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12/01/2011 H iu Hnh Unix/Linux 1

Ci t v cu hnh Linux

Chng 2


c th ci t thnh cng Linux Fedora Core 5 trn kin trc my x86, h thng cn tha mn cc yu cu ti thiu: Processor:

Ch text: 200 MHz Pentium-class hoc tt hn Ch ha: 400 MHz Pentium II hoc tt hn. Intel processors with Intel Extended Memory 64

Technology (Intel EM64T) B nh chnh:

Ch text : 128MB RAM Ch ha : 256MB RAM

Khng gian a: 90 MB-175MB h thng. Ci t ton b cc gi cn ti thiu 9 GB khng gian a.

Yu cu h thng


Cc bc tng qut bao gm: La chn gia ci t mi hoc nng cp. Phn vng a

iu ny cho php bn to cc phn vng mi trn khng gian trng ca a, hoc s dng cc phn vng Linux tn ti.

Cp pht khng gian tro i thch hp. Xc nh h thng file no s dng

Cu hnh phn cng v phn mm.

Cng tc chun b


Phn vng a l cch chia mt a cng thnh nhiu phn tch bit.

i vi h iu hnh Linux i hi phi c t nht 2 loi phn vng ca a cng c th ci t thnh cng. Data partition: dng cha nhn h iu hnh.

Dung lng cho partition ny tu theo cc package m bn ci t.

Swap partition: dung lng cho partition ti thiu bng dung lng ca RAM l va - dng cho c ch phn trang ca Linux

Phn vng a cng


Cho CD 1 vo CDROM v boot my, xut hin mn hnh boot:

Bt u ci t


Chn OK test a, hoc chn Skip

Testing CD v DVD Media


Chn ngn ng s dng trong khi ci t, nhp Next

La chn ngn ng


Chn kiu bn phm thch hp vi h thng

Cu hnh bn phm


Chn Install Fedora Core ci t mi, nhp Next

Ci mi hoc nng cp h thng


Chn Create new boot loader configuration xa boot loader c v ci GRUB. Nhp Next

Cu hnh boot loader


Boot loader l phn mm cho php nh v v khi ng h iu hnh.

Nu mt boot loader tn ti nh BootMagic, System Commander c ci t bi Microsoft Windows, h thng ci t Fedora khng th cp nht n.

GRUB l mt boot loader chun ca Fedora

Cu hnh boot loader


Phn vng a

Chn Remove Linux partitions, nhp Next


Mt h thng Fedora Core c t nht 3 phn vng: Mt data partition c gn kt /boot Mt data partition c gn kt / Mt swap partition

Data partitions cung cp lu tr cc tp tin. Mi data partition c mt im gn kt (mount point),

cho bit h thng th mc m ni dung cha trn partition .

Swap partition dng to b nh o

Phn vng a


Disk Druid l mt chng trnh sa i cc phn vng a.

Ngi s dng ch chy n trong qu trnh ci t hthng Fedora Core.

Disk Druid cho php cu hnh phn mm Linux RAID vLVM cung cp s lu tr d liu m rng v tin cy hn.

Disk Druid


Phn vng a - Disk Druid

Chn New nu mun to phn vng mi


Cc nt chc nng: New : to mt phn vng. Trong hp thoi Add partition,

chn mt mount point v kiu phn vng. Sau chn kch thc ca phn vng theo megabytes. C th chn: Fixed size : Use a fixed size as close to your entry as

possible. Fill all space up to : Grow the partition to a maximum

size of your choice. Fill to maximum allowable size : Grow the partition

until it fills the remainder of the selected disks. Edit Delete

Phn vng a - Disk Druid


Mount point: /data ng vi a hda2 Mount point: /boot (File System Type l ext3, Size

(MB) l 100) ng vi hda5. File System Type: swap, Size (MB): 512 (khong

gp i RAM). Mount Point: / (File System Type: ext3, Addition

Size Options: Fill to maximum allowable size (dng ht phn a cn li: 5000-7000 MB) ng vi hda1.

V d cch to phn vng a


Boot Loader l mt chng trnh nh c v khi ng h iu hnh.

Boot Loader


Boot Loader - Change boot loader


Boot Loader t mt khu


Cu hnh mng


Chn Time Zone


t mt khu ti khon root


Fedora s dng mt ti khon c bit c tn l root qun tr h thng.

Chng trnh ci t Fedora yu cu mt khu root t nht di 6 k t.

Bi v ti khon root c kh nng kim sot ton b hthng, nn khi to mt khu khuyn ngh: S dng kt hp k t hoa, thng, cc s, chm

cu v cc k t c bit. Khng s dng nguyn t hoc tn ring. Khng s dng cng mt khu cho nhiu ti khon.

t mt khu ti khon Root


Mc nh, tin trnh ci t Fedora np mt s phn mm thch hp cho h thng desktop.

