Chng 1

PGS.TS NGUYN XUN TRNG - TS.TRN TRUNG NINH

BI TP CHN LC

HA HC 10(Chng trnh chun v nng cao)

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH - 2006

LI NI U

Ha hc l mt khoa hc l thuyt v thc nghim. Ha hc i hi s chnh xc ca ton hc ng thi vi s linh hot trong t duy v c tng tng phong ph, sinh ng v s kho lo trong cc thao tc th nghim.

Chng ti gii thiu cng bn c quyn Bi tp chn lc Ha hc 10 chng trnh chun v nng cao. Sch gm cc bi tp Ha hc chn lc trong chng trnh Ha hc 10 c m rng v nng cao, c th s dng pht trin nng lc t duy Ha hc cho hc sinh lp 10 v phc v n tp cc k thi t ti, thi tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng v thi hc sinh gii. Quyn sch c bin son theo chng trnh mi ca B Gio dc v o to. Sch c chia thnh 7 chng, tng ng vi tng chng ca sch gio khoa Ha hc 10. Mi chng bao gm cc ni dung chnh sau:

A- Tm tt l thuyt.

B- Bi tp c hng dn.

C- Hng dn gii

D- Bi tp t luyn

E- Bi tp trc nghim

F- Thng tin b sung,

Sch c th c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho cc thy, c gio, cho cc em hc sinh mong c c mt nn tng vng chc cc kin thc, t duy v k nng mn Ha hc lp 10.

Mc d chng ti c nhiu c gng, nhng do trnh v thi gian bin son cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi cc sai st. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n mi kin ng gp ca cc bn c, nht l cc thy, c gio v cc em hc sinh sch c hon chnh hn trong ln ti bn sau.

Cc tc gi

Chng 1

NGUYN T

A. TM TT L THUYTI. Thnh phn nguyn t

1. Lp v: Bao gm cc electron mang in tch m.

- in tch: qe = -1,602.10-19C = 1-

- Khi lng: me = 9,1095.10-31 kg

2. Ht nhn: Bao gm cc proton v cc ntron

a. Proton

- in tch: qp = +1,602.10-19C = 1+

- Khi lng: mp = 1,6726.10-27 kg ( 1u (vC)

b. Ntron

- in tch: qn = 0

- Khi lng: mn = 1,6748.10-27 kg ( 1u

Kt lun: Ht nhn mang in dng, cn lp v mang in m

Tng s proton = tng s electron trong nguyn t

Khi lng ca electron rt nh so vi proton v ntron

II. in tch v s khi ht nhn

1. in tch ht nhn

Nguyn t trung ha in, cho nn ngoi cc electron mang in m, nguyn t cn c ht nhn mang in dng. in tch ht nhn l Z+, s n v in tch ht nhn l Z.

S n v in tch ht nhn (Z) = s proton = s electron

Th d: Nguyn t c 17 electron th in tch ht nhn l 17+

2. S khi ht nhn

A = Z + N

Th d: Nguyn t c natri c 11 electron v 12 ntron th s khi l: A = 11 + 12 = 23 (S khi khng c n v)3. Nguyn t ha hc

- L tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s in tch ht nhn.

- S hiu nguyn t (Z):Z = P = e

- K hiu nguyn t:

Trong A l s khi nguyn t, Z l s hiu nguyn t.

III. ng v, nguyn t khi trung bnh

1. ng v

- L tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau s ntron (khc nhau s khi A).

- Th d: Nguyn t cacbon c 3 ng v:

2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh

Gi l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mt nguyn t. A1, A2 ... l nguyn t khi ca cc ng v c % s nguyn t ln lt l a%, b%...

Ta c:

IV. S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t. Obitan nguyn t.

- Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn v khng theo mt qu o no.

- Khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt ca electron l ln nht c gi l obitan nguyn t.

- Obitan s c dng hnh cu, obitan p c dng hnh s 8 ni, obitan d, f c hnh phc tp.

V. Lp v phn lp

1. Lp

- Cc electron trong nguyn t c sp xp thnh lp v phn lp.

- Cc electron trong cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau.

- Th t v k hiu cc lp:

n1234567

Tn lpKLMNOPQ

2. Phn lp

- c k hiu l: s, p, d, f

- S phn lp trong mt lp chnh bng s th t ca lp.

