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Designation: D 559 03Standard Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mit!resThis standard is iss!ed !nder the "ed designation D 559# the n!m$er immediatelyfollo%ing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or& in the case of re'ision& the year of last re'ision( ) n!m$er in

parentheses indicates the year of last reappro'al( )s!perscript epsilon *e+ indicates an editorial change since the last re'ision or reappro'al(This standard has $een appro'ed for !se $y agencies of theDepartment of Defense(,(Scope,(,These test methods co'er proced!res for determiningthe soil-cement losses& %ater content changes& and 'ol!mechanges *s%ell and shrin.age+ prod!ced $y repeated %ettingand drying of hardened soil-cement specimens( The specimensare compacted in a mold& $efore cement hydration& to mai-m!m density at optim!m %ater content !sing the compaction

proced!re descri$ed in Test Methods D 55/(,(T%o test methods& depending on soil gradation& areco'ered for preparation of material for molding specimens andfor molding specimens as follo%s:Test Method )& !sing soil material passing a 1o( 2*2(5-mm+ sie'e( This method shall $e !sed %hen ,00 4of the soil sample passes the 1o( 2 *2(5-mm+ sie'e (((Test Method & !sing soil material passing a 3mm+ sie'e( This method shall $e !sed %hen part of thesoil sample is retained on the 1o( 2 *2(5-mm+ sie'e( Thistest method may $e !sed only on materials %ith 30 4 orless retained on the 362-in( *,9(0-mm+ sie'e( ((,(3)ll o$ser'ed and calc!lated 'al!es shall conform to theg!idelines for signi"cant digits and ro!nding esta$lished in7ractice D 808(,(2The 'al!es stated in inch-po!nd !nits are to $e regardedas standard& ecept as noted $elo%( The 'al!es gi'en in

parentheses are mathematical con'ersions to S !nits& and arepro'ided for information only and are not considered standard(,(2(,

The gra'itational system of inch-po!nd !nits is !sed%hen dealing %ith inch-po!nd !nits( n this system& the po!nd*l$f+ represents a !nit of force *%eight+& %hile the !nit for massis sl!gs(,(2(The sl!g !nit of mass is almost ne'er !sed incommercial practice *density& scales& $alances& etc(+( Therefore&the standard !nit for mass in this standard is either .ilogram*.g+ or gram *g+ or $oth( )lso& the e!i'alent inch-po!nd !nit*sl!g+ is not gi'en(,(2(3

t is common practice in the engineering;constr!ctionprofession to !se po!nds to represent $oth a !nit of mass *l$m+

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and of force*l$f+( This implicitly com$ines t%o separate,These test methods are !nder the

Sta$ili>ation of )dditi'es(C!rrent edition appro'ed ?e$(appro'ed in ,939( @ast pre'io!s edition appro'ed in ,998 as D 559 98(systems of !nits# that is& the a$sol!te system and the gra'ita-tional system( t is scienti"cally !ndesira$le to com$ine the !seof t%o separate sets of inch-po!nd !nits %ithin a singlestandard( )s stated in ,(2(& this standard incl!des the gra'ita-tional system of inch-po!nd !nits and does not !se;present thesl!g !nit for mass( Ao%e'er& the !se of $alances or scalesrecording po!nds of mass *l$m+ or recording density in l$m;ft3shall not $e regarded as nonconformance %ith this standard(

,(5This standard does not p!rport to address all of thesafety concerns& if any& associated %ith its !se( t is theresponsi$ility of the !ser of this standard to esta$lish appro-

priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-$ility of reg!latory limitations prior to !se((=eferenced Doc!ments(,)STM Standards:C ,50 Speci"cation for 7ortland CementC 595 Speci"cation for lended Aydra!lic CementsD 55/ Test Methods for Moist!re-Density =elations ofSoil-Cement Mit!res3D 580 Test Methods for ?ree>ing-and-Tha%ing CompactedSoil-Cement Mit!res3D 853 Terminology =elating to Soil& =oc.& and Contained?l!ids3D ,8/ Test Methods for Cali$ration of @a$oratoryMechanical-=ammer Soil Compactors3D ,8 Test Method for @a$oratory Determination of Water*Moist!re+ Content of Soil and =oc. $y Mass3D 320 7ractice for the Minim!m =e!irements for )gen-cies Bngaged in the Testing and;or nspection of Soil and

