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Index

AAfghanistan, 125Africa, 66, 158Albania, 95American imperialism, 6, 85, 86,

92–4, 97, 100–2, 104n22, 161Anderson, Benedict, 62, 78n21, 79, 82Andropov, Yuri, 124, 131n62Angola, 95Ankara, 62, 82n85, 85, 88, 103n4,

107n63, 127n7, 128n16, 157, 176n35

anti-Americanism, 18, 86, 88, 91, 92, 104n22

anti-imperialism, 81n69, 88, 94, 104n22, 157

APOist socialism, 143Arabs, 63, 98Ashley, Richard K., 19n1–2,

21n16–17, 28, 29, 40, 49n3, 51n10–13, 52n35, 53n37, 54n58, 54n64–5, 54n68, 55n81, 55n93, 73, 83n92, 83n99

Ataturk, 97Azadi, 58, 115

BBaghdad, 41, 107n71, 115, 162, 163Bahar Atýlýmý, 160Barkey, Henri J., 11, 23n40, 24n46,

24n48, 56n108, 78n24, 155n74, 155n80

Barzani, Mesud, 161, 162Barzani, Mustafa, 115, 116, 128n23, 161Barzani's revolt, 115Bayýk, Cemil, 138, 152n17, 152n18Berxwedan, 94, 106n51Birand, Mehmet Ali, 103n7, 124,

175n21Bolshevik Revolution, 124, 126Bozarslan, Hamit, 24n48, 56n109,

80n59, 81n71, 82n82, 82n86–7, 90n63, 105n23, 113, 114, 127n13, 128n14, 129n29, 145, 153n45, 153n48, 154n54–5

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote footnotes.

206 INDEX

British colonialism, 14, 45, 46British Empire, 14, 100British imperialism, 46, 92Bucak, Mehmet Celal, 75Bukharin, Nikolai, 137Burkay, Kemal, 84n107, 104n14,

107n60, 107n62, 115, 121Butler, Judith, 10, 21n14, 23n31, 48,

51n17, 53n55, 55n105, 56n106–7, 56n116–7, 80n55, 83n96, 108n78, 129n30, 151n2, 154n53, 181, 184n8, 184n11–12

CCaliphate, 59Campbell, David, 7, 21n15, 25n62,

32, 38, 43, 49n1, 52n32, 52n34, 53n36, 53n56, 54n59, 54n67, 54n72–3, 55n83, 55n91, 55n94, 82n89, 83n91, 127n9–10

Caucasus, 158Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),

86, 96, 97, 121, 168, 173Christian Universalism, 28Cizre, 160, 184n16Clinton, Bill, 157, 158closed totality, 29, 33Cold War, 5–7, 16, 18, 19, 49n4, 114,

124, 128n19, 134, 140, 141, 149, 150, 157–78, 181–3

colonialism, 45, 62, 76, 79n30, 84n107, 89, 92, 94, 101, 105n30, 119, 138, 170, 171

Communist Manifesto, 118Confederation of Revolutionary

Workers Unions, 115Connolly, William E., 25n59, 54n79,

73, 83n93, 107n72constructivism, 2, 53n42Copenhagen summit, 158Cos ar, Mustafa, 85counter-discourse, 29, 43–7, 51n9, 115

counter hegemonic resistance, 3, 6, 133, 135, 136, 140, 149

counter historiography, 89, 90, 105n23, 182

counter-narrative, 16, 86, 89, 91, 93Cürükkaya, Selim, 106n50, 119,

154n61Cyprus, 88, 177n50

DDahhak, 85Demirel, Süleyman, 94Democracy Party, 159Derrida, Jacques, 10, 16, 23n29,

26n71–2, 33, 40, 53n41, 54n78, 55n92, 76, 84n109

Dersim massacre, 73de Saussure, Ferdinand, 33, 53n38Dev-Yol, 89disciplinary power, 74discourse, 2–10, 12–19, 22n27,

