ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ul/Psf lhNNffx? -c5fd / afh'/f_ af6 ;+sng ul/Psf kf]if0f ;DaGwL 36gf cWoog

@)!%o; sfo{ l;;fgn] :yflgo kqsf/ tyf ;~rf/

dfWodx?sf] ;xof]udf u/]sf] xf] .

kf]if0fsf nflu gful/s ;dfh ;~hfn, g]kfn -l;;fg_s'kf]if0f cGTosf] nflu kxn

36gf cWoog ul/Psf lhNnfx? -c5fd / afh'/f_

e"ldsf

����������� ����������� ����� �������� �� ���� ���������� ���������������� ���

gful/s ;dfhnfO{ kf]if0f ljz]if / kf]if0f ;+j]bgzLn If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . olx s'/fnfO{ af]w ul/ gful/s ;dfh ;~hfn cTofjZos /x]sf] dx;';sf ;fy dfr{ @)!$ df kf]if0fsf nflu gful/s ;dfh ;~hfn, g]kfn -l;;fg_ sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . kf]if0f :t/f]GGtL cleofgdf ;xof]u ug{ l;;fgn] 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofaf6 ljljw k}/jL / ;+rf/ /0fgLlt / sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 .

l;;fgn] cfkm\gf] k}/jL / ;+rf/ /0fgLlt / sfo{ of]hgf cg'?k ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ul/Psf lhNNffx? -c5fd / afh'/f_ df :yflgo ;+rf/ kl/rfng ul/ plgx?sf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf :ynut cWoogaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] kf]if0f ;DaGwL 36gf cWoog k|:t't ug{ kfpbf dnfO{ v'zL cg'e"lt ePsf] s'/f bzf{pg rfxG5' . o; 36gf cWoogsf qmddf xfdLnfO{ cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{ x'g] ;]e b lrN8|]g, l;;fgsf lhNNff OsfO{ -c5fd / afh'/f_, l;;fgsf ;b:o ;+:yf nufot ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj lbg'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;+3;+:yf tyf JolQmx?nfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

o; 36gf ;+Íngsf] d'n p2]Zo ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ul/Psf lhNNffx?df kf]if0fsf] l:ylt, :yflgo txdf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt / cWoog If]qdf :yflgo afl;Gbfn] b}lgls k|of]hgdf Nofpg] vfBfGg tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf;+u If]qut cGt/ ;DaGwsf] af/]df k|sfz kfg'{sf ;fy;fy} ljBdfg kf]if0f tyf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf] sfjf{{gog l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf] nfuL cfjZos k}/jL ug'{ xf] .

k|f= 8f= pdf sf]O/fnfcWoIf

4

ljifo–;"lr

efu !M afh'/f lhNnfaf6 ;Ílnt 36gf cWoog

!= kf]]if0f af/] ;r]t x'Fb} :yfgLo, cj:yfdf qmlds ;'wf/

-a;Gt laZjsdf{_ ===============================================================================!

@= df6f] vfGyof}+, clxn] ;fu l;:g' vfg hfg]sf 5f}+

-/ldt la=s=_== ===================================================================================&

#= afh'/fsf ufpF3/df l9s] g'gsf] k|of]u -nfn axfb'/ zfxL_ =========================!@

$= 3/s} t/sf/Ln] 3/ vr{ rnfpF5g -clgn zfxL_ ==================================== !$

%= kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] NofPsf] kl/j{tg, t/sf/L v]tLn] hLjg km]l/of]

-nIdL /fh kfWofo_ ==========================================================================!&

^= kf]if0fsf] ah]6 ;b'k|of]u ePg -ch'{g zfx_=============================================@!

efu @M c5fd lhNnfaf6 ;Ílnt 36gf cWoog

!= c5fddf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf] cj:yf / hg:t/df

o;sf] k|efj -g/]z s'df/ zfxL_ ==========================================================@%

@= c5fddf kf]if0f / ue{hfFrsf] ;DaGw -nlnt s'df/ s];L_ ========================= #!

#= lgoldt tf}n cg'udgaf/] cleefjs ;r]t xF'b}

-6]s /fh e08f/L_ =============================================================================#%

6

efuM !

afh'/f lhNnfaf6 ;+slnt 36gf cWoog

2

1

a;Gt la:jsdf{

a|fXd0f hfltn] s'v'/f kfNg' x'Gg

eGg] s'–dfGotf ;dfhdf cem} sfod

5 . t/ s'Nb]jdf08f}+ y'dfsL lrgf hf]zL

of] dfGotf k|lt ;xdt 5}gg\ . a|fXd0f

;d'bfodf x's]{klg ufpFdf s'v'/f kfng

ug]{ klxnf] lxDdt lrgfn] ul/g\ . lrgfn]

s'v'/f kfNg yfn]kl5 s'Nb]jdf08f}+–# y'df

ufpFdf clwsf+zn] l;sf] u/]sf 5g\ .

s'v'/f blnt ;d'bfon] dfq kfNg' k5{,

eGg] cGwljZjf; oxfFsf a|fXd0f hfltdf

5 . lrgfn] ;'–cfxf/f cGt/ut lbPsf

s'v'/faf6 Joj;fo ;'? u/]sL x'g\ .

æJoj;fo gu/]sf] eP,

c08f, df;' vfg kfO{b}g lyof] .

ufpFd} s'v'/f kfn]kl5 afnaRrf / l;+uf]

kl/jf/n] b}lgs h;f] c08f / df;' vfg

kfPsf 5f}+Æ, lrgfn] elgg\ . w]/} yfx

5}g, t/ klg c08f v'jfpg ;'? u/]kl5

5f]/f5f]/Lsf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ ePsf] lrgfn]

ylkg\ . s'v'/fx? kmf]x/sf] k|lts x'g\ . of]

sfd blnt ;d'bfosf] xf], oxfFsf afx'g

;d'bfosf a'9fkfsfx? lgw{Sssf ;fy

eGg] ub{5g\ . s'v'/f, xfF; h:tf 3/ kfn'jf

k+lIf afx'g hfltn] kfNg'sf] ;6\6f vfg

;d]t x'Gg eGg] dfGotf lyof] . t/ Tof]

lj:tf/} x6\b} uPsf] ah]8Lsf pdfsfGt

hf]zLn] atfP . lrgfn] h:t} xfn lhNnfsf

clwsf+z a:tLdf s'v'/f kfng ul/Psf] 5 .

;'gf}nf xhf/ lbgsf cfdf / aRrfsf

nflu ;'–cfxf/fn] s'v'/fsf rNnf

ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ue{ a;]b]lv

@ jif{ pd]/sf aRrf / cfdfsf nflu

of] sfo{qmdaf6 ;r]tgf / :jf:Yo

/xg kmfO{bf k'u]sf] clwsf+z cfdfx?sf]

egfO{ 5 . yf]/} ePklg afx'gb]lv

blnt a:tLdf s'v'/f kfng ul/Psf]

5 . o;af6 lhNnfsf !) xhf/eGbf

a9L kl/jf/ nfeflGjt ag]sf 5g\ .

s'v'/fn] lgoldt c08f kfg]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

clzIff, c1fgtf / cGwljZjf; lj:tf/}

x6\b} uPsf] 5 . ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf

/]l8of], kqklqsfaf6 k|zf/0f x'g] ;"rgf

;Gb]zaf6 klg ;r]tgf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

/fHon] klg lhNnfsf] kf]if0f cj:yf

;'wf/sfnflu ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf

lhNnfsf gu/kflnsf ;lxt !@ j6f

uflj;df sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .

sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 x'g' kg]{ hlt ;b'k|of]u

!= kf]if0faf/] ;r]t x'“b} :yfgLo, cj:yfdf qmlds ;'wf/

2

gePklg ;r]tgf clej[l4df 7'nf] of]ubfg

k'u]sf] :yfgLosf] egfO{ 5 . uPsf] cfly{s

jif{df dfq lhNnf kf]if0f af/] ;r]tgfsf

nflu eGb} ! s/f]8 !% nfv ?k}+of cfPsf]

lyof] . h; cGtu{t ;r]tgf, tflnd

uf]i7Lsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .

l;ldt a:tLdf sfo{qmd k'u]klg :yfgLon]

s'v'/f kfng;Fu} af/Ldf ;fg} ePklg

t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

3/3/df t/sf/L v]tL

t/sf/L vfg dg nfu] ahf/ wfpg] rng lj:tf/} x6\g yfn]sf] 5 . lhNnf aflx/af6 cfPsf] t/sf/L afx]s csf]{ ljsNk :yfgLosf nflu lyPg\ . olta]nf of] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . ;a}h;f] t/sf/L v]tLdf cfj4 gePklg ;+Vofdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . l;ldt JolQmn] ePklg v]tL ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf ;~rflnt

uflj;sf clwsf+z a:tLdf t/sf/L v]tL

;'? u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fHo / u}/ /fHo kIfn] lbPsf] ;r]tgf / pTk|]/0ffaf6 yf]/}sf] ;+Vofdf t/sf/L v]tL ug{ yfn]sf

5g\ . pgLx? dWo] s]lxn] cfkm\gf nflu dfq pTkfbg ug{] u/]sf 5g\, eg] s]lxn] ahf/df ljqmL ;d]t ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . g'g v';f{gL kL;]/ ;'Vvf vfgf vfg] rng x6]sf] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf lhlj;

>f]t JolQm ltns yfkfn] atfP . cfkm\g}

af/Ldf kmnfPsf] t/sf/L gePklg jg t/sf/L vfg] rng a9]sf] b]lvG5 . l;:gf] ksfP/ vfg] afgLdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . c1fgtfsf sf/0f oxfFsf :yfgLon] ;fu l;:g' vfg] ul/a x'g\, eGg] uy]{ . Tof] rng x6\b} uPsf] /hfnLsf v8\s h}zLn] atfP .

h}zL cfkm} t/sf/L ls;fg x'g\ . pgn] cfkm" vfP/ c?sf nflu pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . p;f]t t/sf/L v]tL ;'? u/];Fu} ahf/sf hÍ km'8– rfprfp, ;f]ofjLg cflbsf] Jofkf/ sd x'b} uPsf] s}nfzdf08f}sf v8s yfkfn] atfP . yfkfsf] ufpFdf k;n 5 . Ps jif{klxn] dlxgfsf] kfFr b]lv !) k]6L rfprfp ljqmL uYo]{, xfn ! k]6L klg x'b}gg\, yfkfn] eg] . ;a}n] t/sf/L 3/df 5Fb}5 eG5g\, yfkfn] yk] . Tof] cj:yf s}nfzdf08f}+df dfq xf]Og, c? ufpF a:tLdf klg cfPsf] 5 . kf]if0fsf af/]df hgr]tgf a9\b} uPkl5 aRrfx?

klxn]sf] h:tf] lj/fdL x'b}gg\, ePklg

vfg–nufpg gkfP/ sd} x'G5g\, dlxnf

:jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf zflGt WjhfnLn] atfOg\ . WjhfnL !) jif{otf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf eP/ sfd ub}{ cfPsL l5g\ . laif]z ul/ t/sf/L v]tL tkm{

dlxnf cfsif{0f a9]sf] 5 . af/Ldf nufPs} t/sf/Laf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g], vfgsf nflu klg ahf/sf] lsGg gkg]{ ePkl5

cfsif{0f a9]sf] xf] . ljxfg a]n'sf sfd

3

u/]klg x'g] ePkl5 ufpFsf dlxnfx?n] t/sf/L v]tL clgjfo{ h:t} agfPsf 5g\ .

kl/jf/nfO{ vfgklg x'g], glhssf] ahf/df uP/ g'g t]n klg eO{xfNg] /fd|f] Joj;fo ePsf]n] v]tLtkm{ nfu]sf] s}nfzdf08f}+sL zflGtb]jL /fjnn] atfO{g . vfgfnfO{ ;d]t ahf/sf] t/sf/L lsGg] kl/jf/x? kl5Nnf] ;dodf /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ yfn]sf]–s[lif h]6LP /d]z ljsn] atfP . s}nfzdf08f}+df dfq @ ;o a9L kl/jf/n] cfkm\g} af/Lsf] t/sf/L vfg yfn]sf] 5g\ . rf8kj{sf] a]nf ahf/df cfP/ t/sf/L lsGg] uYo]{, clxn] Tof] rng g} x6]sf] 5 . a]df};dL t/sf/L g} :yfgLon] 6g]n xfp; dfkm{t pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ . s}nfzdf08f}+–& dnfnufpF a:g] zflGt b]jL /fjn t/sf/L v]tLsf nflu ;kmn ls;fgsf] ;"lrdf kl5{g\ . ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf, g]kfn hnjfo' kl/j{tg ;xof]u sfo{qmd / u|fld0f kx'Fr t];|f] r/0fn]

k|fljlws / lap ljhgdf ;xof]u u/]kl5 /fjnn] t/sf/L v]tL ;'? u/]sL lyO{g\ . pgn] t/sf/L ;'? u/]sf] dfq b'O{ jif{ eof] .

xfn dfl;s #% b]lv %) xhf/ cfDbfgL

ug]{ u/]sL l5g\ .

