bab i -...
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BAB I
Ruang Lingkup Makro Ekonomi
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A. PENGERTIAN TEORIEKONOMI MAKRO
• Ialah bagian dari Ilmu Sosial, bidang ygdipelajari sangat luas (tapi terbatas).
• Luas dalam arti meliputi tingkah laku manusiadalam usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhandengan segala yang berhubungan dengan haltersebut.
• Ekonomi Makro adalah : Bagian dari ilmuekonomi yang mempelajari satuan-satuanpengambilan keputusan secarakeseluruhan/agregat.
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Untuk mempelajari Ilmu Ekonomidiperlukan suatu metode yangdisebut dengan Metode Ilmu.
Ada tiga tahap dalam metode ilmu:
• Melihat Kenyataan.
• Menjelaskan (menunjukkan hubungan), ada 2jenis hubungan :
a. hubungan kausal (sebab akibat) fungsimatematis
b. hubungan fungsionalkesamaan matematis
• Mengetrapkan.
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Ada tiga pembagian analisaekonomi, yaitu :
• Ekonomi Deskriptif
• Teori Ekonomi
• Ekonomi Terapan
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B. Ekonomi Normatif dan Positif
• Ilmu Ekonomi Positif: membahas ttg apa danbagaimana senyatanya masalah-masalahekonomi dipecahkan.
• Menjelaskan fakta-fakta ekonomi
• Menjelaskan: apa yg terjadi; apa yg akan terjadi;apa implikasi kebijakan pemerintah
Misal: Inflasi akan lebih dari 10%; pengangguranakan meningkat; Jika pajak meningkat, konsumsiakan turun
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Ilmu Ekonomi Normatif
Mempelajari ttg apa yg seharusnya terjadi,atau bgmn seharusnya masalah ek rakyatdipecahkan
Menyangkut masalah etika dan nilai
Misal: pemerataan hrs ditingkatkan;
Pemerintah hrs menurunkan inflasi; kebijakanpemerintah hrs memperkecil pengangguran
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C. TUJUAN KEBIJAKANEKONOMI MAKRO
• Kebijakan Ekonomi Makro adalah :Tindakan pemerintah dalam usaha untukmempengaruhi jalannya perekonomianmelalui variable-variabel agregatif untukmencapai tujuan yang diharapkan.
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There are three kinds of policy thatthe government has used toinfluence the macroeconomy:
1. Fiscal policy
2. Monetary policy
3. Growth or supply-side policies
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Government in theMacroeconomy
• Fiscal policy refers to government policiesconcerning taxes and expenditures.
• Monetary policy consists of tools used by theFederal Reserve to control the money supply.
• Growth policies are government policies thatfocus on stimulating aggregate supply insteadof aggregate demand.
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MacroeconomicsMacroeconomics
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D. The Roots of Macroeconomics
• The Great Depression was a period ofsevere economic contraction and highunemployment that began in 1929 andcontinued throughout the 1930s.
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The Roots of Macroeconomics
• Classical economists applied microeconomicmodels, or “market clearing” models, toeconomy-wide problems.
• The failure of simple classical models to explainthe prolonged existence of high unemploymentduring the Great Depression provided theimpetus for the development ofmacroeconomics.
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E. Recent Macroeconomic History
• In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published TheGeneral Theory of Employment, Interest, andMoney.
• Keynes believed governments could intervenein the economy and affect the level of outputand employment.
• Fine-tuning was the phrase used by WalterHeller to refer to the government’s role inregulating inflation and unemployment.
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F. Macroeconomic Concerns
• Three of the major concerns ofmacroeconomics are:
–Inflation
–Output growth
–Unemployment
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Inflation
• Inflation is an increase in the overallprice level.
• Hyperinflation is a period of very rapidincreases in the overall price level.Hyperinflations are rare, but have beenused to study the costs andconsequences of even moderateinflation.
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Output Growth
• The business cycle is the cycle of short-term ups and downs in the economy.
• The main measure of how an economy isdoing is aggregate output:
– Aggregate output is the total quantity ofgoods and services produced in an economyin a given period.
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Output Growth
• A recession is a period during which aggregateoutput declines. Two consecutive quarters ofdecrease in output signal a recession.
• A prolonged and deep recession becomes adepression.
• The size of the growth rate of output over along period is also a concern ofmacroeconomists and policy makers.
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Unemployment
• The unemployment rate is the percentageof the labor force that is unemployed.
• The unemployment rate is a key indicator ofthe economy’s health.
• The existence of unemployment seems toimply that the aggregate labor market is notin equilibrium. Why do labor markets notclear when other markets do?
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G. The Components of theMacroeconomy
• Everyone’sexpendituresgo somewhere.Everytransactionmust have twosides.
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H. The Three Market Arenas• Households, firms, the government, and the
rest of the world all interact in the goods-and-services, labor, and money markets.
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The Three Market Arenas
• Households and the government purchasegoods and services (demand) from firms in thegoods-and services market, and firms supplyto the goods and services market.
• In the labor market, firms and governmentpurchase (demand) labor from households(supply).
– The total supply of labor in the economy depends onthe sum of decisions made by households.
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The Three Market Arenas
• In the money market—sometimes called thefinancial market—households purchase stocksand bonds from firms.
• Households supply funds to this market in theexpectation of earning income, and alsodemand (borrow) funds from this market.
• Firms, government, and the rest of the worldalso engage in borrowing and lending,coordinated by financial institutions.