- S obitan c trong cc phn lp s, p, d, f ln lt l 1, 3, 5 v 7

- Mi obitan cha ti a 2 electron

VI. Cu hnh electron trong nguyn t

1. Mc nng lng

- Trt t mc nng lng: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s ...- S phn b electron trong nguyn t tun theo cc nguyn l v quy tc: Nguyn l Pau-li, nguyn l vng bn, quy tc Hun.

2. Cu hnh electron

S phn b cc electron vo obitan trong nguyn t tun theo cc quy tc v nguyn l:

- Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mt obitan c th c nhiu nht hai electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi obitan.

- Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao.

- Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.Cch vit cu hnh electron trong nguyn t:

+ Xc nh s electron

+ Sp xp cc electron vo phn lp theo th t tng dn mc nng lng

+ Vit electron theo th t cc lp v phn lp.

Th d: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe (Z = 26)

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s23d6 (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

Sp xp theo mc nng lng

Cu hnh electronB. BI TP C LI GII

1.1 V sao t nhng tng u tin v nguyn t, cch y 2500 nm ca Democrit, mi n cui th k XIX ngi ta mi chng minh c nguyn t l c tht v c cu to phc tp ? M t th nghim tm ra electron.

1.2 Nguyn t khi ca neon l 20,179. Hy tnh khi lng ca mt nguyn t neon theo kg.

1.3 Kt qu phn tch cho thy trong phn t kh CO2 c 27,3% C v 72,7% O theo khi lng. Bit nguyn t khi ca C l 12,011. Hy xc nh nguyn t khi ca oxi.

1.4 Bit rng khi lng mt nguyn t oxi nng gp 15,842 ln v khi lng ca nguyn t cacbon nng gp 11,9059 ln khi lng ca nguyn t hiro. Hi nu chn khi lng nguyn t cacbon lm n v th H, O c nguyn t khi l bao nhiu ?

1.5 Mc ch th nghim ca R-d-pho l g? Trnh by th nghim tm ra ht nhn nguyn t ca R-d-pho v cc cng s ca ng.

1.6 Hy cho bit s n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron v s electron ca cc nguyn t c k hiu sau y :

a)

b)

1.7 Cch tnh s khi ca ht nhn nh th no ? Ni s khi bng nguyn t khi th c ng khng ? ti sao ?

1.8 Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca bc bng 107,02 ln nguyn t khi ca hiro. Nguyn t khi ca hiro bng 1,0079. Tnh nguyn t khi ca bc.

1.9 Cho hai ng v hiro vi t l % s nguyn t : (99,984%), (0,016%) v hai ng v ca clo : (75,53%), (24,47%).

a) Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mi nguyn t.

b) C th c bao nhiu loi phn t HCl khc nhau c to nn t hai loi ng v ca hai nguyn t .

c) Tnh phn t khi gn ng ca mi loi phn t ni trn.

1.10 Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng bng 63,546. ng tn ti trong t nhin di hai dng ng v v . Tnh t l % s nguyn t ng tn ti trong t nhin.

1.11 Cho hai ng v (k hiu l H), (k hiu l D).

a) Vit cc cng thc phn t hiro c th c.

b) Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t.

c) Mt lit kh hiro giu teri () iu kin tiu chun nng 0,10g. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng tng ng v ca hiro.

1.12 C th m t s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc qu o chuyn ng c khng ? ti sao ?

1.13 Theo l thuyt hin i, trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t c m t bng hnh nh g ?

1.14 Trnh by hnh dng ca cc obitan nguyn t s v p v nu r s nh hng khc nhau ca chng trong khng gian.

1.15 Bit rng nguyn t agon c ba ng v khc nhau, ng vi s khi 36, 38 v A. Phn trm cc ng v tng ng ln lt bng : 0,34% ; 0,06% v 99,6%.

Tnh s khi ca ng v A ca nguyn t agon, bit rng nguyn t khi trung bnh ca agon bng 39,98.

1.16 Nguyn t Mg c ba ng v ng vi thnh phn phn trm nh sau :

ng v

% 78,6 10,1 11,3

a) Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg.

b) Gi s trong hn hp ni trn c 50 nguyn t , th s nguyn t tng ng ca hai ng v cn li l bao nhiu ?