# d'/L kmNg] hldgdf

t/sf/L v]tL u/]sL l5g\ .

lbgsf] !) s]hL eGbf a9L t/sf/L ;]/f,

jfDsf ahf/df ljqmL ug]{ u/]sf] /fjnsf]

egfO{ 5 . t/sf/L v]tL ug{ yfn] kl5

/fjnn] cfkm\gf b'O{ ;GtfgnfO{ lglh

ljBfnodf egf{ u/]sL l5g\ . ;fFem ljxfg

dfq d]x]gt u/] x'G5, gub k};f klg x'G5,

vfgnfO{ t/sf/L klg eO{xfNg] /fjnn] ylkg\ .

o;}u/L :yfgLo a]nfb]jL /fjn klg t/sf/L v]tLaf6} 3/ vr{ rnfO{/x]sL 5g\ k|b]zdf hfg' kg]{ afWotf ;d]t pgsf] 3/df 6/]sf] 5 . a]nfsf] kl/jf/n] klg ;Dk"0f{ vr{ rnfP/ aflif{s #) xhf/ art ug]{ u/]sf] ;'gfO{g . ld7f] dl;gf] vfg / gofF sk8fsf nflu k|b]z g} k'Ug' kYof]{, g'g lk;]/ vfgf vfg'sf] ljsNk lyPg\ Tof] ;d:of x6]sf] pgn] ;'gfO{g\ . ;'?df 3/sf kl/jf/nfO{ dfq k'Ug] u/L nufPsL lyPF, ha t/sf/L v]tL af/] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L kfPF, clg dnfO{, ;lhnf] eof], & hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5 . @ d'/L kmNg] hldgdf t/sf/L nufPsL l5g\ .

oL pbfx/0f dfq x'g\ w]/}hgf of] k]zfdf 5g\ . t/sf/L vfg yfn]kl5 lj/fdL kg]{ afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vofdf klg sdL b]lvPsf]

5 . cToflws /Qm>fk b]lvsf] ;d:of

x6]sf] :jf:YosdL{sf] egfO{ 5 .

:tgkfgaf/] dlxnf ;r]t x'Fb}

clzIff, c1fgtf / cGwljZjf; ;dfhdf a9L 5 . @@ xhf/ a9L hg;ª\Vof cem} lg/If/ 5g\ . k'/fgf] lrGtgsf] xfaL

4

5 . ;dfhn] k/fk"j{sfndf h] cfj:yf e/f];f /fVb} cfPsf] lyof], Tof] g} l7s eGg] rng x6]sf] 5}g\ . gofF k':tfn] Tof] x7nfO{ TofUg vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . cGwljZjf; olt;Dd 5, cfdfsf] lauf}lt b'w vfg' x'b}g /] . cfdfsf] lauf}lt b'w cd[t ;dfg x'g] :jf:YosdL{ atfpF5g\ . oxfFsf dlxnfx? Tof] dfGb}g lyP . kfFr aRrfnfO{ slxNo} lauf}lt b'w gv'jfPsf] al8dflnsf

gu/kflnsf– !@ ls l/7' njf/n] ;'gfO{g .

xftn] lgrf/] / kmfNof}+, ;f;'n] v'jfpg'

x'Gg eGg' x'GYof] . t/ a'xfl/nfO{ eg] pgn]

Tof] ;Nnfx glbg] atfO{g\ . a'xf/L uLtf

bf];|f] aRrf kfpg] ePsL 5, @ 306f leq

lauf}lt b'w v'jfpg' eG5g\, Tolx ug{

nufpF5', njf/n] elgg\ . pgn] lgoldt

hfFr / :jf:Yosf] ;d]t Vofn ug]{ u/]sf]

atfO{g\ .

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ;'Ts]/L u/fpg'

x'Gg, ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L aRrf hGdfpFbf

cfdfnfO{ a9L ;f:tL x'g] / aRrfdfly

;dfhsf] cfFvf nfUg] cGwljZjf; lyof] .

Tof] x6]/ uPsf] 5 . olt;DdsL cfdfnfO{

xl/of] ;fukft / kxF]nf kmnkm"n ;d]t

lbOb}g lyof] . aRrfnfO{ c08f lbP, lj/fdL

x'G5g\ eGg] 8/ x'GYof] . Tof] ;d:of x6\b}

uPsf] 5 . pgLx? lauf}lt b'w v'jfpg]

b]lv :yfgLo ;fukft, bfn, t/sf/L /

hfpnf]sf] a9L k|of]u ug]{ ePsf 5g\ . @

jif{;Dd cfdfsf] b'wdfq v'jfpg] u/]sf]

;'gf lji6n] ;'gfO{g\ . oxfFsf dlxnfn]

aRrfsf] nfngkfng b]lv ;+/If0fsf] k'/f

lhDd]jf/L lng' k5{ .

s'v'/f kfng, ;fgf] t/sf/L af/L

nufpFbf klg cfly{s / :jf:Yo ;'wf/sf nflu 7'nf] ;xof]u k'u]sf] afXlj;sf /d]z g]kfnLn] atfP . ;r]tgf / 1fg l;k eg] yk cfjZos /x]sf] g]kfnLsf] egfO{ 5 . of] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf] Psn k|of;n] dfq ;+ej 5}g\ . cGo u}/;/sf/L lgsfosf] e"ldsf klg cfjZos 5, blnt cu'jf ;d]t /x]sf g]kfnLn] yk] .

sfo{qmdnfO{ ug'{kg]{ hlt k|rf/ / hgtfd"lv agfpg' kg]{ s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf 8Dd/bQ e6\6n] atfP . nufgL w]/} 5, pknAwL sd o;df ;f]Rg' kg]{ pgsf] egfO{ 5 . s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] of] jif{ dfq b'O{ xhf/ gf} ;o ls6 t/sf/Lsf] jLp ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ̂ j6f gd'gf Knfli6s kmd{, $ xhf/ ^ ;o af]6 sfutL / ;'Gtnf cg'bfgdf x:tfGq0f u/]sf] tYofÍ 5 . ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf cGt/ut t/sf/L v]tL / kf]if0f o'Qm afnL ;DaGwL !@ uflj; / ! gu/kflnsfsf ^ ;o %) hgf cfdf ;d'xsf dlxnfx?nfO{ tflnd lbOPsf] 5 .

nlIft ju{;Dd sfo{qmd

sfo{qmd nlIft ju{;Dd k'Ug' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;r]tgf klxn] eGbf j[l4 x'Fb}

5

uPklg cfpg' kg]{ hlt ;'wf/ / nufgL hlt pknAwL xfl;n ePsf] 5}g\ . ljifout sfof{non] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L g;Sg] cj:yfdf yk sfo{qmd lbFbf pgLx?n] emf/f] 6fg]{ sfd ul//x]sf

5g\ .

/sd vr{ ug]{sf gfddf sfuh

ldnfPsf] cj:yf 5 . To;}df klg @^

nfveGbf a9L /sd lkmtf{ uPsf] 5 . t/ klg :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L

;+:yf, ;~rf/ dfWod / lzIff ljsf;n]

ubf{ kf]if0f af/] ;r]tgf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ yk a9fjf lbg]

u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;'emfj

lbG5g\, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ltns

yfkf . otf lhNnf :jf:Yo nufotsf

lgsfon] ljleGg ;Gb]z d'ns ;"rgf

:yfgLo /]l8of]af6 k|zf/0f ul//x]sf] 5 .

:jf:Yodf cfpg] ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf

pkfo, kf]if0fsf] dxTj / kmfO{bfaf/] ;Gb]z

k|zf/0f ug]{ u/]sf] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf

>f]t JolQm /fdrGb| ofbjn] atfP .

;a}sf] ;xsfo{df ul/Psf] sfdsf]

k|efjn] afnaflnsfdf b]lvg] s'kf]if0f,

ue{jtL dlxnfdf b]lvg] /Qm cNktfsf

la/fdLx?sf] ;+Vof 36\b} uPsf] 5 .

;+:yfut ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] / lgoldt

ue{hfFr u/fpg]x?sf] ;ª\Vofdf

6

afnLnfO{ dxTj lbg;s] dfgj :jf:YonfO{ :j:y /fVg yk kmfO{bf x'g] :jf:YosdL{ atfpF5g\ .

:yfgLo vfg]s'/fdf kf]if0fsf] dfqf c? eGbf a9L x'G5 . :yfgLon] ;fgf] nufgL / sd d]x]gtdf pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g\ . ds}, cfn' / l;:g' v]tLsf nflu lhNnfsf ;a}h;f] uflj; pe{/ b]lvG5 . cfn', ds}, hf}, sf]bf] vfg] ul/a eGg] dfGotf x6\g ;s] kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf lgs} ;'wf/ x'g] hfgsf/x?sf] egfO{ 5 . ;du|df kl5Nnf] s]lx jif{otf kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 .

/ldt la=s= afh'/f

klg j[l4 ePsf] ofbjn] atfP .

lhNnf kz';]jf sfo{non] rf/ j6f

ufla;df s'v'/f lat/0f u/]sf] / df;'

Aoj;fonfO{ pks/0f lat/0f u/]sf] 5 .

h;sf sf/0f s'v'/fsf] cG8f / ;'/lIft

df;' vfgdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] atfPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo vfg]s'/fdf hf]8

:yfgLo vfg]s'/f lhNnfdf k|of{Kt kfO{G5g\ . eft vfg]x?sf] ;+Vof a9L 5 . of] 36fpg] / :yfgLo :t/df kfO{g], cfn', ds} sf]bf], kmfk/, hf}, l;:gf], jg t/sf/Lx?nfO{ :yfg lbg' k5{ . oL

7

/ldt la=s=

o;/L nfu' eof] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f

of]hgf M

g]kfndf of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] k|lqmof lj= ;+= @)!# ;fn b]lv ;'? ePsf] xf] . cf/Deb]lv g} /fli6«o ljsf;sf gLlt tyf of]hgfx?sf] hf]8 d'VotM ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? / ;fdflhs ;]jfx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df /xFb} cfPsf] lyof] . a}b]lzs ;xof]uaf6 k|fKt ljsf; ah]6sf] sl/j &) k|ltzt log} k|d'v If]qx?df nufgL ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ljut ̂ bzssf] g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] cg'ej ldl>t k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 .

w]/} If]qx?df b]zn] pNn]vgLo k|ult xfl;n u/]sf] 5 eg] s]lx If]qx?df l;ldt ?kdf dfq k|ult x'g ;s]sf] 5 . ;8s oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff, :jf:Yo / vfg]kfgLsf If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx? xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . w]/} ;fdflhs cfly{s ;"rsx?df ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . ul/aLsf] cj:yfdf klg ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfn hLjg :t/ ;j]{If0f, @)!! cg';f/ vfgfsf] /fli6«o cf};t lsnf]Sofnf]/L vkt k|ltJolQm @%#^

@= df6f] vfGYof}“, clxn] ;fu l;:g' vfg hfg]sf 5f}+

lsnf]Sofnf]/L k|ltlbg /x]sf] 5, h'g g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfjZos b}lgs Go"gtd cf};t b/ @@%) lsnf]Sofnf]/L eGbf a9L 5 . tyfkL, nueu b]ze/ sdhf]/ cfxf/ lalawtf u+le/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5Ù u|fdL0f If]qsf *$ k|ltzt eGbf a9L 3/kl/jf/n] ;w} Ps} lsl;dsf] d'Vo cfxf/ vfG5g\ . pgLx?n] vfg] ^) k|ltzt Sofnf]/L o:tf] cfxf/af6 k|fKt x'G5 / cfwfeGbf a9Ln] %@ k|ltzt ;w} Ps} lsl;dsf] d'Vo cfxf/ lgs} vfg] ub{5g pgLx?n] vfg] &% k|ltzt Sofnf]/L o:tf] cfxf/af6 k|fKt x'G5 .

ljutsf ljsf; k|of;sf] cToGt sd k|efj k/]sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ If]q bL3{ s'kf]if0f xf] h;n] b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf; / ;x|ztfAbL ljsf; nIo

k|flKttkm{ ePsf] pknlAwnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{;Sb5 . o;}n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))( df kf]if0fsf] n]vfhf]vf / l/Qmtf ljZn]if0f u/L kf]if0fsf] ljifonfO{

cl3 a9fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . pNn]lvt cWoogsf ;'emfjx?dWo] Ps k|d'v ;'emfj cfdf tyf lzz'x?df ljBdfg Go"g kf]if0fsf] l:yltnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ Ps ax'If]qLo kf]if0f sfo{ of]hgf tof/

ug]{ eGg] lyof] .