25n61, 26n68, 26n70, 28–33, 36–48, 51n9, 52n25, 56n108, 59–68, 72–6, 81n69, 82n79, 84n104, 84n107, 86–92, 95–101, 108n85, 108n88, 113–21, 125, 133, 134, 137–41, 143, 146, 149, 150, 152n21, 157–9, 163–73, 175n32, 176n40, 180, 182, 183

disidentification, 46–8, 98, 135dislocation, 19, 31, 61, 74, 133–55,

163, 164, 169dissident movements, 1, 2, 5, 17,

27–9, 38, 47, 48, 72Diyarbakır, 66, 70, 100, 128n17, 162,

167Diyarbakır Prison, 94, 162Dog an, Mazlum, 94, 106n42,

106n43, 106n48double exclusion, 38, 39double resistance, 39, 140, 182

INDEX 207

EEastern Bloc, 116Eastern Meetings, 115, 128n17Elazig, 90, 105n31–2English School, 2Eritrea, 89Ethiopia, 89Europe, 1, 49n4, 84n104, 84n107,

96, 112, 145, 158, 167, 172, 176n44

European Community (EC), 158European Parliament, 158European Union (EU), 49–50n4,

158, 159, 165, 174n5

FFanon, Frantz, 15, 26n66, 80n53Federation of Revolutionary Youth

(Dev Genç), 115Feminism, 2, 52n25Foucault, Michael, 25n55, 30, 31,

35–7, 51n14, 52n31, 53n55, 54n62, 54n69–70, 55n97, 56n117, 78n16, 78n19, 80n55, 90, 105n24–5, 105n34, 146, 154n62–3, 184n14, 184n18

The Foundations of Leninism, 117France, 54n80, 158French Revolution, 11, 24n42Freud, Sigmund, 72, 82n88, 83n94Fuller, Graham E., 11, 23, 24n46,

56n108, 78n24, 155n74, 155n80

GGellner, Ernest, 11, 12, 21n12,

23n39, 24n43, 24n51, 61, 78n21, 78n25, 79n30, 79n32–3

General Jaruzelski, 112Geneva meeting, 124Germany, 19n3, 140, 145, 158, 214

glasnost, 122, 124Gorbachev, Mikhail, 124Gramsci, Antonio, 29Greece, 88Grojean, Olivier, 52n30, 103n9,

131n69, 143, 153n45, 153n48, 154n50, 154n56

Gulf War, 19, 25n62, 41, 159, 160–4Gungor, Çetin, 122, 130n54

HHalkevi, 85Hall, Stuart, 34, 53n50, 54n63hegemonic ethnic movements, 180Helsinki Summit, 159, 174n10Henze, Paul, 97Hitler, Adolf, 139Hobsbawn, Eric J., 78n20, 129n39,

130n58Human Rights, 19, 24n48, 109n88,

130n59, 134, 135, 138, 139, 149, 150, 151n6, 157–60, 164–74, 176n32, 177n50

Human Rights Agreement, 167Hürriyet, 149

Iidentification, 76imagination, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 17–19,

35, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50n7, 51n7, 57, 68, 70, 71, 76, 82n79, 101, 112, 113, 115, 118–23, 126, 127, 134, 136, 146, 163–5, 169, 177n54, 181, 182

Index, 174n2industrialization, 61, 62, 79n30,

79n32intertextuality, 15Iran, 8, 21n18, 41, 46, 66, 81n65, 89,

107n71, 115, 116, 128n22, 170

208 INDEX

Iraq, 8, 21n18, 24n42, 41, 46, 55n87, 81n65, 86, 89, 103n10, 107n71, 113, 115, 116, 125, 128n19, 128n22, 147, 148, 159, 161–4, 170, 172, 175n21

Iraqi Kurdistan Democratic Party, 161, 162

Iraqi Kurds, 163, 164Islam, 20n4, 66, 173, 183Islamic regime, 59Israel, 170, 175n31Istanbul, 55n87, 59, 128n17

JJihad, 59Johnson, Lloyd B., 88Justice and Development Party (JDP),

20n4, 21, 173, 178n64Justice Party (JP), 75Jwaideh, Wadie, 61, 78n27

KKadri Cemil Pas a, 115, 128n16Karahan, Edip, 61Kartal, Remzi, 167Kawa, 52n24, 85, 89, 108n85, 116,

128n22Kemalism, 92, 105n28, 153n41Kemalist ideology, 93Kemalist modernization, 62Kemalist regime, 91, 103n1, 139Kendal, Nezan, 62, 79n38Kinaci, Zeynep, 145KOMKAR (Union of Associations

from Kurdistan), 96, 107n60Korn, David, 168Krishna, Sankaran, 43, 55n95Kurdification, 67Kurdish elite, 57–60Kurdish ethnicity, 65

