Bi 1 Tng quan v a ch IP

Bi 1Tng quan v a ch IPHC VIN K THUT QUN SKhoa: Cng ngh thng tinMn: Cu trc my tnh

Ni dung bi :1. Khi nim a ch IP, IPv4, IPv6.2.Tng quan v IPv42.1 H m m IPv4 s dng.2.2 Cu trc a ch IPv42.3 Khng gian a ch IPv42.4 Mt s gii php khc phc s thiu ht a ch IP2.4.1.K thut Subneting2.4.2.K thut VLSM.

1. Khi nim v IP, IPv4, IPv6IP l g?"a ch IP" l vit tt ca a chInternet Protocol address(a ch giao thc Internet). Mi thit b mng c kt ni vo mng (nh mng Internet) cn c mt a ch.a ch IP ging nh s in thoi cho my tnh ca bn. S in thoi ca bn l mt dy s xc nh in thoi ca bn, mi ngi c th gi bn. Tng t, a ch IP l mt dy s xc nh my tnh c th gi nhn d liu n cc my khc.

1. Khi nim v IP, IPv4, IPv6IPv4 l g?IPv4(Internet Protocol version 4) l phin bn th t trong qu trnh pht trin ca ccgiao thc Internet(IP). y l phin bn u tin ca IP c s dng rng ri. IPv4 cng viIPv6(giao thc Internet phin bn 6) l nng ct ca giao tip internet hin nay.IPv6 l g?a ch IPv6 (Internet protocol version 6) l th h a ch Internet phin bn mi c thit k thay th cho phin bn a ch IPv4 trong hot ng Internet.

2. Tng quan v IPv4.2.1 H m m IPv4 s dng.

Ch s s dng trong cuc sng thng ngy c gi l s thp phn. Php tnh thc hin vi cc con s thp phn c gi l c s 10.Trong k thut, my tnh lu tr v x l thng tin bng mt tp hp nhng on thng tin vi hai tnh trng n gin c v khng. H nh phn ch bao gm hai s 1 v 0 tng ng tnh trng ny. Cc gi tr bao gm dy cc ch s 0 v 1

Gii thch octet l g?5

2. Tng quan v IPv4.. Vi c s 2, con s nh phn s c quy i ra gi tr thp phn ng thi nhm chng li thnh tng octet (c chia thnh 4 octet - mi octet c 8 bits s dng cho h thp phn).VD: 10000010. 00111001.00011110.00111000 (h 2) 130.57.30.56 (h 10).

(2.1)

Kim tra li xem VD c ng khng?6

2. Tng quan v IPv4.2.2 Cu trc a ch IPv4Trong IPv4, mt a ch Internet c thit k bao gm 32 bits nh phn v s dng cc h s thp phn v hexa decimal biu din a ch . Trong , cch biu din mt a ch IP di dng s thp phn l thng dng nht.

chuyn i 32 bits nh phn IPv4 sang biu din di dng s thp phn, 32 bits nh phn ny c chia thnh 4 nhm 8 bits, phn cch nhau bi du chm v chuyn i thnh gi tr thp phn. V d: a ch IPv4 11001011101000100011100110110111 (32 bits) Nhm thnh: 11001011. 10100010 . 00111001. 10110111 (32 bits) Chuyn i thnh: 203. 162 . 57 . 183

2. Tng quan v IPv4. h tr cho vic nh tuyn, mt a ch IPv4 gm c 2 phn: phn a ch mng(Net ID) phn xc nh my tnh trong mng(Host ID).

a ch IPv4 c biu din di dng:"a ch IPv4 u tin ca mng / di cc bits tin t VD: (Gii thch v v d) 192.168.1.0/24 s xc nh di a ch t 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255.

