auriscalpium vulgare

8/7/2019 Auriscalpium vulgare

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Auriscalpium vulgare

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Scientific classification

Kingdom: Fungi

Phylum: Basidiomycota

Class: Agaricomycetes

Order: Russulales

Family: Auriscalpiaceae

Genus: Auriscalpium

Species: A. vulgare

Binomial name

Auriscalpium vulgareGray(1821)

[show]Synonyms[1]

Hydnum auriscalpiumL.(1753)

Scutiger auriscalpium(L.) Paulet (1812)Pleurodon auriscalpium(L.)P.Karst.(1881)

Leptodon auriscalpium(L.)Qul.(1886)Hydnum atrotomentosumSchwalb(1891)

Auriscalpium auriscalpium(L.) Kuntze(1898)

Auriscalpium auriscalpium(L.) Banker

(1906)Hydnum fechtneriVelen.(1922)
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Pleurodon fechtneri(Velen.)Cejp(1928)Auriscalpium fechtneri(Velen.)Nikol.(1964)


Mycological characteristics

teeth on hymenium

cap is offset

stipe is bare

spore print is white

ecology is saprotrophic

edibility: inedible

Auriscalpium vulgare, commonly known as the pinecone mushroom, the cone tooth, or the ear-

pick fungus, is a species ofmushroom in the familyAuriscalpiaceae of the Russulales order. It was

first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, who included it as a member of the spine fungi genus

Hydnum, but in 1821, British mycologist Samuel Frederick Gray recognized its uniqueness and

made it the type speciesof the genusAuriscalpium that he created to contain it. The fungus is

widely distributed in Europe, Central America, North America, andtemperate Asia. Althoughcommon, its small size and nondescript colors lead it to be easily overlooked in the pine woods

where it grows.A. vulgare is not generally considered ediblebecause of its tough texture, but some

older literature says it used to be consumed in France and Italy.

The fruit bodies typically grow on coniferlitterorconifer cones, which may be partially or

completely buried in soil. The small, spoon-shaped mushroom has a dark brown cap covered with

fine brown fibrils, and reaches diameters of up to 2 cm (0.8 in). On the underside of the cap are a

crowded array of tiny spines up to 3 mm (0.12 in) long; they are initially whitish to purplish-pink

before turning brown in age. The stem, up to 55 mm (2.2 in) long and 2 mm (0.08 in) thick, is dark

brown and hairy, and attached to one side of the cap. The mushroom produces a white spore print,

and spores that are roughly spherical in shape, measuring 4.65.5 by 45micrometers. Scientists

have investigated in detail the process ofcell division and the ultrastructure of its hyphae usingelectron microscopy. The mycelium ofA. vulgare can be grown inpure culture inpetri dishes, and

can be induced to produce fruit bodies under suitable conditions.
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History,

taxonomy and

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[edit] History, taxonomy and phylogeny

Margaret Bentinckis credited with the first British collection in the 1760s.

The species was first described in the scientific literature by Carl Linnaeus under the nameHydnum

auriscalpium in his 1753Species Plantarum. Linnaeus placed three other"spine" fungi in this

genus:H. imbricatum,H. repandum, andH. tomentosum.[2] The name was latersanctioned byEliasFries in his Systema Mycologicum.[3] The first recorded British collection was from Welbeck

Abbey, in the 1760s by the Duchess of Portland,Margaret Cavendish Bentinck. It was identified for

her by an English botanist, Reverend John Lightfoot.[4]

In 1821, Samuel Frederick Gray recognized that the fungus was distinct from the other spine fungi

described by Linnaeus, and he made it thetype species of the genusAuriscalpium, in the process

changing its name toA. vulgare.[5]BothOtto Kuntze in 1898[6] and Howard James Banker[7] in

1906 tried to restore the original species name, resulting in the combinationAuriscalpiumauriscalpium; however, tautonymsare illegitimate according to the rules for botanical nomenclature(ICBN rule 23.4).[8] Additional synonyms includeHydnum fechtneri, named by Josef Velenovsk

in 1922,[9] and later combinations based on this name:Pleurodon fechtneri published by Karel