=oc. as sed in Bngineering Design and Constr!ction3D 253 Speci"cation of B'al!ating& Selecting& and Specify-ing alances and Scales for se in Soil& =oc.& andConstr!ction Material Testing3D 808 7ractice for sing Signi"cant Digits in eotechni-cal Data2B ,, Speci"cation for Wire-Cloth and Sie'es for Testing7!rposes5B ,25 Speci"cations for ra'ity-Con'ection and ?orced-Eentilation F'ens83(Terminology

3(,?or common de"nitions of terms !sed in this standard&refer to Terminology D 853(

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2(Signi"cance and se2(,These test methods are !sed to determine the resistanceof compacted soil-cement specimens to repeated %etting anddrying( These test methods %ere de'eloped to $e !sed incon

90G apart and located %ith centers 3from each end and shall pro'ide s!fficient clearance thatfreefalls of the rammer shaft and head %ill not $e restricted(5((Mechanical =ammer ) mechanically operated metalrammer ha'ing a (000diameter face and a man!fact!red mass of (29 8 0(0, .g( Theoperating mass of the rammer shall $e determined from acali$ration in accordance %ith Methods D ,8/( The rammershall $e e!ipped %ith a s!ita$le arrangement to control theheight of drop to a free-fall of ,(0 8 ,a$o'e the ele'ation of the soil-cement(

5((3=ammer ?ace Strength and resistance to %etting-and-drying of specimens compacted %ith the sector face

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rammer may differ from that of specimens compacted %ith thecirc!lar face rammer( Therefore& the sector face rammer shallnot $e !sed !nless pre'io!s tests on li.e soil-cement mit!ressho% that similar resistance to %etting and drying is o$tained%ith the t%o types of rammers(

5(3Sample Btr!der )

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to remo'e the smooth compaction plane at the top of the "rstand second layers of the specimen(5(,2Container ) Hat& ro!nd pan for moist!re a$sorption

$y soil-cement mit!res& a$o!t , in( *305 mm+ in diameterand in( *50 mm+ deep(

5(,5Meas!ring De'ice ) meas!ring de'ice s!ita$le foracc!rately meas!ring the heights and diameters of test speci-mens to the nearest 0(0, in( *0(0 mm+(5(,87ans and Carriers S!ita$le pans for handling mate-rials and carriers or trays for handling test specimens(5(,rad!ate ) grad!ated cylinder of 50-m@ capacityfor meas!ring %ater(5(,/Water Content Containers S!ita$le containers madeof material resistant to corrosion and change in mass !ponrepeated heating& cooling& epos!re to materials of 'arying pA& and cleaning( nless adesiccator is !sed& containers %ith close

"tting lids shall $e !sed for testing specimens ha'ing a mass ofa$o!t 00g# %hile for specimens ha'ing a mass greater thana$o!t 00g& containers %itho!t lids may $e !sed( Fne containeris needed for each %ater content determination(8(Cali$ration8(,7erform cali$rations $efore initial !se& after repairs orother occ!rrences that might affect the test res!lts& at inter'alsnot eceeding 500test specimens& or ann!ally&%hiche'erocc!rs "rst& for the follo%ing apparat!s:8(,(,alance B'al!ate in accordance %ith Speci"cationD 320(8(,(Molds Determine the 'ol!me as descri$ed in D 89/&)nne ,(8(,(3Man!al =ammer Eerify the free fall distance& ram-mer mass& and rammer force in accordance %ith Section 5((Eerify the slee'e re!irements in accordance %ith Section5((,(8(,(2Mechanical =ammer Cali$rate and ad

*2(5-mm+ Sie'e(,7reparation of Material for Molding Specimens:(,(, 7repare the soil sample in accordance%ith the proce-d!re descri$ed in Test Method ) of Test Methods D 55/((,( Select a s!fficient !antity of the soil

prepared asdescri$ed in (,(, to pro'ide t%o *1ote + compacted speci-mens and re!ired moist!re samples(

1FTB *Fptional+ s!ally only onespecimen *identi"ed as 1o( + is

re!ired for ro!tine testing( The other specimen *identi"ed as 1o( ,+ ismade for research %or. and for testing !n!s!al soils(

