hayanoAug 31, 2014, ICRP 9th dialogue seminar, Date city

BABYSCAN - unnecessary yet necessary ベビースキャン - 不要で必要

Ryugo S. Hayano 早野 龍五Physics department, The University of Tokyo

“antimatter” at CERN Team leader since 1997

ジュネーブのCERN研究所で「反物質」の研究をしている実験物理学者

No past experience in Radiation Protection nor Risk Communication2011年3月以前に放射線防護 リスクコミュニケーションの経験皆無

Photo CERN

Courtesy, NHK World

This is how the BABYSCAN looks like

福島

郡山

伊達

MinamisomaJuly, 2014

IwakiMay, 2014

HirataDec, 2013

FukushimaDai-Ichi

Three BABYSCAN units so farGoogle Map

Three BABYSCAN units so far

← U

nit #

1, H

irata

← U

nit #

2, Iw

aki

← U

nit #

3, M

inam

isom

a受診者数 total=924

年月

2014ê1 2014ê3 2014ê5 2014ê7 2014ê90

200

400

600

800

1000

Date

Totalnumberofbabiesscanned

Babyscan 1+2+3

福島

郡山

伊達

FukushimaDai-Ichi

受診者の分布 n=924 （円の面積が受診人数に比例， 　福島県外からの受診者 89）

HirataDec, 2013

IwakiMay, 2014

MinamisomaJuly, 2014

Google Map

n=293

n=184

~1000 “babies” (<130 cm) measured so far

‣ Detection limit for 134,137Cs < 50 Bq/BODY検出限界 全身で 50Bq (実際はもっと低い)

‣ 134,137Cs not detected from any of the ~1000 babies セシウム検出者は皆無

‣ Results are shown and explained on the spot (time consuming, but essential) その場で結果説明

‣ BABYSCAN is a communication device コミュニケーションのためのツールという側面が大事

BABYSCAN is unnecessary

(for radioprotection) ベビースキャンは科学的には不要

1

Fukushima-Pref. statistics

As of Aug 29, 2014June 2011 - July 2014

CED <1 mSv 1-2 mSv 2-3 mSv >3 mSv

福島県の公開データ：内部被曝はほぼ全員が1mSv未満

← These are mostly from early exposures （>1mSvのほとんどは初期被ばく）

Actual int. dose << Fukushima-Pref. statistics

As of Aug 29, 2014June 2011 - July 2014

CED <1 mSv 1-2 mSv 2-3 mSv >3 mSv

でも実際に詳しく測ってみると，もっと低いn=11026,n

nd =9686H88.0%L

050

100150

2000 50

100

150

137CsconcentrationHBqêkgL

Frequency

Allsubjects:Oct2011-Feb

2012

n=21785,nnd =21573H99.0

%L

050

100150

2000 10 20 30 40

137CsconcentrationHBqêkgL

Frequency

Allsubjects:Mar2012-Nov

2012

n=7045,nnd =6558H93.0

%L

050

100150

2000 10 20 30 40 50 60

137CsconcentrationHBqêkgL

Frequency

ChildrenHage£15L:Oct2011-Feb

2012

n=15108,nnd =15096H100.0

%L

050

100150

2000 2 4 6 8 10

137CsconcentrationHBqêkgL

Frequency

ChildrenHage£15L:Mar2012-Nov

2012

99% were NDNOT shown in this graph

~ 1mSv/y

Internal radiocesium contamination of adults and children in Fukushima7 to 20 months after the Fukushima NPP accident as measured by

extensive whole-body-counter surveys

By Ryugo S. HAYANO,*1,† Masaharu TSUBOKURA,*2 Makoto MIYAZAKI,*3

Hideo SATOU,*4 Katsumi SATO,*4 Shin MASAKI*4 and Yu SAKUMA*4

(Communicated by Toshimitsu YAMAZAKI, M.J.A.)

Abstract: The Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident contaminated the soil of densely-populated regions in Fukushima Prefecture with radioactive cesium, which poses significant risksof internal and external exposure to the residents. If we apply the knowledge of post-Chernobylaccident studies, internal exposures in excess of a few mSv/y would be expected to be frequent inFukushima.