8

g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|:t't ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf b]z / hgtfsf] kf]if0fsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbgsf nflu tof/ u/]sf] xf] . of] of]hgf ;x|ztfAbL ljsf; nIfsf] k|flKt / ;/sf/sf cGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfx? k'/f ug{sf nflu dfq xf]Og, :j:y / k|lt:kwf{Tds dfgj k"Flhsf] ljsf; tyf lb3{ ?kdf cGt/k':tf ul/aLsf] b'Zrqm tyf Go"g kf]if0fnfO{ tf]8\g] s|ddf ;d]t ;xfos x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

kf]lifnf vfg]s'/f s] / lsg <

elgG5 :j:y afnaflnsf / ;d[4 g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu :jf:Yojw{s / kf]lifnf vfg] s'/fsf] k|of]u ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf vfnsf kf]lifnf / :jf:Yojw{s vfg]s'/f xfd|} 3/ cf;kf;df / xfdL ;+u} ePklg To:tf a:t'sf] k|of]u ug{ ghfGbf Tolts} v]/ u}/x]sf

5g\ . ljz]if ul/ :jf:Yojw{s / kf]lifnf vfg]s'/f eGgfn] xl/of ;fukftx? h:t} /fof], kfn'Ëf], tyf l;:g' nufPtsf

kl/sf/x?sf ;fy} cGgx? sf]bf], ds}, ux'F,

df;]{, nufPtsf /}yfg] hftsf] afnLx? kb{5g\ .

t/ xfdLn] o:tf ;fukft / jfnLsf]

kmfO{bfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg g;Sbf xfdLn] ahf/df kfO{g] Dofb ;lsPsf

cvfB a:t'sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5f}F . To;}n] :j:y cfdf / :jf:Yo aRrfsf] nfuL kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] k|of]udf j[l4 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

t/sf/L v]tLdf a9\bf] csif{0f M

lhNnfsf ljleGg ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf oltv]/ w]/} h;f] JolQmn] cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] nfuL cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg hftsf kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/L v]tL cfkm} ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . kf]lifnf vfg] s'/fsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ eGg] ;d'bfo :t/df ;a}n] a'em]kl5 clxn] kf]if0fo'Qm vfg] s'/fsf] k|of]usf nfuL t/sf/L v]tL ul//x]sf 5g\ .

al8dfnLsf gu/kfnLsf j8f gDa/ ( sf ls;fg g/ k|;fb h}zLsf eG5g\, d}n] ;fgf] 7fFpdf ePklg ljleGg hftsf w/} t/sf/L pTkfbg u/]F, slxn] sfxL a]df};dL t/sf/L klg pTkfbg ub}{5, o;n] ubf{ d]/f] kl/jf/sf] vr{ klg rn]sf] 5 / cfkm'nfO{ vfgsf] nfuL klg 5 . ut jif{ dfq sl/a !@ xhf/ al9sf] t/sf/L a]r]sf] 5' . To:t} al8dfnLsf gu/kfnLsf j8f gDa/ $ /hfnLdf klg w]/} h;f] ls;fgx? t/sf/L v]tLdf nfuL /x]sf 5g\ .

lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no afh'/fn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ xfn s'n v]tL of]Uo hldgsf] % ;o ^) x]S6/

9

If]qkmndf t/sf/L v]tL ul/Psf] 5 . h;df lxFpb] t/sf/L # ;o $# x]S6/ / aif]{ t/sf/L @ ;o !& x]S6/ If]qkmndf ul/Psf] 5 . ut jif{ lhNnfdf hDdf # ;o $# x]S6/ hldgdf t/sf/L v]tL ul/Psf] ePklg cfly{s jif{ @)&!.)&@ sf] ;dfKtLdf lhNnfdf @ ;o !& x]S6/ If]qkmndf t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ ls;fgsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] s[lif ljsf; sfof{no afh'/fsf of]hgf clws[t 8Dd/ bQ e6\6n] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ .

afh'/fdf kf]if0fsf] cj:yf M

cfly{s jif{ @)&!.)&@ af6 afh'/f lhNnfdf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ePsf] 5 . afh'/f lhNnfdf kf]if0fsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu of] sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf] 5 . lhNnfdf /x]sf ue{jtL cfdf / ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbg leqsf afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] k|of]udf

j[l4 ug]{ d'Vo nIo /x]sf] 5 .

lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no afh'/fsf]

tYofÍ cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&).)&! sf]

clGtdlt/ afh'/f lhNnfdf k|lt !)) df & hgf afnaflnsf s'kf]lift ePsf] tYofÍ /x]sf] 5 . t/ cfly{s jif{ @)&!.)&@ sf] clGtd ;Dd lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no

afh'/fdf k|fKt ePsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ & xhf/ # ;o (# afnaflnsf dWo] *@

hgf clt hf]vLd, $ ;o *$ hgf afnaflnsf hf]vLddf / & xhf/ ! ;o @& afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGo /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

h'g ljutsf] eGbf s]xL sd ePsf] lhNnf :jf:yo sfof{no afh'/fsf] l;lgo/ cx]j /fdrGb| ofbjn] atfpg' ePsf] 5 . To:t} cfly{s jif{ @)&!.)&@ df lhNnf e/ :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ;'Ts]/L x'g] cfdfx?sf] ;+Vof @ xhf/ (* /x]sf] 5 . lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nosf cgdL zdL{nf zfxn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ xfn lhNnfdf cg'dfgLt # xhf/ % ;o && ue{jtL cfdfx? /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

ue{cj:yfdf kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf]

k|of]usf] cj:yf M

afh'/f lhNnfdf ljleGg ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' e};s]kl5 ue{jtL / ;'Ts]/L cfdfx?df

kf]lifnf vfg]s'/fsf] k|of]udf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . al8dfnLsf gu/kflnsf j8f gDa/ ! 6'lgsf ;fljqL ljs elG5g\, cfkm'

ue{jtL ePsf] ^ dlxgf k'/f eO;Sof] .

b'O{ k6s :jf:Yo sfof{nodf ue{hfFr u/fpg uPsf] 5' . lxhf] cfh d}n] ;fljssf] eGbf s]xL al9 vfg] s'/f vfg] u/]sf] 5' . aflx/af6 lsg]/ Nofpg] k};f

5}g, af/Ldf t/sf/L nufPsf] 5, cfkm\g} 3/df sf]bf] kfO{G5 To;}sf] k|of]uaf6

10

hfpnf] agfP/ vfg tyf cGo ljleGg le6fdLgo'Qm vfg]s'/f vfg] u/]sL 5' . jif{n] @! nfu]sL ;fljqL ylK5g\ xfdL xfd|} 3/ j/Lkl/ kfO{g] l;:g'sf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfPsf /x]gf} 5f}, ha kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] k|of]u u/f}F eGg] Ps tfnLddf ef}Gof/fdf ;xefuL eFP To;kl5 d xKtfdf Psk6s slDtdf klg l;:g' vfg] u/]sf] 5 .

;fjLqLsL ;f;' r'kmL ljs elG5g\, æklxnf xfd|f lbgdgL s'jt afg]{ rng l5of], /fof], kfn'Ëf], ;}g' vfg kfFO{b}g l5of], a'sf /f]6Ldf g'g rf]a]/ vfg' kYof]{, xfdL ;d:ofdf l5ofF, of] ;a} xfdLn] yf gkfO{sg eofsf] /of]5 eGg] yfxf eofsf] 5 .Æ r'kmL ylK5g\ d}n] ue{cj:yfdf n'sL n'sL df6f] vfPklg d]/L a'xf/LnfO{ cfh ef]nL xl/of ;fykft l;:g' nufPtsf ljleGg kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f agfP/ lbg] u/]sL 5' . kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ /fd}| u/]sf] 5 xh'/, cfFvf vf]nLofsf] 5 .

To:t} cGo ;'Ts]/L tyf ue{jtL cfdfx?

klg kf]lifnf vfg]s'/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ qmddf a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no afh'/fn] hgfPsf] 5 .

ufFp ufFpdf s/];fjf/Lsf] lj:tf/

a9\bf] M

3/df cfˆg} af/L 5, rfx]sf] a]nf tfhf t/sf/L vfg ldN5 . sf]6Lnf ufFp ljsf; ;ldtL j8f gDa/ * ls k|]df lji6nfO{ olt v]/ ;dosf] cefj 5 . cuf{lgs t/sf/L v]tLdf nfu]sL plg elG5g\, æd 5sfn} p7\bL 5', 3/sf] bFtf/LDafsf] af/Ldf d}n] t/sf/L nufofsL 5f}, cfhef]nL t/sf/Ldf xfNg] dn klg ufFps} xfNgfn] /fd|} kmNofsf] 5, 5sfn} a]Rgsf] nfuL sf]lN6 emfFbf] 5', lbp;f] 3/sf] c? sfd ubf}{ To;kl5 af;fa]/L km]/L ToxL af/Ldf sfd ubf}{ 5' . o;n] dnfO{ klg vfg k'Uofsf] 5 kl/jf/sf] vr{ klg rNofsf] 5 .Æ

k|]df km]/L ylK5g\ ufFp 3/df

11

cfkm\g} s/];fjf/L agfP/ ljleGg hftsf * k|sf/sf t/sf/Lsf] ljpklg pTkfbg u/]sf] 5' . sf]l6nf ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf t/sf/L v]tL ug{ rfxfg] c?nfO{ dfu]kl5 t/sf/Lsf] ljp ljlqm ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ d]/f] cfDbfgL klg /fd|} 5 . cGo s'g} cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t 5}g, o;}af6 cfPsf] /sdn] d}n] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] :s'ndf nfUg] z'Ns ltg{ ;s]sf] 5' eg] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] n'uf kmf6f] klg o;}af6 km]g]{ u/]sf 5g\ . t/sf/L v]tLaf6 cfPsf] /sd dWo] k|To]s dlxgfsf] ? !) art ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F, clxn] ;d'xsf] art ^ xhf/ al9 k'uL ;s]sf] 5 .

ue{jtLnfO{ ;xh ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu

cfdf ;d'xdf art M

sf]6Lnf ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt j8f gDa/ * df sfnLsf dlxnf kf]if0f ;d'x u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] ;d'xdf ufFpsf ljjfxLt dlxnfx?n] dfl;s ?kdf ? !)

hDdf ug]{ / ;d'x leqsf] hf] ;'s}nfO{

klg ;'Ts]/L a]yf nfu]df jf lj/fdL ePdf cyf{t cGoq n}hfg' kg]{ cj:yf cfPdf ;x'nLot Jofhdf C0f nufgL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;d'xdf !) ?k}ofF hDdf ug]{ u/]sfn]

ue{jtL cfdf ;'Ts]/L x'bf ;xh x'g] u/]sf] ;d'x cWoIf k|]df lji6n] atfO{g\ .

hLjg ablnPsf] 5 M

afx|lj; ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt j8f gDa/ $ l;Fuf8fsf kfj{tL a'9f elG5g\, cfhef]nL d]/f] 3/df lgoldt ?kn] xl/of] ;fukft, kx]Fnf kmnkm"n / df5f df;', b"w, bxL vfgfdf pknAw x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0f aflx/af6 lsGg g;lsP klg cfkm\g} v]taf/Ldf ;fu t/sf/L nufPsf] 5', s'v'/f tyf ufO{ e}F;L kfNg] u/]sf 5f}F .

clxn] d]/f] af/Ldf Kofh, 6df6/, cfn', nz'g, wlgof / df};d cg';f/sf] ;fu kmNg] u/]sf] 5 . d}n] o;kfnL dfq ?= !@,))) sf] !%) lsnf] u|fd Kofh, ?= &%)) sf] #)) lsnf] u|fd cfn' / ?= !%)) cGo ljleGg k|sf/sf t/sf/L ljlqm u/]sL 5' . 3/ kl/jf/n] vfP/ laqmL u/]sf] dfq kl/df0f xf] of] . o;sf cltl/Qm kfn'+uf], rD;'/ h:tf xl/of ;fukft ckm'n] vfP/ afFsL cfkm\g}

xf]6ndf k|of]u u/]sL 5' .

ljleGg ;Da]bgzLn ;dodf ;kmf

kfgL / ;fa'gn] ldlr ldlr xft w'g] u/]sf

5f}F . dlxgfjf/L ePsf] a]nf klxn] h:tf] 5'6\6} a:g' k/]sf] 5}g t/ klg clnslt e]befj eg] sfod g} 5 .