Kurdish ethnic movements, 74, 75Kurdish issue, 8, 24n48, 67, 106n57,

115, 155n74, 159, 166, 168, 169, 172, 178n64

Kurdish Left, 113, 114Kurdish liberation movement, 99Kurdish nation, 12, 14, 17, 41, 46,

57–84, 86, 121, 180Kurdish nationalism, 1, 3, 4, 6–8, 11,

12, 17–19, 20n4, 21n18, 22n20, 24n42, 24n48, 45, 57–62, 65–71, 75, 78n18, 78n25, 80n52, 85, 88, 97, 111, 117–19, 143, 147, 150, 159, 173, 181, 183

Kurdish nationalist mobilization, 58, 59

Kurdishness, 5, 12, 63, 65–7, 71, 73, 80n51, 82n77, 83n94, 171

Kurdish resistance, 13, 42, 61, 128n18Kurdish revolt, 60, 161Kurdish revolution, 158, 160Kurdish rights, 95, 115, 147, 149,

168Kurdish state, 20n4, 41, 46, 55n87,

64, 95, 104n22, 116, 117, 120, 121, 134, 135, 143, 147, 162, 163, 175n21, 175n25

Kurdish uprising, 17, 18, 73, 77n3Kurdistan, 1, 14, 19, 30, 58, 70, 71,

76, 77n3, 79n38, 82n77–80, 82n83, 83n102, 86, 88–92, 94–6, 100–2, 104n14, 104n16, 104n19, 105n29, 105n30, 105n36, 107n60, 107n63, 113, 116–19, 121, 125–7, 136, 139, 141–3, 148, 159–62, 164, 169–71, 173, 174n2, 183

Kurdistan Democratic Party of Turkey (TKDP), 115, 116

Kurdistan Devrimcileri, 90, 105n28

INDEX 209

Kurdistan National Liberation Front (ERNK), 102

Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), 41

Kırmızıtoprak, Said, 115, 116

LLacan, Jacques, 33, 37, 44, 53n55,

54n66, 54n71, 80n56Laclau, Ernesto, 29, 31, 33–5, 39,

51n8, 51n15–17, 52n27, 52n30, 53n43–6, 53n49, 53n52–4, 54n60–1, 54n74, 54n76, 55n90, 79n45, 79n48–9, 83n97–8, 105n33, 108n78, 113, 127n12, 129n38, 151n3, 181, 184n9

Lales , Qaso, 71landlords, 61–3, 74, 75, 96, 114Lenin, Vladimir, 112, 117, 121, 126,

136, 137, 141, 144, 145Lévinas, Emmanuel, 101, 108n84Liberalism, 2

MMarxism, 2, 55n90, 119, 133Marxism-Leninism, 114, 115, 127Marxist-Leninist revolution, 97, 101,

116–19, 125, 134–6, 141, 163, 164

meaning sources, 60, 64, 114Median Empire, Meds, 75, 98Mem û Zîn, 71, 78n14Menshevik, 121Middle East, 2, 7, 14, 18, 68, 69, 72,

81n73, 85, 86, 91–101, 105n22, 107n71, 123, 125, 126, 133, 140, 155, 157–61, 163, 170, 171, 173

Middle East Quarterly, 133, 151n1Moscow, 112, 117, 123, 125

Mouffe, Chantal, 39, 52n27, 53n43–5, 54n74, 54n76, 79n48–9, 113, 127n12, 151n3

Mussolini, Benito, 139

NNational Security Council, 97nation normativity, 44–6, 135, 180NATO, 14, 49n4, 88, 99, 101, 139,

146, 169, 174n15, 176n38–9Neo-colonialism, 93New Country (Yeni Ülke), 159new personality, 108n88, 139, 143Newroz, 16, 26n70, 85, 103n2,

108n79Nicaragua, 95northern Iraq, 41, 55n87, 147, 148,

159, 161–4, 170, 175n21Nusaybin, 160

OÖcalan, Abdullah, 19, 21n11, 56n108,

76, 82n85, 83n101, 84n105, 90–5, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104n15, 104n22, 105n22, 105n31–2, 105n36, 106n42–7, 106n52–9, 107n61, 111, 120, 121, 123, 124, 129n44, 133, 137, 139, 143–50, 157, 162, 170–2, 174n10, 183,

