bahurastiy caompay ka makad jaal

8/10/2019 bahurastiy caompay ka makad jaal

1/61

Rajiv DixitWWW.RAJIVDIXITMP3.COM

(09928064941, 09782705883

cgqjkVh; daifu;ks

dk edM+tky
http://www.rajivdixitmp3.com/http://www.rajivdixitmp3.com/http://www.rajivdixitmp3.com/


2/61

1 | P a g e

WWW.RAJIVDIXITMP3.COM(09928064941, 09782705883)


3/61

2 | P a g e


vkeq[k

ekuo lekt dsyEcs bfrgkl esacgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadk mn; ,d ,slh ?kVuk gSftluseuq; dh thou kSyh vkSj vuqHko lsij[ks fVdk ewY;ksadks>d>ksj fn;k gSAuotkr fkkqdsHkjiwj iksk.k dsfy, izd`fr iznRr ek dsLruiku dh fpjdky lspyhvk;h LokLF; ijEijk dsLFkku ij cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa}kjk *csch QwM* dksLFkkfir djoknsuk bldk ,d mnkgj.k ek= gSA jkT;] jkVh;rk] /keZ] bZeku bu lc lsij mBdjequkQk vkSj vkfFkZd lkezkT; dh gol us bu dEifu;ksadks *lqijLVsV* cuk Mkyk gS tksizd`fr vkSj euq; nksuksads kksk.k ij fVdh gSA thou dsizR;sd {ks= esa& jkstejkZ ds

miHkksDrk lkeku lsysdj ;q) ds fodjky gfFk;kj cukusrd & budh ?kqliSB gSA foo

ds i;kZoj.k dks] fofHkUu {ks=ksaesamn~Hkwr laLd`fr;ksadks bu .comdEifu;ksa usjksM jksyj dhrjg jkSan Mkyk gSA;wjksi dh vkS|ksfxd kfUr usifpe dsnskksadksviusmifuosk cukusesacM+h enn

nhA blmifuoskhdj.k usifpe dsnskkssadh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadks rhljh nqfu;k ds nskksaesaviuk O;kikj tky QSykusdk Hkjiwj volj fn;kA mifuoskh rkdrksa dh N= Nk;k esabUgksaus ykrhuh vejhdk] vhdk vkSj ,fk;k dsnskksalslLrk dPpk dky cVksjk vkSj viusegaxs *cus cuk,* eky lsmuds cktkjksadks ikV fn;kA urhtru bu nskksadh fVdkvFkZO;oLFkk VwV x;h vkSj lEiUu nsk vfodflr nskksadh Js.kh esa/kdsysfn;sx;sA f}rh;

egk;q) ds ckn mifuoskhdj.k dk tky VwVk] ij fodkl dsuke ij ;s dEifu;k rhljhnqfu;k essaviuh ?kqliSB cuk, jghaA mifuoskdky esatksdke iqfyl&QkSt dsgfFk;kj djrsFks] mRrj mifuoskdky esaog dke foo cSad vkSj eqnzkdksk dh lgk;rk ls_.k ds gfFk;kj}kjk fd;k x;kA cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadks rhljh nqfu;k esafuckZ/k :i lsviusiko ilkjusdk dkuwuh gd xSV ds;w:Xos p dh lekfIr ij cus foo O;kikj laxBu us ns fn;kftldsrgr ;sdEifu;k bu nskksals*jkVh; O;ogkj* ikusdh gdnkj cu x;h gSA

cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksausrhljh nqfu;k ds nskksadh vkfFkZd Lok;Rrrk dks uV dj fn;kgS rFkk O;kid iSekus ij xSj&cjkcjh] vkSj miHkksDrkoknh vilaLdfr QSykbZ gSA vc rks

fodflr nsk Hkh buds dkj.k csjkstxkjh vkSj mlds QyLo:i QSyrslkekftd ruko dsfkdkj gksjgsgSaAcgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadk c


4/61

3 | P a g e


Table of Contents

cgjkVh; dEifu;ksdk bfrgkl.................................................................................................................................................. 6

;q) dh jktuhfr vkSj gfFk;kjksdk O;olk; ................................................................................................................................. 10

cgjkVh; dEifu;ksdk

........................................................................................................................................................... 15Hkkjr esiosk....................................................................................................................................................................... 15

mPp fonkh rduhd dk >B................................................................................................................................................... 25

?kVr jkstxkj vkj c


5/61

4 | P a g e


cgqjkVh; difu;ks dk edM+tky

ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dsbfrgkl esafdlh Hkh u;h [kkst us brus euksosx] xgjs&lansg]rh[kh vkykspuk o luluh dkstUe ughafn;k] ftruk fd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa usA tklwlhmiU;klksa dk lk jksekap iSnk djusokyh budh jgL;iw.kZ xfrfof/k;ksadh tc dybZ [kqyrhgS rksvUrjkZVh; izsl txr Hkh HkkSpDdk jg tkrk gS tks fd Lo;abl rjg dh dkjxqtkfj;ksadk HkaMkQksM+ djusdk vknh gSA jkskuh dh ,d uhyh lh ydhj vUrjkZVh; txr dsmuiqjks/kkvksadksHkh pdkpkS/k lsvk[ks Hkhapusij etcwj dj nsrh gS] tksbl eqxkyr esajgrs gSfd vUrjkZVh; jktuhfr mudsbkkjksaij lapkfyr gksrh gSA

vkt ,slsfdlh Hkh cM+svUrjkZVh; ;k jkVh; fooknksadks


6/61

5 | P a g e


vesfjdk 4807 vjc Mkyj 36]526 vjc :-tkiku 2843 vjc Mkyj 51]174 vjc :-

ifpe teZuh 1201 vjc Mkyj 21]618 vjc :-kal 947 vjc Mkyj 17046 vjc :-bVyh 828 vjc Mkyj 14]904 vjc :-fczVsu 813 vjc Mkyj 14]634 vjc :-dukMk 482 vjc Mkyj 8]676 vjc :-

lzksr% Qkjpwu] twu 1990vc jktuSfrd :i ls fdlh nsk dksxqyke cukuk lEHko ugha gSA vr% nskksadks

vkfFkZd :i lsbu cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadstfj;sxqyke cuk;k tkrk gSA ;sdEifu;k vkfFkZd

lkezkT;oknh kksk.k dk ,d izeq[k gfFk;kj gSA fdlh Hkh nsk dh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dksfu;af=r fd;k tkrk gS] bu cgqjkVh; daifu;ksa}kjkA D;ksafd jktuhfr viusvki esadksbZ,d fujis{k rRo ughagSA nwljh vksj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk Hkh viusvki esavfUre lR; ughagSA;fn fdlh nsk dh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esafdafpr ifjorZu gksrk gS rksvkfFkZd gksrk gS rksvkfFkZd o lkekftd O;oLFkk ,d cMs+vuqikr esacnyrh gS vkSj lkekthdj.k dk iwjk


7/61

6 | P a g e


cgqjkVh; dEifu;ks dk bfrgkl

cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadh tM+se/;dky esaosful] vaxzst] Mp o kalhlh O;kikfj;ksa}kjk LFkkfir

daifu;ksaesafeyrh gSaA izkphu lH;rk esaHkh O;kikfj;ksa}kjk nwljsnsk esatkdj O;kikj djusdsmnkgj.kfeyrs gSaA nsk dh lhekvksadksyka?kdj nwljsnskksaesaO;kikj djusdsizek.k *eslksiksVkfe;k lH;rk* ds

le; dsekStwn gSaA ysfdu ;g O;kikj eq[;r% LorU= O;fDr;ksa}kjk gh fd;k tkrk FkkA O;kikjh lewgcukdj ,d nsk ls nwljsnsk esaviuseky dh fch dsfy;stkrsFks] vkSj vko;drk dh oLrq;saogka

ls[kjhn dj ykrsFksA Hkkjr dk jkse dslkFk O;kikj] Hkkjr dk cekZ] eyk;k vc eysfk;k] phu vkfnds lkFk O;kikj blh Js.kh esavkrk FkkA jkseu lkezkT; dsle; ikj&jkVh; O;kikj [kwc gksrk Fkk] ysfduO;kikfj;ksa}kjk lkezkT; ds iru dsckn Hkkjr dk O;kikj phu dslkFk kq: gqvkA eq[;r% nf{k.k Hkkjrdk fgLlk phu ds lkFk O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksaesavf/kd layXu FkkA O;kikj ds bl Lo:i esakksk.k dhdghadksbZxqatkbk ughaFkh vkSj u gh estcku o esgeku nskksadschp bl O;kikj dks ysdj dksbZ>xM+kgqvk djrk FkkA

vk/kqfud cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksads pfj= okyh nqfu;k dh lclsigyh dEiuh *n eLdksohdEiuh* (The Muskovi Compayny)ekuh tkrh gSftldh LFkkiuk lu~ 1553 esagq;hFkhA bl dEiuh us viuh LFkkiuk ds 3 okksZckn gh nqfu;k ds egRoiw.kZ kgjksaesaviusO;kikfjd izfrBku LFkkfir dj fy;s FksA lu~1553 ls 1581 rd *eLdksoh dEiuh* us vdwrequkQk dek;k vkSj lu~ 1581 esadEiuh dsvyecjnkjksaus,d vkSj fokkydk; dEiuh *n

VdhZ dEiuh* (The Turkey Company)dksLFkkfir dj fy;kA bl *VdhZ dEiuh* dhfokskrk Fkh fd blusLFkkiuk ds le; gh nqfu;k ds egRoiw.kZ uxjksa esavius iko ilkjsA,slk ughaFkk fd 1553 lslu~ 1581 dschp nqfu;k esafdlh vU; dEiuh dk tUe gh ughagqvkA vU; dbZNksVh dEifu;klkeusvk;h ysfdu vf/kd fnu rd py u ldhA vr% ;gdgk tk ldrk gS fd lu~1553 ls lu~ 1581 rd *eLdksoh dEiuh* dk O;kikfjd {ks= esa,dkf/kdkj jgkA

lu~1600 esabZLV bf.M;k dEiuh Hkkjr esaO;kikj djusds fy;svk;hA gkykfd bl dEiuh dhLFkkiuk bfytkcsFk izFke dsle; esagh gkspqdh Fkh] ysfdu bl dEiuh uscgqjkVh; pfj= lu~1600

esagh xzg.k fd;kA Hkkjr vkuslsiwoZbl dEiuh usnqfu;kdsvU; fgLlksaesaHkh iSj tekusdh dksfkkdh Fkh ysfdu og lQy ugha gksldhA ml le; nf{k.k&iwoZ,fk;k esavusd NksVh&eksVh Mp dEifu;kviuk O;kikj dj jgha FkhA Hkkjr esaHkh dqN Mp dEifu;ksadks izosk gkspqdk FkkA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuhuslu~1612 esabZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us Mp dEifu;ksadslkFk vEcksfu;k bUMksusfk;k esa,d ;q) yM+kFkkA bl ;q) esabZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us ,d kM~;U= dsrgr Mp dEifu;ksads vf/kdkfj;ksadh lkewfgdgR;k djok nhA lu~1667 dsvkrs&vkrs bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh usMp dEifu;ksadk ukeks&fukku feVkfn;kA lwjr dscUnjxkg ij dCtk djusdsfy;sbZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us 1612 esaLokyh esaHkh ,d;q) yM+k ftlds ckn lwjr dscUnjxkg ij bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dk iw.kZvf/kdkj gks x;kA blds

ckn gh bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dk fkdatk iwjs nsk ij dlrk pyk x;kA


8/61

7 | P a g e


fczVsu dh vkS|ksfxd kafr lsiwoZ] lu~ 1670 esaLFkkfir *n gMlu cs dEiuh* (TheHudson Bay Company),lu~ 1672 esa LFkkfir *n jk;y vhdu dEiuh* (TheRoyal African Company)o 1711 esalFkkfir *n lkmFk lh dEiuh* (The South

Sea Company)vkfn fokkydk; cgqjkVh; dEifu;k nqfu;k ds reke fgLlksaesaO;kikjdj jgh FkhA

lu~1750 dsckn dk nkSj fczVsu dh vkS|ksfxd kfUr dk nkSj FkkA ftldsnkSjku mRiknu dhrduhd esavkewy ifjorZu vk;kA lu~1600 ls 1750 dschp vaxzsth dEiuh us] ftlesabZLV bf.M;kdEiuh Hkh kkfey Fkh] vaxzstksadks vdwr iwth dk ekfyd cuk fn;kA Hkkjr o nf{k.k&iwoZ,fk;k dsvU;nskksadk kksk.k djdsvaxzsth cktkj esaiSlsdk izokg vR;kf/kd c


9/61

8 | P a g e


mifuosk cusA bl mifuoskksadsuke Hkh mUghadEifu;ksads uke ij j[ksx;stksbu {ks=ksadh ekfyd cu cSBh FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy;seSlkpqlsV] cksLVu] ysfDlxzaVu] othZfu;k] eSjhyS.M]tlhZ] isuflYosfu;k vkfn txgksadsuke dEifu;ksa dsuke ij j[ksx;sA tktZokfkaxVu

tSlsusrkvksa dsusr`Ro esafczfVk mifuoskksadkseqDr djkus dk jkVh; vkanksyu vesfjdk esakq: gqvkA vkanksyu dk lclsrkdroj i{k Fkk] vaxzsth oLrqvksa dk cfgdkjA yksxksa us vaxszthdEifu;ksa}kjk cuk;h x;h oLrqvksadks[kjhnuk can fd;kA dEifu;ksadks vU; izdkj ds

lg;ksx nsuk NksM+kA *vlg;ksx* vkSj *cfgdkj* ds ukjksalsvesfjdh /kjrh xwath vkSj bl xwatdk ifj.kke lu~ 1783 esafeyk] vaxzsth nklrk lseqfDr esaA mu 13 vaxzsth dEifu;ksadksvesfjdk dh /kjrh lsviuk cksfj;k fcLrj lesVuk iM+kA

fczfVk dEifu;kssa}kjk tkscht vesfjdk dh /kjrh NksMs+x;s] os vc ikS/kscuus yxsFksA vesfjdkesaHkh NksVh&NksVh dEifu;kvfLrRo esavkusyxhaFkhaA lu~1865 esavesfjdk dk flfoy okj lekIr

gqvk ftldks vesfjdh vkS|ksfxd kfUr dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gSA flfoy okj dh lekfIr dscknvesfjdk mlh uDksdne ij pyusyxk ftl ij dHkh fczVsu pyk FkkAvesfjdk dh lcls igyh cgqjkVh; dEiuh *flaxj* (Singer)Fkh] tks1867 esaLFkkfir gqbZA bl

dEiuh usnsk ds ckgj viuh igyh mRiknu bdkbZ1867 esagh XyklxksLdkVyS.M esaLFkkfir dhAlu~1867 esa*ck;j* (Bayer)us viuh igyh mRiknu bdkbZdksyksu kal esaLFkkfir dh Fkh ftlesajklk;fud inkFkZ,uhyhu rS;kj fd;k tkrk FkkA bl dEiuh dstud iz[;kr oSKkfud sMfjd ck;jFkstksteZuh dsFksA lu~1866 esafoofo[;kr HkkSfrd kkL=h vYsM ukscqy usMk;ukekbV ds mRiknuds fy;s *ukscqy b.MLVht* (Noble Industries)uked dEiuh dh LFkkiuk gsEcxZesadhA ;srhuksadEifu;kcgqjkVh; dEifu;kFkha] tksvkt viuh 450 lsvf/kd dEifu;ksadslkFk vkfFkZd txr dhcqyafn;ksaij gSaA Kkr jgsfd nqfu;k dk izfrfBr ukscqy iqjLdkj] Mk;ukekbV o vU; foLQksVd inkFkksZadk mRiknu djusokyh dEiuh ukscqy b.MLVht }kjk gh fn;k tkrk gSA

19 oha krkCnh dh kq:vkr rd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksads vkdkj o lef) esavR;f/kd of) gksusyxh FkhA vr% ;wjksih; nskksadh ljdkjksauslaj{k.kokn dh uhfr dksviuk;k FkkA ftldsrgr munskkasdh ljdkjksausviusnsk dh dEifu;ksadks laj{k.k fn;k vkSj nwljs nsk dh dEifu;ksadksviuscktkj esa?kqlus ij dbZikcafn;k yxkbZA lu~1890 rd vesfjdk esa5000 dEifu;kLFkkfir gks pqdhFkhaA ;wjksih; nskksaesamudks?kqliSB djuk vc eqfdy gks x;k FkkA D;ksafd vf/kdrj ;wjksih; nskksaesadM+svkfFkZd izfrcU/k yxk fn;s x;sFksA vc bu vejhdh dEifu;ksaus vkilh izfr;ksfxrk lscpusdsfy;svkil esaVLV cukuk kq: dj fn;kA 5000 dEifu;ksaesavkil esaxBtksM+gqvk vkSj izFke foo;q) rd vkrs&vkr vesfjdk esa300 fokkydk; dEifu;knsk dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij dCtk djds;wjksih;nkksaesaHkh ?kql pqdh FkhaA bu 5000 dEifu;ksads vkilh xBtksM+us vkxs vkusokyh dEifu;ksadksvkil dh izfr;ksfxrk ls cpusdk] ,d nwljsds fgrksadk vkil esau Vdjkusdk vklku jkLrkfn[kk;kA tc 5000 dEifu;ksausvkil esafeydj 300 fokkydk; dEifu;kLFkkfir dh rks;wjksih;nskksaesadksgjke ep x;kA nskksads vkfFkZd izfrcU/k rkd ij /kjsjg x;sA lke&nke&n.M&Hksn dh

uhfr viukdj bu dEifu;ksaus;wjksih; nskksaesa?kqliSB dh rFkk mu nskksadh vFkZO;oLFkkvksadks viusvuq:i cnydj j[k fn;kA [kqys cktkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ukjk nsdj mu nskksads iqrSuh jkstxkj