Cejp in 1928, andAuriscalpium fechtneri byTaisiya Lvovna Nikolayeva in 1964.[1]

Cladogram showing thephylogeny ofA. vulgare and otherAuriscalpiaceaespecies based on rDNA
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auriscalpium_vulgare&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#Growth_in_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnoid_fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcodon_imbricatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcodon_imbricatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnum_repandumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnum_repandumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phellodon_tomentosus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phellodon_tomentosus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Linnaeus1753-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctioned_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Frieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Frieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Frieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Mycologicumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Fries1821-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lightfoot_(biologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Crossland1908-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Grayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Gray1821-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Gray1821-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kuntzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kuntzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Kuntze1898-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_James_Bankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Banker1906-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-urlICBN_online-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Velenovsk%C3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Velenovsky1922-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karel_Cejp&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karel_Cejp&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taisiya_Lvovna_Nikolayeva&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taisiya_Lvovna_Nikolayeva&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-urlMycoBank:Auriscalpium_vulgare-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Cavendish_Portrait.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Cavendish_Portrait.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#Growth_in_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#Habitat_and_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auriscalpium_vulgare&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_descriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnoid_fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcodon_imbricatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnum_repandumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phellodon_tomentosus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Linnaeus1753-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctioned_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Frieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Frieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Mycologicumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Fries1821-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck_Abbeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Bentinck,_Duchess_of_Portlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lightfoot_(biologist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Crossland1908-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Grayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Gray1821-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kuntzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Kuntze1898-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_James_Bankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Banker1906-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-urlICBN_online-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Velenovsk%C3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Velenovsky1922-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karel_Cejp&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karel_Cejp&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taisiya_Lvovna_Nikolayeva&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-urlMycoBank:Auriscalpium_vulgare-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_DNA


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sequences.[10]

Despite vast differences in appearance and morphology,A. vulgare is related to such varied taxa asthe gilled fungi ofLentinus, theporoid genusAlbatrellus, the coral-like Clavicorona, and fellow

spine fungiHericium.[11]The relationship of all of these taxaall members of the Auriscalpiaceae

family of the orderRussulahas been demonstrated throughmolecular phylogenetics.[10][12]

Auriscalpium vulgare iscommonly known as the "pinecone mushroom",[13] the "cone tooth",[14]"pine cone tooth", or the "ear-pick fungus".[15] Gray called it the "common earpick-stool";[5] it

was also referred to as the "fir-cone Hydnum", when it was still a member of that genus.[16]The

specific epithetvulgare means "common".[15]The generic nameAuriscalpium is Latin for "earpick" and refers to a small, scoop-shaped instrument used to remove foreign matter from the ear.

[17]

[edit] Description

The cap surface is bristly when young.

The spore-bearing surface features "teeth" up to 3 mm long.

The fruit body ofA. vulgare is fibrous when fresh, and becomes stiff when dry. The cap is round or

kidney-shaped, flat on one side and rounded on the other, and between 0.5 and 2 cm (0.2 and 0.8

in)in diameteralthough it has been known to reach up to 4 cm (1.6 in).[18] The surface is covered

with bristles, but becomes smooth with maturity; it is initially darkchestnut-brown but can become

almost black as it ages. The cap margin, usually lighter in color than the center, becomes rolled

inward in maturity and often wavy.[19]The color of the cap margin isbuffto light brown, roughly

the same color as the spines.[20]The spines on the underside of the cap are up to 3 mm (0.12 in)

long, cylindrical down to the base with sharp tips. They are white to light brown when young, later

covered with a white spore mass and then ashy gray.[14][19]

Auriscalpium vulgare usually has a single stem, but occasionally several stems arise from a thick

common base. The stem is 1455 mm (0.552.2 in) long, by 12 mm (0.040.08 in) thick. It is

attached to the side of the cap, and cylindrical or slightly flattened with a bulbous base. The surface

is covered with hairy fibers (especially near the base), and is a dark chestnut-brown color. There is

no distinct taste or odor. The flesh is up to 0.5 mm thick, and composed of two distinct layers. The

upper compact cortical layer is thin, black-brown, and covered with hairs. The lower layer is thick,

soft, white to light brown, and made of thin, thread-like filaments arranged in a roughly parallel

fashion.[14] Similarly, the stem is layered, with a thin dark cortical layer covered by hairs, whichencircles the innerochraceous-colored flesh.[19] A drop ofpotassium hydroxide applied to the

surface of the mushroom will cause it to instantly stain black.[21] The mushroom is generally
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considered inedible because of its toughness and small size;[22] however, an 1887 textbook noted

that it was "commonly eaten in France and Italy".[23]

