atlas biol ros arkt-engl

8/19/2019 Atlas Biol Ros Arkt-Engl

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ATLASOF MARINE AND COASTAL BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC

Edited by V.A. Spiridonov, M.V. Gavrilo, E.D. Krasnova and N.G. Nikolaeva

Москва2011


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Map 2.1. Physiographical regionalization of the Arctic Ocean sector adjacent to Russia

15

Compiled by A. N. Iv ano v

Scale 1 : 16,000,000


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Map 2 2 Biogeographical regionalization of the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean


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Map 2.2. Biogeographical regionalization of the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean

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Compiled by A.V. Mak aro v and V.A. Spiridonov.

Schemes of biogeographical regionalization are based on distribution of different taxonomic groups of invertebrates;

A and В: schemes, which recognize (А) and those which do not recognize (В) deepwater Arctic regions

State border of the

Russian Federation

Boundary of the polar domains

of the Russian Federation

Depth scale (metres)

Scale 1 : 22,000,000

State border of theRussian Federation




Scale 1 : 22,000,000

B

A


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Map 2.3 Species diversity of pelagic animals (А) and meiofauna (В)


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Map 2.3 Species diversity of pelagic animals (А) and meiofauna (В)

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Compiled by

A.V. Mak aro v and V.A. Spiridonov

Sources:

Sirenko [2001] with additions from

Petryashov et al. [2004], Kornev,

Chertoprud [2008], Sirenko [2010], A.I. Azovsky, L.A. Garlitska,

E.S. Chertoprud [pers. comm.]

State border of the

Russian Federation

Boundary of the polar domainsof the Russian Federation

Boundary of the Arctic seas


Scale 1 : 20,000,000

State border of the

Russian Federation





Scale 1 : 20,000,000

99 Total number of species

Taxonomic composition

Calanoida Radiolaria

Euphausiacea Scyphozoa

Hyperiidea Ctenophora

Chaetognata Rotifera

Appendiculariae Cladocera



Foraminifera

Nemathelminthes

Tardigrada

Harpacticoida

A

B


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Map 2.4. Diversity of principal groups of macrobenthos


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2.4 А. Species diversity of principal taxonomic groups of macrobenthos

Compiled by

A.V. Mak aro v and V.A. Spiridonov

Source:

2.4 А Sirenko [2001] with additions

from Petryashov et al. [2004], Anisimova

et al. [2008], Frolova [2009], Lyubina,Sayapin [2009] and Sirenko [2010]

2.4 B Sirenko [1998]

A

B

2.4 B. Distribution of major types of macrobenthic communities in Russian Arctic seas and Arctic basin

State border of the

Russian Federation





Scale 1 : 20,000,000

State border of the

Russian Federation




Scale 1 : 20,000,000



Porifera Other Mollusca Echinodermata

Cnidaria Benthic Amphipoda Bryozoa

Polychaeta Isopoda Ascidiacea

Gastropoda Ostracoda Other groups

Bivalvia Other Crustacea

Communities with domination by

estuarine species (Portladia aestuariorum,

Cyrtodaria kurriana, Rhizomolgula globularis,

Saduria entomon)

bivalves (Tridonta borealis, T. montagui,

Macoma calcarea, Nuculana pernula,

N. radiata, Leionucula belotti, L. inflata, Portlandia

arctica, P. siligua, Astarte crenata, Yoldia hyperborea,

Ciliatocardium ciliatum)

ophiurans (Ophiocten sericeum, Ophiocantha

bidentata, Ophiopleura borealis and others)

polychaets (Maldanidae, Chaetopteridae

and others)

holothurians and sea urchins (Elpidia

glacialis, Kolga hyalina, Pourtalesia jeffreisi )

Sipunculida


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Map 3.1. Maximum amd minimum distribution of sea ice in the Eurasian Arctic sector in 2008. А: March; B: September


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Source: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI)

(see. http://www.aari.ru for archive and current information).

Fig. 3.1.2. Ice Age Distribution in the Northern Hemisphere in March

(Week 11) between 1985 and 2010.

Source: http://climateprogress.org/2010/09/14/exclusivescientiststrack

sharpdropinoldestthickestarcticseaice

S e a I c e A r e a , m i l l i o n s q .

k m

Fig. 3.1.1. Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Area (data provided by the

National Snow and Ice Data Centre — NSIDC: NASA SMMR and SSMI).