10/61

9 | P a g e


/ka/kksadkspkSiV fd;kA izFke foo;q) dsle; rd ckth ,d ne lsiyV x;h FkhA dy rd tksfczVsu ds gkFk Fkh vc ckth vesfjdh dEifu;ksadsgkFk FkhA lu~1901 esafczVsu esadke djus okyhdEifu;ksaesalcls cM+h dEiuh (Standard Oil Company)iwjs ;wjksi dh lcls cM+h dEiuh gqvk

djrh FkhA lu~1914 rd iwjs ;wjksi esaftruh dkjsacurh Fkha muesals,d&frgkbZdkj vdsysvejhdkdh QksMZ(Ford)dEiuh cukrh FkhA tcfd bl dEiuh dh LFkkiuk gsujhQksMZuslu~1903 esadh FkhAizFke foo;q) ds kq: gksus rd vejhdh dEifu;ksaus;wjksi dksjkSan dj j[k fn;kA bu lUnHkZesa,Q-,] eSdsUth }kjk 1902 esafyf[kr iqLrd *n vesfjdu bUosMlZ* vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZgSaA mudsLo;adskCnksaesa& vesfjdk us;wjksi dksjkSan fn;k gs] viuh QkSatksalsugha cfYd dEifu;ksa}kjk RkS;kj mRiknksa

lsA bu dEifu;ksads dIrku vkt ;wjksi ds HkkX; fo/kkrk cu cSBsgSaA ftUgksauseSfMd ls ysdj lsaV~lihVjcxZrd yksxksasds nSfud thou dks viuh fxjr esaysfy;k gSA bu vkrrk;h dEifu;ksads lkeusvc dqN Hkh lqjf{kr ughajg x;k gSA gekjsMkbZoj vejhdh xkfM+;ksadh xksn esacSbus dks csrkc gSaA

gekjscPps vc vejhdh Hkkstu ij iy jgs gSavkSj gekjscqtqxZHkh vc vejhdh rkcwrksaesanQuk;satkjgsgSaA vejhdh dEifu;ksa}kjk cuslkekuksadh ck


11/61

10 | P a g e


;q) dh jktuhfr vkSj gfFk;kjks dk O;olk;

;q) dHkh Hkh jktuhfrd dkj.kkssadsfy;s ughacfYd vkfFkZd dkj.kksadsfy;sgh yM+stkrsgSaA izFke foo ;q) ds ckn ;g ckr ,dne khksdh rjg lkQ utj vkrh gS fd bufokkydk; dEifu;ksadsvkilh fgr tc VdjkrsgSarksmldk ifj.kke iwjh ekuo tkfr dks>syuk iM+rk gSA vesfjdk us izFke foo ;q) esan[ky nsusdk fu.kZ; rFkh fy;k tc mlusns[kk fd vejhdh dEifu;ksadsvkfFkZd fgr pkSiV gksrstk jgsgSaA

lu~ 1914 rd vejhdh dEifu;ksa dk ;wjksih; nskksads lkFk dqy O;kikj 16-9 djksM+Mkyj orZeku le; esayxHkx 3-42 vjc :i;sdscjkcj dk fkk] tks 1916 rd vkrs&vkrsek= 11-59 yk[k Mkyj orZeku le; esayxHkx 2-08 djksM+ :i;s jg x;k FkkA ;wjksih;

nskksdslkFk O;kikj esavk;h Hkkjh fxjkoV lsvejhdh dEifu;ksadks cgqr vf/kd ?kkVk gqvkAvc vejhdh dEifu;ksausbl ?kkVsdksiwjk djus dsfy;s vU; fe= nsksa esalsa/k yxkuk kq:fd;k vkSj blesasosdkQh lQy Hkh jgsA 1914 rd ;wjksih; nskksadsckgj nqfu;k ds vU;nskksaesavejhdh dEifu;ksa dk izfr okZdk dkjksckj 82-4 djksM+ Mkyj Fkk] tks 1916 esac


12/61

11 | P a g e


tujy eksVlZ] (General Motors),QksMZ (Ford),LVSUMMZ vk;y (StandardOil), M~;wikUV (Dupont), vkbZ-lh-vkbZ- (I.C.I), ,ykbM dsfedYl (AlliedChemicals),jsfeaxVu (Remington),dSaVj fiyj VSDVj (Cater Pillar Tractor),kblyj dkiksZjsku Qk;j LVksu (Fire Stone),tujy bySDVhdYl dkiksZjsku (GeneralElectricals Corporation),bUVjuskuy gkosZLVj (International Harvester),dksYV(Colt),dksdk&dksyk (Coca Cola),vkbZ- ch- ,e- (I.B.M.),vkfnA

f}rh; foo ;q) dh iwjh :ijs[kk gsfM[k eqYySj }kjk cuk;h x;h Fkh ftlds rgrikyS.M dsij lclsigyk vke.k fd;k x;kA gSfM[k eqYySj] fgVyj ds nkfgusgkFk ds:i esavR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZ in ij teZu lsuk ds lapkyu dsfy;sfu;qDr gqvk FkkA

bllsHkh egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd gSfMy eqYySj f{rh; foo ;q) dsle; dq[;kr

cgqjkVh; dEiuh vkbZ-Vh-Vh- dk izeq[k FkkA ;g cgqjkVh; dEiuh ;q) dsle; esaQkflLVxqV dks foRrh; lgk;rk iznku dj jgh FkhA bldsvykok viuh lg;ksxh dEiuh *QksdscqYQ ,;j kV dkiksZjsku* ds lkFk feydj ceokZd foekuksadh vkiwfrZ QkflLV xqV dksdj jgh FkhA lEiw.kZ ;q) dsnkSjku vkbZ-Vh-Vh- dh lapkj lsokvksaus ukth ;q) rU= dkslh/kh

lgk;rk dh FkhA ij ;q) lekIr gksrsgh ;g dEiuh vejhdh lsuk dh Hkh izeq[k Bsdsnkj cux;h vkSj blds vf/kdkjh fe= jkVksadsxqIrpjksadslkFk feydj ?kfuBrk lsdke djusyxsA etsnkj ckr ;g Fkh fd vkbZ-Vh-Vh nksuksavksj ls;q) esayM+jgh FkhA QkflTe dsf[kykQ ;g dEiuh vejhdk o lksfo;r la?k dks enn dj jgh Fkh rFkk nwljh vksj ukth

lsukvksadksenn dj jgh FkhA;g vR;Ur gh fofp= yxrk gS fd ;q) lekfIr ds30 okZ ckn vkbZ-Vh-Vh- dEiuh dksvesfjdh ljdkj dh vksj ls2 djksM+60 yk[k Mkyj bl ckr dh {kfr iwfrZ ds fy;sizkIrgq;s fd vesfjdh forkuksausteZuh esadEiuh vkbZ-Vh-Vh- dsizfrBku dks Hkkjh uqdlkuigqpk;k FkkA bl izdkj vkbZ-Vh-Vh- us ,d ;q) dseSnku lsrhu&rhu vkfFkZd QlysadkVhaAnksckj vius eq[;ky; dsek/;e lsvesfjdk lsvkSj ,d ckj viuh lgk;d dEiuh dsek/;e lsteZuh lsA ;g xkSj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd ;q) dsiwoZHkh bl dEiuh ds teZu

lsuk dsxqIrpj foHkkx ds izeq[k xks;fjax lsvR;Ur gh e/kqj lEcU/k Fks] ftldsdkj.k dEiuh

ds fgVyj ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ lEcU/k cusFksAf}rh; foo ;q) dslekIr gksusds rqjar ckn vesfjdk dh 23 cM+h dEifu;ksa usukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksadks cukuk kq: fd;kA bu gfFk;kjksads ijh{k.k LFky cusvhdk o,fk;kdsxjhc o NksVsnskA gfFk;kjksa dk mRiknu djusokyh dEifu;k fn nwuh jkr pkSxquh

rjDdh djusyxhaA vc ;g gfFk;kjksadk O;olk; dEifu;ksads Qyus&Qwyusdk vk/kkjcukA tks vkxspydj fo;ruke ;q)] dksfj;k ;q)] bZjku&bZjkd ;q) o dbZ vU; NksVs;q)ksaesavkSj vf/kd rsth lsQSyrk x;kA

bZjku dskkg vkSj izfrf;koknh vjc gqdwerksausgfFk;kjksadks[kjhnus esalSdM+ksavjc

Mkyj [kpZfd;sgSaA btjk;y] phu vkSj felzdh ljdkjsaHkh gfFk;kjksadsckSrsds ckn e/;&iwoZ esavejhdk ds lSfud


13/61

12 | P a g e


vkS|ksfxd leqPp; ds fy;s equkQs dekus dh u;h laHkkouk;sa iSnk gks x;hA bZjku ovQxkfuLrku dh ?kVukvksalsHkh mUgsa ,slsgh ekSdsfeysA tkiku vkSj phu ds chp lEiUu

rFkkdfFkr kkfUr le>kSrsusftlesaekvksokfn;ksaus] uk;dRookn dsckjsesa,d fojks/kh ykch

rS;kj dh] feRkwfokh] dkoklkdh] fgrkph] tkslsu vkSj vU;fokkydk; tkikuh m|ksxksadsequkQksa esaHkkjh o`) dj nhA ihfdax dsnwr dtksZavkSj gfFk;kjksadh rykk esaifpe esalkjsnskksadksNkus Mky jgs gSaA vHkh gky esavejhdh ;k=k ds nkSjku yh isax us ykdghM]esdMksukYM&Mxyl vkSj cksbax tSlsnkZuh; LFkkuksaesa:fp fn[kk;h gSA mudksysflaxj]uu vkSj tSdlu tSlscnuke ;q)okfn;ksa ds}kjk lSj djk;h x;hA cksyhfc;k] czkthy] fpyh];wuku vkSj baMksusfk;k esanf{k.kiaFkh kM~;U=dkfj;ksadks vejhdk ljdkj dh lykgdkj fuxeksaus lgk;rk igqpk;h vkSj bldscnys esabu nskksadslsuk/;{kksausvejhdh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksads fy;svuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;k miyC/k djk;h gSaA Fky lsuk vkSj ukS lsuk dsyxHkx 500

izeq[k vM~MksavkSj lSfud gLr{ksi ds ntZu lsmij fu;a=.kdkjh pkSfd;ksaij nqfu;k Hkj esatgk dgh Hkh vejhdh >aMk xkMk x;k gS] ogk vejhdh daifu;k ?kql x;haA fooO;kih lSfudlkezkT; dk fuekZ.k djuk budsfy;s ,d vPNk /ka/kk jgk gSA tcfd bu daifu;ksadsleFkZdksadk dguk gS fd varjkZVh; daifu;kaewyr% ,d kkfUriwoZd lekt dh LFkkiuk ds fy;s

lqanj&lqanj phtksadk fuekZ.k djus esayxh gqbZ gSA bu daifu;ksadk cpko djus ds fy;sfdrusgh laaqnj kCnksa dk bLrseky D;ksau fdk tk;] vkSj ;g izekf.kr djus ds fy;s fdruhgh th&rksM+esgur D;ksau djsa] fd nqfu;k esaLFkkf;Ro iSnk gks x;k gS vkSj jkVksadh gkyresalq/kkj gksx;k gS] lSfud [kpksZaesadVkSrh dh x;h gS] ysfdu rF; mYVk gh izekf.kr djrs

gSaA gky gh esa U;w;kdZ VkbEl usvius,d laikndh; esafy[kk gS fd gfFk;kjksadk mRiknudjus vkSj dkuwuh rkSj ij mudk fu;kZr djusesavejhdk dh ,d gtkj lsT;knk daifu;kyxh gqbZgSaA muesaos izeq[k vkS|ksfxd izfrBku Hkh kkfey gSa tksnSfud miHkksDrk oLrqvksadk mRiknu djus dsfy;s tkustkrs gSaA ;q) lkexzh dsfuekZ.k esa,Dlksu rsy] tujyeksVl eksVj] vkbZ-ch-,e- dEI;wVj] vkj-lh-,- Vh-oh- lSV] xqMbZ;j Vk;j] Mw;wiksaVjlk;u] flaxj flykbZ dh ekhusa] osfLVax gkml fctyh ds lkeku vkSj xYQ vk;ytSlh daifu;k Hkh kkfey gSaA bu fuxeksadh dkjxgqtkfj;ksadsdkj.k LFkk;h kkafr ughajgikrhA cfYd lp rks ;g gS fd ;s fuxesa yxkrkj nqfu;k dks ;q) dsdxkj ij [kM+k djus

dh dksfkk esa yxh jgrh gSAfo;ruke ij vejhdh vke.k usfoksk rkSj i] mu Hkzkafr;ksadks vf/kd /kDdk igqpk;k

tks cgqjkVh; daifu;ksa}kjk QSyk;h x;h FkhaA fo;rukeh turk dsfy;sbl ;q) dsHk;adjifj.kke loZfofnr gSaA ysfdu cM+h la[;k esavejhdh yksxksadks Hkh fgUn&phu dstaxyksaesaviuh tku lsgkFk /kksuk iM+kA Qk;nk gqvk dsoy bu cgqjkVh; fuxeksadksA

1955 lsysdj fo;ruke ;q) dh lekfIr rd bu fuxeksadks gfFk;kjksads75 izfrkrvkMZj izkIr gq;sA ml dky esavejhdh lsuk dh kL=ksadh vkiwfrZdjusokyksadh lwph dkQhdqN dgrh gS& cksbaZ&1800 djksM+Mkyj] tujy Mk;ukfeDl& 1400 djksM+Mkyj] ukFkZ

vesfjdu ,fo;sku bu dkiksZjsku& 1330 djksM+Mkyj] ;wukbZVsM ,;j kV & 1160 djksM+Mkyj] tujy eksVlZ& 1050 djksM+Mkyj] Mxyl & 850 djksM+Mkyj] vkbZ-Vh-Vh- & 710


14/61

13 | P a g e


djksM+Mkyj] ekfVZu ekfj;s& 660 djskM Mkyj] wXl & 470 djksM+ Mkyj] esDMksusy &570 djksM+Mkyj] Lisjh jsaM & 560 djksM+ Mkyj] fjifCyd & 530 djksM+Mkyj] xqzesu &420 djksM+ Mkyj] csufMDl & 410 djskM Mkyj] osfLVax gkml & 390 djksM+ Mkyj] dfVZl

jkbV & 380 djksM Mkyj] jsfFk;ksu & 330 djksM Mkyj] vkbZ-ch-,e- & 320 djksM+ MkyjAbu fuxeksadks ;qw) lkeqxzh dsvkMZjksadk ,d cM+k fgLlk dkaxzsl lnL;ksavkSj lhusVjksadh en lsfeyk FkkA

btjk;y Hkh bl ckr dks Lohkdjusyxk gSfd felkbyksadk O;kikj larjksalsvf/kdykHknk;d gS & ;skCn ogkads iz/kkuea=h usgky esagh O;Dr fd;sgSA btjk;y gfFk;kjksadks cspusesaleFkZ gSA ogk bu gfFk;kjksadk mRiknu *jkdosy*] *ykdghM*] *okfu;k*] *tsfuFk*]*osfLVax gkml*] *eQhucksy*] *esxzkoksDl*] *,;jkstksV*] *tujy U;wfDy;ksfuDl*]*fyax&VsDdks&oksXV* vkfn fuxe dj jgsgSA btjk;y dskL= m|ksx dslaj{kdksaesaM~;wk

cSad] ,=th= kkfey gSatksifpe teZuh ds lclscM+scSadksa esals,d gSaA ;g cSad ogk dsfuxeksa dksfoRr eqgS;k djkrk gSA fiNys10&12 okksZ esa;gk ds fuxeksadsfu;kZr esa50 xquko`f) gqbZ gSA vkt ;g fu;kZr 100 djksM+ ekdZdksikj dj pqdk gSA ;sfuxe tsV yM+kdwceokZd] vkLVaM & 1124 leqnzrVh; xrh foeku] QkSxk & ekftLVj ceokZd] vjkoklSfud ifjogu foeku] tgkt lsNksM+stkus okysiz{ksiklz] 155 ,e-,e- rksisa] iz{ksiklz