[edit] Microscopic characteristics

In deposit, the spores are white. Viewed with a light microscope, the

spores appearhyaline (translucent), covered with minute wart-like bumps,and spherical or nearly so, with dimensions of 4.65.5 by 45 m. The

spores are amyloid and cyanophilous, meaning they will absorb stain from

Melzer's reagent and methyl blue, respectively.[14] Thebasidia (spore-

bearing cells of the hymenium) are four-spored, have basal clamps, and

measure 1524 by 34 m. The sterigmata (slender extensions that attach the spores to the basidia)

are swollen at the base and roughly 3 m long. The hyphal system is dimitic, meaning it made of

both generative hyphae (relatively undifferentiated hyphae that can develop reproductive structures)

and skeletal hyphae (long and thick-walled hyphae that provide structural support). The thin-walled

generative hyphae are 1.74 m wide, hyaline, and have clamp connections; the thick-walled

skeletal hyphae are 1.54.8 m wide. The cortex is made of branch-free generative hyphae that are

brown, thick-walled, parallel, clumped together, frequently clamped, and 24 m wide. Themushroom flesh is made of interwoven generative and skeletal hyphae. The gloeoplerous hyphae

(defined as containing resinous or granular contents) are 35 m in diameter, with oily contents,

protruding into the hymenium as club-like or sharp-pointed gloeocystidia.[19]

The hyphae ofbasidiomycetous fungi are partitioned by cross-walls called septa, and these septa

have pores that permit the passage ofcytoplasm orprotoplasm between adjacent hyphal

compartments. The ultrastructure of the septal pore apparatus as well as nuclear division in

A. vulgarhave been studied using electron microscopy, and have revealed certain characteristics

that are unique among the Russulales. The septa in hyphae of the fertile spore-bearing tissuehave

bell-shaped perforated septal pore "caps". These caps can extend along the septum, along with a

zone surrounding the septal pore apparatus that is free oforganelles. The process ofmetaphase I ofmeiosis is similar to metaphase ofmitosis. Globularspindle pole bodies with electron-opaque

inclusions are set within polar fenestrae (gaps in the nuclear membrane) of the nuclear envelope.

The nuclear envelope was shown to be mostly intact with occasional gaps. Fragments of

endoplasmic reticulum are present near the spindle pole bodies, but do not form a polar cap (a

chromophilic body beneath the anterior spore wall contained in the polar sac). According to the

authors, these microscopic characteristics are useful as additional data in phylogenetic analyses.[24]

A. vulgare on a Fir-cone, in different stages of development.

"... the mushroom

look(s) like a little

periscope sent up from

a pine-cone

submarine."

Michael Kuo[21]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-OKMiller2006-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Delisle1887-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auriscalpium_vulgare&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_printhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid_(mycology)http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cyanophiloushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melzer's_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Tylutki_II_1987-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymeniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_connectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gloeocystidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-KoskiKotriranta1987-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russulaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_apparatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Celio2007-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-urlAuriscalpium_vulgare-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auriscalpium_vulgare.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auriscalpium_vulgare.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-OKMiller2006-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Delisle1887-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-urlAuriscalpium_vulgare-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auriscalpium_vulgare&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore_printhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid_(mycology)http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cyanophiloushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melzer's_reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Tylutki_II_1987-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymeniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_connectionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gloeocystidiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-KoskiKotriranta1987-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russulaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenophorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_apparatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_envelopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Celio2007-23


