automated high resolution image acquisition in polar regions...
TRANSCRIPT
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Automated high resolution image acquisition in polar regions
(East Loven, Spitsbergen, 79°NWest Greenland, 69°N)
Automated high resolution image acquisition in polar regions
(East Loven, Spitsbergen, 79°NWest Greenland, 69°N)
J.-M Friedt1, C. Ferrandez1, G. Martin1, L. Moreau2, M. Griselin3, E. Bernard3
D. Laffly4, C. Marlin5
1 Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS FEMTO-ST, Besançon, France2 Université de Savoie, CNRS EDYTEM, Le Bourget du Lac, France3 Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS ThéMA, Besançon, France4 Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, CNRS SET, Pau, France5 Université Paris-Sud-Orsay, CNRS IDES, Orsay, France
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Hydro-Sensor-FLOWSHydro-Sensor-FLOWS
100 km0
78°N
80°N
Ny Alesund
Base Corbel
EastLoven
LongyearbyenLongyearbyen
Ny AlesundNy Alesund
Spitsbergen is consideredrepresentative of Arcticglacier hydrologicalbehaviour.
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Hydro-Sensor-FLOWS(FLux Of Water and Sediments)
Hydro-Sensor-FLOWS(FLux Of Water and Sediments)
– quantify liquid and solid flows on a typicalpolar glacier
- sensor network - chemical and isotopic analysis of water
©Formosat
18/03/2007
– space and time evolution of the glacier on a 4 year period (2007-2010)
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- 10 automated digital cameras
East Loven glacier sensor networkEast Loven glacier sensor network- 2 weather stations
- 3 multiparametric water probes
- 3 automated water samplers
- 30 air temperature sensors
- 9 rain gages and wind speed
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Automated digital camera: 1st generationAutomated digital camera: 1st generation
First generation:- wireless transmission- bare CMOS sensor- software image acquisition
Limitations:- slow = power consumption- custom board: complex tomanufacture at a researchinstitute
- poor (webcam) optics- 3 Mpixel sensors- poor case design: single
volume includes camera and batteries + memorycard
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6tested on Argentière glacier,winter 2006-2007 (French Alps)
Automated digital camera: 2nd generationAutomated digital camera: 2nd generationSecond generation:- based on a commercial camera- high grade optics, 10 Mpixel sensor- real time clock + simulated operation
using analog switches < 200 µA
-separate camera case (water tight) and batteries/memory card- hydrophobic coatingon lenses
- case made with 3D printing prototyping
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Automated digital camera networkAutomated digital camera network
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Installed April 2007, worked until September 2007Installed April 2007, worked until September 2007
= huge data set (100 MB/day)
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– digital camera internal clocksProblems
– some unprocessed lenses(hydrophobic coating)
– cases were not tight to moisture
– too short time was allowedfor cameras to grab picturein poor weather conditions = missing images
Snow/ice on lens
Water condensation
Pictures collected from April to September 2007 (168 days)Pictures collected from April to September 2007 (168 days)
8 cameras3 pictures / day: 8, 12, 16h
- expected 4 032 shots- … of which 1778 are used for quantitative analysis
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Number of usable pictures as a function of glacier thermic state
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11 Formosat images were obtained during the same period11 Formosat images were obtained during the same period
28 avril16 sept
23 août
2 août
16 juillet14 juin15 mai7 avril
26 juin25 mai18 mars
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Each temperature sensorprovided 9000 data duringthe 2006-2007 hydrologicalyear.
Thermic state of the glacier was monitored every hour
Thermic state of the glacier was monitored every hour
Interpolated data using an elevation model of the glacier
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Basin elevation: 20 to 862 m
Basin area: 10.66 km2
glacier: 4.62 km2 = 43.4 %
moraine: 2.36 km2 = 23.4 %
slopes: 3.65 km2 = 34.2 %
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Stable slopes until May 20th
Glacier is alwaysat a negativetemperature
Snow on slopesis blown by the wind
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15Snow cover and avalanches on slopes unreachable with instruments
0.72°C
June 9 2007 8 h June 10 2007 12 h
1.00°C
June 11 2007 12 h
0.53°C
4.02°C
June 18 2007 12 hJune 15 2007 12 h
1.66°C
June 12 2007 12 h
-0.80°C
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May 21 2007 16 h
0,27°C
West slope of HaavimbSeen from camera 2
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Disappearing snow cover: front of the glacierDisappearing snow cover: front of the glacier
4.02°C
1 month between first snow melt and total snow loss (24/06 – 24/07/07)
1.84°C 4.19°C
2.72°C 3.60°C 4.55°C
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09/05/07 – 08 h
– dynamics of the water flows in the moraine area & on the glacier
– positioning of the 0°C isotherm on the glacier for determination of the melting areas
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20/05/07 – 08 h
Snow cover dynamics in the moraineSnow cover dynamics in the moraine
11/06/07 – 08 h 12/06/07 – 08 h
14/06/07 – 12 h 15/06/07 – 12 h 16/06/07 – 12 h
17/06/07 – 12 h 18/06/07 – 12 h 26/06/07 – 8 h
27/06/07 – 12 h 28/06/07 – 8 h 13/08/07 – 8 h
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13/08/07 – 8 h, cam 6
14/07/07 – 12 h, cam 2
Moraine lostmost snowas soon as July 14th
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Jakobshavn isbrae, Icefjord , West Greenlandsummer 2007
Jakobshavn isbrae, Icefjord , West Greenlandsummer 2007
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Jakobshavn isbrae, Icefjord , West Greenlandsummer 2007
Jakobshavn isbrae, Icefjord , West Greenlandsummer 2007
One picture every 2 hours, 11 pictures/day during 1 monthFastest glacier: 2 m/hour=14 km/year
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Selection of the regions of interest: middle of fjord, shore and reference frames on hard ground
Selection of the regions of interest: middle of fjord, shore and reference frames on hard ground
Fast flowing glacier: automated digital image processing for motion detection
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Jakobshavn isbrae, Icefjord , West Greenlandsummer 2007
Jakobshavn isbrae, Icefjord , West Greenlandsummer 2007
Natural light stronglyinfluences image quality
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Basic principes of motion detection: cross-correlationBasic principes of motion detection: cross-correlation
Matlab’s xcorr2() functionFixed reference = finite horizonMeasure displacement and
periodically reset reference frame
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Long term motion analysis (1 month)Long term motion analysis (1 month)
X motion: average flow is function of position in fjord. No obvious correlationwith wind speed.
Y motion: oscillationsassociatedwith long term tideamplitude
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Short term motion: tide-related motionShort term motion: tide-related motion
Strong tide amplitude
Low tide amplitude
Blue = average driftRed = vertical oscillations
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Camera is placed in an enclosure under pressure,
filled with dry air
Third camera generation with 3 compartments
4 solar panels provide power for the camera real time clock
Lower power consumption, removableelectronic board for maintenance (< 100 µA)
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Camera results
– in 2007: 8 cameras monitored the whole basin but …
– high altitude camera provide excellent views during winter but werein fog and clouds during summer
– is a full area view necessary or should we focus on some narrow areas ?
– importance of mobile cameras to focus on local events
– Huge amount of data, difficult to process automatically: at least use EXIF header to extract date and time for automated classification
– Efficient coupling with other sensors and satellite imagery to combine qualitative and quantitative data