15/61

14 | P a g e


ifj.kke Lo:i foo Hkj dsdqy iwth fuosk dk 65 izfrkr fgLlk vesfjdh dEifu;ksadsikl gksx;kA

blds vfrfjDr lu~ 1952 dschp esavesfjdk esacuh ekkZy ;kstuk dsrgr ;wjksih;

nskksadksviuscktkjksadks fodflr djusgsrq17 vjc Mkyj dh vfrfjDr vesfjdh lgk;rknh x;hA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i ;wjksi dh izfr O;fDr vk; ukVdh; rjhdslsc


16/61

15 | P a g e


cgqjkVh; dEifu;ks dk

Hkkjr e izok

Hkkjr esafonskh dEifu;k rhu rjhds lsde dj jgh gSA igyk] lh/ksviuh kk[kk;sa(Branch)LFkkfir djds] nwljk viuh lgk;d dEifu;ksa (Subsidiaries)dsek/;e ls]

rhljk nsk dh vU; dEifu;ksadslkFk lk>snkj dEiuh (Colaboration)ds :i esaAtwu 1995 rd izkIr vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj 3500 ls dqN vf/kd fosnskh cgqjkVh;

dEifu;k] viuh kk[kkvksa;k lgk;d dEifu;ksads:i esansk esa?kqldj O;kikj dj jghgSaA 20]000 lsvf/kd fonskh le>kSrs nsk esapy jgsgSaA vkSlru 1000 lsvf/kd u;s fonskh

le>kSrsizfrokZnsk esagksrsgSaAlu~ 1972 ds vUr rd nsk esadqy 740 fonskh dEifu;k FkhaA ftuesals538 viuh

kk[kk;sa [kksydj o 202 viuh lgk;d dEifu;ksa ds:i esadke dj jgh FkhaA buesalclsvf/kd dEifu;k fczVsu dh FkhaA ysfdu vkt lclsvf/kd dEifu;k vesfjdk dh gSaA le>kSrsds vUrxZr dke djusokyh lclsvf/kd dEifu;k teZuh dh gSaA 1977 esafonskh dEifu;ksadh la[;k 1136 gksx;hA

vktknh ds iwoZ lu~1940 esa55 fonskh dEifu;k nsk esalh/ksdk;Zjr FkhaA vktknh

ds ckn lu~1952 esafd;sx;s,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj fczVsu dh 8 fokkydk; dEifu;ksadslh/ksfu;U=.k esa701 dEifu;k Hkkjr esaO;kikj dj jgh FkhaA fczVsu dh vU; 32 dEifu;k]Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksads lkFk fd;s x;sle>kSrksadsrgr dk;Zjr FkhaA ;s 8 fokkydk; fczfVkdEifu;k lu~ 1853 lsgh Hkkjr esa?kqluk kq: gks x;h FkhaA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh }kjk lksph

le>h j.kuhfr ds rgr yk;h x;h ;s dEifu;k lu~ 1860 rd bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dsHkkjrh; miegk}hi ds kksk.k dsfy;s /kkjnkj gfFk;kj cu pqdh FkhA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa

LFkkfir gkstkusdsckn ;sdEifu;k nqfu;k dsvU; nwljs nskksa esakksk.k djus pyh x;haA

;s8 fczfVk dEifu;k fuEu Fkha%&1- ,UM;wy ,.M dEiuh2- esDykbM ,.M dEiuh3- ekfVZu ,.M dEiuh4- cuZ ,.M dEiuh5- Madu cznlZ ,.M dEiuh6- vkDVsfo;l LVhy ,.M dEiuh7- fxyS.Mj vcqZnukV ,.M dEiuh

8- kk okysl ,.M dEiuh


17/61

16 | P a g e


Hkkjr esatSls&tSlsfonskh iwth dk fuosk c


18/61

17 | P a g e


Hkkjr esabu fonskh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadh fdruh rkdr gS \ budh rkdr dk ,dvankt blh ckr lsykx;k tk ldrk gS fd nqfu;k dh lclscM+h fokkydk; (Giants)100 cgqjkVh; dEifu;k pquh x;ha gSaA ftudsckjs esa*Qkjpwu* if=dk ds31 tqykbZ 1989

ds vad esa,d fVIi.kh Nih Fkh %&iwjsfoo dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij pquh x;h 100 cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadk dCtk gSA ftruhrjg ifjlEifRr bu 100 dEifu;ksa ds ikl gSa] mlesatjk lh Hkh gsj&Qsj dj nsusij iwjsfoo dh vFkO;OkLFkk pjejk ldrh gSA bu lHkh dEifu;ksadh kk[kk;sanqfu;k ds 125 lsHkh vf/kd nskksa esagSA 31 tqykbZ 1995 rd bu 100 dEifu;ksaesals50 dEifu;k Hkkjr esadke dj jgh gSaA bu 50 dEifu;ksa esalsizR;sd dk okfkZd dkjksckj Hkkjr ljdkj dsokfkZdctV ls vf/kd gSA

okZ 1994 esabu dEifu;ksa dh foo Hkj esafch rFkk Hkkjr esa;sdEifu;k fdl :i

esadk;Zdj jghagSa( bldk fooj.k uhpsnh x;h rkfydk esafn[kk;k x;k gS%&

fo dEiuh

nskh@cgjkVh;

okZ 1994 dh fch Hkkjr es dk;Zjr

:Ik

tujy eksVl 4936-032 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkQksM eksVl 4110-048 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk,DlkWu 3246-688 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkokWy ekV 2669-184 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk

,-Vh- v.M- Vh- 2403-008 vCt #i;s 'kk[kktujy bysfDVd d- 2063-984 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkvkb- ch- ,e 2049-664 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkeksfcy 1907-872 vCt #i;s 'kk[kklh;lZ 1745-888 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|e esakblyj 1671-168 vCt #i; la;qDr m|e esaLVsV QkWe 1234-200 vCt #i;s &&&&&&&&

iMsfU'k;y daiuh 1163-072 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh dEiuhbZ- vkb- n;wikS 1118-976 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|e@ekV *1098-016 vCt #i;s &&&&&&&&lhVhdkWi 1012-800 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk'ksojkWu 994-048 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh daiuhikWDVj ,aM xcy 969 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkisIlhdks 911 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;qm|ksxvkWedks 862 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh daiuh

gsyoV idkMZ 799 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@lg- daiuhvk;- Vh- Vh- 760 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@lg- daiuh


19/61

18 | P a g e


dksukxk 752 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh daiuhkstj 734 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxvefjdu bVju'kuj

xzi

716 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksx

eksVksjhyk 711 vCt #i;s 'kk[k@la;q- m|ksxesVksikWyhVu ykbQ 712 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;qm|ksxbU'kwjUl daiuh

fQyhi ekWfjl 1720 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkVsDlkdks 1080 vCt #i;s lg;ksxh daiuhcksbx dkWjiksjs'ku 701 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;qm|ksxMk;Vu&gMlu 681 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksx

;quk;VsM VDukWykth 626 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxts- lh- iuh 674 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxMk dsehdYl 640 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;qm|ksxth- Vh- bZ- LVseQksM 638 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksx;quk;VsM iklZy

lfol

626 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk

QsMjs'ku u'kuy

ekWjxt

vWlksfl,'ku VWOgylZ 590 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxflXu 588 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxvefjdu LVksvlZ 587 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkesfjy fyUc 583 vCt #i;s 'kk[kktsjkWDl 570 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkvWVuk ykbQ bU'kqjUl

daiuh

560 vCt #i;s &&&&&

bLVeu dksMd 539 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkcsylkmFk 539 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksx;w-,l- ,Dl- 537 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;qm|ksxcd vkWQ vefjdk 528 vCt #i;s 'kk[kkikbl&dkWLVdks 527 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxdksdk&dksyk 517 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk@la;qm|ksx,- ,e-vkj- 516 vCt #i;s la;qDr m|ksxlqij OgY;w 509 vCt #i;s 'kk[kk


20/61

19 | P a g e


fonskh ith dk /kks[kk

cgqjkVh; dEifu;k tc Hkh nqfu;k ds fdlh nsk esaO;kikj djus ds fy;stkrh gSarksosml nsk dsfy;sHkkjh flj nnZ cu tkrh gSaA cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadsfdlh Hkh nsk esadke djusls,slk ughagS fd ek= vkfFkZd nqizHkkogh iM+rsgksavfirq ml nsk esabudEifu;ksadsO;kid vkSj xgjsizHkko utj vkrs gSaA D;ksafd bu dEifu;ksadk pfj= gh ,slkgS fd ;snsk dh uhfr;k cnyokusds fy;s lh/ksjktuSfrd gLr{ksi djrh gSA lkekftd thouHkh bu dEifu;ksadsizHkko ls vNwrk ughajgrk gSA

tc ;sdEifu;k dke djus dsfy;s vU; nskksaesatkrh gSarksmuds ihNsdqN feF;k/kkj.kk;sa dke djrh gSatSls;s viuslkFk iwth yk;saxh] vk/kqfud rduhd nsaxh] yksxksa dksjkstxkj dsvolj eqgS;k djk;saxh] nsk dk fu;kZr c


21/61

20 | P a g e


U;wbUMh;k ba MLVht fy- 1942 27 yk[k #i;scVl daiuh bfM;k fy- 1943 1-10 dksVh #i;stkWheu daiuh fy- 1943 5 yk[k #i;s

DyksjkbM bafM;k fy- 1946 2-11 dksVh #i;sC;wdks oYQ bafM;k fy- 1947 39 yk[k #i;scsdsykbV gk;ye fy- 1947 1 dksVh #i;sfgUnLFkku lhck xk;xh

fy-

1947 4-57 dksVh #i;s

lk;ukfeM bfM;k fy- 1947 1-39 dksVh #i;sdksVl bafM;k fy- 1947 38 yk[k #i;steZu jsesMht fy- 1949 64 yk[k #i;s

eksVj bMLVht daiuh

fy-

1951 3-35 dksVh #i;s

vksVhl oyhosVj daiuh

fy

1953 72 yk[k #i;s

dkcksjsMe ;quhOglZy fy- 1954 1-06 dksVh #i;sQsuj bfM;k fy- 1955 64 yk[k #i;sgsDLV bafM;k fy- 1956 2-72 dksVh #i;sdscy dkiksjs'ku bfM;k 1956 3-40 dksVh #i;sbfXy'k bysDVhd daiuh 1956 2-25 dksVh #i;slheUl bafM;k fy- 1956 2-40 dksVh #i;sikWyhdse yhfeVM 1956 56 yk[k #i;sMkW- cd vUM daiuh fy- 1956 16 yk[k #i;stkWUlu vUM tkWUlu fy- 1957 24 yk[k #i;sdyj dse fy- 1957 1-25 dksVh #i;sck;j bfM;k fy- 1957 3-59 dksVh #i;s

QwM Li'kWfyLV fy- 1958 4-51 dksVh #i;sMsOghpM ckmu fxOgt

fy-

1959 36 yk[k #i;s

vWVykl dkidksba fM;k

fy

1959 1-33 dksVh #i;s

ds- ,l- ch- iIl fy- 1959 86 yk[k #i;seFkj vM IyV fy- 1959 1-83 dksVh #i;sfQfyIl dkcZu Cyd fy- 1959 1-57 dksVh #i;s

lMfod ,f'k;k fy- 1960 1-17 dksVh #i;svkWMdks bfM;k fy- 1961 12 yk[k #i;s


22/61

21 | P a g e


fdyksLdj dfeUl fy- 1961 50 yk[k #i;svk;- Mh- ,y- dsehdYl

fy-

1961 1-07 dksVh #i;s

xsLV dhu fofy;El fy- 1962 7-69 dksVh #i;slqUnje DyksVu fy- 1962 1-96 dksVh #i;sfjpMZlu fgnLFkku fy- 1964 1-17 dksVh #i;suhMy jksyj csvfjax

daiuh

1965 10 yk[k #i;s

fofM;k bafM;k fy- 1965 45 yk[k #i;slsUpjh ,Udk fy- 1965 2-97 dksVh #i;s

cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa }kjk iwth fuosk ek= ,d /kks[kk gSA fgUnqLrku yhoj] dkyxsV]lhckxkbxh tSlh lSdM+ksafonskh dEifu;ksaus ek= dqN yk[k :i;slsHkkjr esaO;kikj kq:fd;kA ykHk dek&dek dj cksyl ks;j ds :i esabu cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa usviuh ks;jiwth djkM+ksa:i;s esadj yhA vc ;s dEifu;k jkW;YVh] kq) ykHk vkSj VDuhdy Qhl ds:i esavjcksa:i;s Hkkjr ls ckgj ys tk jgh gSaA bl ckr dh xaHkhjrk dk vglkl blh lsgks tkrk gSfd 1976-77 esatgk Hkkjr esadk;Zjr fonskh dEifu;k 121-54 djksM+ :i;snsk

lsckgj ysx;ha] ogha1986&87 esa ;g jkfk c


23/61

22 | P a g e


fLol dEiuh lhck xkbxh us1947 esa48-75 yk[k :i;slsdkjksckj kq: fd;kA 1991esabl dEiuh dh ks;j iwth c


24/61

23 | P a g e


1970&71 13-12 43-48 5-23 20-631971&72 09-94 38-87 5-86 13-901972&73 15-54 39-08 7-33 11-33

1973&74 21-91 37-51 6-21 14-081974&75 07-19 18-46 8-46 12-561975&76 20-36 24-84 10-49 25-661976&77 19-39 48-47 15-88 37-881977&78 10-13 68-01 19-50 28-141978&79 10-24 54-35 12-65 55-521979&80 14-37 50-92 9-53 43-971980&81 12-10 55-92 8-88 104-93

1981&82 12-16 58-92 15-99 270-701982&83 19-12 70-31 39-72 258-581983&84 20-00 62-11 27-60 314-891984&85 16-68 74-58 28-49 300-901985&86 11-80 75-20 23-50 367-901986&87 10-60 85-50 40-10 358-40

lzksr % fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bf.M;k fjiksVZ 1989lu~ 1978 esaHkkjr esadqy fonskh iwth dk fuosk 1800 djksM+:i;s Fkk tksHkkjr esadqy iwth fuosk uhft rFkk ljdkjh {ks=ksaesa dk ek= 8 izfrkr FkkA tcfd nwljhvksj blh okZnksds 1929 djksM+:i;s ckgj pyk x;k bu dEifu;ksads ykHk] jk;YVh]

rduhdh Qhl] bR;knh ds:i esaAuhpsnh x;h rkfydk lu~ 1981 esansk esafonskh iwth fuosk rFkk lkFk gh lkFk mlh

okZesansk lsckgj tkusokyh iwth dk vkadM+k fn;k x;k gS %&

o kZ fonskh ith fuok Hkkjr ls ckgj x;k /ku

1981 108 djksM+ :i;s 114 djksM+ :i;s1982 628 djksM+ :i;s 641 djksM+ :i;s1983 618 djksM+ :i;s 590 djksM+ :i;s1984 1130 djksM+:i;s 1169 djksM+:i;s1985 1260 djksM+:i;s 1181 djksM+:i;s1986 1066 djksM+:i;s 1265 djksM+:i;s1987 1077 djksM+:i;s 1193 djksM+:i;s

1988 2397 djksM+:i;ss 2542 djksM+:i;s1989 3166 djksM+:i;s 5235 djksM+:i;s


25/61

24 | P a g e


1991 ls 25]479 djksM+ :i;ss 34240 djksM+:i;ss1995 rd

ij fn;sx;svkadM+ksls ,dne LiV gS fd okZ 1983 o 1985 dks NksM+dj ksk okksZaesansk dks?kkVk gh jgk gSA ftruk iwth fuosk gqvk] mllsdgha vf/kd /ku nsk lsckgjpyk x;kA vr% LiV gS fd fonskh iwth fuosk dk lkSnk nsk dsfy;s ?kkVsdk lkSnk jgkA