12

nfn axfb'/ zfxL

afh'/fsf clwsf+z u|fld0f If]qsf afl;Gbfx? l9s] g'gs} k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g . ufpF3/df cfof]l8goQm g'g eGbf l9s]g'g kfpg ;lhnf] x'g] ePsfn] clwsf+zn] k/Dk/fut ?kd} l9s] g'g k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . sltko eg] cfof]l8g g'g eGbf l9s] g'gsf] :jfb /fd|f] x'g] ePsfn] l9s] g'g k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] atfpF5g\ . cfof]l8go'Qm g'gsf] k|of]un] dfgj :jf:Yodf c;/ kfg]{ dfGotf ;d]t ufpF3/df AofKt b]lvPsf] 5 . s'b]jdf08f} uflj; j8f g+ ^ sL snw/L ;fsL{n] elgg\,…sAhLotsf] ;d:of x'g] ePsfn] :yflgon] l9s] g'gsf] g} k|of]u /fd|f] nfU5 .Ú o; lhNnfsf u|fdL0f If]qsf afl;Gbfx?df cfof]l8g o'Qm gg'sf] k|of]u

ug'{ k5{ eGg] r]tgfsf] sdLsf sf/0fn]

ubf{ clwsf+z :yflgox? l9s] g'gsf] k|of]u ug{]u/]sf] s'Nb]jdf08f}+ ̂ sf :yflgo ho axfb'/ s6'jfnn] atfP . afh'/fdf aflif{s P3f/ 6g eGbf a9L l9s] g'gsf]

lalqm ljt/0f x'g] u/]sf ] sf]N6Lsf :yfgLo Aofkf/L cfgGb/fh hf]zLn] atfPsf 5g .

cfof]l8g g'gsf] l8kf]x? xfn lhNnfsf] s'Nb]jdf08f}, dft{8L, sf]N6L

/ sjf8Ldf ePsf] ePtf klg lhNnfsf] e'uf]n / hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ck'u ePsf] / u|fdL0f If]qsf ;a}sf] kx'Fr kf]sf g'gdf gePsf] u'gf;f] ug]{x? k|;:t} e]l6G5g\ . o; lhNnfdf ;/sf/L b/ /]6 cg';f/ cfof]l8go'Qm kf]sf g'g k|lt lsnf] ( ?k}+ofdf kfOg] ePtf klg u|fdL0f If]qsf k;n]x?n] @) b]lv #) ?k}of ;Dddf ljlqm ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . l9s] g'g :yflgo ahf/df htftt} ;:tf] / ;'ne d"Nodf kfpg] ePsf sf/0f of] g'gsf] k|of]u al9 ePsf] :yflgo afl;Gbfx? atfpF5g\ . cfof]l8go'Qm Kofs]6sf] g'g l8kf]df dfq kfpg] / :yflgosf] kxF'r eGbf 6f9f / rfx]hlt dfqfdf gkfpg] ePsf sf/0f lhNnfdf l9s] g'gsf] k|of]u a9L ePsf] ;fN6 6«]l8Ë skf]{/]zg lhNnf zfvf afh'/fn] atfPsf] 5 .

cfof]l8g g'g dflg;x?sf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'g] o;n] dflg;sf] z/L/df vlghsf] sfd ug{] u/]sfn] :yflgo afl;Gbfx?nfO{ cfof]l8go'Qm g'gsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Nnfx lbg] u/]sf] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no afh'/fsf k|d'v 8f= df]xg gfyn] atfP\ . dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf cfof]l8gsf] sdLn] unufF8, ue{ t'lxg], ;':t dgl:ylt, afdk'8\s] h:tf :jf:Yo ;d:of pTkGg x'g] hfgsf/L gkfpFbf

#= afh'/fsf ufp“3/df l9s] g'gsf] k|of]u

13

of] g'gsf] k|of]u a9]sf] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{non] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .

kf]if0fdf kl//x]sf] c;/

cfof]l8go'Qm g'g dfgj / kz' :jf:Yosf nflu cTofjZos kbfy{ /x]sf] :jf:YosdL{x? atfpF5g\ . cfof]l8gsf] sdLn] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf y'k|} gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . l9s] g'gsf] cToflws k|of]un] afnaflnsfx?sf] kf]if0f / :jf:Yodf k|ToIf jf ck|To]If ?kdf c;/ kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . cfof]l8g sdLsf sf/0f afnaflnsfx?sf] dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s ljsf;df x|f; cfp5 . l9s] g'gn] kf]if0fdf k|ToIf c;/ ug{] x'Fbf ;a}n] kf]lifnf vfg]s'/f tyf cfof]l8g o'Qm g'gsf] k|of]u ug{ h?/L 5 .

lsg k|of]u u5{g l9s] g'g <

u|fld0f If]qdf cfof]l8go'Qm g'gsf] k|of]udf] sld x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f dflg;x?df r]tgfsf] sdL, ul/aL, clzIffn] x'g\ . o;n] dflg;sf] :jf:Yo / kf]if0fdf laleGg lsl;dsf c;/x? kfl//x]sf] :jf:YosdL{x?n] atfPtf klg cfof]l8go'Qm g'g ;a}sf] kx'rdf gePsf] :yflgox?n] atfPsf 5g\ . lhNnfdf cfof]l8g g'gsf $ j6f l8kf]x? ;+rfngdf ePlg b'/b/fhsf al:tx?df ;a{;'ne lalqm lat/0f ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f cfkm'x? lrlGtt ePsf] s'Nb]jdf08f} ls lvGtf ;fsL{n] b'v];f] ul/g . l9s] g'gsf] k|of]un] ue{jlt dlxnf, afnaflnsf / a[4, a[bfx?sf] :jf:Yodf c;/ kl//x]sf] a|xDtf]nf :jf:Yo rf}sLsL cgdL ;'wf xdfnn] atfPsL 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ l9s] g'gsf] k|of]un]] unufF8 cfpg] ,afd k'8\s] x'g'sf ;fy} ue{jlt dlxnfnfO{ al9 c;/ kg{] atfOg\ . l9s] g'gsf]

k|of]un] ;':t dgl:ytL x'g'sf ;fy}

eljiodf ;d]t c;/ kg{] :jf:YosdL{x? atfp5g\ .

14

clgn zfxL

afh'/f lhNnfsf] k'lj{Q/ afFw'–&

sL gGbf e08f/Ln] 3/df pAhlg u/]sf]

t/sf/L cfkm'n] vkt ug'{sf ;fy;fy}

a9L ePsf] vfBfGg -t/sf/L_ a]r]/ 3/

vr{ rnfpFg] u/]sL l5g\.

s]xL aif{ cuf8L vfgf;+u

xl/of] ;fu / cGo t/sf/L vfg' k5{

eGg] s'/f ;Dd yfxf lyPg . ahf/df

uPkl5 t/sf/L vfg kfO{GYof] gq 3/df

g'g, dRrf -v';f{gL_;+u /f]6L vfg' / eft

vfP kl5 bfndfq x'GYof] – e08f/Ln]

elgg\ .

ef/tL sK;f8Ldf v'b|f k;n;+u} xf]6n ;+rfng u/]sL gGbfn] t/sf/L v]tL / s'v'/f kfng ;d]t u/]sL l5g . xf]6]n ;+u}sf] af/Ldf xl/t u[x -lu|g xfp;_ /fof], cfn', aGbf, sfpnL, ufFh/, kfnËf], sfqmf], v';f{lg, wlgof, n;'g, d'nf / km;L{ h:tf t/sf/Lx? nufP/ xf]6]nsf u|fxsx?nfO{ v'jfpl5g\ . ToxfFaf6 ar]sf]] t/sf/L sf]N6L ahf/ NofP/ a]Rg] u/sL l5g\ . pgsf] x.]6]ndf dfq t/sf/L x'Fg] ePsf]n] af6f] lx8\g] a6'jfx? klg pgs} x.]6]ndf vfgf vfg]] ub{5g\ . s]xL jif{ cuf8L af/Ldf t/sf/L nufpg' k5{ eGg] ;Dd yfxf gePsL gGbfsf] cfhef]nL t/sf/L nufpg', :yflgo hftsf s'v'/f / afv|f kfNg] lbgrof{ g} ag]sf] 5 .

$= 3/s} t/sf/Ln] 3/vr{ rnfp“5g\

15

:yflgo :t/d} cfP/ ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf sd{rf/Lx?n]] pgnfO{ t/sf/L v]lt / s'v'/f kfng ;DaGwL tfnLd / lapF lbP kl5 of] k/Ljt{g cfPsf] s'/f :yflgo cu'jf dgla/ clwsf/Ln] atfP . kl5Nnf] ;dodf u|fdL0f al:tx?df 3/sf] cu8L t/sf/L v]tL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s]xL aif{ cuf8L tdfv' vfgsf nflu sfrf] nufpg] srf8Ldf ;d]t s/];f af/Lsf ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\.

;a}n] b]vf l;sLdf ;d]t ;LSbf /x]5g\–afFw'– * d6]n]sf /fdnfn sfsL{n] atfP . pgn] yk] æljutsf jif{x?df of] ufpFdf t/sf/L nufpg} yfxf lyPg, g'g–dRrf ;+u vfgf vfg] aflg lyof]Ù s'v'/f kfNof] eg] b]ljb]atf l/;fp5g\, blntn] dfq kfNgx'G5Ù If]qL, afx'g, 7s'/Lx?n] kfNg' x'b}g eGg] h:tf cGwljZjf;sf] rng rNtL lyof] . cfhef]ln ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3;:yfx?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ of] kl/jt{g cfPsf]

sfsL{sf] bfla 5Æ.

afh'/f lhNnfdf /fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]u4f/f ;+rflnt ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf sfof{qmd afFw' / afXla; ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf klxnf] r/0fdf ;+rfng u/LPsf] lyof] . o; aif{af6 yk bz uflj; u/L !@ j6f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf

;+rfng ePsf] s'/f lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

afh'/fsf kmf]sn kz{g ltns axfb'/ yfkfn] atfPsf 5g\ .

kl5Nnf] ;do lhNnfdf ;'–cfxf/f k/Lof]hgfn] ;d]t lhNnfsf @& j6} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbgsf cfdfnfO{ nlIft u/]/ sfof{qmd ;+rfng

u/L /x]s]f 5 . s]xL jif{ cuf8L of]

lhNnfdf s'kf]if0f af6 *) k|ltzt eGbf

a9L afnaflnsf u|;Lt ePsf] / cfhef]ln

o;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] s'[/f

lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no afh'/fn] hfgsf/L

lbPsf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ax' kIfLo

ljsf;sf] nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo

Ps ;fy cuf8L a9\gfn] y'k|} sfd cuf8L

a9]sf] a'lemG5 .

ljutsf aif{df lhNnfsf clwsf+z

ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f

xKtfdf Ps b'O{ hgf afnaflnsfsf] d[To'

x'g] u/]sf] lyof]Ù cfhef]ln eg] s'kf]if0fsf

sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] d[To' gePsf] sf]N6L

k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|sf l;=cx]j c;f]s

s'df/ l;Fxn] atfP . To:t} cfdfx?sf]

lgoldt ue{hfFr / vf]ksf] lgoldttf

/ afnaflnsfnfO{ kf]lifnf] vfgf v'jfpg]

u/]sfn] klg afnaflnsfdf b]lvg]

of] ;d:of lbgfg'lbg 36b} cfPsf]

s}nfzdf08f}+] :jf:Yo r}fsLsf O{Grfh{

lr/lGhaL zfxn] atfP . pgn] eg]

ækf]if0f sfo{qmdn] ubf{ ufpFdf t/sf/L

16

;d]t k|z:t kfO{G5 . cfdfx?n] klg ;fukft 6Gg vfg kfPsf 5g\ .Æ

cfhef]nL o; lhNnfsf clwsf+z dflg;x? t/sf/L v]tLdf cfs{lift ePsf 5g . ljxfg–a]n'sf vfP/ al9 ePs]f t/sf/L :yflgo ahf/df NofP/ ljqmL u/L cfkm\gf] b}lgs 3/ vr{ rnfpg] / afnaflnsfnfO{ sfkL, snd, n'uf–kmf6f]

u/L ljBfnodf k9fpg ;Dd /fxt x'g] u/]sf] h'sf]6sL /fwf b]jL zfxLn] atfO{g\ . cfkm\gf] 3/df !@ hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5 cfDbflgsf] ;|f]t s]xL klg lyPg, cfhef]ln s'v'/f kfn]sf] 5', s'v'/f a]r]/} kl/jf/ kfln/x]sL 5' . >Ldfg klg x'g'x'Gg, 3/sf] ;a} lhDdf cfkm\gf] ePsf] ;d]t pgsf] egfO{5 .

17

nIdL/fh kfWofo

ufpF el/ cuf{lgs t/sf/L dfq pTkfbg ;'¿ ePsf] 5 . Ps ls;fgn] Ps l;hgdf &) xhf/ b]vL ! nfv ;Dd cfDbfgL ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . s]xL jif{ cl3 ;Dd afFem} /xg] s}nfzdf08f} uflj; -( u8\tf]nf ufpFsf kfvf]af/L clxn] t/sf/L v]tLn] x/fe/f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/sf/L v]tLn] ufpFn]sf] hLjg :t/ g} km]l/Psf] 5 . ljutsf jif{df l;FrfOsf] ;]jfsf] c;'ljwf ;+u} hgr]tgfsf] sld / k/Dk/fut ?kdf nufOg] uxF' hf} nufotsf] afnL ;d]t ;'s]/ hfg] ub{Yof] ls;fg e'hf yfkfn] atfOg . cfkm\gf] d]xgt v]/ hfFbf ls;fg afFRg] pkfPsf] vf]hLdf sfnfkfxf8 -ef/t_ hfg afWo

x'Gy] . t/ lhNnfdf ;~rflnt ax'If]qLo

kf]if0f of]hgf cGtu{tsf] lhNnf s[lif lasf; sfof{nosf] ;fgf] ;xof]udf ax'kf]if0f cleofgn] t/sf/Lsf lap

lahg / tflnd l;sfP kl5 clxn] ufpF el/ t/sf/L v]tL ug{ yflnPsf] ls;fgx? atfpF5g\ . xfn ls;fgx? t/sf/L

v]ltaf6 dgUo cfDbfgL ug{ yfn] kl5 cfkm'x?nfO{ af]Ng] km';{b ;d]t gePsf]

%= kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] NofPsf]

kl/j{tg, t/sf/L v]tLn] hLjg km]l/of]

:yflgo atfpFb5g\ . Ps l;hgdf Pp6}n] t/sf/L v]tLaf6 &) xhf/ b]vL ! nfv ;Dd cfDbfgL ug]{ u/]sf] Ps cu'jf s[ifs e'hf yfkfn] atfO{g . s]lx ;do cuf8L cfkm'x? t/sf/L ahf/af6 lsg]/ vfGYof}F clxn] cfkm\g} af/Lsf tfhf t/sf/L vfg'sf ;fy} lalqm u/]/ 5f]/f 5f]/L sf] k9fO{ vr{ rnfPsf 5f}+, cfDbfgLsf] d'Vo >f]t g} t/sf/L xf] ls;fg kfj{tL yfkfn] atfOg\ .

