australopithecus anamensissites.nd.edu/cara-ocobock/files/2019/10/australopithecines.pdf ·...
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Australopithecus anamensisLocation: Kenya
Age: 4.2 – 3.9 Ma BP
Habitat: grassy woodlands
Features:
•smaller canines
•large molars with thick enamel
•ape body proportions
•Parallel dental arcade
•Unequal 3rd premolar cusps
•Curved finger bones
•3.3 ft tall
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Australopithecus afarensisLocation: Laetoli (Tanzania), Hadar (Ethiopia), Koobi Fora (Kenya)
Age: 4.0 – 3.0 Ma BPHabitat: woodland and dry savanna
Donald Johanson
Scapula
A. afarensis, Dikika Human Chimpanzee
Features: 430 cc cranial capacityApe-like hyoidSmall caninesEqual sized cusps on 3rd premolarSome what parabolic dental arcade
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Australopithecus africanusLocation: Taung, Sterkfontein, Makapansgat (South Africa)
Age: 3.0 – 2.2 Ma BP
Habitat: open grasslands
Features
• 450 cc cranial capacity
• Anterior pillars
• Larger molars
• Larger jaws
• Fingers NOT curved
• Ape-like leg to arm ratio – short legs and long arms
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Location: Ethiopia
Age: 2.5 mya
Habitat: Grasslands or lakeshore
Features:• brain size: 450cc
• very prognathic face
• large canines, molars, and premolars
• sagittal crest
•Equal size cusps on 3rd pre-molar
•More human arm-leg length ratio
•assocaited with tools
•Curved toes
Australopithecus garhi
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Australopithecus sediba
Location: Malapa Cave, South Africa
Age: 2.0 mya
Habitat: open grasslands
Features
• Big face
• Well developed sagittal crest
• Likely ate significant amounts of low quality vegetation such as grass – like other robust australopithecines
• 420 cc cranial capacity
• Long arms for body size and strong musculature for gripping things – like tree branches
• Long thumb – associated with precision gripping –perhaps for tool use
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Australopithecus (Paranthropus) aethiopicusLocation: West Lake Turkana (East Africa)
Age: 2.5 MYA
Habitat: Open grasslandsFeatures: mixed between gracile and robust• Tiny brain (410 cc)• Prognathic face• Sagittal crest• Wide zygomatics• Huge molars
KNM-WT 17000
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Australopithecus (Paranthropous) robustus
SK 48
Location: Kromdraai, Swartkrans, Drimolen (South Africa)
Age: ~ 2.0 –1.0 MYA
Habitat: open grasslands
Features:
•very large jaw and molars
• small incisors and canines
•Sagittal crest
•Under 4ft tall
• 495-530 cc cranial capacity
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Australopithecus (Paranthropus) boisei
OH 5
Location: Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), Koobi Fora(Kenya), Omo (Ethiopia)
Age: 2.2 – 1.3 MYA
Habitat: open grassland
Features:
• More robust even than A. robustus• Small anterior teeth• Huge molars• Molarized premolars• 510 cc cranial capacity
ER 406
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Location: Lake Turkana (Kenya)
Age: 3.5 – 3.2 mya
Habitat: woodlands
Features:• 400-500 cc cranial capacity
• Flat face
• Small Molars
Australopithecus (Kenyanthropus) platyops
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Welcome…Genus Homo!Location: Olduvai Gorge, Lake Turkana, Middle Awash, Omo, Uraha, Sterkfontein
Age: 2.5-1.8 mya
Habitat: woodlands
Features:• 650 cc cranial capacity
• smaller face and jaws
•More generalized diet