26/61

25 | P a g e


mPp fonkh rduhd dk >wB

fonskh mPp rduhd dksykusdsuke ij cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadksO;kikj dh [kqyhNwV nh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esavkusokyh lHkh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa us fonskh mPp rduhd nsusds le>kSrsij gLrk{kj dj j[ksgSaA ysfdu okLro esavf/kdkak cgqjkVh; dEifu;k ,sls{ks=ksaesaO;kikj dj jgh gS] tgk fonskh rduhd dh dksbZ t:jr ughagSA 80 dsnskd esa

ljdkj dh vksj ls,d uhfr cuk;h x;h FkhA bl uhfr ds vuqlkj 850 ,slh oLrq;sa gSa]ftldsmRiknu dks y?kq m|ksxksads fy;s lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA ysfdu ftruh Hkh fokkydk;cgqjkVh; dEifu;k gSa] os lHkh bUghamRiknksa ds O;kikj esayxh gq;h gSaA y?kqm|ksxksa dsfy;svkjf{kr mRiknksa ds {ks= esa?kqliSB ls cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa{kjk mPp fonskh rduhd ykus

dh ckr ,dne >wB lkfcr gksrh gSA nsk esaO;kikj dj jgh dqN cgqjkVh; dEifu;k dsckjsesauhpsrkfydk nh tk jgh gS fd ;sdEifu;k *thjksrduhd* ds {ks= esaO;kikj dj

jgh gSavFkkZr~ ,slslkeku cuk&csp jgh gSaftuesafonskh rduhd dh dksbZ t:jr ughagSAdqN mnkgj.k ns[ksa%&

dEiuh dk uke D;k lkeku cuk@cp jgh g

ckVk bf.M;k twrs] eksts] jsMhesM diM+s] peMs+dsFkSysvkfnActZj iUVl isUV~l] rjg&rjg ds jax vkfnA

cd ck.M bf.M;k fy- pk;] dkWQh] jlksbZ ?kj ds elkysvkfnAdSMcjh bf.M;k fy- pkWdysV] fcLdqV] vkbZlhe vkfnAdksyQDl yscksjsVjh b- ksfoax he] vkVj ksfoax yksku vkfnAdkyxsV&ikeksfyo ksfoax hedku iksMDVl bf.M;k ngh ikmMj] tSyh] eDds dsnksu iSd djds cspuk

vkfnAkEiVu xhOt ?kjsywia[ks] cYc] V~;wc ykbV vkfnA

M~;wQkj&bUVjQSu lkSan;Z izlk/ku dslkeku] lkcqu vkfnA,l-ds-,Q- fy- nnZ fuokjd eyge rFkk LizsvkfnAfQLdlZbf.M;k dSaph] pkdwvkfnAQuLdwy bf.M;k cPpksadsf[kykSusAtujy byfDVd dEiuh ?kjsywia[ks] cYc] V~;wc ykbV] fctyh eksVj vkfnAT;kSh eulZ VwFk isLV] VwFk czk] lkcqu vkfnAXyDlksbf.M;k csch QwM] Xywdkst dsiSd] nok,avkfnAxkMsfQfyIl flxjsV] pk; vkfnA

xqMyl ujksyd rjg&rjg ds isUV~lAxzkeksQksu bf.M;k fjdkMZ] dSlsV vkfnA


27/61

26 | P a g e


xsLVdhu fofy;e lsVh fiu] cVu] uV&cksYV vkfnAfgUnLrku yhoj lkcqu] VqFkisLV] kSEiw] fMVtsZUV vkfnAlhck&xk;xh VwFk isLV] VwFk ikmMj] he] VwFk czk] nok,aA

,p-,e-,e- fy- nw/k ikmMj] ckyksadh he] fcLdqV] VkWQh vkfnAvkb- lh- vkb- isUV~l rFkk jklk;fud jax vkfnAbfUM;k QksVksxkfQd dEiuh dSejk] dSejk&jhy vkfnAbfUM;u Lohbx ekhu

dEiuh

flykbZ ekhu] jlksbZ?kj dscjru vkfnA

bUMkseRlqfkrk dEiuh izskj dqdj] ?kjsyw cjru vkfnAvkW;u ,Dlpst bf.M;k okVj fQYVlZAvkb- Vh- Lkh- flxjsV] gksVy O;olk;] ouLifr rsy vkfnA

ts- ,y- ekWjhlu VwFkisLV] nw/k dh cksry] Qsl heAts- ds- gyu wfVl lkSan;Z izlk/ku dslkekuAtkWulu ,.M tkWulu lkcqu] VsYde ikmMj] lsusVjh usifdUl] cM~lAfdlku izkWMDV fy- tSe] LDdSk] fcLdqV] pVuh vkfnAdksBkjh tujy QwM~l dkWQh] lkV fMad] iku elkyk vkfnAy[kuiky uskuy MkbZlSyAfyIVu bf.M;k fy- pk;] lkV fMad] ouLifr rsyAenjk dksVl /kkxs flykbZ ds fy;sAesVy ckDl IykfLVd dscrZu vkfnAckfLdu jkfcUl vkbZlheusLy bf.M;k lkcqu] VsYde ikmMj] dksYM heikDVj ,.M xSfEcy cke] VkWQh] lkcqu] pkWdysV vkfnAjsfdV ,.M dksyeu cwV ikWfyk] lkcqu] fMVtsZUV] yksku vkfnAfoedksfyfeVM ekfpl fn;klykbZ] ued vkfnAdksdk dskyk lkV fMad

yksVl pkWdyVl cPpksadh pkWdysV] fcLdqV vkfnAfjxy pkWdysV] VkWQh vkfnAjQse bf.M;k pkWdysV] VkWQh] ySeupwl;kMZy lkSan;Z izlk/ku vkSj lkcquckdkjkst ij;wEl lqxaf/kr lsUV] lkcqu] lkSan;Z izlk/kuyscksjsVjht xkfu;j lkcqu] lkSan;Z izlk/ku dslkekujhcd bf.M;k twrs] pIiy vkfnAftyV bf.M;k lsVh jstj] CysM vkfnA

foYVsd bf.M;k lsVh jstj] CysM vkfnALVhQsu dsehdYl fMVtsZUV ikMMj] lkcqu vkfnA


28/61

27 | P a g e


fonsk lsvk;h VsDuksykWth\

nqfu;k dsfodflr&vehj nskksads}kjk nh x;h VsDuksykth dscnysizfrokZ yxHkx

400 djksM+:i;k jk;YVh ds:i esagekjs nsk ls ckgj tk jgk gSA ysfdu ns[kusdh ckr;g gS fd bu fodflr nskksa }kjk gekjsnsk dksdkSu lh VsDuksykth nh x;h gS \ fdlnsk us fdl izdkj dh VsDukyksth nhgS] blds dqN mnkgj.k %

VDukykth dgk l vk;h

ued fLoV~tjyS.McPpk d diM uhnjyS.M

dy dh pVuh MsuekdZpkdyV&VkQh fczVsulkV fMd vejhdkphuh&eVVh d cru tkiku] bVyh] LohMudkp dk lkeku vejhdk] csfYt;ecky IokbV iu o fjfQy fLoVtjyS.M] teZuh] tkiku]

vejhdk] kalNkrk tkiku] rkbZokuIykfLVd d cru fczVsuLdy cx fczVsuekVjdkj dh lhV tkikuxgu&tojkr dukMklb fLoV~tjyS.MIykfLVd dh ckry] fMCc o

vU; lkeku fczVsu] vejhdk

f[kyku cuku d fy, vejhdk] tkiku] bVyh]dksfj;k] gkaxdkaxLikVl di dukMkP;bxe vkj ccyxe nf{k.k dksfj;k] fczVsuvky&fpIl vejhdkVekVj dh pVuh cqYxkfj;k] vejhdk?kjy pkd uhnjyS.MIykfLVd d Qy vejhdk

lkUn; ilk/ku vejhdk] kalxl ykbVj Lisu


29/61

28 | P a g e


dph fQuyS.MQkLV&QM uhnjyS.M] vejhdk] fLoV~tjyS.Mrkfd;k kal

g.M cx vejhdkfyfifLVd vejhdkckyk d kEi ,o vkVj

ko ykku kal] vejhdk] fczVsu] uhnjyS.M

eky nkh] egj fonkh

dbZ ckj ,slk Hkh gksrk gSfd cgqjkVh;dEifu;k u rksiwth ykrh gSvkSj u ghdksbZmPp rduhdA gksrk ;g gS fd ;s cgqjkVh; dEifu;k dqN Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksadslkFk *sapkbt ,xzhesUV* djrh gSa ;k *lc dkUVsfDVax ,xzhesUV* djrh gSaA bldsrgrmRiknu dk dke rksog Hkkjrh; dEiuh djrh gS ysfdumRikfnr eky ij uke cgqjkVh;dEiuh dk gh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~cktkj esafcdusokyseky dh mRiknd dksbZ Lonskh dEiuhgS ysfdu eky fonskh dEiuh dsuke lsfcdrk gSA iwth yxk;s Lonskh dEiuh] rduhdbLrseky djs Lonskh dEiuh] mRiknu djk;sLonskh dEiuh] ysfdu eky fcds fonskhdEiuh ds uke ijA cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dk ;g xksj[k/ka/kk bl nsk esa[kwc py jgk gSA

uhps,slh dEifu;ksadh lwph nh tk jgh gSftUgksausu rks iwath yxkbZ] u dksbZVsDuksykWth yk;sgSavkSj u gh dksbZ QSDVjh yxkbZ gS ysfdu eky mudsuke ls fc jgk gSvkSj djksM+ksa:i;snsk lsckgj tk jgk gSA

lkeku dk uke Hkkjrh; mRiknd dEiuh cspu okyh cgjkVh;

twrs vkxjk] dkuiqj] dydRrk] vU;LFkkuksals eksfp;ksa }kjk Bsds ij ckVk bf.M;k fy-

dksyxsV VwFk

ikmMj

fLVy dkWLesfVDl] gSnjkckn dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;k

pkfel yksku ,e-th-lkguh ,.M dEiuh]fnYyh

dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;k

gsykskSEi ,e-th-lkguh ,.M dEiuh]fnYyh


ikeksfyo kSEi ,e-th-lkguh ,.M dEiuh]fnYyh



30/61

29 | P a g e


dksyxsV VwFkiLV lu kkbu dkWLesfVDl dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;kdksyxsV czk vMokuh b.MLVht] egkjkV dksyxsV&ikeksfyo bf.M;kvk;ksMsDl cu Li vk iSd bafM;k ,LdsQ bf.M;k fy-

flckdk VwFk

ikmMj

dSUV ySCl] cEcbZ fgUnqLrku lhck&xk;xh fy-

flxy VFk isLV b.Vjuskuy gsYFk ds;jizkWMDV~l

fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-

fyfjy skuk

VsYDe

b.Vjuskuy gsYFk ds;jizkWMDV~l

fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-

Dyhfud kSEi b.Vjuskuy gsYFk ds;jizkWMDV~l

fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-

luflYd kSEiw b.Vjuskuy gsYFk ds;jizkWMDV~l

fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-

Qs;j ,.M yoy

he

b.Vjuskuy gsYFk ds;jizkWMDV~l

fgUnqLrku yhoj fy-

fV;kjk kSEi fQ;ksjk dkWLesfVDl ts-ds- gsyu djfVl fy-fufo;k

vkVjksoyksku

dkWLeksiSd flYoklk ts-,y-ekWjhlu ,.M tkWUlfy-

fufo;k VsYde dsou dkWLesfVDl ts-,y-ekWjhlu ,.M tkWUlfy-

fufo;k he dsou dkWLesfVDl ts-,y-ekWjhlu ,.M tkWUlfy-

D;wVhdqjk VYde uhuu izkWMDVwl E;wyj bf.M;k fy-ikesM olyhu ts- ch- vMokuh ,.M da- ik.M~l bf.M;k fy-ik.M~l l.My

VsYde

b.Vjuskuy gsYFk ds;jizkWMDV

ik.M~l bf.M;k fy-


31/61

30 | P a g e


?kVr jkstxkj vkSj c


32/61

31 | P a g e


mnkj vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dspyrsnsk esafonskh vuqca/kksadh ck


33/61

32 | P a g e


,MhMkl (Adidas), I;wek (Puma), M~;wd (Duke), ukbZd (Nike), ykV~Vks(Lotto),vkfn fonskh dEifu;ksads Hkkjr esaflysgq;s jsMhesM diM+ksads {ks= esa?kql tkus

lsnsk Hkj ds yk[kksanftZ;ksadh vkthfodk fNusxhA Hkkjr esacgqr rsth lsflys gq;sdiM+ksa

dk cktkj curk tk jgk gSA,MhMkl] I;wek] yksV~Vks}kjk Hkkjr ds[ksy lkeku cukus okys{ks= esa?kql tkus ls]

tkyU/kj ds[ksy lkeku mRiknu ds y?kq m|ksx esa yxsgq;s 60 gtkj dqky dkjhxjksa dsvfLrRo dks[krjk gSA blds vykok mRrjiznsk] ifpeh caxky] rfeyukMq] egkjkV rFkkfnYyh esayxsgq;syxHkx 1 yk[k 80 gtkj vU; dqky Jfedksadk jkstxkj Hkh [krjs esaiM+tk;sxkA

fczVkfu;k dspyrsm-iz-] fcgkj] o e/;iznsk dscsdjh m|ksx esayxs 1 yk[k 22 gtkjlsHkh vf/kd Jfedksa dh jksth&jksVh pkSiV gksusdsdxkj ij gSA

ckVk o IykfLVd dstwrksadspyuslsnsk ds yk[kksaeksfp;ksa dks cjckn fd;k gSAfoedksus cjsyh o fkokdkkh dsekfpl m|ksx esayxs gtkjksa Jfedksa dkspkSiV dj fn;kgSA isIlh dksyk dsvkusls[kk| lkexzh vkSj is; cukusokyh nsk dh 2525 NksVh bdkb;ksaesalsvf/kdkak can gks x;hA yxHkx 3 yk[k 75 gtkj dqky dkjhxj Jfed viuh vkthfodkds fy, nj&nj HkVd jgs gSA


34/61

33 | P a g e


xqyke gksrh [ksrh

vktdy nsk esas,d ukjk cgqr tksj kksj lsbu dEifu;ksa }kjk fn;k tk jgk gS fd*[ksrh dksm|ksx cukvks*A ;kfu vc [ksr dks dkj[kkuk cukus dh lkftk nsk esapy jghgSA vc ;s dEifu;k [ksrh dscy ij vkSj vf/kd ekykeky gksus dsliusns[k jgh gSA gesa;kn gksuk pkfg, fd vkt lsyxHkx 30 okZigysbUgh dEifu;ksa }kjk nsk esa*gfjr kfUr*dk ukjk fn;k x;k FkkA [ksrh dh mUufr vkSj fodkl dsuke ij pysbl ukjs usHkkjr dhikjaifjd d`fk O;oLFkk vkSj mlds lkFk tqM+hgq;h] lekt O;oLFkk dks pkSiV djdsj[kfn;kA mlh rjg vc [ksrh dh mUufr ds uke ij [ksrh dks m|ksx dk ntkZnsusdh ckr

Hkkjr ds lkekU; vkSj cgqla[;d fdlkuksa dsfy;s nsk dh cph [kqph d`fk O;oLFkk ds fy;s?kkrd fl) gksxhAbu dEifu;ksa}jk fujarj ;g izpkfjr fd;k tk jgk gS fd [ksrh esafonskh iwth fuosk

dh vR;f/kd t:jr gSA ftlds fcuk vc [ksrh dk fodkl ughagksldrk gSA ;g ckrfcYdqy Hkh lgh ugha gSA okLro esa[ksrh Lo;a,s ,slh izo`fRr gS ftlesa ls iwth dk fuekZ.kgksrk gS] gfjr kfUr dh ukjs ckth ls [ksrh dks,slh nqHkkZX; iw.kZ fLFkfr esayk fn;k x;k gSfd [ksrh dksiwth dh t:jr gksA vkt [ksrh dks m|ksx cukusdh ckr dgdj bl ckr dhdksfkk dh tk jgh gS fd [ksrh dk jkstejkZ dk lkekU; dke Hkh fcuk iwth ds u py ldsA

[ksrh dsfy;seq[; rkSj lsnksgh phtsavko;d gksrh gS& ,d fdlku dh esgurvkSj ikq dh esgur( nwljs/kjrh[ cht] [kkn] ikuh vkfn izkd`frd lk/kuA ;s nksuksa gh phtsa,slh gS tks dgha ckgj lsykus dh vko;drk ugha gksrhA bl izdkj [ksrh ,d lEiw.kZ

Lokoyach /ka/kk gSAfdlku ,d cht cksrk gS ysfdu bl cht esalstksHkh nkusizkIr gksrsgS] muesalsgj

,d nkuk fQj cht dk dke djrk gSA bl izdkj [ksrh ,d ,slh izo`fRr gSftlesayxk;sgq;sewy dk dbZlkSxquk izfrQy feyrk gS vkSj ftlesals cpr gksldrh gS vkSj cpr lsgh iwth curh gSA dkj[kkuk fdlh Hkh pht dk gks] u rksmlesapht lpeqp iSnk gksrh gS]

u gh mldk xq.kkdkj gksrk gSA dkj[kkusesadsoy dPpseky dk :ikarj gksrk gS] u;k mRiknughaA dkj[kkuksa esaftl dPpseky lsphtsarS;kj gksrh gS] og dPpk eky Hkh vf/kdrj [ksrh

lsgh izkIr gksrk gSA;g ,d foMacuk gh gSfd okLro esamRiknu vkSj iwth dk fuekZ.k djus okyk fdlku

[kkn] cht vkSj dhVukkdksads fy;scgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadk xqyke cu x;k gSA viuhesgur ts[kqn mlds ikl gSrFkk izkd`frd rRo tks lc txg miyC/k gS bu nksuksds

la;ksx ls[kqn mRiknu djusokysfdlku dks vkt fHk[kkjh cukdj j[k nf;k gSbu fonskhdEifu;ksausA okLro esa[ksrh dksbZ/ka/kk ughagS og thou thus dh izf;k gSA tks [ksrh dks