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfn] t/sf/Lsf] aLp lgMz'Ns lbP/ t/sf/L v]tL ug{ cfu|x u/]kl5 cfkm"x? o; k];fdf nfu]sf] s[ifs yfkfn] atfO{g . t/sf/L v]tLaf6 /fd|f] cfDbfgL x'g yfn]kl5 clxn] k|ultzLn s[ifs ;d"x btf{ u/]/ To; ufpFsf ;a}

s[ifs cfa4 ePsf 5g\ . pgLx?n] t/sf/Ldf /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u k6Ss} ub}{gg\ . ToxL sf/0f oxfF pTkflbt

t/sf/Lsf] :yflgo ahf/x? afDsf, df}/] / ;]/f nufPtsf 7fpFx?df lbg k|lt lbg

dfu al9/x]sf] 5 . clxn] To; ufpFaf6 dfq} l;hgdf % nfveGbf a9Lsf] t/sf/L lgof{t x'g] u/]sf] lhNnf s[lif

ljsf; sfof{no afh'/fn] hgfPsf] 5 . lhNnf s[lif lasf; sfof{nosf of]hgf

18

clws[t 8Dd/ bTt e6\6sf cg';f/ xfn xfdLn] of] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ePsf] 5f]6f] ;do ePsf] / ca km]/L k|To]s aif{ cfDbfgL / pTkfbg a9\b} hfG5 pgn] atfP . lhNnfsf blIf0fL e]udf kg{] s}nfzdf08f}, hoafu]Zj/L / 8f]u8Ldf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ePkl5 ToxfFsf ls;fgx? cfTdlge{/ xF'b} cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ePsf pQm uflj;sf clwsf+z dflg;x? b}lgs t/sf/L c08f / s'v'/f a]r]/ hLjg u'hfg{ yfn]sf

s}nfzdf08f} ( sf ls;fgx?n] atfPsf

5g\ . pgn] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f sfo{qmd nfu' ePkl5 Toxfsf dlxnf,k'?if b}lgs ?kdf s[lif lt/ cfsl{if{t eO{ cfDbfgL ug{] u/]sf]

atfpFb5g\ . xfn s]xL dfG5]nfO{ ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfn] ;xof]u u/L t/sf/Lsf lap lahg lbP/ ;d'xnfO{ s[lif ;DaGwL

tflnd klg kfP o;}sf cfwf/df t/sf/L kmnfpg] u/]sf] ;d'bfosf ls;fgx?

atfp5g\ . s]xL dfG5]x?nfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]un] ufpFdf c?n] l;sf] ub}{ hfbf ;a}n] lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;xof]u ePsf] 5 . o:t} kf08';}gsf ls;fgx? klg ax'If]qLo kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] c? /fd|f sfd u/]sf] k|z+;f ub{} sfd cg';f/sf] kf]if0fsf af/]df atfP .

cfof]l8go'Qm g'g / c08f

lhNnfsf laleGg :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?df afnaflnsf / pgsf cfdfx?sf] le8

a9]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo dGqfnosf] ax'kf]if0f of]

hgf dfkm{t lhNnfdf cfPsf] cfof]l8go'Qm g'g / @ c08fn] afnaflnsfsf :jf:Yosf] nflu pQd b]lvPsf] 5 . ;'Ts]/L u/fpg]sf] ;+Vofdf a[4L ePsf] 5 . ;'gf}nf xhf/

lbgsf cfdfx?nfO{ klg ax'kf]if0f of]hgfsf] kmG8 af6 ! kf]sf g'g / @ cf]6f c08f lbb} cfPsf] 5 . lhNnf :jf:Yo

sfof{no nufPt cGo :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf

19

;d]t ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbgsf cfdfx?nfO{ c08f / g'g lgz'Ns ljt/0f eO/x]sf] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no afh'/fn] atfPsf] 5 .

vfBGgdf ;x'lnot

lhNnfs} clt vfBfGg hf]lvd ePsf uflj;x?df ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ePsf] 5 . hf]lvddf /x]sf afw', jfO{, / sf]N6L nufPt lhNnfsf !@ cf]6f uflj;df ax'kf]if0fsf nfuL s[lif pTkfbg lzn sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf] xf] . ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfaf6 vfBfGg hf]lvddf k/]sf kl/jf/n] k|ToIf /fxt kfpg] u/]sf] lhNnf s[lif lasf; sfof{non] atfPsf] 5 . lb3{sflng s[lif pTkfbg a[4L ug{ l;rfO{sf s'nf], ljB't, :ofp e08f/0f ljp ljhg pTkfbg h:tf of]hgf ;DkGg u/L kf]if0fo'Qm vfBfGg kx'r k'¥ofpg / lhNnfaf6 s'kf]if0f d'Qm agfpg] ePsf] 5 . o; sfo{af6 xfn ;Dd @( ;o ls6 t/sf/L sf lap, ^ cf]6f df]8]n km{d, @^ ;o sfutL, $^ ;o ;'Gtnf, %) hgfnfO{ kf]if0f afnLsf] af/]df hfgsf/L d'ns tflnd ;+rfng ul/Psf] lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no afh'/fn] atfPsf] 5 .

hgr]tgfdf a[[l4

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf cGt/ut lhNnf

:jf:Yo sfof{no afh'/fn] lhNnf l:yt :yflgo ;~rf/ dfWofdaf6 kf]if0f ;DaGwL

hgr]tgf d'ns ;Gb]z / ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ePsf ufla;x?df ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbgsf cfdfx?nfO{ hfpnf] k|bz{g sfo{ u/]sf] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no afh'/fsf /fdrGb| ofbjn] atfP . pgn] yk] lhNnfdf ev{/ t of] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] 5 clxNo} t s]xL x'b}g la:tf/} kl/jt{g x'G5 pgn] eg] .

:jf:Yodf hfFr ug]{sf] ;ª\Vofdf a[l4

lhNnfdf kl5Nnf] ;do :jf:Yo :f+:yfdf uP/ ue{ hfr ug]{sf] ;+Vodf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . lhNnfdf qm[oflzn ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L sfof{non] laleGg hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{qmd ub}{ hfbf lhNnfdf s]xL ue{jtL cfdf / gjhft :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ cfPsf] lk;ljg s]P/ g]kfn kxF'r kl/ofhgf ;+of]hs k'ik/fh kg]?n] atfP . lhNnfsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ dft[ tyf gjhft lzz' :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf, ;d'bfosf JolQm ;f;'–;;'/f

>Ldfg >LdtL / :jf:YosdL{x?nfO{

u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo / gjhft lzz' :jf:Yosf laifodf laleGg sfo{qmd ub}{ cfPsf] lk;ljg kx'Fr kl/of]hgf ;+of]hs kg]?n] atfP . pgsf cg';f/

lhNnfsf ;a} uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfdf ;f] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] / yf]/} eP klg :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ cfPsf] atfP .

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf, s]o/ g]kfn /

20

kL;ljgsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rflnt kx'Fr

kl/of]hgf, ;xof]u / lhNnf :jf:Yo

sfof{nosf] cfof]hgfdf lhNnfsf laleGg

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf dft[ tyf gjhft

lzz' :jf:Yo ;]jfsf af/]df laleGg

hgr]tgf sfo{qmd ub}{ cfPsf] lhNnf

:jf:Yo sfo{no afh'/fn] atfPsf] 5 .

lhNnfdf :jf:Yo ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd ug]{

;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] xfn

lhNnfsf] ;du| ?kdf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f

of]hgf, ;'cfxf/f / lk;ljg kxF'rn] u/]sf]

sfo{qmd k5f8L &^ k|ltztn] :jf:Yo

;+:yfdf uP/ ue{hfFr ug]{ u/]sf] tYofÍ

afh'/f ;Gb]z /fli6«o b}lgsnfO{ atfPsf]

5 . lhNnfsf @$ uflj; ! gu/kflnsfdf

;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . ax'If]qLo kf]if0f

of]hgf afh'/f lhNnfsf] dft[ tyf gjhft

lzz' :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ tyf

kxF'rdf j[l4 ul/ dft[ tyf gjhft lzz'

d[To'b/nfO{ 36fpg] p4]Zon] ;f] sfo{qmd

ub}{ cfPsf] atfPsf] 5 kx'r kl/of]hgf

clws[t k'ik/fh kg]?n] atfP . lhNnfsf]

lxdfnL e]udf a:g] ef]6] ;d'bfodf

;'/lIft dft[Tj tyf gjhft lzz' :jf:Yo

;]jfdf kx'Fr ;DaGwL klg sfo{qmd ub}{

cfPsf] 5 .

21

ch'{g zfx

lgs} tfdemfdsf ;fy ;'? ul/Psf]

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf afh'/f lhNnfdf

pknlAwlxg b]lvPsf] 5 . Psflt/ k|fKt

ah]6 vr{} x'g ;s]g eg] csf{lt/ vlr{Psf]

clwsf+z /sd ;d]t tflnd / uf]li7d}

l;ldt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . dft[lzz'sf]

kf]if0f cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon]

afh'/fdf ut cfly{s jif{b]lv ax'If]qLo

kf]if0f of]hgf sfjf{Gogdf cfPsf] xf] . t/,

pQm of]hgfsf] p2]Zo cg';f/sf] kl/0fd

k|fKt ug]{df ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx?n]

jf:t} u/]gg\ . w]/}n] tflnd / uf]i7L u/]/

;s]hlt ah]6 vlr{P . ax'If]qLo kf]if0f

of]hgfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ af]em dfq eof],

lhlj;sf Ps sd{rf/Ln] eg], æclwsf+z

/sd tflnd / uf]li7d} vr{ eof] .Æ

kf]if0f cj:yf ;'wf/sf] nfuL

Plss[t of]hgf agfP/ & j6f sfo{non]

;dGjfots ?kdf sfd ug{'kg]{ ePklg

s'g lgsfosf sd{rf/Ln] s] sfd u/] eGg]

;d]t Ps–csf{nfO{ yfxf 5}g . lhlj;sf]

sfof{no ;lxt, lhNNff :jf:Yo, lhNNff

lzIff, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf sfof{no,

^= kf]if0fsf] ah]6 ;b'k|of]u ePg

vfg]kfgL / s[lif ljsf; sfof{no of]hgf

sfjf{Gog ug{] lgsfox? x'g\ . …lgoldt

sfo{qmd ug{ xDd] k/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{

lagf cfs{if0f cltl/Qm ef/ af]sfOPsfn]

k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]gÚ, lhNnf lzIffsf

Ps clws[tn] eg] . sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf]

s'nb]jdf08f}+df lhlj;sf] tflnd afx]s

cGo s'g} ultljlw yfxf gePsf] :jf:Yo

rf}ls OGrfh{ lji0f' h}zLn] atfP .

ut kmfNu'gdf ;/sf/sf pRr

txsf clwsf/Lx? ;b/d'sfdd} k'u]/ lgs}

tfdemfdsf ;fy sfo{qmd cf/De ePsf]

3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . t/, lhNnf txdf

sfjf{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf sfof{no

/ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ eg] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f

of]hgfsf] sfo{qmdn] ckgTj g} hufpg

g;s]sf] sfo{qmdsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf

lhlj;sf ;|f]t JolQm ltns yfkfn]

atfP . pQm of]hgf cGt{/ut ut cfly{s

jif{df k|fKt ! s/f]8 !% nfv dWo] sl/a

;f9] @# nfv sfd} geO lk{mtf uPsf]

lhlj;sf] sfo{non] hgfPsf] 5 . …;f]r]

cg'?k pknlAw x'g g;s]sf] :jLsfg{'k5{Ú,

lhlj;sf kf]if0f ;|f]t JolQm yfkfn] eg] .

pQm of]hgf cGt{/ut kf]if0f cj:yf

22

;'wf/sf nflu lhlj;n] !( nfv !% xhf/,

s[lif ljsf;n] @) nfv ̂ $ xhf/, kz' ;]jf

sfof{non] !( nfv, vfg]kfgL sfof{non]

!( nfv, lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] !$

nfv %& xhf/, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf

sfof{non] !$ nfv @% xhf/sf] sfo{qmd

k]; u/]/ sfjf{Gjog ug{] clVtof/L lnPsf

lyP . s'g} klg sfof{non] k]z u/] cg';f/

sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]gg\ .

lhNNff :jf:Yo sfof{non] tflnd

;lxt ue{jtLnfO{ c08f / cfof]l8go'Qm

g'g ljt/0f u/]sf] atfPsf] 5 .

lhlj;n] tflnd / uf]i7L ;~rfng u/]sf]

atfPsf] 5 . s[lif sfof{non] s[ifsnfO{

tflnd ;lxt la?jf lat/0f u/]sf]

atfPsf] 5 eg] dlxnf ljsf;n] ;d]t

tflndd} vlr{Psf] b]vfPsf] 5 . lhNnf

lzIffn] ;d]t kf]if0f tyf ;/;kmfOdf

;r]tgf clea[lå u/fpg vr{ ul/Psf]

pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

23

efuM @

c5fd lhNnfaf6 ;+slnt 36gf cWoog

24

25

g/]z s'df/ zfxL

s'kf]if0fn] ufh]sf] If]qdf ljleGg

kIfsf] Ifqut kxnaf6 pkl:ytL eO{

kf]if0f cj:yf ;'wf/sf] kIfdf sfd

ug'{g} kf]if0fdf cfPsf] ax'If]qLo cfofd

eGg] a'lemG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]un] b]zsf laleGg lhNnfdf

s'kf]if0fn] las/fn ?k lnPsf] lgisif{

lgsfNb} ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu'

u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfkm\gf gful/ssf]

kf]if0f cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ s'kf]if0f

/lxt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ / b]z ljsf;

tyf ;d[l4sf nflu :j:y gful/s

agfpg] /fHosf] nIo ;Ddfg hgs 5 .

o; of]hgf s'kf]if0fsf] b/ -cj:yf_ pRr

ePsf lhNnfx?df nfu' u/L hg:t/ ;Dd

k'u]sf] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? atfpF5g\ .

kf]if0fsf] If]qdf ax'klIfo ;xeflutfdf

hgr]tgf km}nfpg], pTkfbgsf sfo{df

cu|;/ u/fpg] / Aojxf/df nfu' ug{sf

nflu k|]l/t ug]{ sfo{ eO{/x]sf] kfO{Psf]

5 .

c5fd lhNnfdf klg s'kf]if0fsf]

a9L hf]lvd /x]sf laleGg bz uflj;df

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ePsf]

5 . lhNnfsf las6 / b'u{d dflgg]

uflj;x?df ;/sf/L lgsfodfkm{t

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf gd'gfsf] ?kdf

nfu' ePsf] 5 . Toxfsf laz]ifu/L Ps

xhf/ lbgsf afnaflnsf / ue{jtL

tyf ;'Ts]/L dlxnfx?nfO{ dWogh/

u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO{/x]sf] 5 .