Chn gi phn mm


Office and Productivity Ty chn ny cung cp sn phm OpenOffice.org

thch hp, ng dng qun l d n Planner, cc cng c ha nh GIMP, v cc ng dng a phng tin.

Software Development Ty chn ny cung cp cc cng c cn thit bin

dch phn mm trn h thng Fedora. Web server

Ty chn ny cung cp Apache Web server.

Chn gi phn mm


Ci t Fedora Core bao gm mt s dch v mng: Centralized logging through syslog Email through SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Network file sharing through NFS (Network File System) Remote access through SSH (Secure SHell) Resource advertising through mDNS (multicast DNS)

S ci t mc nh cng cung cp: Network file transfer through HTTP (HyperText Transfer

Protocol) Printing through CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System) Remote desktop access through VNC (Virtual Network

Computing)

Chn gi phn mm


Ty bin chn gi phn mm


About to Install


Tin trnh ci t cc gi


Fedora Core bo co tin trnh ci t trn mn hnh khi ci cc gi vo h thng.

Nu s dng CDs ci, Fedora Core thng bo thay i cc a. Sau khi chn mt a, chn OK tip tc qu trnh ci t.

Sau khi ci t thnh cng, chn Reboot khi ng li my.

Tin trnh ci t cc gi


Setup Agent s chy cu hnh h thng trc khi ng nhp

Boot ln u tin


License Agreement


Firewall


Firewall (tng la) dng kim tra cc kt ni mng n h thng da trn mt tp lut. Nhng lut ny xc nh kiu kt ni no l c php v kt ni no l bcm.

Mc nh firewall c hiu lc, vi mt tp cc lut n gin cho php cc kt ni c thc hin, nhng chcho php duyt mng v kt ni SSH (Secure SHell) tcc h thng khc.

Ta c th thay i cho php truy cp n dch v mng xc nh trn h thng.

Firewall


Date v Time


Display


System User


Sound Card


Kt thc ci t


BIOS/POST MBR (GRUB hoc boot loader khc) Kernel + initd Kt gn (mount) h thng file root Tm v khi ng tin trnh /sbin/init

init c tp tin /etc/inittab nhn cp chy sdng

Khi ng cc scripts rc trong /etc/rc.d getty (gim st ng nhp) & bt u phin lm vic

Qu trnh boot Linux


Tp tin u tin m h iu hnh xem xt n l/etc/inittab # Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are: # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # 1 - Single user mode # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS # 3 - Full multiuser mode # 4 - unused # 5 - X11 # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) id:3:initdefault:

Ni dung /etc/inittab


Unix ni chung c 7 cp chy (run level) khc nhau t 0 n 6. Cp chy 0: l shutdown h thng. Cp chy 1: l n ngi s dng (single user )

v thng c dng sa cha li h thng tp tin.

Cp chy 2, 3: l hai mc cho a ngi s dng Cp chy 5: s dng ch ho Cp chy 6: dng reboot h thng

Cp chy (runlevel)


Bt u phin lm vic Linux

Sau khi boot my, du nhc sau s xut hin: Fedora Core release 5 Kernel 2.6.5-1.358 on an i686 linuxpc login: _ Password: [user enters password here]

Nu ng nhp thnh cng, ta s thy du nhc lnh nh sau: [lacuong@linuxpc lacuong]$ _

Lu : Nu ng nhp vi user root ta s thy du nhc lnh nh sau: [root@linuxpc ~]# _


Cch ng nhp vo Linux t xa

Ta c th kt ni n mt server Linux t bt kmy tnh no nh Windows 9x, Windows NT hoc 2000, s dng mt trong cc tin ch sau: Telnet:

telnet 172.17.55.242 PuTTY Private Shell (Bussiness)


PuTTY Configuration


PuTTY window


Private Shell


Tnh bo mt ngi dng Linux

Linux m bo rng ch nhng ngi dng c cp quyn (authorized users) mi c th truy xut h thng.

Linux bt buc phi c mt mt khu kt hp vi mt tn ng nhp.

Mt khu khng c hin th trn mn hnh trong khi chng c nhp.

Mi ngi dng c th thay i mt khu ca mnh bng lnh passwd.