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[edit] Growth in culture

Auriscalpium vulgare can be grown inpure cultureon agar-containingplatessupplemented withnutrients. The coloniesthat grow are white to pale cream color, and cover the agar surface within

six weeks from the initial inoculation. The growth is made of hyphae that are bent-over, and do not

form aerial hyphae (hyphae that extend above the surface of the agar). Typically, two indistinct

zones develop at about 6 mm (0.24 in) and 15 millimetres (0.59 in) from the initial inoculum spot,

with each zone 34 mm (0.120.16 in) wide. The zones appears somewhat lighter in color because

the hyphae are more closely packed and form crystalline substances that deposit into the agar.[25]

The advancing edge of the mycelia is composed of two types of hyphae. The first are submerged

into the agar, measuring 0.81.5 m in diameter. They are thin-walled, hyaline, clamped, long-

celled, and branched at nearly 90. The second are the surface hyphae: they are straight to

occasionally somewhat spiral (subhelicoid), thin-walled, clamped, branched acutely, usually with a

clamp at the branch base, and measure 1.83.0 m diameter. In addition, there are frequently

"empty" hyphae that are short-celled, and occasionally clamped. Gloeocystidia (thin-walled cystidia

with refractive, frequently granular contents) are rare.[25]

The mature mycelium consists of thin-walled, densely packed, vegetative hyphae that are 1.53.2 m in diameter. They are short-celled, clamped, often gnarled or subhelicoid, frequently

branched at about 45, with a clamp at base of the branch. Their contents are somewhat granularto

packed with amorphous granules that appearrefractive when viewed underphase contrast

microscopy. Their walls are often encrusted with tiny granules. Gloeocystidia are common; they

measure 5085 by 6.58.5 m, and are club-shaped (sometimes elongated), thin-walled, and often

have one or two lobes with rounded apices. Their contents are foamy and pale yellow, they appear

yellow-refractive under phase contrast. Initially they are erect but they soon fall under their own

weight to lie on agar surface. Crystalline deposits are abundant as small plate-like or star-like,

randomly scattered crystals.[25]

Fruiting begins about six weeks after the initial inoculation on the agar plate, but only when

portions of fruit bodies (teeth or stem sections) are used as the inoculumto initiate growth; the useofvegetative mycelium as inoculum precludes subsequent fruiting. Mature fruit bodies grow very

close to the initial site of inoculationwithin 3 mm (0.12 in)and take about 60 days to mature

after they first start to form.[25]

[edit] Habitat and distribution

Growing on a Douglas-fir cone

Auriscalpium vulgare is a saprobic species. The fruit bodies grow solitarily or clustered on fallenpine cones, especially those that are buried or partially buried.[26] It especially prefersScots Pine

(Pinus sylvestris), but has also been reported to occur on sprucecones.[15] In the California area, itgrows primarily on Douglas-fircones.[20] One author noted finding the mushroom on spruce

needles on top of squirrel dens where conebractswere present in the duff.[27] In a Chinese study

conducted in the Laojun Mountain region, southwestern China,A. vulgare was found to be one ofthe most dominant species collected from mixed forest at an altitude of 2,6003,000 m (8,500
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9,800 ft).[28] A study on the effect ofslash and burn practices forjhum cultivation in northeast

India showed that the fungus prefers to fruit on burned cones of the Khasi Pine, and that the number

of fruit bodies on unburned cones increases with increased girth size of the cone.[29]

The fungus is widely distributed in Europe, Central America, North America,temperate Asia,[30]

and Turkey.[31]In North America, its range extends north from Canada[27]south to the Trans-

Mexican Volcanic Beltsouth ofMexico City.[32] The mushroom is common, appearing in the

summer and autumn,[14] although it is easily overlooked because of its small size and nondescriptcoloration.[2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Zhang2010-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_and_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhum_cultivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Das2009-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Petersen1994-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Isiloglu1995-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Isiloglu1995-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Schalkwijk-Barendsen1991-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Schalkwijk-Barendsen1991-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Reverchon2010-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Tylutki_II_1987-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-urlCalifornia_Fungi:_Auriscalpium_vulgare-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Zhang2010-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_and_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhum_cultivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasi_Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Das2009-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Petersen1994-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Isiloglu1995-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Schalkwijk-Barendsen1991-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Reverchon2010-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-Tylutki_II_1987-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriscalpium_vulgare#cite_note-urlCalifornia_Fungi:_Auriscalpium_vulgare-19

auriscalpium vulgare

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