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf

lgsfox?sf cg';f/ lt If]qdf kf]if0fsf]

kIfdf laleGg lqmofsnfk ePsf 5g .

lhNnf l:yt ;/sf/L sfof{no -lhNnf

ljsf; ;ldlt, s[lif ljsf;, kz';]jf,

hg:jf:Yo, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf,

lhNnf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;j

l8lehg_ dfkm{t laleGg r]tgfd'ns,

pTkfbgd'vL / cGo ;xof]usf sfo{qmdx?

e}/x]sf 5g . lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no

c5fdsf hg:jf:Yo lgl/Ifs tyf kf]if0f

;Dks{ AoflQm rqmaxfb'/ lai6 eGg'x'G5,

…ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf dfkm{t xfdLn]

s'g} gofF sfo{qmd hgtfdf NofPsf 5}gf}+,

a? ul//x]sf lqmofsnfkdf kl/jt{g u/L

kf]if0fsf] ;jfn ;d]6]sf 5f}+ .Ú

!= c5fddf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf] cj:yf / hg:t/df o;sf] k|efj

26

c5fd lhNnf kf]if0fsf lx;fjn]

clt ;+j]bglzn / hf]lvdk"0f{ lhNnf xf] .

oxfFsf @ jif{ d'lgsf afnfaflnsfdf

s'kf]if0fsf] b/ pRr /x]sf] 5 . laleGg

;dodf oxfFsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf s8f

vfnsf] s'kf]if0f ePsf afnaflnsfx?

cfpg] u/]sf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?

atfpF5g\ . s'kf]lift aRrfx?nfO{ :jf:Yo

;+:yfd} nfdf] ;do egf{ u/]/ pkrf/

ug'{k/]sf 36gfx? a]nf a]nfdf

cfpg] u/]sf 5g . s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f

afnaflnsfdf k'8\sf]kgf, Vofp6]kgf /

sd tf}n x'g] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . olx

;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg /

s'kf]if0f b/ 36fpg lhNnfsf ;a} uflj;

/ gu/kflnsfdf ;'-cfxf/f sfo{qmd ;d]t

;~rfng eO{/x]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf al9

hf]lvdo'Qm !) uflj;df ax'If]qLo kf]if0f

of]hgf nfu' ePtf klg cGo ;+3 ;+:yf /

;'-cfxf/fn] klg ufFp ufFpdf kf]if0faf/]sf]

r]tgf km}nfpg'sf ;fy} laleGg ;xof]ux?

eO{/x]sf 5g .

;/sf/sf] ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf

/ ;'-cfxf/f nufot cGo ;+3 ;+:yfsf]

nufgL kl5 lhNnfdf s'kf]if0fsf] hf]lvd

ePsf uflj;x?df ;Gt'lnt kf]if0fo'Qm

cfxf/af/] laleGg ax; x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .

olt dfq geO{ kl5Nnf] ;do gful/sx?

kf]if0fsf] af/]df hfGg yfn]sf 5g eg]

u|fld0f If]qsf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx?df

kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ e}/x]sf]

b]lvG5 .

kf]if0fsf] cj:yf, lgoldt ue{

hfFr / kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf]

af/] lhNnfdf ;'lw|bf] cj:yfdf

/x]sf] lain]ifsx? atfp5g . ax'If]qLo

kf]if0f of]hgf dfkm{t lhNnfsf sfo{qmd

;~rflnt uflj;df ue{jtL dlxnf

/ @ jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0f

cj:yf ;'wf/sf nflu nlIft ju{nfO{

;d]6]/ laleGg ;xof]ux? ePsf] kfO{Psf]

5 . h; cGt{ut ;'gf}nf xhf/ lbgsf

afnaflnsf / ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ pGgt

hftsf s'v'/f lat/0f ug]{ sfo{ ePsf]

kfO{Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] dft[ lzz' kf]if0f cj:yfdf

;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] /fli6«o of]hgf

cfof]un] @)^( c;f]h $ ut] % jif]{

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf ;fj{hlgs u/]sf]

xf] . tTsflng k|wfgdlGq 8f= afa'/fd

e6\/fO{n] ;fj{hlgs ug'{ePsf] of]hgfn]

% jif{sf] cjlwdf g]kfnsf] bL3{sflng

s'kf]if0f b/nfO{ @) k|ltztdf emfg]{

nIo /fv]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf ;g

@)!! sf] tYof+s cg';f/ $! k|ltzt

afnaflnsfdf bL3{ s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of

/x]sf] 5 eg] afn d[To"b/sf] ;Gbe{df

27

klg em08} Ps ltxfO{ afnaflnsfsf]

s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f d[To' ePsf] tYofÍ

/x]sf] 5 . oBlk g]kfn ;/sf/n] ax'If]qLo

kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' ul/ sfof{Gjog r/0fdf

cl3 al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df kl5Nnf] ;do

s'kf]if0fsf] b/ 36]sf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg

klg ul/Psf] 5 .

xfn c5fd nufPt ;'b'/klZrddf

s'kf]if0fsf] b/ pRr /x]sf] tYofÍn]

b]vfPsf] 5 . oxfFsf dlxnf tyf

afnaflnsfdf kof{Kt kf]if0fsf] cj:yf

Psbd} Go"g /x]sf] kf]if0f ;DaGwL

hfgsf/x? atfpF5g\ . s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f

;'b'/klZrddf %@ k|ltztdf k'8\sf]kgf,

!^ bzdnj & k|ltztdf Vofp6]kgf /

!$ k|ltztdf sd tf}nsf] ;d:of /x]sf]

;'-cfxf/f sfo{qmdn] ev{/} ;fjhlgs

u/]sf] tYofs+n] b]vfPsf] 5 . xfn b]lvPsf]

s'kf]if0f b/nfO{ 36fP/ kf]if0fo'Qm ;dfh /

/fi6« lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ;/sf/n]

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu' u/]sf] 5 .

laz]ifu/L ;'b"/klZrd If]qdf pRr /x]sf]

s'kf]if0fb/nfO{ 36fpgsf nflu ;'gf}nf

xhf/ lbgsf afnaflnsf / ue{jtL tyf

;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfO{ nlIft u/L of] of]hgf

nfu' ul/Psf] xf] . o:t} c5fd lhNnfdf

eg] s'kf]if0fsf] b/ k'8\sf]kgfdf %*

k|ltzt / Vofp6]kgf !& k|ltztdf /x]sf]

tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ax'If]qLo kf]if0f

of]hgf nfu' eO{;s]kl5 xfnsf] cj:yfaf/]

gofF tYofÍ cfpg g;s]tfklg s'kf]if0fsf]

b/ 36]sf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf s'kf]if0fsf] b/ jif]{gL

!$ k|ltztsf b/n] 3l6/x]sf] tYofÍ

ePklg c5fd / ;'b"/klZrdsf] xsdf

eg] s'kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf Tolt w]/} 36\g

g;s]klg s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsf] o; If]qdf

sfd ug]{ lgsfox? atfpF5g .

afnaflnsf tyf ue{jtL

dlxnfx?nfO{ plrt kf]if0fo'Qm ;Gt'lnt

vfgf lbg ;lsPg eg] afnaflnsf tyf

gjhft lzz' s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'g

hfG5g\ . To:tf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s

/ dfgl;s ljsf; cfjZostf cg';f/

ePsf] kfO{b}g . g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf

kf]if0fsf] cj:yf Hofb} sdhf]/ /x]sf]

tYofÍ /x]sf] 5 eg] c5fd lhNnfdf

s'kf]if0fsf] cj:yf emg eofjx /x]sf]

5 . g]kfn ljZjsf] Go"g kf]if0f ePsf

b]zx? dWodf kb{5 . s'kf]if0fn] ubf{

uef{j:yf b]vL b'O{ jif{sf] pd]/sf] lardf

afnaflnsfdf k'8\sf]kgfn] al9 c;/

ub{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ p;sf] zl//df

cfjZos kg]{ ;'Id kf]ifs tTjsf] cefjdf

s'kf]if0f x'g] ub{5 . c5fdsf] kl/j]zdf

em08} cfwf eGbf al9df k'8\sf]kgfsf]

;d:of b]lvg' b'Mvb s'/f xf] . o;af6

;Ifd, :j:y gful/s pTkfbgdf x|f; t

28

ePsf] 5 g}, csf]{tkm{ AolQmsf] dfgl;s

ljsf; b]lv lnP/ dfgj ;'rfÍdf klg

k5f8L kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . oxfF c5fdsf]

;Gb{enfO{ yk ljZn]if0f ug{] xf] eg]

c5fdsf] ;a} If]q u|fld0f e'-efu xf] .

;x/L If]qdf cToflws ef]hg u|x0fn]

kf]if0fsf] If]qdf ;d:of cfpg] atfO{P

klg oxfFsf u|fld0f e]udf eg] ePsf]

vfgfsf] klg ;Gt'ng ldnfpg g;Sbf /

;w} Ps} k|sf/sf] ef]hg ubf{ s'kf]if0fsf]

;d:of las/fn ePsf] xf] .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] kf]if0f

of]hgf ;~rfng u/L laz]iftM u|fld0f

e]usf] 8/nfUbf] s'kf]if0fsf] b/ 36fpg]

nIo /flvPkl5 kf]if0fsf] dxTj / vfg]

tl/sfaf/] ufpF–ufpF;Dd r]tgfsf] nx/

km}lng] qmd hf/L 5 . k'8\sf]kgfsf] ;d:of

al9 /x]sf] o; lhNnfdf :jf:YosdL{x?

eg] uef{j:yf b]vL kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f

vfg] afgL a;fNg cfkm'x? nflu k/]sf]

atfpF5g\ . s'kf]if0f / al9 b]lvPsf]

k'8\sf]kgfnfO{ sd ug{sf nflu lhNnfsf

;a} :jf:Yo ;+:yf / k|Tos :jf:YosdL{

dfkm{t hgr]tgf km}nfpg] sfo{ eO{/x]sf]

lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no c5fdsf

kf]if0f ;Dks{ AoflQm rqm axfb'/ lai6

atfpF5g\ . lzIff dGqfnon] kf]if0fsf]

dxTjsf af/]df laBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf g}

;dfj]z u/]sf] tyf lbjfvfhfsf] Aoj:yf

u/]sf] atfO{Pklg laBfno :t/df cWoog

ug]{ afnaflnsfdf o; sfo{sf] k|efj

Tolt k/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5}g . hlt u|fld0f

e]usf k|To]s dlxnfn] kf]if0fsf] dxTjaf/]

yfxf kfPsf 5g, To; cg'?k Aofjxf/df

nfu' ug{;s]df pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g x'g]

:jf:yosdL{x? ;'gfpF5g\ . k|To]s

AolQmdf r]tgf ePsf] s'/fnfO{ Aofjxf/tM

nfu' ug{sf nflu klg oxfF y'k|} ;d:of

/x]sf 5g . h; cGt{ut ufFp ;dfhdf

;a} k|sf/sf kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] ;xh

pknAwtf gx'g', To;af/] r]tgf eP/

klg ul/aLsf sf/0f ToxfF;Dd kx'+r k'Ug

g;Sg' cflb r'gf}tLsf sf/0f r]tgf eP/

klg dfkb08 cg';f/sf] kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf

s'g}klg cfdfn] vfg / v'jfpg g;s]sf]

cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf cem}klg y'k|}

afnaflnsfsf] s'kf]if0fsf sf/0f d[To' x'g]

u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . c5fd lhNnfdf klg

afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ cg';f/ s'kf]if0f

eO{ laleGg ;+qmd0fn] Rofk]kl5 d[To'

x'g] afnaflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof al9 ePsf]