/ka/kk cukuk pkgrsgS] mudk mn~ns; gSfd thou thusdh bl Lokoyach kSyh dksijkoyachcuk fn;k tk; rkfd fdlku dk vkSj [ksrh dk kksk.k fd;k tk ldsA Lokoyach lekt esa


35/61

34 | P a g e


yksx viuh esgur ij thusokysgksrsgS] nwljsds kksk.k ij ughaA [ksrh dksm|ksx dk ntkZnsusdk eryc gSfdlku dksxqyke cukukA tc [ksrh dks m|ksx dh rjg pyk;k tk;sxk

rksvf/kd vUu mitkusdsfy;scht] [kkn] dhVukkd nok;savkSj ikuh [kjhnus dsfy;s

fdlku dksvkSj vf/kd ck/; dj fn;k tk;sxkA bldsfy;smlsdtkZ fn;k tk;sxkAfQj ml dtZ dh vnk;xh esamldh Qly mlls ysyh tk;sxhA bl izdkj og iwjh rjgcgqjkVh; dEifu;ksao cktkj dk ca/kqvk etnwj cu tk;sxkA cM+s&cM+sQkeZ cusaxsrkstehuNksVs fdlkuksals[kjhnh tk;sxhA bl rjg tehu dk ekfyd /khjs&/khsjsbu dEifu;ksadhd`ik lstehu ij dke djus okyk etnwj cu tk;sxk( fQj og fdlku ugh jgsxkA

cht dk /ka/kk

ifpe ds nskksaus fodkl dh viuh vo/kkj.k dksnqfu;k ds detksj nskksaij yknkgSA fodkl ,d u;sizdkj dh xqykeh dk eU= cu x;k gSA gfjr kfUr bl izdkj dsfodkl dk ,d cskeZmnkgj.k gSA bl rFkkdfFkr kfUr dh kq:vkr jklk;fud izf;kvksa}kjk ,slscht rS;kj djusds lkFk gqbZ ftulsmit c


36/61

35 | P a g e


lhck&xk;xh (Ciba Geiga) 28-88 djksM+#i;ykQktZ (Lofarge) 28-50 djksM+#i;

oksYoks (Volvo) 26-60 djksM+ #i;

cht ds cktj esabu fonskh dEifu;ksadh lgk;d dEifu;k Hkh fdlkuksadks ywV jghgSA fdl fonskh dEiuh ds ikl cht cspusokyh viuh vkSj fdruh dEifu;k gS] bldkvkadM+k uhps izLrqr gS %&dEiuh dk uke fu;U=.k esavU; cht

dEifu;ksadh la[;k'ksy (Shell) 68

lSUMkst (Sandoz) 37Qkbtj (Pfizer) 34

lhck&xk;xh (Ciba Geiga) 26vitksu (Upjohn) 15dsekukscsy (Kamanobel) 11vkDlhMsaaVy isVksfy;e (Occidently Petrolium) 10

blds vfrfjDr 16 flr~Ecj 1988 dksljdkj }kjk ?kksfkr *u;h cht&uhfr* dsrgr

dqN vkSj fokkydk; fonskh dEifu;ksa us cht dk O;kikj kq: dj fn;k gSA osdEifu;kfuEu gS %&

1- dkjfxy lhM dkiksZjsku (Cargil Seeds Corporation)2- ih- ,p- vkbZ- ck;ksthu fyfeVsM (P. H. I. Biogene ltd.)3- uskuy vkxsZfud fy- (Beio Sheetal Seeds Company)4- cstkskhry lhM dEiuh (Beio Sheetal Seed Company)

5- vkbZ- Vh- lh- (Indian Tobaco Company)6- fgUnqLrku yhoj (Hindustan Lever)

dhVukkdks dk dgjmRrj iznsk ds cLrh ftysdsjk;iqjk&taxyk xkao esa15 vizSy 1990 dh jkr dks ,d

lekjksg esa fokkDr Hkkstu [kkusls200 lsvf/kd yksx ekjsx;sA bl nnZukd gknlsdsdkj.kksadk lgh&lgh irk pyk( tc iwjh tkap dh x;hA tkap ds ckn ik;k x;k fd yksxksasdh eksr vR;Urd ?kkrd dhVukkd iSjfFk;ku vkSj bZ-,u-ih- ds dkj.k gq;hA ftl xsgwadhcuh iwfM;k bl Hkkst esa[kk;h x;h ml xsgwaesa;snksuksadhVukkd feys gq;sFksA mYys[kuh;


37/61

36 | P a g e


gS fd bu nksuksadhVukkdksaij lHkh ifpeh nskksa esajksd yxh gq;h gSA ;snksuksadhVukkdla;qDr jkV la?k }kjk Hkh izfrcfU/kr gSA exj gekjsnsk esa;snksuksagh dhVukkd bu fonskhdEifu;ksa}kjk cuk;s tk jgsgSvkSj /kM+Yyslsfc jgsgSA

cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadstky esaQaldj ;g ekuk x;k fd [ksrh dh mit c


38/61

37 | P a g e


dhVukkdksadk tgj Hkkstu ds tfj;snskokfl;ksads kjhj esaigqpk gS vkSj mlls tksgkfugq;h o gksjgh gS] mlsns[krsgq;s 10%Qly dks cjckn gksuslscpkusdh miyfC/k cgqregaxh gSA tu vkSj /ku dh bl O;kid gkfu dslkeus10%Qly dh cjcknh dk tksf[ke

lLrk gh BgjsxkAbu dhVukkdksads dkj.k nsk esafdrusyksx dky&dofyr gq;sgS] bldslgh&lgh

vkdM+svHkh rd miyC/k ughagSA dhVukkd feysHkkstu o vlko/kkuhok dhVukkdksadslEidZesavkus dsdkj.k tgk gtkjksayksx ekSr dseqag esalek;sgSaoghabu dhVukkdksalsiSnk gksusokyh chekfj;k Hkh vke gksrh tk jgh gSaA foo LokLF; laxBu dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkjfoo esaHkkjr rhljsuacj ij gS tgk dhVukkd gknlsT;knk vkSj gj lky gksrs gSA budhVukkdksalstksM+dj mudh fkuk[r djuk cgqr yach izf;k gSA

dhVukkdksalstqM+k ,d igyw;g Hkh gS fd Hkkjr tSlsfodklkhy nsk esabLrseky

gksusokys70%dhVukkd ,slsgSaftu ij fodflr nskksaesa izfrca/k yxk;k tk pqdk gSAMh-Mh-Vh- gekjsnsK esa,d vke dhVukkd gSij vU; vusd nskksa esa;g izfrcaf/kr gSAfoo LokLF; laxBu dsvuqlkj tehu] ouLifr vkSj kjhj ij bldk cgqr yacsle; rd?kkrd vlj cuk jgrk gSaexj vius nsk esad`fk {ks=ksaesabldh [kir 3500 Vu izfrokZ

rFkk eysfj;k mUewyu vkfn dk;Zeksa esa 4000 Vu izfrokZ gSA ch-,p-lh- csathugsDlkDyksjkbM] feFkkby iSjkfFk;ku] gSIVkDyksj] MkbZczkseksDyksjksizksisu] ,tsaV vkjsat] QkLosy]MsfYMu] DyksjsMsu] cwVkDyksj tSlsdhVukkd tksifpeh nskksa lfgr nqfu;k dsdbZvU;nskksaesa izfrcfU/kr gSa] ftudk cspuk mu nskksaesaxaHkhj vijk/k ?kksfkr gks pqdk gS] mUghadhVukkdksads ?kkrd vlj dk vglkl djus ds fy;sbu *gfjr kfUr* ds >aMkcjnkjksadksfdruh Hkksiky =klfn;ksadk bartkj gSA


39/61

38 | P a g e


vk/kqfud fodkl ;k id`fr foukk

cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa dh dkjxqtkfj;ksavkSj mlds QyLo:i fodflr fodkl&izf;k dk lclsHk;kog urhtkizdfr dsfoukk ds:i esagqvk gSA i;kZoj.k dh cjcknh dk eq[; dkj.k gSA] cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadhmRiknu kSyh]ftldspyrsifpe ds nsk vehj gq;s gSaA ysfdu vc ;g ladV mu nskksa ij lclsvf/kd eaMjk jgk gS tgkalsvk/kqfud fodkl izf;k dh kq:vkr gq;h FkhA ifpe ds nskksaesasftruh miHkksx dh oLrq;sacu jgh gSa] mruh ghvf/kd miHkksDrkvksadh gol c


40/61

39 | P a g e


dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM dsvykok ,d [krjukd xSl gksrh gS Dyksjks&yksjksdkcZu bl xSl dk mi;ksx ;sdEifu;keq[;r% fjgk;kh phtksads mRiknu tSls jshtjsVj] QksVksdkfi;j] okrkuqdwfyr ;U=] ,;jkslksy Lizsvkfn esadjrh gSA

vkt iznwk.k lEcU/kh rduhd dsf[kykQ fkdk;r dh tk jgh gS] og bUghacgqjkVh; dEifu;ksausxjhc nskksa

dkscsph gSA vc ;sdEifu;k nkkZfud nyhysansdj fodYi&rduhd dksbu nskksadksnsus lsbUdkj dj jgh gSaA rkfd;snsk i;kZoj.k dsladV dks>syrsjgsaA ysfdu mUgsa;g ughaekywe fd i;kZoj.k ds ladVHkkSxksfyd lhekvksadkvknj ughadjrsgSaA HkLeklqj dh rjg osHkh bu ladVksadh pisV esavk tk;saxsA


41/61

40 | P a g e


laLd`fr ij geyk

D;k d: \ budh lkl esacncw gSA dgdj ,d u;h uosyh iRuh mnkl gkstkrh gSA fQj mldh ,d lgsyhmlsMkDVj ds ikl ystkrh gSA MkDVj lykg nsrk gS fd ;fn lkl dh cncwlsNqVdkjk ikuk gS rks*dkWyxsV dklqj{kk p* viukb;sA

blh rjg ls*Dykst vi Qkj Dykstst vl*A vFkkZr~Dykst&vi dsbLrseky lsgh ifr&iRuh utnhd vkldrsgSaA loky ;g mBrk gSfd D;k ifr&ifRu dk fjrk ,d pkj&ikp :iYyh okyh dksyxsV ;k Dykst vi dsisLV dh V~;wc ij fVdk gqvk gS\ vxj vki ekYVksok eke ughagSarksirk ughavki viuscPpsdksI;kj djrh HkhgSa;k ughaA

vkbZ ,e , dkEIyku ckW;AvkbZ ,e , dkEIyku xyZA ;kfu yM+ds;k yM+dh dksiSnk djusds fy;sek&cki dh dksbZ t:jr ughagS

D;ksafd os ;k rksdkEIyku dsyM+dsgSa;k fQj dEIyku dh yM+dhAblh rjg ckyksa dksdkyk cukusrFkk fxjusls cpkusds fy;s dbZ rjg ds gs;j MkbZ] rsy rFkk nokvksads

foKkiu vkrsgSaA tcfd lp ;g gSfd vHkh rd ckyksadksfxjus ;k lQsn gksuslsjksdusdk dksbZmipkj ugha fudykgSA ysfdu gj jkst ,slsfoKkiu Vh-oh- ij vkrs jgrs gSa tksyksxksads eu esaflok; Hkze dsvkSj dqN ughaiSnk djrsA;gh ckr nar eatu ij Hkh ykxwgksrh gSA vHkh rd nqfu;k esa,slk dksbZ Hkh eatu ughagS tksnkrksadh chekfj;ksadksnwj dj lds;k fQj nkarksadksjksx yxus ls cpk;sA fQj Hkh Vh-oh- ij ;k i&if=dkvksaesaftl rjg ds pedrs gq;snkarksadks fn[kk;k tkrk gS] og fdlh [kkl dEiuh ds eatu dspeRdkj ds :i esagksrk gSA ,d dsckn ,d lHkhnkarksads[kjkc gkstkusij Hkh yksx mipkj dh nfV ls eatuksadh fujFkZdrk dksns[k ugha ikrsA

fdlh foksk dEiuh dh lkM+h esalth gq;h lqUnj vkSjr] lwV esaltk gqvk lqUnj ukStoku] dksdk ;k isIlh dhcksry fy;sleqnz rV ds je.khd ekgkSy esa[kM+slqUnj L=h&iq:k] foksk dEiuh ds Lohfeax lwV esaleqnz rV ij hM+kdjrh gq;h ckyk;sa & ;slc pVdhys&HkM+dhys foKkiu ,slk ekufld ekgkSy rS;kj djrs gSfd yksx foKkiu ekWMyksadh lqUnjrk dk jkt fofHkUu ifj/kkuksavkSj dksdk&isIlh esans[kus yxrsgSaA cM+h rksan okysykykth vkSj nksfDoaVyotu okyh lsBkuh Hkh bu dEifu;ksadk lwV ;k ckfFkax lwV igudj viusdksghjks&ghjksbu le>usyxrsgSaA blrjg lqUnjrk dk vFkZ[kkl dEiuh ds ifj/kkuksavkSj ltkoV esafufgr gksus yxrk gSA tcfd lqUnjrk fdlh O;fDrds LokLF; vkSj LoHkko lsvkrh gSA

cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadh lQyrk muds }kjk dh tkusokyh /kqvka/kkj foKkiu ckth esafufgr gSAizfrokZ djksM+ksa :i;s;s dEifu;kfoKkiuksaij [kpZdjrh gSA okZ 1993&94 esadqN cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa}kjk foKkiuckth ij fd;sx;s[kpZ dsvkdMs+uhpsfn;stk jgsgSA

cgjkVh; dEiuh dk uke foKkiu ij [kp

1 fgUnqLrku yhoj 90-00 djksM+:i;s2 vkbZ-Vh-lh 47-85 djksM+:i;s3 czqd ck.M bf.M;k 47-57 djksM+:i;4 dkyxsV&ikeksfyo 43-05 djksM+:i;s5 usLys 32-35 djksM+:i;s6 xkMsfQfyIl 32-45 djksM+:i;s7 xksnjst&tujy bySfDVd 31-60 djksM+:i;s8 izkWDVj ,.M xSfEcy 29-54 djksM+:i;s9 fQfyIl 22-31 djksM+:i;s10 gjcVZ lUl 21-88 djksM+:i;s

11 Okh- ,l- Vh- bUMLVht 17-51 djksM+:i;s12 XySDlks 15-05 djksM+:i;s13 dSMcjh bf.M;k 14-53 djksM+:i;s


42/61

41 | P a g e


14 fczVkfu;k b.MLVht 14-23 djksM+:i;s15 jsfdV ,.M dksyeSu 12-52 djksM+:i;s16 ch- ih- ,y 14-47 djksM+:i;s

bu cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksads foKkiuksaus,d [kkl fdLe dh *LVsVl izkCye* dkstUe fn;k gSA vc jksVh] diM+kvkSj edku okyh fopkj/kkjk rkslekIr gkspqdh gSA mldh txg ysyh gSu;s&u;sfpIl] dqdht] jSaxyj thUl] okWyisij] vk/kqfud VkbYl vkfn usA Hkys gh Jherh th fnu Hkj iM+h lksrh jgsa] ij oSD;we Dyhuj u gksus dh otg lsmUgsaoDr gh ugha feyrk [kkuk cukusdkA ;k QwV izkslslj tc ughagksxk rks[kkuk cukusesansj rksyxsxh gh] blesamudh D;k xyrh gSA bulcdk ifj.kke gksrk gSvrkfdZd ,oa vuko;d O;;] tksfd /khjs&/khsj vkidks rkfdZd ,oavko;d yxusyxrk gSA *LVsVl flacy* igys lspk gksuk jgrk gS ysfdu osru ml vuqikr esa c


43/61

42 | P a g e


vkSj ghurk iuiusyxrh gSA blh [kkyhiu dksHkjusdsfy;s O;fDr dkstc Hkh ekSdk yxrk gS rksog pwduk ughapkgrkA dqaBk vkSj ghurk ls Hkjk gqvk O;fDr viuk foosd NksM+nsrk gSvkSj fQj lSDl vkSj fgalk dsogh [ksy [ksyusyxrk gS tksVsyhfotu ij mlus ns[kk FkkA vc fodflr lektksadh Hkksxoknh lald`fr dh fod`fr;k gekjs;gk QSyjgh gSaA buls ekufld vksj vkfFkZd xqykeh dk iwjk


44/61

43 | P a g e


jktufrd gLr{ksi

;fn fdlh nsk dh vFkZO;oLFkk dksfu;af=r dj fy;k tk; rksml nsk dh jktuhfr

viusvki gh fu;a=.k esavk tkrh gSA cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksaus nqfu;k dsreke nskksaesaablhfl)kUr ij O;kikj fd;k gSA bu cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadh c


45/61

44 | P a g e


FkkA bl kM~;a= esafpyh ds jkVifr Mk- lYoknksj vysanslfgr 14 izeq[k eaf=;ksa dh gR;kdj nh x;hA bl gR;kdkaM esafo[;kr dfo ,oalkfgR;dkj ikCyksus:nk Hkh ekjs x;sA blkM~;a= dks blfy;sdjk;k x;k D;ksafd MkW-lYoknksj vyasnscgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadsfojks/kh