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(,(3 )dd to the soil the re!ired amo!nt ofcementconforming to Speci"cation C ,50 or Speci"cation C 595( Mithe cement and soil thoro!ghly to a !niform color((,(2 )dd s!fficient pota$le %ater to raise

the soil-cementmit!re to optim!m %ater content at the time of compactionand mi thoro!ghly( When the soil !sed is a hea'y tet!redclayey material& compact the mit!re of soil& cement& and %aterin the container to a depth of a$o!t in( *50 mm+ !sing therammer descri$ed in 5( or a similar hand tamper& co'er& andallo% to stand for not less than 5 min $!t not more than ,0 minto aid dispersion of the moist!re and to permit more completea$sorption $y the soil-cement((,(5 )fter the a$sorption period& thoro!ghly

$rea. !p the

mit!re& %itho!t red!cing the nat!ral si>e of indi'id!al par-ticles& !ntil it %ill pass a 1o( 2 *2(5-mm+ sie'e& as

fo!r signi"cant digits( Calc!late the%ater content according to Test Methods D ,8 and chec.against the design %ater content *1ote +(((3Determine and record the mass of the compactedspecimen to fo!r signi"cant digits and remo'e it from themold( Calc!late the dry !nit %eight in l$f;ft3 according to TestMethod 55/ to chec. against the design dry density *1ote +(((3(, f the dry !nit %eight o$tained is%ithin the designtolerances speci"ed& identify the specimen %ith a metal tag *orother s!ita$le de'ice+ as 1o( , together %ith any other needed

identi"cation mar.s( This specimen %ill $e !sed to o$tain dataon %ater content and 'ol!me changes d!ring the test(

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((3( f the dry !nit %eight o$tained doesnot meet thetolerances speci"ed& then another specimen %ill need to $ecompacted(((2?orm a second specimen as rapidly as possi$le and

determine the %ater content and o'en-dry %eight as descri$edin ((,-((3( dentify this specimen as 1o( & together %ithother needed identi"cation mar.s and !se to o$tain data onsoil-cement losses d!ring the test(((5Determine the a'erage diameter and height of the 1o(,specimen and calc!late its 'ol!me(((87lace the specimens on s!ita$le carriers in the moistroom and protect them from free %ater for a period of days(((Determine and record the mass and meas!rements ofthe 1o( , specimen at the end of the -day storage period to

pro'ide data for calc!lating its %ater content and 'ol!me(

1FTB 3 t is important that all height and diameter meas!rements $eacc!rate to %ithin 0(0, in( *0( mm+ and $e ta.en at the same points on thespecimen at all times((37roced!re:(3(,)t the end of storage in the moist room& s!$merge thespecimens in pota$le %ater at room temperat!re for a period of5h and remo'e( Determine and record the mass and meas!re-ments of the 1o( , specimen *%ater content and 'ol!me changespecimen+((3(7lace $oth specimens in an o'en at ,80G? *,GC+ for2h and remo'e( Determine and record the mass and mea-s!rements of the 1o( , specimen((3(3i'e specimen 1o( *soil-cement loss specimen+ t%o"rm stro.es on all areas %ith the %ire scratch $r!sh( The $r!shshall $e held %ith the long ais of the $r!sh parallel to thelongit!dinal ais of the specimen or parallel to the ends asre!ired to co'er all areas of the specimen( )pply these stro.esto the f!ll height and %idth of the specimen %ith a "rm stro.ecorresponding to approimately 3-l$f *,3(3-1+ force *1ote 2+(Bighteen to t%enty 'ertical $r!sh stro.es are re!ired to co'erthe sides of the specimen t%ice and fo!r stro.es are re!ired on

each end(1FTB 2 This press!re is meas!red as follo%s: clamp a specimen in a'ertical position on the edge of a platform scale and >ero the scale( )pply'ertical $r!shing stro.es to the specimen and note the force necessary toregister approimately 3 l$f *,3(3 1+((3(2The proced!res descri$ed in (3(,-(3(3 constit!te onecycle *2/h+ of %etting and drying( )gain s!$merge thespecimens in %ater and contin!e the proced!re for , cycles(

1FTB 5 Mass determinations of specimen 1o( $efore and after$r!shing are !s!ally made at the end of each cycle %hen cond!cting

research and ma.ing special in'estigations(

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(3(5 The 1o( , specimen may $ediscontin!ed prior to ,cycles sho!ld the meas!rements $ecome inacc!rate d!e tosoil-cement loss of the specimen(