:jf:YosdL{x? atfpF5g\ . lhNnfdf

kl5Nnf] kf]if0fsf] cj:yfaf/] Plsg tYofÍ

aflx/ cfpg g;s]sf] ePklg ax'If]qLo

kf]if0f of]hgf, ;'-cfxf/f sfo{qmd / cGo

o; ;DaGwL x'g] laleGg lqmofsnfkn]

ubf{ kf]if0f cj:yfdf s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsf]

29

eg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . kf]if0fsf] If]qdf

sfd ug]{ clwsf/Lx? / :yflgo :t/df

dlxnf tyf ;fdflhs cu'jf;+u hfFra'em

ubf{ x/]s AoflQmn] kf]if0fsf] dfkb08

cg';f/ vfg g;s]klg vfgfdf kf}li6s

tTj ePsf vfgfx?sf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg

cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f a'em]sf 5g .

plgx? eG5g ækl5Nnf] ;do kf]if0fsf]

If]qdf /fHo / bft[ lgsfox?n] 7'nf]

nufgL u/]sf 5g . hgtfdf r]tgfsf]

nx/ k}bf ePsf] 5Æ sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf

uflj;sf dlxnfx? atfpF5g\ .

kf]if0f cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg'

eg]sf] x/]s dfG5]sf] Jofjxf/ kl/jt{g

ug'{ xf] . k/Dk/fut cfxf/ ul//x]sf /

Ps} k|sf/sf] vfg vfO{/x]sf] oxfFsf]

;d'bfosf dflg;x?df kf]if0fo'Qm

vfg]s'/fx?sf] ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ vfg'k5{

eGg] r]tgfsf] ljsf; ;+u;+u} Jofjxf/df

nfu' u/fpg' r'gf}tLsf] ljifo klg xf] .

s'g} ejg, k'n, gx/ lgdf{0f ubf{ k|ToIf

b]lvg] s'/f ePsfn] to;nfO{ rf8f] k|utL

ePsf] dfGg] xfd|f] k|rng 5 . t/ kf]if0f

cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{ o:tf] hl6n

sfo{ xf] h'g s'/f k|Tos dfG5]n] ef]u]/ /

Jofjxf/df nfu' u/]/ cl3 a9]kl5 dfq nIo

k'/f ePsf] of egf} k|utL ePsf] 7fGg

;lsG5 .

laZjs} xf]rf AoflQmx?sf] /]s8{

/flv rrf{df cfO{/x]sf] g]kfn s'kf]if0fs}

sf/0f o:tf] ePsf] xf] . k|rf/ x'g' Ps

lx;fjn] /fd|f] dflgP klg b]zsf] ;d[l4,

cfly{s a[l4b/ a9fpg / JolQmsf] af}l4s

ljsf;sf nflu eg] of] ;d:of g} xf] .

aRrf cj:yfdf k'8\sf] / Vofp6] ePsf]

AolQm o'jf cj:yfdf klg ToxL cg'?ksf]

x'G5 / p;sf] zf/Ll/s dfq geO{

dfgl;s ljsf;df klg x|f; ePsf] tYon]

b]vfp5 . b]zs} kl/j]zdf klg 8/nfUbf]

cj:yfdf /x]sf] s'kf]if0f b/ nfO{ 36fO{

kf]if0f cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon]

;~rflnt ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu'

eO{;s]kl5 ;a} If]qdf kf]if0faf/] hfgsf/

ePsf] kfO{g' klg Ps xb;Dd kf]if0f

cj:yfsf] ;'wf/ dfGg ;lsG5 .

c5fd lhNnfdf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f

of]hgf / kf]if0f ;DaGwL cGo sfo{qmdx?

-;' -cfxf/f nufot_ nfu' ePkl5 ue{jtL

dlxnf / xhf/ lbgsf afnaflnsfx?sf

nflu cfjZos kg]{ kf]ifs tTj cGt{ut

b}lgs vfg] vfgf;+u} ;fukft, kmnkm'n,

c08f, df5f, df;' nufotsf vfg]s'/f

vfg' / v'jfpg'kg]{ tyf xhf/ lbgsf

afnaflnsfsf nflu lgoldt :tgkfgsf]

klg h?/L x'g] s'/f af/] u|fld0f :t/sf

dlxnf klg hfgsf/ 5g\ . ;du|df lhNnfdf

;~rflnt kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] :yflgonfO{

vfg] tl/sfaf/] hfgsf/ agfPsf] 5 .

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtL dfkm{t gd'gfsf]

30

?kdf lhNnfsf laleGg !) uflj;df

ut cfly{s jif{df ;~rfng ePsf]

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nufot o; ;+u

;DalGwt cGo sfo{qmdn] gful/sx?df

kf}li6s tTj ePsf vfg]s'/fx? vfg'kg]{df

cu|;/tf ;d]t a9]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

cGtdfM kf]if0fsf] af/]df Ps

jif{sf] cjlwd} hfgsf/ ePsf :yflgosf

nflu pTkfbg d'ns lqmofsnfkdf klg

;+u;+u} cl3 a9fP/ n}hfg] ;jfndf

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf, kf]if0f;+u ;DalGwt

;'- cfxf/f nufot cGo sfo{qmdn] klg

;f]Rg h?/L /x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdaf6

k|fKt x'g] ;–;fgf ;xof]udf klg ufFp

:t/df kIfkft x'g] u/]sf] s]xL u'gf;fx?

;'lgPsfn] ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ nlIft

ju{sf] k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df lqmofsnfk

clu a9fpg cfjZos 7fGb5f}+ . kf]if0f

sfo{qmdsf] nIo p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf

nfuL / o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9fO{ kf]if0f

cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu klg

sfo{qmdn] s]xL kl/dflh{t eP/ cl3

a9\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

31

nlnt s];L

c5fd lhNnfsf] b]lj:yfg uflj;sf :yflgo dlxnf;+u kf]if0fsf] cj:yf, lgoldt ue{hfFr / kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] k|efjaf/] hfgsf/L lng] qmddf d'uf;Fu s'/fsfgL eof] . pgn] elgg– æpQm uflj;df s]xL ;do cl3 kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] s'v'/f lat/0f u/]sf] lyof]] / clxn] uflj;sf s]xL j8fdf kf]if0f sfo{qmd dfkm{t lat/0f ePsf s'v'/fsf rNnfx? x'sL{/x]sf 5g\ .Æ o;af6 ue{jtL dlxnf / b'O{ jif{ pd]/ ;Ddsf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kf]if0fo'Qm vfB kbfy{ cGt{ut c08f / df;' k|fKt x'g]s'/fdf d'uf hfgsf/ l5g\ .

ufFpdf kl5Nnf] Ps jif{sf] cjlwdf Aofks ?kdf kf]if0fsf] af/]df 5nkmn, ax;, tflnd, uf]li7 / cGt{lqmofx? x'g] ePsfn] cfkm'n] kf]if0fsf af/]df hfgsf/L lnPsf] :yflgo dlxnfx?n] atfP . kl5Nnf] ;dodf hf] ;'s} dlxnf klg ue{jtL ePsf a]nfdf rf/k6s ue{hfFr u/fpg'k5{ eGg] r]tgfsf] la:tf/ ePsf] 5 . dlxnfx?n] ue{hfFrsf nflu :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf hfFbf :jf:YosdL{x?n] kf]if0fsf laleGg ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg] u/]sf] atfpFg'eof] . :jf:YosdL{x?n] laz]ifu/L

of] cj:yfdf u]8fu'8L, ;fukft, kmnkm'n, / kz'hGo vfg]s'/fsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ vfg ;Nnfx lbg]u/]sf] / kf]if0f sfo{qmd tyf ;'–cfxf/f sfo{qmdn] klg r]tgf km}nfPsf sf/0f o;af/] r]tgf la:tf/ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . uef{j:yf yfxf kfFpg] lalQs} lgoldt ?kdf $ dlxgfsf] uef{j:yf yfxf kfpg] ljlts} lgoldt ?kdf $ dlxgf, * dlxgf / ( dlxgfsf] cjlwdf ue{hfFr u/fPtf klg :jf:yosdL{ / kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] egfO{ tyf dfkb08 cg';f/ w]/}n] vfg g;s]sf] :yflgo k'?ifn] klg atfP . b]lj:yfg & sf /+u lai6n] kf]if0fsf] ljifodf hgr]tgfsf sfo{qmdx? ePsf / ufFpdf To; cg';f/sf] pTkfbg sfo{df klg :yflgo cu|;/ /x]sf] atfP . pgn] o;af/] r]tgfsf sfo{ a9L eO{/x]sf] t/ Aofjxf/df rflx ptfg{ g;lsPsf] cg'ej ;'gfP .

lhNnfdf ;~rflnt kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] :yflgonfO{ vfg] tl/sfaf/] hfgsf/ agfPsf] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dfkm{t lhNnfsf laleGg !) uflj;df ut cfly{s jif{df ;~rfng ePsf] kf]if0f of]hgf nufot o; ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdn] gful/sx?df kf}li6s tTj ePsf vfg]s'/fx? vfg'kg]{df

@= c5fddf kf]if0f / ue{hf“rsf] ;DaGw

32

cu|;/tf a9]sf] 5 . kf]if0f sfo{qmds} ;Gb{edf ue{jtL dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf] ;jfn hf]l8g] ePsfn] lgoldt ue{hfFr ug]{ sfo{ klg a9]sf] atfO{Psf] 5 . lautsf jif{x?df ue{ /x]sf] nfdf] ;do;Dd klg :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf hfgsf/L g} glbg] dlxnfx? xfn ue{ /x]sf] yfxf kfFpg] lalQs} ue{hfFrsf nflu cfpg] u/]sf] :jf:YosdL{x? klg atfpF5g\ .

kf]if0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g' k"j{ cfkm\g} af/Ldf kmn]sf] t/sf/L / vfBfGg klg ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ vfg g;Sg] las6 u|fld0f e]usf dlxnfx? xfn ;Gt'lnt vfg]s'/f vfg / kf]if0fsf] af/]df hfgsf/ x'g yfn]sf 5g . dlxnfx?df kl5Nnf] ;do kf]if0fsf] af/]df r]tgf la:tf/ ePsf] s'/f o; clu klg cfO{;s]sf] 5 .

lhNnfsf] b]lj:yfg uflj;sf] j8f gDj/ % ls la?b]jL j8n] xfn cfkm'n] x/]s af/ vfgf rf/ sf] dfGotfnfO{ yfxf kfO{ u]8fu'8L, xl/of] ;fukft / cGo kf}li6s vfg]s'/f vfg'k5{ eGg] r]tgf la:tf/ ePsf] atfpFg'eof] . pxfFn] ue{jtL dlxnfn] t emg} kf]if0fsf] cj:yfaf/] yfxf kfpgsf nflu lgoldt ?kdf ue{hfFr clgjfo{ /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . uef{j:yfdf cfdfsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] ePdf dfq aRrfsf] cj:yf /fd|f] x'g] pgn] a'em]sL l5g\ .

cfkm\gf afnaRrfnfO{ kf]lifnf] vfg]s'/f ;dod} v'jfpg'kg]{af/] cfkm'n] yfxf kfPsf] :yflgo xl/gf j8n] atfpg'eof] . o;af6 aRrfx? :j:y /

km'lt{nf] x'g] tyf cfdfsf] :jf:yo klg /fd|f] x'g] pgsf] egfO{ 5 . klxn] klg

33

cfkm';+u} o:tf vfg]s'/fx? pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf t/ vfg ghfg]/ s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf xfn dlxnfx?df a9]sf] r]tgfs} sf/0fn] ufFp3/df kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'b} cfPsf]] 5 . laleGg r]tgfd'ns tflnd, uf]li7, nufot kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f pTkfbg ug]{ ;Lk ljsf; sfo{df kf]if0f sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;xof]u eO{/x]sfn] :yflgo lgs} xf}l;Psf 5g .

b]lj:yfg uflj;sf] j8fgDj/ & lgjf;L efjgf lai6nfO{ klg cfkm\gf] uflj;df ;~rfng ePsf] kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] ue{jlt dlxnf / afnaflnsfnfO{ kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/f v'jfpg'k5{ eGg] r]tgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] cg'ej eO{/x]sf] atfOg . u|fld0f e]udf dlxnfx?nfO{ cToflws sfdsf] ef/ x'g] u/]sf]n] laz]ifu/L afnaflnsf / dlxnf :j+d klg s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ eO{/x]sf] kl/j]zdf xfn cj:yfdf ;'wf/ xb}cfPsf] :yflgo atfpF5g\ . dlxnfx? ufFp3/df a9L sfddf Ao:t x'g] t/ ld7f] dl;gf] vfg]s'/f vfg gkfpg] x'bf s'kf]if0fsf] b/ pRr /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . lhNnfsf] pRr s'kf]if0fsf] b/nfO{ 36fpg] / kf]if0f cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] ;~rflnt kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] sf/0f dlxnfx?df hfu/0f cfPsf] 5 . ;a} dfkb08 cg';f/sf] ;Gt'lnt vfgf vfg g;s]klg kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf vfg] k|oTgdf kl5Nnf] ;do dlxnfx? nfluk/]sf 5g\ .

