.7) :
-
97
D1i=D2e 452,12,1165,9440,01964,15,9440,0 =
+=
+
Sn=1,452 m
( ) 1915,11,1161038,096,01964,1
1038,096,0 332
1 =+
=+
=
S
ee
n
DD m
) ( ) , (') :
4,53200267,0'267,0600
150051''' 2222
===
=
= Hn
n
DD
HH
m
24,01202,0'02,0600
150051''' 33
===
=
= Qn
n
DD
QQ
m3/sec
: Q'=0,24 m3/sec=864 m3/h '=53,39 m
(Q'=864 m3/h) : =100,8 m :
='+(+) Q'2 B . :
100,8=53,39+(4,82 10-6+B) 8642 B=5,869 10-5
) '=110,42 KW :
'= ' Q' ' :
'= 879,0102/39,5324,01000
42,110''
'
=
=QHN
:
9152,098,098,0
879,0'' =
=
=
mQh
: cu2=0 :
u'=h'H'= gcu u '' 11
: u1'=' D1'/2 '= n'/30= 1500/30=157,08 rad/sec
-
98
:
D1= 32175,121915,1452,1
211 =
+=
+ ei DD m
: D1'=D1/5=0,264 m
: u1'=157,08 0,264/2=20,76 m/sec :
cu1'= 08,2376,2039,5381,99152,0
'
''
1=
=
u
Hgh cu1'=23,08 m/sec
A :
Ackeret:
81755,0200
39,53515,05,0''5,05,0
'11 1,02,01,02,0
=
+=
+=
HH
DD
1-=0,81755 (1-0,879)=0,09892 =0,901
Moody :
7248,051'
'11 2,02,0
=
=
=
DD
1-=0,7248 (1-0,879)=0,0877 =0,9123
-
99
3
3.1 ( ). optimum . .
3.2 (,Q,) . , ,
.
.
3.3 i , 2
n.
.
3.4
; .
3.5 , . 2=90. ;
3.6 "" .
;
3.7 A ;
3.8 2 (,Q); 2 20 30o ( ) 2=90o.
3.9
.
-
100
3.10
nq
- nq
- nq ( nq=600-3000)
3.11 ws2 .
;
3.12 (.. , ) .
3.13 , ,
-.
3.14 E
,
.
3.15 (3) (,Q) .
3.16 2 (,Q) , ;
3.17 .
, ,
.
3.18 Kaplan Francis '' Pelton '';
3.19 Euler ; u
;
-
101
3.20 Euler
Francis. ;
3.21 s .
3.22
(Kaplan) . ;
3.23 nq ( ) ns ( ) ( ) ; nq ns ; .
3.24 ( 500 m ) Pelton ( Francis).
3.25 A ; .