Extensive whole-body-counter surveys (n F 32,811) carried out at the Hirata Central Hospitalbetween October, 2011 and November, 2012, however show that the internal exposure levels ofresidents are much lower than estimated. In particular, the first sampling-bias-free assessment of theinternal exposure of children in the town of Miharu, Fukushima, shows that the 137Cs body burdensof all children (n F 1,383, ages 6–15, covering 95% of children enrolled in town-operated schools)were below the detection limit of 300Bq/body in the fall of 2012. These results are not conclusive forthe prefecture as a whole, but are consistent with results obtained from other municipalities in theprefecture, and with prefectural data.

Keywords: Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident, radioactive cesium, whole-body counting,committed effective dose

1. Introduction

The severe accident involving the FukushimaDai-ichi nuclear power plant (NPP),1) triggered bythe Great East Japan Earthquake and resultingTsunami on March 11, 2011, dispersed large amountsof radionuclides, which were deposited on soil andwater in Fukushima Prefecture and surroundingregions of Japan. A recent airborne monitoringsurvey2) carried out by the Japanese government

(Fig. 1) shows that the surface deposition densityof 137Cs amounts to 60 k–300 kBq/m2 in suchdensely populated cities as Fukushima (population!280; 000) and Koriyama (population !330; 000).

Post-Chernobyl accident studies show that thelevel of internal radiation exposure of residents fromingestion of contaminated foodstuffs is nearly propor-tional to the deposition density; according to theUNSCEAR 1988 report on the exposures from theChernobyl accident,3) the mean transfer factor from137Cs deposition density (kBq/m2) to first-yearcommitted effective dose (µSv/y) for adults is about20. If this also applies to the Fukushima Dai-ichicase, the committed effective dose (CED) wouldbe about 2mSv (i.e., average daily intake of 137Cs!400Bq/day, or body burden of !60; 000Bq/body,or body concentration of !800­900Bq/kg) for adultsliving in the region where the 137Cs deposition densityis "100 kBq/m2 (typical of Fukushima City).

Note that the airborne monitoring surveys4)

and the soil sample analyses5) have shown that theratios of deposition amounts of 134Cs (half life

*1 Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,Japan.‡

*2 Division of Social Communication System for AdvancedClinical Research, Institute of Medical Science, The University ofTokyo, Tokyo, Japan.‡

*3 Department of Radiation Health Management,Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.‡

*4 Hirata Central Hospital, Fukushima, Japan.‡† Correspondence should be addressed: R. Hayano, Depart-

ment of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (e-mail: hayano@phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp).

‡ Research institute of radiation safety for disaster recoverysupport, Hirata village, Fukushima, Japan.

Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 89 (2013)No. 4] 157

doi: 10.2183/pjab.89.157©2013 The Japan Academy

૨ᢿᅹܖႾƴǑǔᇹ�ഏᑋᆰೞȢȋǿȪȳǰƷኽௐᲢᅦᇹɟҾ܇щႆᩓƔǒ��MOחϋƷעᘙ᩿ǁƷ

ǻǷǦȠ���ƷආბᲣ

Кኡ�

8

137Cs deposition Bq/m2

(2011/11/5)

Chernobyl studies infer- 100kBq/m2 of 137Cs on soil + 134Cs contribution → internal exposure 5 mSv/y ?

土壌汚染→食品汚染→年に5mSv

ぐらい？と当初は思っていたが 実際はもっともっと低い

Results of the Fifth Airborne Monitoring Survey by MEXT(Deposition amount of cesium 137 on the ground surface

within a 80 km radius of the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP)(As of June 28, 2012)