1FTB 8 f it is not possi$le to r!n the cycles contin!o!sly $eca!se of

S!ndays& holidays& or for any other reason& hold the specimens in the o'end!ring the layo'er period if possi$le((3(8 )fter , cycles of test& dry thespecimens to constantmass at 30G? *,,0GC+ and determine and record the mass ofthe specimens((3( The data collected %ill permitcalc!lations of 'ol!meand %ater content changes of specimen 1o( , and the soil-cement losses of specimen 1o( after the prescri$ed , cyclesof test(

/(Test Method sing Soil Material 7assing a3 62-in(*,9(0-mm+ Sie'e/(,7reparation of Material for Molding Specimens:/(,(, 7repare the soil sample in accordance%ith TestMethod of Test Methods D 55/(/(,( Select and maintain separaterepresentati'e samples ofsoil passing the 1o( 2*2(5-mm+ sie'e and of sat!rated&s!rface-dry aggregate passing the 3 62-in( *,9(0-mm+ sie'eandretained on the 1o( 2 *2(5-mm+ sie'e so that the total sample%ill $e eno!gh to pro'ide t%o *1ote + compacted specimensand re!ired %ater content samples( The percentage& $y o'en-dry mass& of aggregate passing the 3 62-in( *,9(0-mm+ sie'eandretained on the 1o( 2 *2(5-mm+ sie'e shall $e the same as the

percentage passing the 3-in( *5-mm+ sie'e and retained on the1o( 2 *2(5-mm+ sie'e in the original sample(/(,(3 )dd to the sample passing the 1o( 2

*2(5-mm+ sie'e&the amo!nt of cement conforming to Speci"cation C ,50 orSpeci"cation C 595& re!ired for the total sample speci"ed in/(,( Mi the cement and soil thoro!ghly toa !niform color(/(,(2 )dd to the sample passing the 1o( 2*2(5-mm+ sie'e&s!fficient %ater to raise the total soil-cement mit!re pre-scri$ed in /(,( to optim!m %ater content at time of compac-tion and facilitate moist!re dispersion as descri$ed for TestMethod ) in (,(2 to (,(8(

/(,(5 )fter preparation of the mit!re asdescri$ed in

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/(,(,-/(,(2& add the sat!rated& s!rface-dry aggregate to themit!re and mi thoro!ghly(/(Molding Specimens:/((, ?orm a specimen $y immediatelycompacting the

soil-cement mit!re in the mold *%ith the collar attached+ andlater trimming the specimen in accordance %ith Test Method of Test Methods D 55/& and in addition as the mit!re for eachlayer is placed in the mold& spade along the inside of the mold%ith a $!tcher .nife $efore compaction to o$tain !niformdistri$!tion of the material retained on the 1o( 2 *2(5-mm+sie'e and scarify the tops of the "rst and second layers asdescri$ed for Test Method ) of this test method(/(( D!ring compaction& ta.e from the

$atch a representa-ti'e sample of the soil-cement mit!re %ith a mass of at least

500g& determine and record the moist mass immediately& anddry in an o'en at 30 8 9G? *,,0 8 5GC+ for at least , h or to constant mass todetermine the %ater content to chec.against design %ater content(/((3?orm a second specimen as rapidly as possi$le in thesame manner(/((2Determine and record the mass of each compactedspecimen to chec. against design density& identify& meas!re the

1o( , specimen *1ote +& place in the moist room& and meas!rethe 1o( , specimen again at the end of the -day storage periodas descri$ed for Test Method ) in ((3-(( *1ote 3+(/(37roced!re:/(3(,7roceed as directed in Test Method ) *see (3+(9(Calc!lation9(,Calc!late the 'ol!me and %ater content changes and thesoil-cement losses of the specimens as follo%s:9(,(,Calc!late the difference $et%een the 'ol!me of speci-men 1o( , at the time of molding and s!$se!ent 'ol!mes asa percentage of the original 'ol!me(9(,(Calc!late the %ater content of specimen 1o( , at thetime of molding and s!$se!ent %ater contents as a percentage

of the original o'en-dry mass of the specimen(9(,(3Correct the o'en-dry mass of specimen 1o( aso$tained in (3(8 for %ater that has reacted %ith the cement andsoil d!ring the test and is retained in the specimen at 30G?*,,0GC+& as follo%s:Corrected o'endry mass 5 J);K 3 ,00 *,+%here:) L o'en-dry mass after drying at 30G?*,00GC+& and L percentage of %ater retained inspecimen pl!s ,00(