dflg;x? s'kf]if0fsf sf/0fn] lgDTofpg] k'8\sf]kgf, Vofp6]kgf, sd tf}n ePsf] aRrf hlGdg] / o;af6 ;du| b]z ljsf;sf] ultg} lwdf x'g] u/]sf]df lrlGtt x'g yfn]sf 5g . ufFpdf dlxnf k'?if ;a} r]tglzn x'g]qmd al9/x]sf] b]lj:yfg :jf:Yorf}sLsL cgdL lxdfno b]jL v8\sf sf] egfO{ 5 . pxfFn] cfkm'x? 6f]n–6f]ndf uP/ ufFp3/ lSnlgs ;~rfng ug]{a]nfdf klg o:tf s'/fx? eGg] u/]sf] t/ xfn ufFpdf lgoldt kf]if0fsf af/]df ax; x'g yfn]kl5 o;n] a9fjf kfPsf] atfpg'x'G5 . lautsf jif{df slDtdf @ hgf s8f s'kf]if0f ePsf afnaflnsf :jf:Yorf}sLdf cfFpg] ePtfklg kl5Nnf] Ps jif{sf] cjlwdf s8f s'kf]if0f ePsf afnaflnsf gcfPsf] pxfFsf] v8\sfsf] cg'ej 5 . oBkL r]tgfsf] ljsf; eO{/x]sf] ePtfklg s'g}klg cfdfn] xfn;Dd kf]if0f sfo{qmdn] eg] cg';f/sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ ;Gt'lnt vfgf vfg / v'jfpg g;ls/x]sf] pxfFn] bflj ug'{eof]Ù sf/0f ufFp3/df To;sf nflu ;xh kx'+r, pknAwtf, ul/la, kf]if0fo'Qm vfg]s'/fsf] kof{Kt pTkfbg cflb s'/fdf ;d:of eO{/x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . r]tgfsf] la:tf/ a9L dfqfdf ePklg Aofjxf/df nfu' ug{sf nflu sl7gfO{ eO{/x]sf] xfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

lgoldt ue{hfFr / kf]if0fsf] ;DaGw gª / df;'sf] h:t} ePtfklg

34

ue{hfFrsf cj:yfdf :jf:YosdL{n] eg] cg'?k ;Gt'lnt cfxf/f vfg ;Sg] cj:yf g/xbf yfxf kfPsf s'/f k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dlxnfx?sf] uef{j:yf ;a}eGbf ;+j]bglzn / laz]if cj:yf ePsfn] kf]if0fsf] cfjZostf uef{j:yfdf al9 x'G5 . uef{j:yfdf lgoldt ue{hfFr u/]df kf]if0fsf] l:yltaf/] yfxf kfpg ;lsg] ePsfn] klg lo b'O{sf] ;DaGw cGof]Gof>Lt /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o:t} afnaflnsfsf] *) k|ltzt dfgl;s ljsf; ;'gf}nf xhf? lbgleq eO{;Sg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu klg ;Gt'lnt cfxf/ -kf]if0f_ sf] cfjZostf /xG5 .

kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] k|efj a9fpg / ;a}nfO{ o;af/] k"0f{?kdf hfgsf/ agfpgsf nflu ;Gt'lnt cfxf/df

cfjZos kg]{ vfBGg tyf cGo kf}li6s tTj lbg] vfg]s'/f pTkfbgdf al9 hf]8 lbO{g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . lhNnfdf kf]if0f sfo{qmd nfu' ePb]vL :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf klg s8f s'kf]if0f ePsf afnaflnsf cfpg] b/ 36\bf] /x]sf] :jf:YosdL{x? atfFp5g . kf]if0f sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ lhNnfs} s'kf]if0f b/nfO{ 36fP/ kf]if0f cj:yfdf ;'wf/ rfxg] xf] eg] sfo{qmdn] pTkfbgsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ klg cufl8 a9fpg cfTofjZos b]lvG5 . kf]if0fsf nflu cfjZos c08f tyf df;'sf] nflu s'v'/f lat/0f sfo{ e}/x]tfklg ufFpsf] ;du|tfnfO{ ;d]6g g;s]sf] u'gf;f] klg ;'Ggdf cfpF5 . lhNnfsf] s'kf]if0f b/nfO{ 36fO{ kf]if0f cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nof\pgsf nflu lgoldt ue{hfFr / afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo hfFrnfO{ klg hf]8 lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .

35

6]s/fh e08f/L

c5fd b]lj:yfg uflj; j8f gDa/ * sL ;]t' n'xf/n] Ps} k6s @ ;GtfgnfO{ hGd lbO{g\ . cfly{s cfj:yf sdhf]/ ePsL ;]t'n] ue{jtL cj:yfdf /fd|f] vfg gkfPsf sf/0f pgsf b'O{j6} ;Gtfgx? sd zf/Ll/s tf}n -@ s]hL eGbf sd_ ePsf hlGdP . pgLx? sl/a ! aif{sf] pd]/ x'Fbf;Dd klg pgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s tf}ndf a[l¢ ePg . cfdf / aRrfx?n] kf]lifnf] / cfjZos vfg]s'/f vfg gkfpFbf ;a} s'kf]lift eP, To;dfklg emg\ b'a} s'kf]lift aRrfx?sf] :ofxf/ ;';f/ ;]t'sfnflu 7"nf] r'gf}tL aGof] .

ufpF3/ lSnlgsdf :jf:Yo hfFr

ug{ nluPsf ;]t'sf b'j} aRrfx? sd tf}n / s8f s'kf]if0f ePsf e]l6P / plgx?nfO{ pkrf/sf]nflu lhNnf c:ktfn k|]if0f

ul/of] . ufpF3/ lSnlgs ;+rfng ug]{ cgdL lxdfno b]lj v8\sf elG5g\ d}n] d]/f] lrg]sf] uf8Lsf] dfG5]nfO{ ;fFkm]au/ ;Dd

n}hfg eg]/ k7fPF .

Ps aif{ @ dlxgf pd]/sf tL aRrfx? c:ktfn k7fpg] a]nf ;Dd # /

#= lgoldt tf}n cg'udgaf/] cleefjs ;r]t x'“b}

;f9] # lsnf]u|fd tf}nsf lyP, jofnkf6f

c:ktfndf ! xKtfsf] pkrf/ kl5 s|dzM

% s]hL / csf]{ ;f9] % s]hLsf eP .

cgdL v8\sf elG5g\, t/ l:ylt cem}

;fdfGo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 3/df rfx]h:tf]

vfg]s'/fsf] hf]xf] gx'Fbf To:tf] ePsf]

pxfFsf] egfO{ 5 .

lhNnfsf] b]lj:yfg uflj; c5fd

;b/d'sfdaf6 sl/a Pslbgsf] k}bn

b'/Ldf k5{ . uflj;df xfn # hgf s8f

s'kf]if0f ePsf afnaflnsf /x]sf] :jf:Yo

rf}sLn] hgfPsf] 5 . ufpF3/ lSnlgs /

:jf:Yo rf}sLdf cfPsf] @ aif{ d'lgsf

afnaflnsfsf] lgoldt tf}n cg'udg ug]{

sfo{ e}/x]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo rf}sL O{Grfh{

pd]z s'df/ ofbjn] eGg'eof] ætf}n

sd eP kf]lifnf] vfg]s'/f lbg'xf];\, Vofn

ug'{xf];\ eg]/ cleefjsnfO{ ;'emfj lbG5f}+ .

tf}n / kfv'/fsf] gfk lnP/ s8f s'kf]lift

ePsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf lhNnf c:ktfn jf

jofnkf6f c:ktfndf k7fpF5f}+ .Æ

cfkm'n] lgoldt tf}n cg'udg u/]

klg cleefjsdf o;sf] dxTjaf/] Tolt

hfgsf/L gePsf] pxfFsf] cg'ej 5 .

36

/fd|f] ;Nnfx lbFbf klg s;}n] dfGb}gg\, :jf:Yo rf}sL O{Grfh{ ofbjn] atfpg' eof] .

b]lj:yfg uflj; j8f gDa/ & sL sdnf b]jL lji6n] !^ aif{sf] slnnf] pd]/df cfdf algg . slnn} pd]/df klxnf] ;Gtfg hGdfpg' k/]sf] / 3/df /fd|f] :ofxf/ gkfPsf] sf/0f pQm aRrf clxn] % dlxgfsf] x'Fbf klg p;sf] zf/Ll/s tf}n % s]hL dfq 5 . :jf:Yo rf}sLdf tf}n u/fpg cfpFbf pgsf] tf}n / kfv'/fsf] gfk lnFbf pgnfO{ dWod s'kf]if0f e};s]sf] kfO{of] . pgnfO{ vfgkfg / aRrfsf] :ofxf/df hf]8 lbg :jf:YosdL{n] ;'emfj lbP . 3/sf] sfd ug'{kg]{ / plrt Wofg lbg g;s]sf] sdnfn] atfO{g\ . ca :jf:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ aRrfsf] /]vb]v ug]{ pgsf] egfO{ 5 .

o; uflj;df xfn @ aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof !)^ /x]sf] 5 . (% hgf ue{jtL dlxnf /x]sf]df cl3Nnf] cfly{s aif{df $* hgfn] aRrf kfO{;s]sf 5g\ eg] ;fpg otf ^ hgf gofF ue{jtL ylkPsf 5g\ . uflj;sf j8f gDa/ * df x/]s dlxgfsf] !( ut], j8f gDa/ ( df @) ut], j8f gDa/ ! df @! ut] tyf j8f gDa/ $ df @@ ut] u/L $ 7fpFdf ufpF3/ lSnlgs ;+rfng x'G5 .

x/]s dlxgf @ aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] tf}n lng] / cfjZos

;'emfj lbg] sfd u/]sf] cx]a /fdaxfb'/

e08f/Ln] atfpFg' eof] . lgoldt tf}n

u/fpg] / ;f]xL cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf]

x]/larf/df Wofg lbg] cleefjsf] ;+Vof

a9L/x]sf] pxfFsf] egfO{ 5 . cem} klg

wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g,

cx]a e08f/Ln] atfpFg' eof], t/ clxn]

;'wf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . pgn] yk] æuflj;df

afn d[To'b/ klg 36\b} uPsf] 5 .Æ

uflj;df cl3Nnf] cfly{s aif{b]lv

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf nfu" ePsf] 5 .

xfn uflj;df ;'cfxf/f, vfB / kf]if0f

nufotsf] kl/of]]hgf klg nfu" ePsf 5g\ .

afnaflnsfsfnfO{ s'kf]lift x'g glbg /

;'gf}nf xhf/ lbgsf cfdf / aRrfsf]

:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg sfo{ e}/x]sf]

uflj; ;lrj /fh]z af]x/fn] atfpg' eof] .

s]xL kl/of]hgf ev{/} z'? ePsf] 5 .

To;}n] ;'wf/ x'g] qmddf /x]sf] pxfFsf] yk

egfO{ 5 .

:yfgLo w'|j v8\sfn] klg cfkm\gf]

aRrfsf] lgoldt tf}n gfKg] / vf]k nufpg]

sfo{ u/]sf]] atfpg' eof] .

cfkm'n] x/]s dlxgfsf] $ ut] vf]k

sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ / cfkm\gf] j8fsf

;a} afnaflnsfsf] tf}n lng] u/]sf]

:jo+;]ljsf dLgfb]lj lji6n] atfO{g\ .

lgoldt tf}n lnO{ cleefjsnfO{

;'emfj lbFbf afn :jf:Yodf ;'wf/

37

x'Fb} uPsf] pxfFsf] cg'ej 5 . sf]xL cleefjs g} c6]/L /x]sf] klg pgn] b'v];f] kf]lvg\ .

c5fd lhNnfsf ljleGg @ ;o @& ufpF3/ lSnlgs dfkm{t @ aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] lgoldt tf}n cg'udg x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] lgoldt tf}n cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t x'g] / ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] dfkb08 cg';f/ a[l4 ljsf; eP gePsf] af/]df x]l/g] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nosf hg:jf:Yo lgl/Ifs emk6 9'+ufgfn] atfpg' eof] . lhNnf :jf:Yo sfo{nosf cg';f/ xfn lhNnfdf sl/a ( k|ltzt afnaflnsf s8f s'kf]lift 5g\ . cleefjsdf lgoldt tf}nsf] dxTjaf/] wf/0ff a9\b} uPsf] pxfFn] atfpg' eof] . lgoldt tf}n u/fO{ :jf:YosdL{sf] ;Nnfx

cg';f/ Wofg lbP s'g} klg afnaflnsf s'kf]lift gx'g] / o;n] b]zs} nflu dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ 9'+ufgfsf] egfO{ 5 .

38

39

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kf]if0fsf nflu gful/s ;dfh ;~hfn, g]kfn -l;;fg_ – ;lrjfno

yfkfynL xfO6, sf7df8f}+Od]nM csannsecretariat@gmail.com

kmf]g g+=M )!–$@@#$&&j]j;fO6M www.csann.org.np

km];a's k]hM Civil Society Alliance for Nutrition, Nepal - CSANN6'O6/ k]hM https://twitter.com/CSANN1

Taulihawa, Kapilvastu

Kapilv

astu

Institutional Development Committee

Estd: 2058

KIDC – NEPAL