Attachment 4

Background image: Denshi Kokudo

LegendDeposition amount of Cs-137

(Bq/m2) Compensated value as of June 28,2012

Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP

Areas where readings were not obtained

FukushimaCity

Iitate

Miharu

Koriyama

Hirata Central Hospital

Minamisoma

Fukushima Dai-iciNPP

20 km

30 km

Deposition amount of Cs-137 (Bq/m2)

as of June 28, 2012

80 km

n=11026, nnd=9686 H88.0 %L

0 50 100 150 2000

50

100

150

137Cs concentration HBqêkgL

Frequency

All subjects: Oct 2011-Feb 2012

n=21785, nnd=21573 H99.0 %L

0 50 100 150 2000

10

20

30

40

137Cs concentration HBqêkgL

FrequencyAll subjects: Mar 2012-Nov 2012

n=7045, nnd=6558 H93.0 %L

0 50 100 150 2000

10

20

30

40

50

60

137Cs concentration HBqêkgL

Frequency

Children Hage£15L: Oct 2011-Feb 2012n=15108, nnd=15096 H100.0 %L

0 50 100 150 2000

2

4

6

8

10

137Cs concentration HBqêkgL

Frequency

Children Hage£15L: Mar 2012-Nov 2012↑

10Bq/kg

137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)

≈1mSv/yincluding 134Cs

↓

13

99% (children 100%) were below the detection limit

“long tail” ↓

Hirata Central Hospital (near Koriyama c.) using the 2nd FASTSCAN installed in Fukushima after the accident

Hayano et al., Internal radiocesium contamination of adults and children in Fukushima 7 to 20 months after the Fukushima NPP accident as measured by extensive whole-body-counter surveys, Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Vol. 89, 157-163 (2013)

Bq/m2 (mean 80,000Bq/m2). Some Miharu residentsare therefore potentially at high risk of internalexposure. We conducted two WBC screenings ofchildren in Miharu. The first screening was con-ducted between November 24, 2011 and February 29,2012, and included 1494 children; the second was

conducted between September 3, 2012 and November8, 2012, and included 1383 children. Coverage was94.3% and 95.0% respectively (Table 4).

The results of the second screening show that inthe fall of 2012, none of the 1383 children had adetectable level of radioactive cesium. In view of the

Table 3. The four highest 137Cs body burdens detected among Fukushima residents as of November, 2012

Age Sex Resident of Firstmeasurement

137Cs(Bq/body)

137Cs(Bq/kg)

Secondmeasurement

137Cs(Bq/body)

137Cs(Bq/kg)

74 M Nihonmatsu 2012.8 12,270 183.7 2012.11 6,177 91.970 M Kawamata 2012.7 7,032 111.6 2012.11 2,547 40.674 F Nihonmatsu 2012.8 4,830 69.4 2012.11 2,139 30.366 F Kawamata 2012.7 4,300 69.6 2012.11 1,485 23.9

Table 4. The statistics of Miharu-town school children (ages 6–15) WBC measurements. The numbers of children enrolled in schoolswere published by the school board of Miharu town, which may not match the actual numbers of children attending schools when theWBC measurements were carried out

Enrolled inAugust 25, 2011

Measured inWinter 2011

Coverage 137Csdetected

Enrolled inApril 1, 2012

Measured inFall 2012

Coverage 137Csdetected

1,585 1,494 94.3% 54 1,456 1,383 95.0% 0

n=11026, nnd=9686 (88.0 %)

0 50 100 150 2000

50

100

150

137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)

Fre

quen

cy

All subjects: Oct 2011–Feb 2012

n=21785, nnd=21573 (99.0 %)

0 50 100 150 2000

10

20

30

40

137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)

Fre

quen

cy

All subjects: Mar 2012–Nov 2012

n=7045, nnd=6558 (93.0 %)

0 50 100 150 2000

10

20

30

40

50

60

137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)

Fre

quen

cy

Children (age≤15): Oct 2011–Feb 2012

n=15108, nnd=15096 (100.0 %)

0 50 100 150 2000

2

4

6

8

10

137Cs concentration (Bq/kg)

Fre

quen

cy

Children (age≤15): Mar 2012–Nov 2012

Fig. 6. 137Cs concentration for all subjects (top) and for children only (bottom), in 1Bq/kg increments. The right-hand panels are for theperiod when a change of clothes was instituted for all subjects to minimize spurious readings from surface contamination. Note thedifferent ordinate scale for each panel. Nonexposed (non-detected) subjects are excluded from the plot.