Gii thch net ID( rng n bt), host ID( rng 32-n bt)Gii thch ci tin t, cch xc nh gii a ch t 1 a ch IP trong VDTrong phin bn 4, mt a ch Internet c thit k bao gm 32 bits nh phn v s dng cc h s thp phn v hexa decimal biu din a ch . Trong , cch biu din mt a ch IP di dng s thp phn l thng dng nht. chuyn i 32 bits nh phn IPv4 sang biu din di dng s thp phn, 32 bits nh phn ny c chia thnh 4 nhm 8 bits, phn cch nhau bi du chm v chuyn i thnh gi tr thp phn. V d: a ch IPv4 11001011101000100011100110110111 (32 bits) Nhm thnh: 11001011. 10100010 . 00111001. 10110111 (32 bits) Chuyn i thnh: 203. 162 . 57 . 183 chuyn i 32 bits nh phn IPv4 sang biu din di dng s hexa decimal, 32 bits nh phn ny c chia thnh 8 nhm 4 bits nh phn v chuyn i sang ch s hexa. Sau tip tc nhm 8 ch s hexa thnh hai nhm phn cch bi du : , khi a ch IPv4 ny c biu din theo dng s hexa decimal. V d: a ch IPv4 trn c biu din h c s 16 11001011101000100011100110110111 (32 bits) Nhm thnh: 1100. 1011. 1010. 0010. 0011. 1001. 1011. 0111 (32 bits) Chuyn i thnh: C.B.A.2.3.9.B.7 Nhm thnh: CAB2:39B7 h tr cho vic nh tuyn, mt a ch IPv4 gm c 2 phn: phn a ch mng v phn xc nh my tnh trong mng. Phn xc nh mng: mt s nht nh cc bits, tnh t tri qua trong a ch IPv4, dng xc nh mng (Network ID). Phn ny cn c gi l tin t mng (network prefix) hay gi tt l tin t (prefix). Phn xc nh my tnh trong mng: s cc bits cn li trong a ch s c s dng xc nh cc my tnh (Host ID) trong mt mng nht nh.8

2. Tng quan v IPv4.2.3 Khng gian a ch.Do IPv4 ch dng 32 bits nh a ch nn khng gian a ch IPv4 ch c khon 232 a ch. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca Internet hin nay, ti nguyn a ch IPv4 gn cn kit.

Ngi ta phi tin hnh vic phn lp mng, to nn mt tp hp lp mng y (classful). Theo , c 5 lp mng (A, B, C, D v E) c nh ngha: Lp A s dng 8 bits cho phn network, 24 bits c s dng cho phn host. Lp B dng 16 bits cho network, 16 bit dnh cho host. Lp C s dng 24 bits cho network, 8 bit nh a ch host. Lp D c dng cho a ch multicast Lp E s dng cho th nghim.

Ban u, mt a ch IP c chia thnh hai phn:Network ID: Xc lp bi octet u tinHost ID: Xc nh bi ba octet cn liVi cch chia ny, s lng network b gii hn con s 256, qu t so vi nhu cu thc t. vt qua gii hn ny, vic phn lp mng c nh ngha, to nn mt tp hp lp mng y (classful). Theo , c 5 lp mng (A, B, C, D v E) c nh ngha. Lp A s dng 8 bits cho phn network, 24 bits c s dng cho phn host. Lp B dng 16 bits cho network, 16 bit dnh cho host. Lp C s dng 24 bits cho network, 8 bit nh a ch host. Lp D c dng cho a ch multicast Lp E s dng cho th nghim.9

2. Tng quan v IPv4.Lp A.Cu trc: Dnh mt byte cho phn network_id v ba byte cho phn host_id.

Nhn din: byte u tin c dng 0xxxxxxx => nhng a ch IP c byte u tin nm trong khong t 0 (00000000) n 127 (01111111) s thuc lp A.a ch ha c: 2^7-2 a ch mng(t 1.0.0.0 n 126.0.0.0) v 2^24-2 my khc nhau trong mi mng.

(2.3)Net_IDHost_IDHost_IDHost_ID

Gii thch thm v cu trc, nhn din 1 a ch IP thuc lp A, v cng thc 2^7-2.V ti sao c s khc nhau 0-127 vi 1.0.0.0-126.0.0.0Dnh mt byte cho phn network_id v ba byte cho phn host_id.Network_IDHost_IDHost_IDHost_ID

a ch lp A nhn din ra lp A, bit u tin ca byte u tin phi l bit 0. Di dng nh phn, byte ny c dng 0xxxxxxx. V vy, nhng a ch IP c byte u tin nm trong khong t 0 (00000000) n 127 (01111111) s thuc lp A. V d a ch 50.14.32.8 l mt a ch lp A (50nhng a ch nm trong khong t 128 (10000000) n 191 (10111111) s thuc v lp Ba ch ha c: 2^14 a ch mng(t 128.0.0.0 n 191.255.0.0) v 2^16-2 my khc nhau trong mi mng.