October Revolution, 18, 101, 112, 116–22, 126, 129n42, 136, 142, 144

Olson, Robet, 21n18, 59, 77n4, 77n9, 78n18, 155n73

Ontolopogy, 76Ottoman Empire, 59, 66, 82n85, 100,

107n63Ötuken, 66Özal, Turgut, 94, 148

210 INDEX

Özcan, Ali Kemal, 105n36, 142, 144, 154n51

Özgür Gündem, 154n64, 159Özgürlük Yolu, 104n14, 107n62, 117,

128n27, 219n28

PPakistan, 66Palestine, 125Parliamentary Human Rights

Foundation, 167Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan

(Kurdistan' Workers Party), 1Path of Kurdistan Revolution, 118People's Labour Party (HEP), 159People's Party (PP), 58perestroika, 122, 124performativity, 94Persian, 63Philippines, 50n5, 94PKK, 1–19, 20n4, 20n5, 20n9,

21n10, 22n27, 23n31, 23n38, 24n51, 26n68, 30, 31, 42, 44–6, 52n30, 56n108, 60, 62–4, 67, 68, 70, 71, 74–6, 77n3, 81n69, 82n79, 83n101, 84n103, 84n107, 86, 87, 91–102, 103n4, 103n10, 104n22, 105n28, 105n39, 106n57, 107n60, 107n63, 107n71, 108n88, 111–13, 117–26, 129n42, 133–50, 153n37, 153n41, 154n60, 154n70, 158–74, 175n31, 175n32, 177n54, 180–3, 184n17

PKK’s socialism, 135, 138, 145play of difference, 33, 64–8, 73Portugal, 94Postcolonialism, 2post-1980 Kurdish political subject, 3,

4, 9, 12, 13, 44, 65, 66, 76,

80n60, 86, 99, 127, 134–7, 142, 143, 145, 146, 164, 166, 169, 173, 181, 182

poststructuralism, 2, 49n3, 53n42, 78n19

Rrapid reployment force (Çevik

Kuvvet), 99, 100, 107n69, 160, 174n15, 176n38–9

Reagan, Ronald, 124, 131n64Realism, 2representation, 1, 3, 5–9, 13–16, 18,

19, 27–9, 32, 35–8, 42–5, 49n4, 52n25, 54n75, 58, 61, 67–70, 74, 75, 80n60, 87, 93, 97, 98, 112, 113, 117, 120, 121, 133, 134, 157, 162, 174, 179, 181

repression, 8–13, 29, 68, 70, 115Revolutionary Eastern Cultural

Associations (DDKO), 66, 67, 71, 72, 81n64, 88, 111, 112

Rizgari, 89, 104n18, 116romance of resistance, 13, 22n22,

24n50, 56n119, 184n4–5Ronakbîr, 71Russia, 19n3, 49n1, 84n106, 118–20,

124, 140, 142Russian Communist Party, 119Russian Revolution, 145

SSaid, Edward W., 14, 21n21, 25n56,

25n61, 26n69, 30, 174n3, 180Said, Sheikh, 17, 32, 58, 59, 77n4Scott, James C., 11, 20n6, 23n37The Second World War, 92, 123self-referential, 37, 40, 69, 126, 135,

144Sener, Mehmet Cahit, 162Serhildan, 160

INDEX 211

Serxwebun, 21n10–11, 82n78, 83n101, 87, 93, 105n31, 105n39, 105n41, 106n42, 106n47–8, 106n52, 106n55–9, 107n66, 107n68–9, 108n74, 108n77, 108n79–81, 108n83, 108n86–8, 109n93, 112, 122, 126, 129n31, 129n42–4, 130n47, 130n51–3, 130n55–6, 130n61, 131n62–6, 131n68, 139, 151n10–16, 152n17, 152n19, 152n21–4, 152n26, 153n34, 153n43–4, 153n47, 154n57–8, 162, 170, 171, 174n7, 175n15–19, 175n24, 176n36, 176n38, 177n48, 177n53, 177n55, 177n57, 177n59, 178n60–1, 178n65–6, 217n5, 513n38–9

Sheikh Said Rebellion, 17, 32, 58, 59, 77n4

Silvan, 66, 128n17sivan, s ivancilar, 116, 128n20Siverek, 75socialism, 5, 18, 19, 62, 93, 112–26,