Internal radiocesium contamination of adults and children in FukushimaNo. 4] 161

people in the “tail” are rare (~ 0.01%)

多くの放射性セシウムを摂取した事例 y初回と2回目の計測の間隔は 約3ヶ月

y測定値が半減 ＝ 成人の生物学的 半減期に一致

y追加摂取をして いないことの 証明が可能

31

←after receiving advice, the Cs concentration decreased as expected原因食材を探し，それを食べないようにアドバイスし，3ヶ月後に再測定importance of communication

74 M 70 M 74 F 66 F

1st ~3mo later14

BUT

15

December 9, 2011, ASAHI, quoting Bandazhevsky

20-30 Bq/kg (in body) dangerous… ?

朝日新聞 2011年12月9日

プロメテウスの罠 学長の逮捕（２）より

バダジェフスキーは警告する。 「１キロ当たり20～30ベクレルの放射能は、体外にあれば大きな危険はありません。それが内部被曝で深刻なのは、全身の平均値」だからです。心筋細胞はほとんど分裂しないため放射能が蓄積しやすい。子供の心臓は全身平均の10倍以上ということもあるのです」

FASTSCAN: most commonly used WBC

FASTSCAN detection limit ~ 300 Bq/body

60 kg ~ 5 Bq/kg

15 kg ~ 20 Bq/kg 10 kg ~ 30 Bq/kg

(+ small children cannot stand for 2 min)

1号機，2011年9月 南相馬 1st unit, September 2011, Minamisoma 2号機，2011年10月 ひらた 2nd unit, October 2011, Hirata … 現在は県内で約60台！ now about 60 such units in use in Fukushima

大づかみの数値です

?

AND

18

WBC surveys of children insufficient?

- We say: measure parents!お母さん測れば十分vs

- Mothers say: please measure our childrenこの子を測ってください

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

645

Journal of Radiological Protection

BABYSCAN: a whole body counter for small children in Fukushima

Ryugo S Hayano1, Shunji Yamanaka2, Frazier L Bronson3, Babatunde Oginni3 and Isamu Muramatsu4

1 Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan2 Department of Mechanical and Biofunctional Systems, Institute of Industrial Sci-ence, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan3 Canberra Industries, Inc., 800 Research Parkway, Meriden, CT 06450, USA4 Canberra Japan KK, 4-19-8 Asakusabashi, Taito-ku, Tokyo 111-0053, Japan

E-mail: hayano@phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Received 22 February 2014, revised 23 June 2014Accepted for publication 24 June 2014Published 13 August 2014

AbstractBABYSCAN, a whole body counter for small children with a detection limit for 137Cs of better than 50 Bq/body, was developed, and the first unit has been installed at a hospital in Fukushima, to help families with small children who are very much concerned about internal exposures. The design principles, implementation details and the initial operating experience are described.

Keywords: Fukushima Dai-ichi accident, radioactive caesium, whole-body counting, radiological protection

1. Introduction

The Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP accident [1] contaminated the soil of densely-populated regions of Fukushima Prefecture with radioactive caesium, which poses risks of internal (and external) exposures to the residents. If we apply the knowledge of post-Chernobyl accident studies [2], internal exposures in excess of several mSv y−1 would be expected to be frequent in Fukushima.

Extensive whole-body-counter surveys of 21 785 residents in highly-affected Fukushima municipalities, however, showed that their actual internal exposure levels are much lower than estimated [3]; in 2012–2013, the 137Cs detection percentages (the detection limit being ∼300 Bq/body) are about 1% for adults, and practically 0% for children (age 6–15). These results are consistent with those of many other measurements and studies conducted

R S Hayano et al

BABYSCAN: a whole body counter for small children in Fukushima

Printed in the UK

645

JRP

© 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd

2014

34

J. Radiol. Prot.

JRP

0952-4746

10.1088/0952-4746/34/3/645

Paper

03

645

653

Journal of Radiological Protection

Society for Radiological Protection

IOP

0952-4746/14/030645+9$33.00 © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK

J. Radiol. Prot. 34 (2014) 645–653 doi:10.1088/0952-4746/34/3/645

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

2

Development

Hirata, Iwaki, Minamisoma 3 units have been deployed

最近出したBABYSCANの技術面の論文

BABYSCAN - highly sensitive WBC

‣ 遮蔽： 6 t of shielding (low background)