1.17 Hy cho bit tn ca cc lp electron ng vi cc gi tr ca n = 1, 2, 3, 4 v cho bit cc lp ln lt c bao nhiu phn lp electron ?

1.18 Hy cho bit s phn lp, s obitan c trong lp N v M.

1.19 V hnh dng cc obitan 1s, 2s v cc obitan 2px, 2py, 2pz.

1.20 S phn b electron trong phn t tun theo nhng nguyn l v quy tc no ? Hy pht biu cc nguyn l v quy tc . Ly th d minh ha.

1.21 Ti sao trong s phn b electron ca nguyn t cacbon (C : 1s22s22p2) phn lp 2p li biu din nh sau :

1.22 Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c Z = 20, Z = 21, Z = 22, Z = 24, Z = 29 v cho nhn xt cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t khc nhau nh th no ?

1.23 Hy cho bit s electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, C, Si, O.

1.24 Cu hnh electron trn cc obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t K (Z = 19) v Ca (Z = 20) c c im g ?

1.25 Vit cu hnh electron ca F (Z = 9) v Cl (Z = 17) v cho bit khi nguyn t ca chng nhn thm 1 electron, lp electron ngoi cng khi c c im g ?

1.26 Khi s hiu nguyn t Z tng, trt t nng lng AO tng dn theo chiu t tri qua phi v ng trt t nh dy sau khng ?

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d...

Nu sai, hy sa li cho ng.

1.27 Vit c hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c Z = 15, Z = 17, Z = 20, Z = 21, Z = 31.

1.28 Nguyn t Fe c Z = 26. Hy vit cu hnh elctron ca Fe.

Nu nguyn t Fe b mt hai electron, mt ba electron th cc cu hnh electron tng ng s nh th no ?

1.29 Phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh bin i ht nhn nguyn t do s phn r t nhin, hoc do tng tc gia ht nhn vi cc ht c bn, hoc tng tc ca cc ht nhn vi nhau. Trong phn ng ht nhn s khi v in tch l cc i lng c bo ton. Trn c s , hy hon thnh cc phn ng ht nhn di y:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

1.30 Bit rng qu trnh phn r t nhin pht x cc tia , v (mt dng bc x in t). Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn:

1)

2)

C. BI TP T LUYN

1.31 Bng cch no, ngi ta c th to ra nhng chm tia electron. Cho bit in tch v khi lng ca electron. So snh khi lng ca electron vi khi lng ca nguyn t nh nht trong t nhin l hiro, t c th rt ra nhn xt g?

1.32 Tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca niken, bit rng trong t nhin, cc ng v ca niken tn ti nh sau:

ng v

Thnh phn % 67,76 26,16 1,25 3,66 1,16

1.33 Trong nguyn t, nhng electron no quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t ha hc?

1.34 Cho bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t mt s nguyn t sau:

a. 1s22s22p63s1

b. 1s22s22p63s23p5c.1s22s22p2

d. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s21. Hy cho bit nhng nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim?

2. Nguyn t no trong cc nguyn t trn thuc h s, p hay d?

3. Nguyn t no c th nhn 1 electron trong cc phn ng ha hc?

1.35 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t l 28, trong s ht khng mang in chim xp x 35% tng s ht. Tnh s ht mi loi v vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t .

1.36 Bit khi lng nguyn t ca mt loi ng v ca Fe l 8,96. 10 - 23 gam. Bit Fe c s hiu nguyn t Z = 26 . Tnh s khi v s ntron c trong ht nhn nguyn t ca ng v trn.

1.37 a, Da vo u m bit c rng trong nguyn t cc electron c sp xp theo tng lp ?

b, Electron lp no lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht? Km nht ?

1.38 V electron ca mt nguyn t c 20 electron . Hi

a, Nguyn t c bao nhiu lp electron ?

b, Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu electron ?

c, l kim loi hay phi kim ?

1.39 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t c ngha g? Cho th d.

1.40 Cc nguyn t A, B, C, D, E c s proton v s ntron ln lt nh sau:

A: 28 proton v 31 ntron.

B: 18 proton v 22 ntron.

C: 28 proton v 34 ntron.

D: 29 proton v 30 ntron.

E: 26 proton v 30 ntron.