Source: http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere/

S e a I c e A r e a , m i l l i o n s q

. k m

Year

Year

Analysis of ice situation by s atellite images

State border of the

Russian Federation



Scale 1 : 22,000,000

State border of the

Russian Federation



Scale 1 : 22,000,000

Fresh ice (0–30 cm)

First year ice (30–200 cm)

Multiyear ice having at leastone summer melting

Noninvestigated regions

Free of ice water area

Fast ice

Ana ly sis of ice sit uat ion by sa tel lit e ima ges

Ice cover is between 1/10and 6/10 of the region'sarea

Ice cover is between 7/10and 10/10 of the region'sarea

Noninvestigated regions

Free of ice water area

Fast ice

B

A

5 and more years (winters)

4 years (winters)

3 years (winters)

Ices remained from previous winter (2nd year)

Ices of the current winter (1st year)


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Map 3.2. Major flaw polynyas of the Russian Arctic


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Compiled by A.V. Pop ov

These maps show maximum development of polynyas.

In nature all polynyas never reach maximum developmentsimultaneously.

Flaw polynyas mainly in the western parts of the seas (with high probability of simultanous occurrence)

Flaw polynyas mainly in the eastern parts of seas (with high probability of simultanous occurrence)

State border of the

Russian Federation



Scale 1 : 22,000,000

B

A

State border of the

Russian Federation



Scale 1 : 22,000,000

Polynyas

SFJLP — Southern Franz Josef Land

NNZP — Northern Novozemelskaya

SNZP — Southern Novozemelskaya

AP — Amderminskaya

ESZP — Eastern Severozemelskaya

NETP — Northeastern Taymyrskaya

ETP — Eastern Taymyrskaya

AYP — Ayonskaya

NWP — Northern Wrangelevskaya

WCP — Western Chukotskaya

ECP — Eastern Chukotskaya

Fast ice

Polynyas boundaries

Polynyas

YP — Yamalskaya

OYP — Ob'Yeniseiskaya

CKP — Central Karskaya

WSZP — Western Severozemelskaya

ALP — AnabarLenskaya

WNSP — Western Novosibirskaya

NNSP — Northern Novosibirskaya

ENSP(W) — Eastern Novosibirskaya (west)

ENSP(E) — Eastern Novosibirskaya (east)

Fast ice

Polynyas boundaries


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Map 3.3. Major sea bird colonies in the Russian Arctic


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Compiled by M.V. GavriloSources: Gavrilo [1998], Konyukov et al. [1998], Bakken [2000]

Numbers in colonies (pairs)

More than 200,000 100 000 – 200 000 50 000 – 100 000 10 000 – 50 000 1000– 10 000 Unknown number

State border of the

Russian Federation



Scale 1 : 16,000,000


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Map 3.4. Most importnat sea ice biotopes of the eastern Barents and the White Seas


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33Sources: 3.4. A — Johannessen et al. [2007]. 3.4. B — wintering areas of eiders — data by Yu.V. Krasnov and M.V. Gavrilo; whelping areas — Mitibaeva et al. [1991]

3.4. A — Sea ice edge in the Barents Sea, multiyear mean position of ice formation zones from

September to April

3.4. B — Wintering and molting areas of eiders and the area of whelping aggregations of harp seal

off Kolla Peninsula coast and in the White Sea

Ice formation zone by months

08–09 09–10 10–11

11–12 12–01 01–02

02–03 03–04

Boundaries of the ice formation zones

State border of the Russian

Federation

Boundary of the polar domains of the

Russian Federation

Scale 1 : 9,000,000

Wintering areas

Wintering areas of eiders

Molting concentrations:

King Eider Steller's Eider

Boundary of area of whelping aggregations of

Harp seal


Federation



Scale 1 : 4,000,000

A B


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Map 3.5. Flaw polynyas and sea bird colonies of the northeastern Barents and the Kara Seas

Sea birds coloniesP l


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Compiled by A.V. Popov and M.V. Gavrilo.

Sources: Popov A.V. and Gavrilo M.V., Boundaries of the zapovedniks and zakazniks after:

[Cartographic base.., 2002–2010]

Fig. 3.5.1. Changes in the winterspring total area of the ObYenisei

Polynya between 1978 and 2007 (based on satellite data).

Year

A r e a ,

s q .

k m

Scale 1 : 8,000,000

Scale 1 : 3,000,000

Sea birds colonies


100 000 – 200 000

50 000 – 100 000

10 000 – 50 000

1000– 10 000

Unknown number

Dominant species

Fulmar

Little Auk

Brunnich's Guillemot

Kittiwake

2 — Number of species breedingin a colony

12Polynyas

SFJLP — Southern Franz Josef Land

NNZP — Northern Novozemelskaya

WSZP — Western Severozemelskaya

SNZP — Southern Novozemelskaya

AP — Amderminskaya

YP — Yamalskaya

OYP — Ob'YeniseiskayaCKP — Central Karskaya

Flaw polynyas

Fast ice

Polynyas boundaries

Zakazniks

Zapovedniks

National park

"Russian Arctic"

Map shows the possible development of polynyas in March (based on high areas for each of the polynyas

over the period between 2000 and 2007)


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Map 3. 6. Flaw polynyas and sea bird colonies of the Laptev Sea


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Compiled by A.V. Popov and M.V. Gavrilo

Sources: Popov A.V. and Gavrilo M.V., Boundaries of the zapovedniks and

zakazniks after [Kartographic base.., 2002–2010]

Fig. 3.6.1. Changes in the winterspring total area of the

AnabarLenskaya Polynya between 1978 and 2007 (based on

satellite data).