‣ 検出器：4 large NaIs (high detection efficiency)

‣ ４分寝て測定：children (height<130 cm) lie on the bed for 4 minutes

‣ 検出限界全身で50Bq未満：detection limit < 50 Bq/body

BABYSCAN, fully assembled but for the ergonomic cover (NOT a baby-friendly device, yet)

完成間近のBABYSCANはこんな姿（赤ちゃん入れるには相応しくない）

BABYSCAN: design is an important element

GFRP outer cover

CFRP inner cover

NaI (3”x5”x16”) x 4

Top shield(10cm iron)

Rear shield(10cm iron)

Bottom shield(15cm iron)

Front shield(13cm iron)

Bed

The massive iron shielding is enclosed within a soft plastic cover Designed by Prof. Shunji Yamanaka, U. Tokyo

Hayano et al., BABYSCAN: a whole body counter for small children in Fukushima, J. Radiol. Prot. 34 (2014) 645

コミュニケーションのためには，デザインは大切

工業デザイナー 東京大学 山中俊治先生にチームに加わっていただいた

BABYSCAN detection limit

← Detection limit <50 Bq/BODY 検出限界は全身で50Bq未満

Detection limit < 3Bq/kg → 検出限界は3Bq/kg未満

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Cs-137MDABqêkg

Hirata+Iwaki Babyscan n=741

BABYSCAN and 40K

Q: is it really necessary to achieve such high sensitivity? A: yes - helps a lot in “communication”

天然放射性物質 40Kが きちんと測定できている

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K-40Bqêbo

dyBabyscan 1+2+3 n=924

Communication is the key

Dr. Masaharu Tsubokura, Minamisoma

‣ Minamisoma: >1000 families are on the waiting list ‣ the 40K result is helpful in explaining the result

特に気にしていない40%

気になることがある60%

南相馬市立総合病院でBABYSCANを受診した保護者2014ê7ê22-8ê22, n= 183

甲状腺

プール

土，外遊び，マスク

食物

水

0 20 40 60 80 100%

気になると答えた方は何を気にしているか（複数回答）

Result of talking to the parents of 183 babies (Minamisoma, 1 mo.)

Have concerns

Not much worried

この結果からは，水を気にしている方は全体の1/5ぐらいに見えるが…

water

food

playing outside

swimming pool

thyroid

July 2014 - Aug 2014

Minamisoma南相馬市立総合病院

Muchconcerned

Concerned Not muchconcerned

Not at allconcerned

0

20

40

60

80

100In 2013, we were...

Muchconcerned

Concerned Not muchconcerned

Not at allconcerned

0

20

40

60

80

100In 2014, we are...

waterricemeatfishvegetablemushroommilkoutdoor

when asked to fill in a questionnaire sheet…BABYSCAN 受診時の問診票の分析より面接の結果と，書面記入の結果はかなり異なる　　　　　　　　　　

Muchconcerned

Concerned Not muchconcerned

Not at allconcerned

0

20

40

60

80

100In 2013, we were...

Muchconcerned

Concerned Not muchconcerned

Not at allconcerned

0

20

40

60

80

100In 2014, we are...

waterricemeatfishvegetablemushroommilkoutdoor

とても不安 全く気にしない Minamisoma南相馬市立総合病院

July 2014 - Aug 2014

Conclusions‣ Despite soil contamination, the internal exposures of ~100%

children are below the WBC detection limit 福島の内部被ばくは低く，子どもはほぼ100%が不検出

‣ The distribution however has a long tail (senior citizens, extending to ~1 mSv/y) due ALWAYS to consumption of untested wild foodstuffまれに1mSv/年ぐらいの高齢者がおられるが原因は特殊な食生活

‣ Parents with small children are very much concerned about internal exposures - this motivated us to develop BABYSCANしかし子どもの内部被ばくへの心配は根強い

‣ BABYSCAN is an important communication tool (but how to cope with the unspoken uneasiness?) コミュニケーション装置としての意味が重要．しかし不安が即座に解消されるわけではない…