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Subjek : TEORI

Materi : Bahasa Inggris

BAB II

BAHASA INGGRIS


Daftar Isi

Present Perfect Tense ………………………………………………………….. 2

- Form …………………………………………………………………... 2

- USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now ……………………………….. 2

- How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?……………………. 2

- Topic 1 Experience ……………………………………………………. 2

- TOPIC 2 Change Over Time ……………………………………….... 3

- TOPIC 3 Accomplishments ………………………………………...… 3

- TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting …………….. 3

- TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times ……………………… 4

- Time Expressions with Present Perfect ……………………………… 4

- NOTICE ……………………………………………………………….. 5

- USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) 5

- ADVERB PLACEMENT ……………………………………………... 5

- ACTIVE / PASSIVE …………………………………………………… 6

Telling The Time …………………………………………………………………. 7

Verb Tense Overview with Examples …………………………………………... 8

Conditional Sentence …………………………………………………………….. 10

Conditional Overview with Examples ………………………………………….. . 13

Singkatan Bahasa Inggris untuk Catatan dan Penulisan …………………....... 14


Present Perfect Tense

FORM :

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.

Have you seen that movie many times?

You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The

exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time

expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in

Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific

expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

People have traveled to the Moon.

People have not traveled to Mars.

Have you read the book yet?

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to

associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience


You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the

experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience.

The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you

have been there once, or several times.

I have been to France three times.

You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

I have never been to France.

This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

A: Have you ever met him?

B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian

studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You

cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting


We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened.

Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the

past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are

possible.

Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is

sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives

before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with

expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now,

etc.

Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.


She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three

different companies so far.

My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year

before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year"

means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present

Perfect.

Examples:

I went to Mexico last year.

I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.

I have been to Mexico in the last year.

I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present

Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five

minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the

Present Perfect.

Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and

non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are

sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,

ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.html


You have only seen that movie one time.

Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Many tourists have visited that castle. Active

That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

Additional Note :

Silahkanbacapenjelasanmengenai Present Perfect Tense dalamBahasaIndonesia di :

- http://persiapantest.blogspot.com/2013/01/penggunaan-kalimat-present-perfect-tense.html

- http://persiapantest.blogspot.com/2013/01/penggunaan-present-perfect-tense-dalam.html

- http://persiapantest.blogspot.com/2013/01/penggunaan-present-perfect-tense.html


Telling The Time

A.M. : Ante Meridian / 00.00 - 12.00 P.M. :

P.M : Post Meridian / 12.00 - 00.00

• Time Distribution:

00.00 - 11.59 : morning

12.00 : noon

12.01 - 17.59 : afternoon 18.00 -00.00 : Evening

02.00 - two o'clock 02.15 - - a quarter past

two

02.16 - two sixteen a.m.

04.10 four and ten 04.30 a half past four 05.30 a half past five

a.m.

06.20 - six - twenty 06.45 - - a quarter to

seven

11.59 - eleven fifty nine

a.m.

09.55 nine - fifty

five

10.00 ten hundred 12.00 twelve hundred

noon

12.12 twelve -

twelve

12.15 a quarter past

twelve

12.01 twelve and one

p.m.

16.41 four - forty

one

12.30 a half past

twelve

16.17 sixteen seventeen

21.05 nine o five 12.30 a half to one 17.35 five thirty five

p.m.

23.07 eleven and

seven

21.45 a quarter to ten 22.45 a quarter to

eleven p.m.


Verb Tense Overview with Examples

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

I study English every day. Two years ago, I studied

English in England.

If you are having problems, I

will help you study English.

I am going to study English

next year.

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

I am studying English now. I was studying English when

you called yesterday.

I will be studying English

when you arrive tonight.

I am going to be studying

English when you arrive

tonight.

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

I have studied English in

several different countries.

I had studied a little English

before I moved to the U.S.

I will have studied every tense

by the time I finish this

course.

I am going to have studied

every tense by the time I

finish this course.


Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

I have been studying English

for five years.

I had been studying English for

five years before I moved to

the U.S.

I will have been studying

English for over two hours by

the time you arrive.

I am going to have been

studying English for over two

hours by the time you arrive.


Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentence (=Kalimatpengandaian) adalahkalimat yang

digunakanuntukmenyatakansesuatu yang mungkinterjadiataumungkintidakterjadiseperti yang

diharapkan. Kalimat pengandaian terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu man clause (induk kalimat) dan if

clause (anak kalimat). Dalam if clause terkandung syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar

keadaan seperti terkandung dalam main clause dapat terwujud. Oleh karena itu, conditional

sentences disebut juga kalimat bersyarat. Conditional Sentences

ataukalimatpengandaianterdiridariduajenisyaitureal conditional (nyata) danunreal/ contrary to

fact (tidaknyata).