Year

A r e a ,

s q .

k m

Sea bird colonies


100 000 – 200 000

50 000 – 100 000

10 000 – 50 000

1000– 10 000

Unknown number

Dominant species

Little Auk

Brunnich's Guillemot

Kittiwake

2 — Number of species breeding ina colony

12Polynyas

ESZP — Eastern Severozemelskaya

NETP — Northeastern Taymyrskaya

ETP — Eastern Taymyrskaya

ALP — AnabarLenskaya

WNSP — Western Novosibirskaya

NNSP — Northern Novosibirskaya

Flaw polynyas

Fast ice

Polynyas boundaries

Zakazniks

Zapovedniks

Scale 1 : 6,000,000Map shows the possible development of polynyas in March (based onmaximum development of the polynyas over the period between 2000 and 2007)


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Карта 3.7. Flaw polynyas, sea bird colonies and migration routes of marine birds in the seas around Chukotka


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Compiled by M.V. Gavrilo and A.V. Popov

Sea bird colonies12


More than 200 000

100 000 – 200 000

50 000 – 100 000

10 000 – 50 000

1000 – 10 000

Dominant species

Fulmar

Kittiwake

Bruennich's Guillemot

No dominant species

12 — Number of species breeding ina colony

Spring migration routes ofeiders (King, Common andSpectacled eiders)

Stationary polynyas

As of the first decade of May2004

AP — Ayonskaya

WCP — Western Chukotskaya

ECP — Eastern Chukotskaya

As of the second decade ofMay 2004

NWP — Northern Wrangelevskaya

Fast ice

Polynyas boundaries

Scale 1 : 4,000,000Boundary of the polar domains



Federation


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Map 3.8. Morphogenetic types of the coast in the Russian Arctic [after Kaplin et al.., 1991]


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41Compiled by L.A. Segienko and M.A. Shroeders.

Sources: Kaplin et al. [1991]; Pavlidis et al. [1998].

Scale 1 : 8,000,000

Scale 1 : 22,000,000


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Map 3.9. Plant communities of maritime marshes on the coasts of the White (A), Barents (B), and the Kara (C) seas


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Compiled by L.A. Sergienko and M.A. Shroeders

B

C

A

Scale 1 : 4,000,000

Scale 1 : 4,000,000

Composition of plant communities

Salicornia pojarkovae

Eleocharis uniglumis + Bolboschoenus maritimus

Puccinellia phryganodes

Puccinellia maritima

Triglochin maritimum + Carex subspathacea

Triglochin maritimum + Tripolium vulgare + Plantago maritima

Carex glareosa + Potentilla egedii + Agrostis straminea

Puccinellia phryganodes + Potentilla egedii + Carex subspathacea

Potentilla egedii + Calamagrostis deschampsioides + Arctanthemum hultenii

Potentilla egedii + Agrostis straminea+ Festuca rubra

Calamagrostis deschampsioides + Puccinellia phryganodes + Carex glareosa

Leymus arenarius

Honckenya oblongifolia + Elytrigia repens + Leymus arenarius

Festuca rubra + Leymus arenarius

Dupontia psilosantha + Carex subspathacea

Carex rariflora

Carex subspathacea + Carex rariflora + Carex ursina

Poa alpigena + Festuca rubra + Honckenya oblongifolia

Saxifraga foliolosa + Luzila wahlenbergii + Festuca rubra

Carex subspathacea + Carex ursina

12


Federation



Scale 1 : 4,000,000


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Map 3.10. Plant communities of maritime marshes and breeding grounds of rare coastal bird species in Chukotka


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Compiled by L.A. Sergienko, M.V. Gavrilo and M.A. Shroeders.

Composition of plant communities

Dupontia psilosantha + Carex subspathacea

Puccinellia phryganodes

Potentilla egedei + Calamagrostis deschampsioides

Puccinellia phryganodes + Potentilla egedei+ Carex subspathacea

Carex subspathacea + C. ursina

Calamagrostis deschampsioides +Puccinellia phryganodes + Carex glareosa

Carex rarifloraPoacea + Honckenia sp.

Salix sp. + Leymus sp.