FksvkSj vius nsk dkscgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadh xqykeh lseqDr djkuk pkgrsFksA viuh gR;klsdqN ?kaVs iwoZ MkW- vkysansusla;qDr jkV la?k ds vf/kosku esaxqgkj yxk;h Fkh fd esjsnsk dkscgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa ds kksk.k lscpk;k tk;A la;qDr jkV la?k dsvf/kosku esaHkkk.k nsdj tSlsgh MkW- vysansfpyh ykSVs mudh ljdkj dk r[rk iyV fn;k x;k vkSj

mudh gR;k gksx;hA MkW- vysans ds ckn tksljdkj fpyh escuh] mlds fy;seq[; fpUrkcgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadks okil cqykusdh Fkh] u fd nsk dsfodkl dkA

blh rjg czkthy] cksyhfo;k vkSj XokVsekyk esaljdkjksadk r[rk iyVusdh lkftkksaesavejhdh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadh izeq[k gkFk jgk gSA fudkjkxqvk dh fiNys pkj nkdksals

pyh vk jgh =klnh dsfy;sHkh vejhdh dEifu;k ftEesnkj gSaA vy lYokMksj esa ujlagkjksadk tks flyflyk ,d ckj bu vejhdh dEifu;ksa dsbkkjksaij kq: gqvk Fkk] og vkt HkhcnLrwj tkjh gSA bZjku esavgen jtk kkg igyoh dskkludky esavejhdh dEifu;ksadkizosk gqvk vkSj rHkh lsbZjku esaeqlhcrksa dk flyflyk kq: gksx;kA ckn esa;gh gkykrbZjku&bZjku ;q) dh ifj.kfr cusA bZjku&bZjkd ;q) dh lekfIr ij lclsvf/kd lnek*ykdghM* dEiuh dksigqpk] D;ksafd ;q) ds nkSjku ;g dEiuh bZjku vkSj bZjkd nksuksadksghgfFk;kj csp jgh FkhA ;q) dh lekfIr ds ckn bl *ykdghM* dEiuh us bZjku esavkarfjd;q) iSnk dj fn;kA blh ds pyrsbZjku dseqtkfgnhuksadks fu%kqYd gfFk;kj fn;sx;sA

bZjku dh ljdkj dsf[kykQ eqtkfgnhuksa dksHkM+dk;k x;kA ckn esa;gh eqtkfgnhu HkkxdjvQxkfuLrku dh ljgn ij ,df=r gksrs jgsA gfFk;kjksa dk t[khjk c


46/61

45 | P a g e


26 Qjojh] 1976 dksvkfFkZd lgk;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu dh ,d cSBd esa,slhlafgrk cukusdh ekax dh x;h tk sfjor o HkzVkpkj dks xSj dkuwuh djkj nsldsaA vejhdkds rRdkyhu jkVifr usbldk [kqyk fojks/k fd;kA vejhdh jkVifr dk vkxzgFkk fd

vUrjkZVh; Lrj ij HkzVkpkj fojks/kh reke mik;ksa dks LoSfPNd gksuk pkfg, vksjuSfrdvfHkizsj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A bldsihNsmudh foksk fpark Fkh fd bl izdkjds dkuwu cu tkuslsvejhdh dEifu;k ?kkVsesa iM+ldrh gSa] vr% bl fu;e dkscuus ghugha fn;k tk;A bl ckr ds fy;s vejhdh jkVifr ij cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa}kjk nckoMkyk x;kA rRdkfyu vejhdh jkVifr us24 vU; nskksadk leFkZu tqVkdj HkzVkpkj fojks/khbl fu;e dksikfjr ughagksus fn;kA ets dh ckr ;g gSfd mlh nksjku vejhdh dEiuh*ykdghM* ij HkzVkpkj ds fy;s 2 lky 6 eghusrd eqdnek pykA eqdnesadsQSlysLo:iykdghM dks6 yk[k 47 gtkj Mkyj dk tqekZuk nsuk iM+kA tcfd ykdghM us ml nkSj dk

lclscM+k *HkzVkpkj dkaM* djrsgq;s224 yk[k Mkyj dh jde fjor ds :i esa19 nskksads kkluk/;{kksarFkk vU; yksxksadksnh FkhAosdkSu lsfjrs gSaftudspyrsvejhdh jkVifr rd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadh odkyr

djrs gSavkSj flQZ odkyr gh ughacfYd bu dEifu;ksadks cpkusdk dke Hkh djrsgSaAdEifu;ksadks?kkVk ughagksusik;s;g vejhdh jkVifr dh fpark esaeq[; :i ls kkfey

jgrk gSA bu fjrksadksle>usdssfy;svejhdh kklu rU= esamPp inksaij cSBsgq;s yksxksadh [kkst&[kcj ysus dh t:jr gSA lkekU;r% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadsvf/kdkfj;ksadh vejhdh kklu rU= esafu;qfDr gksrh jgrh gSA ;g ckr uhpsfn;sx;s dqN

mnkgj.kksalsLiV gksrh gS & mnkgj.k 1 iwoZ vejhdh jkVifr fyaMu ch- tkWulu] jkVifrcuusdsigysjsfM;ksa vkSj Vsyhfotu dh dbZdEifu;ksadsekfyd FksA dqN le; rd osvkbZ-Vh-Vh- dsizeq[k Hkh jgsA tkWulu ,.M tkWulu uke dh cgqjkVh; dEiuh ds tud HkhfyUMu ch- tkWulu gh FksA 2 vejhdh ljdkjh [ktkusdsiwoZ lfpo fofy;e bZ- fleksu]

lfpo cuus lsigys dbZ vejhdh chek dEifu;ksavkSj cSdksadsizeq[k jg pqds FksA 3vejhdk dsiwoZ okf.kT; lfpo sMfjd ch- MsUV] th-bZ-lh- dsfunskd jg pqds Fks] vius

okf.kT; lfpo cuus lsigysA 4 isaVkxu ds iwoZ izeq[k jkcVZ ,l- eSduekjk] iSaVkxu esavkuslsiwoZ gfFk;kj cukusokyh dEiuh vkbZ-ch-,e- ds v/;{k FksA ckn esaos foo cSaD ds Hkh

v/;{k jgsA 5 iwoZ vejhdh fonsk lfpo tku ch- dksusyh] VsDlkl bULVwesUV~l dEiuh dsv/;{k jgsA 6 vejhdk ds,VkWuhZ tujy ds:i esadk;Z djusokys,u- dV~tsu[kko] ch-,Q-dkiksZjsku dsv/;{k Fks] ,VkWuhZ tujy cuuslsigysA 7 vejhdh dkuwu foHkkx dsizeq[k DykdZ fDyQksMZ] ;wfu;u dkckZbM ds izcU/k funskd jg pqds FksA 8 baXyS.M ds izfrj{kkfoHkkx ds iwoZ izeq[k ,Mfejy Mh- ,keksj] gfFk;kj cukusokyh vaxzsth dEiuh dsv/;{k jgpqdsFksA 9 baXyS.M ds x`g&ukxfjd lsok dsizeq[k MCyw- vkeZLVkax] vaxzsth cSd *feMySM*ds v/;{k jgspqds FksA 10 baXyS.M ds[ktkuk foHkkx ds izeq[k ,- yksMZ] Muyi dEiuh dsfunskd jg pqdsFksA


47/61

46 | P a g e


cgjkVh; dEifu;k vkSj HkVkpkjvius equkQksadksvf/kdrd cukusds fy;s ;s cgqjkVh; dEifu;k fjor dk lgkjk

ysrh gSavkSj [kwc HkzVkpkj djrh gSaA ;sdEifu;k mu nskksadskkluk/;{kksa vkSj jktusrkvksa

dks ?kwl nsrh gSa] ftu nskksaaesabu dEifu;ksadk O;kikj gksrk gSA ?kwl ;k fjor nsusdhdkjxqtkfj;ksaesaoslHkh dEifu;k kkfey ik;h tkrh gSa] ftudsuke vdlj gh kkunkjdkjksa] lSfud lktkslkeku ;k gokbZ tgktksaij fn[kk;h nsrs gS nqfu;k dh izFke Js.kh dh

lHkh cgqjkVh; dEifu;k] cM+s&cM+sizkstsDV gkfly djusdsfy;sfjor nsrh gSaA vDlj ftuiz/kkueaf=;ksa] eaf=;ksa] ikVhZusrkvksa;k jkVifr;ksa ds fp= vkSj uke QSkuscqy if=dkvksavkSj

lekpkj i=ksaesaizdkfkr gksrsgSa] os fjor ysusds vijk/kh ik;stkrsgSA fjor ysusdslkSnksaesakkfey kkluk/;{kksaus dbZ ckj fjor nsus okyh cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadksfnokfy;kgksuslscpk;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s( vejhdh ljdkj us *ykdghM* dEiuh dks foRrh;

dfBukbZ;ksalsmcjusds fy;sviuh xkjaVh ij 25 djksM+ Mkyj dsdtsZ futh cSdksalsfnyok;sa *ykdghM* LdSMy nqfu;k ds lclspfpZr LdSaMyksaesals,d jgk gSA *ykdghM*

rFkk ,slh gh dqN vU; dEifu;ksadsfjornsusds tksekeysfl) gq;sgS] muesalsdqN dksuhpsfn;s tk jgk gS &

uhnjySaM esajkuh twfy;kuk dsifrjktdqekj cuZgkMZus dbZckj cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksals?kql yhA cuZgkMZ Qksdkj ,vjkV vkSj jk;y Mp ,;j dEiuh ds-,y-,e- ds funskdFksA blh dkj.k ykdghM dEiuh dks muesafnypLih FkhA lu~1961 ls 1971 rd ykdghM

dEiuh usjktdqekj cuZgkMZdksfjor ds :i esa11yk[k Mkyj fn;sAbVyh ds rRdkyhu jkVifr fyvksusdks Hkh *ykdghM* dEiuh us fjor nhA bl dkaM

ds [kqyusds ckn jkVifr fyvksusdks viusin lsR;kxi= nsuk iM+kA bVyh dsrRdkyhux`gea=h Y;wxh xqbZdks Hkh *ykdghM* LdSaMy esaQalsgksus ds dkj.k R;kxi= nsuk iM+kAx`gea=h us*ykdghM* dEiuh ds 14 lh & 130 ifjogu foekuksadh [kjhn dksckSrk okrkZesabrkyoh i{k usykdghM dkslwfpr dj fn;k Fkk fd tc rd

mudh d`ik n`fV dk cnyk ughafeysxk] lkSnk ugha gksldrkA *ykdghM* us bl bkkjs dksle> fy;k vkSj 22 yk[k Mkyj lsjkVifr] x`gea=h vkSj j{kkea=h dh tscsa xeZ dj nhA

tkiku ds iwoZ iz/kkuea=h rukdk] fdkh vkSj QqdqMk us Hkh fjor ysdj ?kksVkysfd;sAiz/kkuea=h rukdk us ykdghM lsfjor [kk;h] ftldk vkjksi fl) gkstkusij rukdk dkstsy dh ltk gq;hA iz/kkuea=h fdkh vkSj QqdqMk us vejhdh dEiuh xzqEeu ls70 yk[kMkyj fjor ds:i esafy;sA tkiku dh fycjy MsekssfVd ikVhZ dsusrkvksaus Hkh *ykdghM*

ls92 yk[k Mkyj fy;sAifpeh teZuh dsiwoZj{kkea=h sat tkslsQ LVl usQkbVj foekuksads vkMZj nsrsle;

*ykdghM* dEiuh ls12 yk[k Mkyj fjor ds :i esaLohdkj fd;sA ykdghMdsbu foekuksa


48/61

47 | P a g e


dh vfooluh;rk ds dkj.k budk uke *mM+rsgq;s dQu* j[kk x;kA ifpeh teZuh dsjktusrk bl foeku dksfL=;ksadksfo/kok cukusokysfoeku dgk djrsFksA

80 ds nkd esa cksfyfo;k ds jkVifr osfj;saVksl us xYQ vk;y dEiuh ls ,d

gsyhdkWIVj izkIr fd;k Fkk] ftldh dher 1 yk[k 10 gtkj Mkyj FkhA cksfyfo;k ds jkVifrdks bl dEiuh usviuh kk[kk [kksyusdsfy;s3 yk[k 50 gtkj Mkyj fjor ds:i esafn;sA

bZjku esavgen jtk kkg igyoh usviuskklu dsnkSjku dbZ cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksalsfjor [kk;hA ckn esa tc bldk Hk.MkQksM+gqvk rc irk pyk fd kkg ds ifjokj dslnL;ksa us Hkh fjor [kk;h bl dk.M esabZjku dsdbZ mPp usrk Hkh kkfey FksA

gky gh es vejhdh dEiuh eSdMksusy&Mxyl us] ,Q&16 foekuksadk vkMZj izkIrdjus ds fy;s 15 yk[k Mkyj] ikfdLrku ds jktusrkvksarFkk vf/kdkfj;ksadksfn;sA bl ckr

ij dbZ ckj ikfdLrku dh laln esaHkh gaxkek gqvk gSAfelz dsbtjk;y vf/kd`r {ks= esaifpe dh dbZcM+h dEiuh rsy dh laHkkouk dkirk yxkusesatqVh gq;h gSA gky gh esaogka,d jgL;iw.kZ nq?kZVuk ?kVhA irk pyk fd leqnz

rV ij dke djusdsfy;st:jh midj.k ikl gh esafLFkr vkseku esaekStwn gSA vr% vksekuds vf/kdkfj;ksadks10 yk[k Mkyj dh fjor] bl ckr dkslqfufpr djusdsfy;snh x;hfd tc vkseku dk Msfjd rsy dh laHkkouk irk djusesadke vkus okyk ;U= pksjh fd;ktk jgk gks] rc osbl ij /;ku ughansaA bl izdkj vkseku dk og Msfjd pqjk;k x;k vkSjbtjk;y vf/kd`r felzds {ks= esaigqapk fn;k x;kA

bZjku dskkg igyoh lsvejhdh dEiuh VkVs,.M yk;ys us ,d phuh vk;kr dsle>kSrsij gLrk{kj djk fy;sA ckn esairk pyk fd bZjku dks bl phuh dsvk;kr dhdksbZt:jr ughaFkh( D;ksafd bZjku esaigyslsgh miyC/k phuh dh ek=k dkQh FkhA bldkj.k bZjku dks4 djksM+50 yk[k Mkyj dk uqdlku gqvk vkSj bl dEiuh us foo cktkjesaphuh dh dherksalsvf/kd nke olwydj vfrfjDr equkQk dek;kA

vejhdk dspfpZr *okVjxsV dkaM* dh tkap dsle; ;g irk yxk fd jkVifrfuDlu dsfuokZpu dksk esa17 vejhdh dEifu;ksausfokky /kujkfk nhA uksjFzkksi dEiuh us1]50]000 Mkyj] xYQ vk;y dEiuh us 1]00]000 Myj] fQfyIl us1]00]000 Mkyj] ,skySaM

us 1]00]000 Mkyj] vejhdh ,;jykabl us 55]000 Mkyj vkSj czkfuQ ,;j dEiuh us40]000Mkyj fn;sA pwafd la?kh; izR;kfk;ksadspquko vfHk;ku esacgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa}kjk /ku nsukxSj dkuwuh Fkk] blfy;sokVjxsV dkaM fuDlu ds fy;s vR;Ur gh nq%[knk;h fl) gqvkA bldkaM ds [kqyusij fuDlu dksjkVifr in ls bLrhQk nsuk iM+kA

nf{k.k dksfj;k esaikdZ pqax dskkludky esaxYQ vk;y dEiuh us moZjdksao vU;jlk;uksadk mRiknu djus ds fy;s35 djksM+ Mkyj dh iwath yxk;hA ;g dEiuh ikdZ pqaxds dksk esa10 yk[k Mkyj fjor ds :i esafn;sA FkksM+sle; ckn tc ikdZ pwax ds,dizfrfuf/k us] fdlh jktuSfrd dk;Z dsfy;s xYQ vk;y dEiuh ls1 djksM+Mkyj dh ekax

dh rksdEiuh usbl ekeysdksizsl esayhd dj fn;kA v[kckjksaesa;g lkjk ekeyk Nik


49/61

48 | P a g e


vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;kesa dkQh gaxkek gqvkA ikdZpqax dksviusin lsbLrhQk nsuk iM+k vkSjmuds kklu dh NqV~Vh gksx;hA

gky gh essa cnuke ykdghM dEiuh us dksyafc;k esavius foeku cspusds fy;sogka ds

lsukfuo`Rr tujy dks 2 yk[k Mkyj nykyh ds :i esa fn;sA Lisu esa bl dEiuh usvf/kdkfj;ksadks13 yk[k Mkyj nsdj] 2 djksM+Mkyj ds foekuksadk vkMZj izkIr fd;kAnf{k.k vhdk dsiwoZ jkVifr DykdZ dksbl ykdghM dEiuh us90 yk[k Mkyj ?kwl ds:i esafn;sA bl fjor lsykdghM dEiuh dksnf{k.k vhd esa10 djksM+17 yk[k Mkyjds foeku cspusdk ekSdk feykA ykdghM uslu~ 1970 esabVyh ds j{kkea=h dks 6 djksM+Mkyj ewY; ds foeku cspusds fy;s16 yk[k Mkyj dh fjor nhA