Net_IDNet_IDHost_IDHost_ID

Lp B :Dnh hai byte cho mi phn network_id v host_id.Network_IDNetwork_IDHost_IDHost_ID

a ch lp BDu hiu nhn dng a ch lp B l byte u tin lun bt u bng hai bit 10. Di dng nh phn, octet c dng 10xxxxxx. V vy nhng a ch nm trong khong t 128 (10000000) n 191 (10111111) s thuc v lp B. V d 172.29.10.1 l mt a ch lp B (128 Chia xong!

SubnetHostID adress trong dng nh phnHostID adress range110001011000011000000000000000001139.12.0.1/1810001011000011000011111111111110139.12.63.254/18210001011000011000100000000000001139.12.64.1/18

10001011000011000111111111111110139.12.127.254/18

310001011000011001000000000000001139.12.128.1/18

10001011000011001011111111111110139.12.191.254/18

410001011000011001100000000000001139.12.192.1/18

10001011000011001111111111111110139.12.255.254/18

V Subnet ID dng ht 18 bits nn s bits cn li (32 - 18 = 14) c dng cho HostID. Theo lut th Subnet mask cho Host ID l tt c mi bits u l bit "0" v phn NetID u l bit "1.

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2. Tng quan v IPv42.4.2 K thut VLSM.VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) l thc hin nhiu hn mt mt n trn cng lp (class) chnh ca mt mng. N cho php s dng a ch IP hiu qu hn cho my (host) v cc mng con (subnet). iu ny l rt cn thit trn mt mng khng c khng gian a ch IP ln. K thut VLSM l mt dng c bit ca k thut Subneting, v l k thut tin tin hn.

2. Tng quan v IPv42.4.2 K thut VLSM. Xt mt a ch IP cho trc c Subnet mask l 192.168.1.0 /24.Yu cu trin khai 3 network sau: HCM 100 my, Cn Th 50 my, H Ni 50 my.

HCM100 myH Ni50 my Nng50 my192.168.2.0/24

2. Tng quan v IPv4Phn tch:- Trc tin, ta c 200 my(1282 mng u tin l:Net 1: 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 ......... 192.168.1.126.Net 2: 192.168.1.129, 192.168.1.130 ......... 192.168.1.254.

Net 1: 192.168.1.0 (khng dng v y l a ch i din cho net 1) 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 ......... 192.168.1.126, 192.168.1.127 (khng dng v y l a ch broadcast ca subnet 1)Net 2: 192.168.1.128 (khng dng v y l a ch i din cho net 2) 192.168.1.129, 192.168.1.130 ......... 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 (khng dng v y l a ch broadcast ca subnet 2)

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2. Tng quan v IPv4ChnNet 1cho mng HCM, lc mt my HCM s c IP dng 192.168.1.x (vi gi tr x chy t 1 n 126) v c netmask 255.255.255.128. By gi chia Net 2 ra lm 2 bng cch mn thm 1 bit na: /26 (255.255.255.192). Tng t nh trn, 2 mng con mi vi s host cho mi mng l 2^6 - 2 = 62. Net 2.1: 192.168.1.129 192.168.1.130 ......... 192.168.1.190.Net 2.2: 192.168.1.193 192.168.1.194 .......192.168.1.254.=>Chn mt trong hai mng con va chia gn cho cc my tnh Cn Th v cc my tnh H Ni th s dng di a ch cn li. Nh vy, trong Vit Nam ti HCM gi tr netmask l /25, Cn Th v H Ni l /26.

Net 2.1: 192.168.1.128 (khng dng v y l a ch i din cho net 2.1) 192.168.1.129 192.168.1.130 ......... 192.168.1.190 192.168.1.191 (khng dng v y l a ch broadcast ca net 2.1) Net 2.2: 192.168.1.192 (khng dng v y l a ch i din cho net 2.2) 192.168.1.193 192.168.1.194 ....... 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 (khng dng v y l a ch broadcast ca net 2.2) Chn mt trong hai mng con va chia gn cho cc my tnh Cn Th v cc my tnh H Ni th s dng di a ch cn li. Nh vy, trong Vit Nam ti HCM gi tr netmask l /25, Cn Th v H Ni l /26.

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Kt thc bi hcNi dung cn ghi nh:1. Khi nim a ch IP, IPv4, IPv6.2.Tng quan v IPv42.1 H m m IPv4 s dng.2.2 Cu trc a ch IPv42.3 Khng gian a ch IPv42.4 Mt s gii php khc phc s thiu ht a ch IP2.4.1.K thut Subneting2.4.2.K thut VLSM.