Principal breeding areas

Spoonbilled Sandpiper

Emperor Goose

State border of the Russian Federation

Boundary of the polar domains of the Russian Federation

Scale 1 : 4,000,000

12


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Map 3.11. Most important river mouths areas and the total allowable catch of anadromous fishes in the Russian Arctic (20072008)


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Compiled by F.I. Lashmanov and A.V. Mak aro v.Source: Federal Agency of Fishery

Fish species

Muksun Sardine cisco Whitefish – Siberian Whitefish (Pydschjan)

Arctic cisco Inconnu Smelt



Scale 1 : 16,000,000

300 — Total Allowable Catch (tons)

Sea boundaries of the river mouths areas



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Map 4.1. Federal marine and coastal specially protected natural areas in the Russian Arctic


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Compiled by A.V. Makarov

Source: Boudaries of zapovedniks and zakazniks after [Cartographic base.., 2002–2010]


Federation



Scale 1 : 16,000,000

Zapovedniks

1 — Kandalakshskiy 5 — Taymyrskiy

2 — Nenetskiy 6 — Ust'Lenskiy

3 — Gydanskiy 7 — Wrangel Island("Ostrov Wrangelya")

4 — Great Arctic 8 — Koryakskiy

National Parks

"Russian Arctic"

Zakazniks

1 — Nenetskiy

2 — Franz Josef Land

3 — NizhneObskiy

4 — Severozemelskiy

Natural Monuments

Mogilnoe Lake


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Map 4.2. Regional coastal specially protected natural areas in the Russian Arctic


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Compiled by A.V. Makarov and V.A. Spiridonov.

Sources: Zabelina et al. [2006] with additions of the data provided by administrations of Karelia Republic, Chukotka Autonomus District, Arkhangel'sk and Murmansk regions, and the Kola Branch of Biodiversity Conservation Centre.Names of SPNA are given in Table 42.

R eg i o n al c o astal spec i al l y pro tec ted n atu ral areas:

Zakazniks Nature Monuments Nature Park Resource Reserves



Scale 1 : 16,000,000


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Map 4.3. Importnat bird areas in the maritime Russian Arctic


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Marine and seadependent bird species protected by the Important Bird Areas in the Russian Arctic:Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagcus), Shag (P. aristotelis), Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis), Brent Goose (Branta bernicla), Pintail ( Anas acuta), Scaup ( Aythya marila), Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), Longtailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis),King Eider (Somateria spectabilis), Common Eider (S. mollissima), Steller's Eider (Polysticta stelleri), Spectacled Eider (S. fischeri ), Velvet Scoter (Melanitta nigra), Redbreasted Merganser (Mergus serrator ), Whitetailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), PeregrineFalcon (Falco peregrinus), Gyr Falcon (Falco rusticolus), Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula), Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola), Terek Sandpiper ( Xenus cinereus), Ruff (Philomachus pugnax ), Spoonbilled Sandpiper (Eurynorhynchus pygmeus), Temminck'sStint (Calidris temminсkii ), Little Stint (С. minuta), Curlew Sandpiper (C. ferruginea), Purple Sandpiper (C. maritima), Dunlin (C. alpina), Rednecked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), Arctic Skua (Stercorarius parasiticus), Longtailed Skua (Stercorariuslongicaudus), Great Blackbacked Gull (Larus marinus), Lesser Blackbacked Gull (L. fuscus), Claucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus), Ivory Gull (Pagophila eburnea), Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyl a), Ross's Gull (Rhodostethia rosea), Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea),Little Auk ( Alle alle), Rasorbill ( Alca torda), Brunnich's Guillemot (Uria lomvia), Common Guillemot (U. aalge), Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle), Crested Auklet ( Aethia cristatella), Least Auklet ( A. pusilla), Parakeet Auklet ( A. psittacula), Atlantic Puffin (Fraterculaarctica).

Compiled by E.D. KrasnovaSource: Data of the Russian Bird Conservation Union provided by T.V. Sviridova, S.A. Bukreev and E.D. Krasnova with consultations of Yu.V. Krasnov

Important Bird Areas

Important Bird Areas. Federal specially protected areas proposed for establishment on the base of Important Bird Areas


Boundary of the polar domains of the Russian FederationScale 1 : 16,000,000


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A N I M A L S A N D P L A N T S


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Isopoda (Jae ra sp. ) 43

Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) 51

Atlantic Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) 47

Bivalve and gastropod mollusks 44

Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) 52

Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) 48

Seastar (Ctenodiscus crispatus) 45

Longtailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) 53

Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) 49

Amphipod on the ice undersurface 46

Little auk (Alle alle) 54

Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) 50


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Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) 55

Marsh vegetation 63

Oyster plant (Mertensia maritima) 59

Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) 56

Sea aster (Tripolium vulgare) 64

Lyme grass (Leymus arenarius) 60

King Eider (Somateria spectabilis)57

Eelgrass (Zostera marina) in the Barents Sea 65

Seaside sandplant (Honckenya peploides) 61

Bean Goose (Anser fabalis)58

Coastal marsh 66

Seaside plantain (Plantago maritima) 62


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