133–43, 145–7, 149, 152n21, 163, 164, 168

Socialist Party of Turkish Kurdistan (TKSP), 96, 104n14

Soviet army, 139Soviet intervention, 88Soviet revolution, 113, 125, 141Soviet socialism, 18, 19, 115, 118–22,

125, 134–9, 143, 146, 149, 163, 168

Soviet Union, 1, 6, 7, 18, 19, 111–31, 133–55, 157, 159, 165, 182

Spain, 94Stalinist socialism, 141Stalin, Joseph, 18, 112, 117, 119–23,

128n61, 130n47, 136, 137, 139, 141

Stavrakakis, Yannis, 25n52, 37, 52n28, 53, 54n66, 54n71, 80n56, 151n4–5, 152n30

Sterka Sor, 121subaltern Kurds, 10–12subject, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 27, 28,

31, 34–6, 44–8, 50n6, 59, 61, 64–6, 69, 73, 76, 80n55, 86, 89, 109n88, 112, 113, 119, 120, 122, 126, 134, 137, 139, 141–5, 153n37, 164, 166, 169, 173, 180–3

subjugation, 43Switzerland, 145Syria, 8, 14, 41, 46, 89, 103n10,

113, 115, 128n22, 170, 172, 177n54

TTalabani, Celal, 162Tekosin, 121, 128n23THKP-C, 90Treaty of Brest Litovsk, 124tribal bonds, 60, 62, 66, 69Trotsky, Leon, 120, 137Turkey, 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14–19, 19n3,

20n4, 22n21, 23n36, 38, 41, 45, 46, 48, 52n26, 52n30, 57, 58, 60, 61, 69, 70, 73, 74, 77n14, 78n25, 79n46, 81n66, 81n71, 84n106, 85, 86, 88–98, 100, 103n11, 104n16, 107n65, 107n71, 111, 113–16, 128n22, 134, 139, 140, 143, 145, 147–9, 155n73–4, 157–9, 161–3, 165–73, 174n5, 176n35, 176n44, 177n45, 177n54, 180, 183, 184n16, 184n18

Turkish Armed Forced (TAF), 12, 55n87, 99, 147, 148, 158, 160

Turkish colonialism, 76, 94, 170

212 INDEX

Turkish Kurdistan, 96, 148Turkish state, 1, 3–19, 20n5,

22n27–8, 30, 40–2, 46, 56n108, 58–68, 70–6, 79n30, 84n103, 84n107, 86–103, 104n22, 111, 113–16, 119, 120, 133–6, 139, 140, 145, 148–50, 153n48, 154n54–5, 158–60, 162, 165–70, 173–4, 180–3

Turkish Workers' Party, 115

UUnited Kingdom, the UK, 140, 158United Nations High Commissioner

for Refugees, 11United States, the US, the USA, 1, 2,

6, 7, 14, 16, 18, 19, 41, 46, 49n1, 50n5, 68, 69, 75, 76, 84n106–7, 85–109, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124–6, 128n22, 128n23, 130n59, 133, 134, 140, 157–78, 182

urbanization, 61, 63US imperialism, 1, 18, 19, 41, 68, 69,

76, 86, 88, 90–101, 103, 105n22, 113, 120, 125, 126, 128n22–3, 130n59, 140, 160, 161, 163, 164–6, 168–74, 182

US invasion, 97

Vvan Bruinessen, Martin, 58, 59,

77n11, 77n14, 78n14, 78n25, 83n102, 155n74

Vietnam, 97village guard system, 96

WWashington, 168, 169, 172,

176n33–4, 177n54West, 28, 49n4, 56n111, 95, 113,

135, 157, 158, 167Western, 30, 45, 68, 69, 95, 111,

112, 128n22, 147, 158, 160, 166, 167

Western imperialism, 68, 69White, Paul, 59, 77n12, 78n28,

80n59, 80n62, 81n65, 81n67, 155n72, 155n80

XXanî, Ehmedê, 71, 78n14

YYig it, Mehmet Ali, 167Yüce, M. Can, 56n110, 92, 105n37,

106n46, 108n81, 109n92, 129n32, 129n41, 130n51, 152n31, 153n42, 154n60, 177, 178n61

Yüce, Sema, 145Yugoslavia, 83n96, 139, 158

ZZana, Mehdi, 115, 128n17Zionism, 92, 170