Conditional sentences padaumumnyamemilikiciri-cirisebagaiberikut:

a. digunakannya kata ifdalamanakkalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause

inidiawaliolehifmakadisebutif clause.

b. digunakannyamodal auxiliary, sepertiwill, can, may, must,would, could, might,

etc.padapokokkalimat (main clause).

Ada beberapatipe Conditional Sentence, yaitu:

1. Type I: Future Conditional

2. Type II: Present Conditional

3.Type III: Past Conditional

1.Type I: Future Conditional

Kalimatinimengungkapkankejadian yang diharapkanakanterjadi di masa yang

akandatangdanmemilikikemungkinanuntukterjadi. (probable condition)

Polakalimat:

If + S + Verb (present), S + future tense

atau


subjek + future tense, if +subjek + future tense

Contoh:

1. If she comes, I will give her the message.

2. If you study hard, you will pass the final exam.

3. If she wins the competition, they will give her a gold medal.

4. He will not go to the picnic, if it rains.

5.If we arrive late, she will be angry with us.

2.Type II: Present Conditional

Kalimatinimenyatakanperistiwa yang diharapkanterjadisekarangtetapitidakterjadi. (Improbable

condition)

Polakalimat:

If + S + Verb 2 / were+ S + would + Verb1

If + S + V2, Subject + Past Future

Contoh:

1. If she visited me, I would give her money.

2.2. If I had enough time, I would go fishing.

3. If you were a sugar, I would be a ant.

4. If Natasha Rizky were my girlfriend, I would be the happiest boy in the world.

5. If he smokes less, he wouldn’t cough so much.

Catatan:

Padatipeini, to beuntuksemuasubyekpadaIF clauseadalahWERE.


3.Type III : Past Conditional

Kalimatinimenyatakanperistiwa yang diharapkanterjadi di waktulampau, tetapitidakterjadi.

(impossible condition)

Polakalimat:

If + S + Past Perfect +,S + Past perfectfuture + Verb 3

Subject + Past perfect future, if + Subjek + Past Perfect + V3

Contoh:

1. If he had studied hard, he would have passed the final exam.

2. If the team had played well, it would have won the competition.

3. If Alter Bridge had been here, I would have been very happy.

4. If you had come to my house, you would have met me.

5. If I had known her number, i would have called her.


Conditional Overview with Examples

Present Real Conditional Present Unreal Conditional

If I have time, I study English.

Sometimes I have time.

If I had time, I would study English.

I don't have time.

Past Real Conditional Past Unreal Conditional

If I had time, I studied English.

Sometimes I had time.

If I had had time, I would have studied English.

I didn't have time.

Future Real Conditional Future Unreal Conditional

If I have time, I will study English.

If I have time, I am going to study English.

I don't know if I will have time or not.

Other forms possible.

If I had time, I would study English.

I won't have time.

Other forms possible.


SingkatanBahasaInggrisuntukCatatandanPenulisan

etc = et cetera = and so forth = all the rest = dsb. = dansebagainya

i.e = id est = that is = yakni

e.g = exempli gratia = for example = contohnya

viz = videlicet = namely = yaitu

et all = et allii = and others = dll = dan lain-lain

cf. = confer = compare with = bandingkandengan

P. S = Post Scriptum = written afterward

Etseq = et equens = and that follows = danseterusnya

cs = cum suis = with his/her friend = dkk = dankawan-kawanya

N.B. = Nota Bene = note well = perhatian

h.e. = hoe est = that is = inilah

vs = versus = against = lawan

ed., eds= editor(s)

ed.cit. = edition cited

f.,ff = and the following pages or line

front = frontispiece

ibid = ibidem = in the same place = di tempat yang sama

loc. cit. = opera citato = in the place cited

n.d. = no date given = takbertanggal

n.p. = no publisher given = takditerbitkan

V. = vide = see = lihat

op.cit. = opera citato = in the work cited

q.v. = quod vide = which you should consult

vol. = volume


c. = circa = approximately = sekitar/kira-kira

P.T.O = Please Turn Over = lihatsebaliknya

s.a.w. = sallallahu ‘alaihiwassallam (may Allah bless him and give him peace)

RSVP = please reply (on written invitation)

RIP = Requiscat in pace = may he/they rest in peace

VIP = Very Important Person

Incl = including, inclusive

excl = excluding, exclusive

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