1986 esagqvk cksQkslZ ?kksVkyk rksvc tx tkfgj gks pqdk gSA 1986 esaHkkjr ljdkjus LohMu dh dEiuh ls1700 djksM+:i;s dh *,Q-,p-&77 ch- gksfoRtj* rksisa[kjhnhA bu

rksiksadh [kjhn ds ckn LohMu dsjsfM;ksausinkZQkk fd;k fd cksQkslZ dEiuh usbl lkSnsesaHkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk dqN jktusrkvksadks yxHkx 67 djksM+:i;sdh fjor nh gSAcksQkslZ dEiuh us Hkkjrh; dkuwu dh /kfTt;kamM+krsgq;slRrk dskhkZ ij cSBsgq;s yksxksadks fjor ds ne ij viusi{k eSarS;kj dj fy;kA bl ?kksVkysdh tkap lalnh; lfefr}kjk dh x;h vkSj vkt rd tkjh gSA vkysQ ikYesbl cksQkslZ ?kksVkysds dqN ,slsjgL;ksadks tkurs Fks] ftuds[kqyus ij cksQkslZ dEiuh dks dkQh uqdlku gksldrk FkkA vr%cksQkslZ dEiuh usLohMu dsiz/kkuea=h dksgh ekSr dh uhan esa lqyk fn;k rkfd osjgL;

mUghadslkFk nQu gkstk;saA

1981 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us ifpeh teZuh dh ,d dEiuh ls 430 djksM+ :- dhiuMqfCc;k [kjhnh FkhA bl 430 djksM+:- ds lkSns esayxHkx 30 djksM+:- dk ?kksVkyk gqvkA teZuh dh dEiuh us 30 djksM+:- nykyh ds:i esaHkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj usrkvksa dksfn;sA

60 dsnkd esapsdksLyksokfd;k lsHkkjr ljdkj usfiLVy [kjhnh FkhaA bu fiLVyksadh [kjhn Qjks[r esadjksM+ksa:- dh fjor psd dEiuh us Hkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksadks nhA lalndks bldh tkudkjh gksusij rRdkyhu j{kkea=h dksbLrhQk nsuk iM+kA

vejhdh dEiuh uksjFkzksi us gky gh esalnh vjc ljdkj ds lkFk ,Q&16 yM+kdw

foekuksadk lkSnk fd;kA bl lkSns esalnh vjc dsks[k] ogkadsok;qlsuk/;{k rFkk ,dvU; vf/kdkjh ds10 djskM+60 yk[k Mkyj dh fjor nh x;hA

vejhdh dEiuh uksjFkzksi] bVyh dh dEiuh VsyhQksu ,.M bySDVksfuDl] teZu dEiuhlhesUl rFkk tkikuh dEiuh fuIiu us 1975 esabZjku esaVsyhQksu dk tky fcNkus dk BsdkizkIr djusdsfy;s] rRdkyhu bZjkuljdkj dks20 yk[k Mkyj fjor ds :i esafn;sA

;wukbZVsM czk.Ml dEiuh us gks.Mqjkl nsk esavius fokky QkeksZaesaiSnk gksusokysdsyksaij fu;kZr kqYd esadeh djkusdsfy;s jkVifr vkslokWYMks ykWist dks10 yk[k Mkyj fjor:i fn;A bl dkaM dk inkZQkk gksusij gks.Mqjkl dsjkVifr us Nr lsdwndj vkRegR;k

dj yhA


50/61

49 | P a g e


teZuh dh gSdyj ,aM dkW[k dEiuh us dksyafc;k dh ljdj ds lkFk gq;s,d lSfudjkbQyksa dh [kjhn dslkSnsesadksyafc;k dslSfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks2 yk[k Mkyj dh fjornhA

,kyS.M vk;y dEiuh usgky esagh xscu nsk dsjkVifr vycVZ cukZMZcksaxksa rFkkvU; nksljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksadks 2 yk[k Mkyj dh fjor nsdj] xscu esaHkwxHkZ rsy dh[kqnkbZ ,oalQkbZ dk vf/kdkj i= izkIr fd;kA bl jde dk Hkqxrku dEiuh us vius

lkekftd dY;k.k dksk ls fd;kAokZ 1993 esaHkjr esatksizfrHkwfe ?kksVkyk gqvk og nqfu;k ds vkfFkZd bfrgkl esalcls

cM+k ekuk tkrk gSA bl ?kksVkysesansK ds yksxksadsgtkjksadjksM+:i;sMwc x;svkSj Qk;nkgqvk fonskh cSadksavkSj cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadksA ljdkj }kjk tkap ds fy;s cuk;hx;h

la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us LiV :i ls fonskh cSadksadks bl ?kksVkys ds fy;s ftEesnkj

Bgjk;kA flVh cSad] cSad vkWQ vejhdk] ,-,u-tsM- fxUMyst vkSj LVSUMMZpkVZMZcSadksausiwjs?kksVkysesavge Hkwfedk fuhkk;h bu cSadksausbl ?kksVkysdsek/;e lsHkkjr ds[kwu ilhusdh dekbZdk fonskh eqnzk Hk.Mkj [kkyh dj fn;kA D;ksafd bl ?kksVkysdsek/;e lsgtkjksadjksM+:- dh lEifRr nsk lsckgj pyh x;hA la;qDr lalnh; lfefr dh fjiksVZds vuqlkjbl ?kksVkysesa60]000 djksM+:i;slsHkh vf/kd dh jde kkfey gSA

1994 esaHkkjr esaphuh dh dqN deh gksx;hA bl ij dsUnz ljdkj us vUrjkZVh;cktkj esacgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa usphuh ds nke c


51/61

50 | P a g e


600 lsvf/kd baXyS.M ds] 400 lsvf/kd vejhdk ds] 130 ls vf/kd i- teZuh ds fuxeekstwn gSftudh vkfFkZd /kefu;ksaesanf{k.k vhdh uLyoknh kklu dk lqugjk thou jDrcgrk jgk gSA nf{k.k vhdh vFkZrU= esavejhdk dsizR;{k fuosk 2000 djksM+Mkyj ds gSA

nf{k.k vhdk ds leLr m|ksxksa dk 72 izfrkr fgLlk fonskh iwath ds fu;a=.k esagSaAcgqjkVh; fuxesanf{k.k vhdh izkd`frd lalk/kuksadk tcnZLr kksk.k djdsHkkjh equkQkcVksj jgsgSA nf{k.k vhdk dk *fQukafk;y esy* crkrk gS fd baXyS.M dh dEifu;k 31izfrkr equkQsdek jgh gSA vejhdk dh dEifu;ka 27 izfrkr equkQs dek jgh gSA tksnqfu;k ds vU; fgLlksaesamldsequkQksadh rqyuk esadghaT;knk gSA fuoskdksadh utj esanf{k.k vhdk geskk gh lksusdh [kku jgk gSA ,d ,slh LQwfrZnk;d txg ogkaequkQsrxM+sgS vkSj leL;k;sadeA

[kku m|ksx esadke djusokys90 izfrkrdkysyksx gS vksj mudh vkenuh lQsn

Ykksxksadh rqyuk esaek= 5 izfrkr gSA fuekZ.k m|ksx esadke djusokyksaesavk/ksvhdh gSAogk mudh vk; xksjsyksxksa dh rqyuk esa17 izfrkr gSA ,d losZ{k.k dsvuqlkj nf{k.kvhdk esabaXyS.M] vejhdk] LohMu o i- teZuh dh fuxesatks iSlk vhfd;ksadks vnkdjrs gS og xjhch dh js[kk lsHkh cgqr uhpsgS vFkkZr~ mlsiSls lsvko;drk Hkj Hkkstu]diM+sHkh ugha[kjhnstk ldrsgSA fpfdRlk lsokvksa vkSj fk{kk dh rksckr gh NksM+ nhft;sA

ifpeh nskksadh ljdkjsauLyokn vkSji`Fkdrk dh HkRlZuk rkscM+stksjnkj kCnksaesadjrh gSa ij tc dqN Bksl dke djusdh ckr lkeus vkrh gS rksos fcYdqy foifjr &cw> dj laidZ vkSj lapkj dk foLrkj djusdk vkOgku fd;kFkkA nf{k.k vhdk ds izfr ifpeh nskksa dh uhfr nksizdkj dh jgh & ,d ljdkjh ftlesauLyokn vkSj i`Fkdrkokn dsfo:) kkfCnd /kedh vkrh Fkh] vkSj nwljh dk;Zokgh laca/khftlesatu&vkksk dsfo:) uLyokfn;ksadk cpko djus dh dk;ZokbZ;k kkfey FkhaA vkt;sfuxesa vaxksyk] ekstkEchd] vQxkfuLrku vksj gky esabZjku ds mnkgj.kksalsHk;Hkkhr gSaA

ljdkjksadk eq[; dke fonsk uhfr dksml okLrfodrk dsvuqdwy cukuk gS ftls bucgqjkVh; fuxeksausdkQh igysiSnk fd;k FkkA ;sdgrs gSafd nf{k.k vhdk esaiwth yxkus

dk okrkoj.k cgqr vuqdwy gS vkSj bl dkj.k blsu;h foo vFkZO;oLFkk esa,d mi;ksxhHkwfedk vnk djuh gScskd mldh Hkwfedk gksxh ij dsoy bu cgqjkVh; fuxeksa ds fy;sA


52/61

51 | P a g e


fuxeksa dslkFk laca/kksadk etcwr djus ds fy;sftu lalk/kuksadk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS;g ljdkj mlesa dksrkgh ughacjrrh gSA mnkgj.k dsfy;s] blus flMuh ,l- cSju ,aMdEiuh dksizfrokZ 3]65]000 Mkyj dsLFkku ij 6]50]000 Mkyj nsuk kq: dj fn;k gS] ;g

daiuh vejhdk esanf{k.k vhdk esas fgrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;sdke djrh gSA vejhdhO;olkf;;ksa dslkFk laidksZadk ckSrsdjusesaenn djrh gSftlesagfFk;kjksalslacaf/kr lkSnsHkh kkfey gSaA tks vUrjkZVh; fuxe vhdh yksxksadh gR;kdjdsiSlk cuk jgsgSamudsVsMekdZ ml gj xksyh ij fn[kk;h nsldrsgSatks vosriznkZudkfj;ksaijNksM+h tkrh gSA nf{k.k vhdk dh ljdkj dksHksts tkusokys gfFk;kjvR;Ur pDdjnkj jkLrksalsikuh tgkt }kjk yk;s tkrsgSatkslh-vkbZ-,] i- teZuh vkSjnf{k.k vhdk dh xqIrpj lsokvksa}kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrsgSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s vejhdkfufeZr yM+kdwfoekuksa dks ysyhft;s] muds fgLlksa dks bVyh esa tksM+k tkrk gS] fQj btjk;y

dks cspk tkrk gS vkSj nf{k.k vhdk rd mUgsai- teZuh dstgktksa}kjk flaxkiqj gksdjigqpk;k tkrk gSA ;gh yM+kdwfoeku jksMsfk;k esaeqfDr vkanksyu dks dqpyusds fy;s ogkdh ljdkj dkslkSaisx;sFksA

nf{k.k vhdk x.kjkT; mu FkksMs+lsnskksa esals,d gS ftlusukfHkdh; gfFk;kjksadsc


53/61

52 | P a g e


leFkZu nsusokyh fuxeksas ds fo:) dM+sdne mBk;stk;savkSj mu lkjsfuoskksadksokildj fy;k tk; tks uLyokfn;ksa dh lgk;rk dj jgs gSaA izLrko dks izLrqr djrs gq;sukbZthfj;k dsjktnwr ,y-vks- gsjhesu us ?kksk.kk dh Fkh fd fuxeksa us uLyoknh ljdkjksads

vR;kpkjksa dh lgk;rk blfy;s dh gS fd os HKh vius vikj equkQksadkscuk;sj[kus ds f;sogka;FkkfLFkfr dk;e j[kuk pkgrh gSaA ;sdEifu;k vhdh yksxksaesavkRe lEeku dsfo:)gksusokyh fgalk esarFkk ml vR;kpkj esauLyoknh ljdkjksadh Hkkxhnkjh ,oalg;ksxh gSaAftudsdkj.k turk dksvikj eqlhcrsa >syuh iM+h gSaA lektoknh nskksa] ,fk;k o ySfVuvejhdk ds nskksausizLrko dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj ;g Lohdkj dj fy;k] ysfdu baXyS.M]vejhdk] kal o teZuh us bldk fojks/k fd;kA igysHkh 1997 esa] 198 esarFkk 1979 esavusd Bksl izLrko j[ksx;s FksvkSj muesa fizVksfj;k dslkFk cgqjkVh; fuxekssads lSfud

lg;ksx dksmtkxj djus dh vko;drk ij /;ku [khapk x;k FkkA

nf{k.k vhdk esaLFkkfir dqN egRoiw.kZfuxeksa dsv/;{kksa dh fVIi.kh tks fd yanuds nSfud *eksfuZx LVkj* esaNih gS &tujy eksVlZ % gesaogk 50 okZlsij gksx;sgS vkSj gekjh ;kstuk ogk yacsle;

rd jgus dh gS--------------dkyVsDl isVksfy;e % 3ge u;k iwath fuosk blfy;s dj jgsgSa fd cktkj QSyrk tk

jgk gS----------------esugsV~Vu cSad % ge igysdh Hkkfr dke dj jgs gS kh?kzgh ge vkSj cM+s{ks=ksaesa

izosk djsaxs--------

xqMbZ;j % gesas,slk dqN Hkh utj ughavkrk gS ftlds dkj.k gesa;gk lsckgj tkukiM+s-----------

,d vejhdh izoDrk % vf/kdkak vejhdh dEifu;k igysdh rjg py jgh gSa--------------

bu fuxeksadks fooO;kih HkRlZuk dslEeq[k fup; gh cpko djuk iM+rk gSA uLyxrvlekurk dks lekIr djusds fy;sbu dsaik[kaMiw.kZ pfj= dk tc *eksfuZx LVkj* }kjkHkaMkQksM+fd;k x;k rkslkeusvk;k fd %&

vhdh ;wfu;u dsusrkvksausekax dh fd tujy eksVlZ dsiksVZ,fytkcsFk fLFkr

dkj[kkusds iskkc?kjksadsnjokts lsjaxHksn lwpd cksMZgVk fy;stk;sA tujy eksVlZ uslkoZtfud :i ls?kksk.kk dh fd osgVk ysaxsA ysfdu vc itk pyk gS fd mUgksausoscksMZrksgVk fy;sgSaij muds LFkku ij jaxhu pkfHk;ksaokysnjokts yxk fn;sgS% xksjksads fy;suhysrFkk dkyksadsfy;s ukjaxhA

;g joS;k izR;sd {ks= esaik;k tkr gSA fizVksfj;k ljdkj vf/kd lsvf/kd cksMZ cnyusdk dk;Z djrh gSysfdu HksnHkko dk;e gSA vejhdh if=dk *lkbal eksuhVj* esaNis,dbaVjO;wesaogk dh dkj QesZ bl ckr ij ,der gks x;h gSa fd osmu laxBuksadks pqnk ughansaxh tksdkys yksxksads fgrksadh ns[kHkky djrsgSaA

baXyS.M] vejhdk o vU; nskksadh daifu;k vc cM+sLrj dh O;kikfjd dk;ZokbZ;ksaijvf/kd Hkjkslk ughadjrh gSa] og uLyoknh uhfr esavc e/;eoxhZ; O;olkf;;ksavkSj NksVh