The percentage of %ater retained in specimen 1o( afterdrying at ,,0GC for !se in the a$o'e form!la can $e ass!med

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to $e e!al to the %ater retained in specimen 1o( ,( When 1o(,specimens are not molded& the foregoing data are nota'aila$le and the a'erage 'al!es prescri$ed in Ta$le , are !sed(9(,(2Calc!late the soil-cement loss of specimen 1o( as a

percentage of the original o'en-dry mass of the specimen as

follo%s:Soilcement loss& 4 5 J);K 3 ,00 *+%here:) L original calc!lated o'en-dry massmin!s "nal cor- rected o'en-dry mass& and L original calc!lated o'en-dry mass(,0(=eport,0(,The report shall incl!de the follo%ing:,0(,(,The designed optim!m %ater content to the nearest0(54&and maim!m dry !nit %eight of the molded specimens

to the nearest 0(5 l$f;ft3&T)@B , )'erage Eal!es )'erage Water =etained )fter))SATF Soil Classi"cation Drying at 30G? *,,0GC+& 4)-,& )-3 ,(5)- (5)-2& )-5 3(0)-8& )-

,0(,(The %ater content and dry !nit %eight o$tained inmolded specimens&

1FTB nless other%ise speci"ed& normal la$oratory practice per-mits the follo%ing tolerances $et%een design factors and those o$tained inthe molded specimens:Water content 8,percentage pointDry nit Weight 83l$f;ft3,0(,(3The designed cement content& in percent& of themolded specimens&,0(,(2The maim!m 'ol!me change& in percent& and mai-m!m %ater content d!ring test of specimen 1o( ,&

,0(,(5The soil-cement loss& in percent& of specimen 1o( &,0(,(8Sample identi"cation *i(e(& sample n!m$er& pro

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,,(,(Bperience indicates that the 'ariations in test res!ltsare greater for high mass losses and less for lo% mass losses(The degree of 'ariation of most interest is that at the allo%a$le T)@B Weight @ossof D!plicate Specimens in Wetting andDrying Test )

))SATF CementSoil Class Content& 4 D!plicateSpecimens& 4)-,-$ *0+ 35)-2 *5+ 35,0)-8 *,0+ 3

5,0)-2 */+ 28/,0Molded from same $atch $y same operator( Data from 7ac.ard& =( (&

)lternate Methods for Meas!ring ?ree>e-Tha% and Wet-Dry =esistance ofSoil-Cement Mit!res&N Aigh%ay =esearch oard !lletin 1o( 353& ,98(mass loss criteria( S!ggested allo%a$le mass loss criteria aregi'en in the literat!re(,,(ias Since there is no accepted reference materials!ita$le for determining the $ias for the proced!re for meas!r-ing %eight loss& no statement on $ias is $eing made(d!ra$ility# soil-cement# soil-cement mit!res# soilsta$ili>ation# %et-dry

SMM)=O F? CA)1BSn accordance %ith Committee D ,/ policy& this section identi"es the locations ofchanges to this standard

since the last edition *,998+ that may impact the !se of this test method(*,+Changed moist!reN to %ater contentN in Sections 5(,/&((2&/(,(&/(,(2&/((and 1ote to conform %ith D ,/terminology(*+Changed referenced sections for Method ) and Method in Section ,((*3+)dded ne% Section ,(3 to reference D 808( =en!m$ereds!$se!ent sections(*2+=e'ised Sectionmethods(*5+pdated titles and added D 853& D ,8& D 253& D 808

and B ,25 to =eferenced Doc!mentsN section(*8+pdated 1ote , statement on 7ractice D 320(

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*+)dded ne% Section 3 on TerminologyN( =en!m$ereds!$se!ent sections(*/+Changed %eightN to massN thro!gho!t standard(*9+=e'ised Sections 5(2& 5(5& 5(9 and 5(,/ to conform %ithD ,/ policies and g!idelines(

*9+Corrected errors %ith respect to signi"cant digits(*,0+)dded ne% Section 8 on Cali$rationN( =en!m$ereds!$se!ent sections(*,,+=e'ised Section (( to pro'ide clarity and to incl!designi"cant digits(*,+=e'ised Section ((3 for clarity and added more speci"cinstr!ctions(*,3+=e'ised last sentence in Sections (3(,clarity(*,2+=e'ised Section ,0 =eportN to add ne% re!irements(*,5+=e'ised 1ote (

*,8+=e'ised S!mmary of ChangesN section(