V d thay i mt khu

[lacuong@lacuong ~]$ passwdChanging password for user lacuong.Changing password for lacuong(current) UNIX password: New UNIX password: Retype new UNIX password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.[lacuong@lacuong ~]$


Xem ngy gi h thng

Ngi dng c th xem ngy gi h thng bng lnh date

V d: [root@lacuong ~]# dateMon Jan 10 21:54:16 ICT 2011 [root@lacuong ~]#


Cc ty chn ca lnh date


Cc v d v lnh date

[root@lacuong ~]# date "+NGAY: %D"NGAY: 06/19/10[root@lacuong ~]#

[root@lacuong ~]# date "+%d"19

[root@lacuong ~]# date "+%m"06

[root@lacuong ~]# date "+%Y"2010[root@lacuong ~]#


Xem thi gian chy v ti h thng Lnh uptime c s dng hin th thi gian hot ng

t lc h thng khi ng. Lnh cho kt qu v hin th trn mt dng gm thi gian

hin hnh, khong thi gian h thng chy, s ngi dng ng nhp v ti trung bnh ca h thng (CPU utilization) cch y 1, 5, v 15 pht tng ng


Lnh xem tr gip

Linux cung cp 2 lnh xem tham kho v cc lnh khc: Lnh man: Hin th cc trang tr gip ca mt lnh c th.

$ man ls Lnh info: Xem thng tin chi tit v mt lnh. C php ca

lnh info l: $ info [options] [menu item]

V d: Xem thng tin chi tit v trnh son tho emacs: $ info emacs

Ch : Ta c th xem cch s dng ca mt lnh trong linux (chi tit v cc ty chn v cc tham s), bng cch: [user@linuxpc1 ~]$ --help


Kt thc phin lm vic Linux

Lnh exit hoc logout dng kt thc phin lm vic Linux. H thng hin th li du nhc login vkhi to cho phin lm vic khc.

Khi ng li hoc thot khi h thng: Lnh reboot; khi ng li my Lnh thot: halt hoc shutdown [time] [message]


Vin cng ngh MIT Chun giao din ha cho h iu hnh UNIX. Qun l truyn thng gia my ch UNIX v thit b

hin th ha. Giao din vi ngi dng thng qua cc ca s.

Giao din ha X-Windows


K Desktop Environment (KDE)


GNOME Desktop


Common Desktop Environment (CDE)


Sau khi ci t, update cc gi mi nht hin c, ta thc hin: ng nhp vi ti khon root. Thc hin lnh yum update: tin ch yum s t ng

download v ci t cc gi mi nht. Khi c hi ng hay khng, nhn y chp

nhn.

Cp nht h thng


RedHat Package Manager (RPM) l tin ch rt tin li qun l (build, install, verify, update, erase) cc gi phn mm trn h thng Fedora.

Sau y l mt s cch dng RPM c bn: rpm -ivh foo.rpm : Ci t gi foo (ui file l rpm) vo

h thng. rpm -Uvh foo.rpm : Update gi foo rpm -qa | grep foo : Phi hp gia lnh rpm v lnh

grep tm tt c cc gi lin quan n foo. rpm -e foo : Xo gi foo khi h thng. (earase)

Ci t cc gi phn mm


Mt cch khc d nht ci t phn mm trong Fedora l dng cng c yum.

Cu hnh YUM cho Fedora: M mt ca sTerminal. ng nhp ti khon root. Chy nhng lnh sau xa file yum.conf c v thay

bng file mi:rpm -Uvh http://www.fedorafaq.org/yumhttp://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-5.rpm

Ci t cc gi phn mm


Cch s dng Yum: dng Yum, m ca s terminal, ng nhp ti khon root, v sau c th dng cc lnh sau: xem danh sch cc phn mm c th ti v:

# yum list available ci t phn mm, dng lnh:

# yum install tn gi cp nht phn mm, dng lnh:

# yum update [tn gi] tm kim mt gi, dng lnh:

# yum search t kha

Ci t cc gi phn mm


Nu khi s dng yum xut hin cnh bo NOKEY tmt gi RPM v li ch k GPG, cch khc phc: ng nhp vi ti khon root thc hin cc lnh:

# rpm -ivh http://rpm.livna.org/livna-release-5.rpm# rpm --import http://rpm.livna.org/RPM-LIVNA-GPG-KEY

Ci t cc gi phn mm


X-Unikey l tin ch dng g ting Vit trn h thng Linux do Phm Minh Long pht trin.

ci t X-Unikey, c th ci t bng tin ch rpm vi gi rpm cho X-Unikey hoc c th ci X-Unikey tm ngun.

Ci t t gi rpm: Download gi x-unikey-1.0.3b-FC4.i586.rpm Thc hin lnh:

# rpm ivh x-unikey-1.0.3b-FC4.i586.rpm

V d ci t X-Unikey


Ci t t m ngun: $ tar xvjf x-unikey-1.0.3b-FC4.tar.bz2 $ cd x-unikey-1.0.3b-FC4 $ ./configure $ make $ su password: # make install # exit

V d ci t X-Unikey


Cu hnh s dng X-Unikey: $ cat >> /home/[user]/.bashrc export LANG=en_US.UTF-8 export XMODIFIERS="@im=unikey" export GTK_IM_MODULE="unikey"

Thot hn X-Unikey dng lnh: kill pidof unikey

V d ci t X-Unikey


Tm li Ci t v cu hnh Qu trnh boot Ci t gi phn mm

Thanks you !

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