54/61

53 | P a g e


eNyh Qalkus ij vkeknk gSA mudh lykg ;g gSfd vPNh vk; dkslqfufpr djus dsfy;smu dEifu;kadsks;j [kjhnuspkfg,s tksnf{k.k vhdk esadke dj jgh gSaA lh/kk lk

rdZ;g gS fd fuxeksa dh vekuoh; uhfr;ksaesa ;FkklEHko vf/kd lsvf/kd yksxksadks Qalk;k

tk; vkSj bl izdkj dsoy 5 ;k 10 Mkyj Qsad dj dh mudksbPNk ;k vfuPNk iwoZduLyoknh vijk/k esa Hkkxhnkj cuk fy;k tk;Anf{k.k vhdk dh vusd daifu;k ftuesa vusd rksifpeh fuxeksadh lg;ksxh daifu;k

gSa] ySfVu vejhdk esafoksk fnypLih fn[kk jgh gSA nf{k.k vhdk fpyh ds lkFk feydjO;kikj djrk gSA nf{k.k vhdk esafLFkr vkaXy vejhdh dEiuh us] tks nf{k.k vhdk fLFkrnqfu;k dh lokZf/kd kfDrkkyh dEiuh gS] czkthy esalksusds[kuu dh fokky QeZ esa65izfrkr ks;j [kjhn fy;sgSA ihfdax Hkh vc izfrf;koknh rkdrksads lkFk gkFk feyk jgkgSA fpyh dh rkukkkgh ljdkj dks ihfdax lslgk;rk fey jgh gSA

cgqjkVh; fuxeksadh lgk;rk lsySfVu vejhdh *xqfjYys* vkSj nf{k.k vhdh uLyoknh]nf{k.k vVykafVd esa,d lSfud] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd la?k dk ifo= xBca/ku cukusdhdksfkk dj jgsgSarkfd kafrdkjh vkSj eqfDr vkanksyuksadksjksdk tk ldsA bl izdkj dsfopkjksa dksukVks dslsuk/;{kksaus vkSj fuxeksa ds vkdkvksa us ,d yacsle; lsikyk ikslk gSvkSj leFkZu fn;k gSA nf{k.k vhdk ds x.kjkT; vkSj vtsZVhuk dh ljdkj us ;q) lkexzhcukus okysfuxeksads cph lwpukvksavkSj fokskKrk dk vknku&iznku djusdh O;oLFkk HkhgSA vtsZVhuk }kjk i- teZuh dsfuxeksalsukfHkdh; izkS|ksfxdh [kjhns tkusdksns[krs gq;s ;gvknku&iznku foksk egRo dk gkstkrk gSA ij ;g ckr fufpr gS fd cgqjkVh; dEifu;k

fonskksaesafdruh gh iwth D;ksau yxk;sa] ;g uLyokn vkSj i`Fkdrkokn cpus okyk ughagS]mldk vUr rksfufpr` gS] mnkgj.k ftEckCosesa nsk HkDrksadh fot; esayf{kr gSA


55/61

54 | P a g e


foo cd] vUrjkZVh; enzkdksk vkSj Hkkjr

tks /ku nsrk gS] og viuh /kqu Hkh ctokrk gSA ;s fonskh cgqjkVh; dEifu;k nqfu;k

ds ftl nsk esadke dj jgh gSa] ogk viuh /kqus ctok jgh gSA gekjk nsk Hkh dksbZ vioknughagSA

twu] 1990 esaHkkjr ljdkj us u;h vkS|ksfxd uhfr dh ?kksk.kk dh FkhA ;g uhfr iwjhrjg lsfoo cSad dsizHkko esacuh gStksfd cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadh iqjksfgrkbZ djrk gSA

foo cSad us*Hkkjr dsO;kikj lq/kkj dsfy;suhfr* fok;d fjiksVZla- 8995&vkbZ- ,u-30 uoEcj 1990 dks rS;kj dj Hkkjr ljdkj dkslkSaih FkhA 21 twu 1991 dkskiFk xzg.kdjus ds ckn gh ujflag jko ljdkj us foo cSad dhbl fjiksVZ esafn;sx;s funsZkksadksykxwdjuk kq: dj fn;kA izLrqr rkfydk esafoo cSad dh krksZa dslkFk dsUnzljdkj }kjk Lohdkj

dh x;h dh eq[; ckrksadk mYys[k fd;k tk jgk gS%&

vkfFkZd uhfr d iuxBu d

fy;sfoo cd dh krsfoo cad

fjiksV dk

ijk lUnHkZ

1991&92] 92&93] 93&94 d ctV e dsUnz

ljdkj }kjk ekuh x;h krs

1- jktdkskh; ?kkVs esa dehdjus dslkFk&lkFk eqnzk njdks lakkf/kr fd;k tk;s

eqnzk fofue; nj dk de lsde 21 izfrkr voewY;ufd;k tk;sA

2-19] 4-50] 8-62]9-13] 9-

51] 9-45

1990&91 jktdkskh; ldy ?kjsywmRikndk 8-4 izfrk FkkA 1991&92 esabls6-2 izfrkr

rFkk 1992&93 esa5 izfrkr ds Lrj ij yk;k

x;kA 1993&94 essa bls 4-7 izfrkr ij ykfn;k x;k gSA

1 tqykbZ 1991 dks Mkyj ds eqdkcys:i;s dk 9-5 izfrkr voewY;u fd;k x;kA3tqykbZ1991 dks iqu% :i;sdk 12-82 izfrkrvoewwY;u dj fn;k x;kA 92&93 esa:i;sdks60%40 dsvuqikr esavkafkd ifjorZuh; cuk;kx;kA ftlds pyrs 60 izfrkr ifjorZuh;fgLls dk 19-8 izfrkr voewY;u gks x;kA93&94 ds ctV esa:i;s dh iw.kZ ifjorZuh;rkdk QSlyk dj ljdkj usfoo cSad ds funsZkksadk rdjhcu iwjsrkSj ij ikyu dj fn;kA

2- O;kikj uhfr e lakks/ku d

funkd Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dksvk;kr ds izfr laj{k.k lekIr

9-16

6 vDVwcj 1991 dksjkT; O;kikj fuxe,oa/kkrq O;kikj fuxe dk pSusykbftax ,tsalhds:i esa ,dkf/kdkj lekIr dj bUgsa futhVsfMax gkl ds led{k cuk;k x;kA dqN


56/61

55 | P a g e


dj] vk;kr fu;a=.k lekIrfd, tk;sA

[k vk;kr dh udkjkRedlwph ,d cuk;s tk;s ,oalaf{kIr fd;k tk;sA

x iwathxr oLrqvksa ,oae/;ofrZ;ksa ds vk;kr ijykblsal lekIr fd;k tk;sA

z?k lj.khc) oLrqvksa dkvk;kr djus okyh ljdkjh,tsfUl;ksa dk ,dkf/kdkj

lekIr fd;k tk;s rFkk bUgsay?kq {ks= ds fy;s vk;kr dhHkwfedk fuekus gsrqdgk tk;sA

M lhek kqYd de dj

U;wure Lrj ;k kwU; Lrj ijyk;k tk;s vU;Fkk leku

lhek kqYd nj 20 izfrkr dhtk;sA kqYd ds [kaMksa dh

la[;k rhu dh tk;sA

p iawthxr lkeku oe/;ofr;ksa ij vkSlr 30

izfrkr rd lhek kqYdyxkusdk funsZk

N miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dksvk;kr dh udkjkRed dhudkjkRed lwph lsfudkydjvk;kr dh vuqefr nh tk;s

rFkk lhek kqYd de fd;k

tk;A lhek kqYd de u djusdh fLFkfr esamiHkksDrk oLrqvksa

4-50] 4-

55] 9-24

9-45

9-20

5-36] 6-47]

9-19] 9-

29]9-27] 9-32

9-45

9-23] 9-24] 9-32

vko;d cuk;k x;kA dqN vko;d oLrqvksaisVkfy;e] [kk|kUu] [kk| rsy] moZjd vkfndksNksM+dj ksk lHkh oLrq,afolj.khd`r

u;h vk;kr&fu;kZr uhfr esa dsoy 8oLrq,alkj.khc) 17 flrEcj 92 dksMh-,-ih-moZjd vkSj 21 flrEcj dks foekfVu , omldk iSjkfeDl folj.khd`r fd;k x;kA

khkZ VSfjQ Lrj 300 izfrkr lsde dj150 izfrkr fd;k x;kA 91&92 esalhek kqYdesa 744-5 djksM+:i;sdh NwV nh x;hA 16tuojh 92 dksbLikr dh oLrqvksaij vk;kr

kqYd ?kVk fn;k x;kA31 fnlEcj 92 dks usIFkk folj.khd`rfd;k x;kA kqYd [kaM+ksadh la[;k] pkj djkhkZ VSfjQ Lrj 110 izfrkr fd;k x;kA lhekkqYd esa2035 djksM+ :i;sdh NwV nh x;hA

93&94 ds ctV esakhkZ VSfjQ Lrj 85izfrkr fd;k x;kA lhek kqYd esa3273 djksM+:i;s dh NwV nh x;hA

92&93 esa dks;yk [kuu] isVksfy;ekks/ku] tkZifj;kstuk dsfy, iwathxr oLrqvksaij lhek kqYd 30izfrkr fd;k x;kA

92&93 esa ifj;kstuk vk;krksa vkSjlkekU; ekhujh ij lhek kqYd 85 izfrkr ls?kVkdj 55 izfrkr vkSj bysDVkfud ij 50izfrkr dj fn;k x;kA vU; iwathxr lkekuksaij lhek kqYd ?kVkdj 10 izfrkr rd dj

fn;k x;kA e/;ofrZ;ksaij fj;k;rh lhek kqYddk izko/kku j[kk x;kA

1993&94 ctV esa dks;yk [kuu]isVksfy;e ij lhek kqYd 25 izfrkr] fo|qrifj;kstukvksa ij 20 rFkk ifj;kstuk vkSj

lkekU; ekhujh ij 35 izfrkr j[kus dkQSlyk fy;k x;kA

9 Qjojh 1992 dks;k=h lkeku dslkFk

35 ?kjsywbySDVksfud midj.k ykusdh vuqefrnh x;hA 1 ;k=h 1-50 yk[k :i;s ewY; ds


57/61

56 | P a g e


ij mRiknu kqYd cko fn;k gSA

5- tks oLrq,amRikn kqYd dsnk;js esa ugha gSa] mu ij

5-31] 5-34]

psyS;k lfefr usmoZjdksa ij 10 izfrkrmRikn kqYd yxkusdk lq>ko nsrsgq,] dbZ


58/61

57 | P a g e


mRiknu kqYd yxk;k tk;sAfoo cSad us moZjd]dhVukkd] d`fk vkSj

vkSkf/k;ksa ij mRikn kqYdyxkusdk lq>ko fn;k FkkA

9-34] 5-32]5-41

5-36] 5-39]9-34

oLrqvksaij mRikn kqYd yxkusdk lq>ko fn;kgSA

6- mRiknu dj iz.kkyh esaifjorZu dj eksMosVl osViz.kkyh viuk;h tk;sA

psyS;k lfefr useksMosV o osV iz.kkyhviukusdk lq>ko fn;k gSA

7- vkS|ksfxd uhfr esaifjorZudj m|ksxksa ij yxs izfrca/kdks lekIr fd;k tk;sA

1-1] 9-64 tqykbZ 91 esa?kksfkr u;h vkS|ksfxd uhfresa ykblsals iz.kkyh ifjofrZr dj flQZ 18

m|ksxksads fy, gh ykblsalsdh t:jr j[khx;hA m|ksxksa esa vc fonskh dEifu;kkr&izfrkr fuosk Hkh dj ldrh gSA

lkoZtfud {ks= ds fy, vkjf{kr 17m|ksxksadh la[;k ?kVkdj 8 dj nh x;hA

5 ekpZ93 dks ?kksfkr u;h jkVh; [kfutuhfr esalkoZtfud {ks= dsfy, vkjf{kr dbZ

m|ksxksa dks futh {ks= esansusdk QSlyk fd;ktk;A

8- m|ksxksa dks izkIr laj{k.k

lekIr fd;k tk;sA vkiwfrZvkSj fuiVku egkfunskky;}kjk [kjhn esa ?kjsyw m|ksxksadks nh tk jgh izkFkfedrk candh tk;sA

v/;k; &

7] 4-25

16 tuojh 92 dks bLikr fu;a=.k eqDr

fd;k x;k vkSj [kjhn esa?kjsywm|ksxksadksnhtk jgh izkFkfedrk Hkh lekIr dj nh x;hA92&93 esa QksLQsfVd moZjd vkSj

dsjkslhu o jlksbZ xSl forj.k dksfu;a=.k eqDrdj fn;k x;kA


59/61

58 | P a g e


9- lkoZtfud {ks= dk iquxZBudjrs gq, ?kkVs esapyusokyhbdkb;ksadkscan fd;k tk;sA

8-67] 9-13] 9-63

u;h vkS|ksfxd uhfr esalkoZtfud {ks=ds iquxZBu dh ?kksk.kk dh x;h vkSj :X.k

m|ksxksadksvkS|ksfxd ,oafoRr iqufuZekZ.k cksMZ

dsle{k Hkstusdk QSlyk fy;k x;kA

10- m|ksxksa esa vfrfjDrdeZpkfj;ksa dh NVuh dh tk;s]blds fy, cfgxZeu uhfrviuk;h tk;s vkSj mlls

izHkkfor deZpkfj;ksa dslaj{k.kgsrq dksk fufeZr fd;k tk;sA

8-66] 9-64] 9-67

91&92 esa Lof.kZe fonkbZ ;kstuk ,oaLoSfPNd lsokfuo`fRr ;kstuk ds rgrdeZpkfj;ksadkslsokeqDr djus dk QSlyk fy;kx;kA

91&92 esacfgxZeu uhfr lsizHkkfor gksusokysdeZpkfj;ksa dsiquizZfk{k.k ,oaiquokZl dsfy, iqufuZekZ.k dksk cukusdh ?kksk.kk djrs gq,200 djksM+ :i;sdkdksk cukusdk fu.kZ; fy;kx;kA

92&93 esabl dksk dsfy, 1000 djksM+:i;s dh /kujkfk vkoafVr dh x;hA

11- lkoZtfud mieksa ds

ks;j csps tk;sA

9-62 91&92 esa 31 mieksads 3038 djksM+

:i;s ds ks;j cspsx;sA92&93 esa 3500 djksM+:i;s ds ks;jcspus dk y{; j[kk x;k Fkk] buesa ls 13

mieksa ds 1866 djksM+ :i;s ds ks;j cspsx;sA bl izdkj nksokksZaesadqy 4904 djksM+:i;s ds ks;j csp fn;s x;sA


60/61

59 | P a g e


cgqjkVh; dEifu;ks dk vlyh pgjk

ejs gq;s yksxksa dks tykdj dekbZdjus oyh nqfu;k dh lclscM+h cgqjkVh; dEiuh

*bUVjuskuy lfoZl dkiksZjsku* (I.S.C.)gSA blds ikl foo Hkj esa502 konkg xg gSaA;g dEiuh koksadkstykdj ,d okZ esavkSlru 69 djksM+28 yk[k 17 gtkj Mkyj 13vjc 16 djksM+ 35 yk[k 23 gtkj :i;s dekrh gSaA ;g dEiuh vesfjdk dh gSA

;q) esadke vkusokyh felkbysadkscukusokyh nqfu;k dh lclscM+h cgqjkVh; dEiuh lsL=,;j kV (Cesna Aircraft)gSA vius LFkkfir gksusls lu~1994 rd ;g dEiuh 17 yk[k 81 gtkjfeykbysacukdj nqfu;k ds fofHkUu nskksadkscsp pqdh gSaA ;g dEiuh lu~1911 esaLFkkfir gq;h FkhA

lkekU; :i ls;g dEiuh izfr okZyxHkx 2]300 felkbysadk mRiknu djrh gSA ;q)dsfnuksaesadEiuh dk mRiknu c


61/61


gSA ;kn jgsfd 500 flxjsVksadscukusesa,d cM+k isM+ lekIr gkstkrk gSA iwjs foo esayxkrkj isM+ksadh la[;k vR;Ur rsth ls de gksrh tk jgh gSA

foo dh lclscM+h foKkiu cukusokyh dEiuh *lkRph ,.M lkRph* (Satchi And Satchi)

fczVsu dh gSA dEiuh usnqfu;k dh reke cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadsfy;slu~1988 esa135 vjc 29 djksM+Mkyj 257 vjc 5 djksM+ :i;s dsfoKkiu rS;kj fd;sFksAizfrokZ foKkiu ij lclsvf/kd [kpkZ djus okyh dEiuh *lh;lZ jksC;wd ,.M dEiuh*

(Sears Roebuk And Company)vesfjdk dh gSA lu~1988 esabl dEiuh us1 vjc18 djksM+68 yk[k Mkyj 822 vjc 54 djksM+92 yk[k :i;s foKkiu ij [kpZ fd;sA ;gdEiuh jsMhesM oL= rFkk tqrksadk mRiknu djrh gSA

foo dh 570 ,slh cgqjkVh; dEifu;k gSaftuesaizR;sd dk okfkZd dkjksckj 20 vjcMkyj 640 vjc :i;s lsHkh vf/kd gSA buesalclsfokkydk; 100 cgqjkVh; dEifu;ksa

dk iwjsfoo dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ij dCtk gSAnqfu;k esacgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadk lclscM+k lewg tSlij xzqi (Jespar Group)gS] ftlds

ikl vdsysviuh 451 cgqjkVh; dEifu;kgSaAtqykbZ 1995 rd izkIr vkadM+ksa dsvuqlkj iwjsfoo esa12]32]951 dEifu;k gSaA buesa

102664 ljdkjh rFkk ckdh futh dEifu;k gSAifpeh teZuh o ;wjksi dsdbZvU; nskksaesapy jgs*xzhu ihl ewoesaV* dh vDVwcj

1994 dh fjiksVZ esacgqjkVh; dEifu;ksadksbl izdkj ifjHkkfkr fd;k x;k gS & ,slh dksbZHkh dEiuh tks ,d lkFk nqfu;k ds,d ls vf/kd nskksaesadke djrh gks] cgqjkVh; dEiuh ekuh

tkuh pkfg,A

bahurastiy caompay ka makad jaal

Documents