Hi nhng nguyn t no l nhng ng v ca cng mt nguyn t v nguyn t l nguyn t g? Nhng nguyn t no c cng s khi?

1.41 Cho bit tn, k hiu, s hiu nguyn t ca:

a) 2 nguyn t c s electron lp ngoi cng ti a.

b) 2 nguyn t c 2 electron lp ngoi cng.

c) 2 nguyn t c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.

d) 2 nguyn t c 2 electron c thn trng thi c bn.

e) 2 nguyn t h d c ha tr II v ha tr III bn.

1.42 Vit cu hnh eletron y cho cc nguyn c lp electron ngoi cng l:

a) 2s1 b) 2s22p3 c) 2s22p6 d) 3s23p3 ) 3s23p5 e) 3s23p61.43 a)Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nhm (Z =13). t c cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon nguyn t nhm nhng hay nhn bao nhiu electron? Nhm th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim?

b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t clo (Z =17). t c cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn t clo nhng hay nhn bao nhiu electron? Clo th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim?

1.44 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh l 1s22s22p63s23p4. Hi:

a) Nguyn t lu hunh c bao nhiu electron ?

b) S hiu nguyn t ca lu hunh l bao nhiu?

c) Lp no c mc nng lng cao nht?

d) C bao nhiu lp, mi lp c bao nhiu electron?

e) Lu hunh l kim loi hay phi kim? V sao?

1.45 Bit tng s ht p, n, e trong mt nguyn t l 155. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. Tnh s khi ca nguyn t.

D. BI TP TRC NGHIM

1.46 Cho nhng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau:

1 2 3 4

Nhng nguyn t no sau y l ng v ca nhau ?

A. 1 v 2

B. 2 v 3

C. 1, 2 v 3

D. C 1, 2, 3, 4

1.47 :Nguyn t no trong hnh v di y c kh nng nhn 3 electron trong cc phn ng ha hc?

1 2 3 4

A. 1 v 2

B.1 v 3

C. 3 v 4

D.1 v 4

1.48 Hnh v no sau y vi phm nguyn l Pauli khi in electron vo AO?

a b c d

A. a

B. b

C. a v b

D.c v d

1.49 Cu hnh ca nguyn t sau biu din bng lng t. Thng tin no khng ng khi ni v cu hnh cho?

1s2 2s2 2p3A.Nguyn t c 7 electron

B.Lp ngoi cng c 3 electron

C.Nguyn t c 3 electron c thn

D.Nguyn t c 2 lp electron

1.50 Khi phn tch mt mu brom lng, ngi ta tm c 3 gi tr khi lng phn t hn km nhau 2 n v, iu chng t: A. C hin tng ng v

B. C s tn ti ca ng phn

C. Brom c 3 ng v

D. Brom c 2 ng v1.51 Pht biu no sau y khng ng?

A. Cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn theo nhng hnh trn.

B. Cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn khng theo qu o xc nh no.

C. Obitan l khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt ca electron l ln nht.

D. Obitan ca cc phn lp khc nhau c hnh dng khc nhau.

1.52 Cho cc nguyn t sau N (Z = 7), O (Z = 8), S (Z = 16), Cl (Z = 17). Trong s cc nguyn t c 2 electron c thn trng thi c bn l:

A. N v S

B. S v Cl

C. O v S

D. N v Cl

1.53 Ion A2+ c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3p6. Tng s electron trong nguyn t A l:

A. 18

B. 19 C. 20

D. 21

1.54 Cu hnh electron ca ion no sau y khc cu hnh electron ca kh him?

A. Na+

B. Cu2+ C. Cl-

D. O2-1.55 Cc nguyn t v ion: F-, Na+, Ne c c im no chung?

A. C cng s electron

B. C cng s ntron

C. Cng s khi

D. Cng in tch ht nhn

1.56 Mt nguyn t c tng cng 7 electron cc phn lp p. S proton ca nguyn t l:

A. 10

B. 11

C. 12

D. 13

1.57 Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron l: 1s22s22p5. Ion m X c th to thnh l:

A. X+

B. X2+ C. X-

D. X2-1.58 Bit 1 mol nguyn t st c khi lng bng 56g, mt nguyn t st c 26 electron. S ht electron c trong 5,6g st l

A. 15,66.1024 B. 15,66.1021

C. 15,66.1022

D. 15,66.1023

1.59 Nguyn t no trong s cc nguyn t sau y c 20 proton, 20 electron, 20 ntron?

A. K B. Ar C. Ca D. Cl

1.60 Trong nguyn t cacbon, hai electron 2p c phn b trn 2 obitan p khc nhau v c biu din bng hai mi tn cng chiu. Nguyn l hay quy tc c p dng y l

A. nguyn l Pauli

B. quy tc Hund C. quy tc Kletkopski

D. c A, B v C

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP

1.46. C1.47. D1.48. D1.49. B

1.50. A1.51. C1.52. C1.53. B1.54. A

1.55. D1.56. C1.57. D1.58. C1.59. B

1.1 Hng dn:

Trong mt thi k di, ngi ta khng c cc thit b khoa hc kim chng tng v nguyn t. S pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut cui th k XIX cho php ch to c thit b c chn khng cao (p = 0,001mmHg), c mn hunh quang quan st ng i ca cc tia khng nhn thy bng mt thng v ngun in c th hiu rt cao (15000V).

Th nghim pht minh electron ca Tom-xn (1897)Tom-xn cho phng in vi th hiu 15000 vn qua hai in cc gn vo hai u ca mt ng thy tinh kn rt gn ht khng kh, p sut 0,001mmHg, th thy mn hunh quang le sng. Mn hunh quang pht sng do s xut hin ca cc tia khng nhn thy c i t cc m sang cc dng, tia ny c gi l tia m cc. Tia m cc b ht lch v pha cc dng khi t ng thy tinh trong mt in trng. Th nghim ny chng t nguyn t c cu to phc tp. Mt trong nhng thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t l cc electron.

1.2 Hng dn:

Ta c mNe = 1,66005.10-27. 20,179 = 33,498.10-27 kg.

1.3 Hng dn:

Gi nguyn t khi ca oxi l X, ta c :

( 2X + 12,011).27,3% = 12,011

( X = 15,99

1.4 Hng dn: Theo bi :

MO = 15,842.MH

MC = 11,9059.MH

Vy MO v MH tnh theo l :

1.5 Hng dn:

Sau th nghim tm ra electron -loi ht mang in tch m, bng cch suy lun ngi ta bit rng nguyn t c cc phn t mang in dng, bi v nguyn t trung ha in. Tuy nhin c mt cu hi t ra l cc phn t mang in dng phn b nh th no trong nguyn t? Tom-xn v nhng ngi ng h ng cho rng cc phn t mang in dng phn tn u trong ton b th tch nguyn t. Trong khi R-d-pho v cc cng s mun kim tra li gi thuyt ca Tom-xn. H lm th nghim tm hiu s phn b cc in tch dng trong nguyn t.

Th nghim tm ra ht nhn nguyn t ca R-d-pho (1911)

kim tra gi thuyt ca Tom-xn, R-d-pho dng tia ( bn ph mt l vng mng, xung quanh t mn hunh quang quan st s chuyn ng ca cc ht (. Kt qu l hu ht cc ht ( i thng, mt s t b lch hng, mt s t hn b bt ngc tr li. iu ny cho php kt lun gi thuyt ca Tom-xn l sai. Phn mang in tch dng tp trung ht nhn ca nguyn t, kch thc rt nh b so vi kch thc nguyn t. Nguyn t c cu to rng.

1.6 Hng dn: S n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron v s electron ca cc nguyn t:

a). c s khi A = 7

S p = s e = Z = 3 ; N = 4

c s khi A = 23

S p = s e = Z = 11 ; N = 12

c s khi A = 39

S p = s e = Z = 19 ; N = 20

c s khi A = 40

S p = s e = Z = 20 ; N = 20

c s khi A = 234

S p = s e = Z = 90 ; N = 144

b). c s khi A = 2

S p = s e = Z = 1 ; N = 1

c s khi A = 4

S p = s e = Z = 2 ; N = 2

c s khi A = 12

S p = s e = Z = 6 ; N = 6

c s khi A = 16

S p = s e = Z = 8 ; N = 8

c s khi A = 56

S p = s e = Z = 26 ; N =30

c s khi A = 32

S p = s e = Z = 15; N = 17

1.7 Hng dn: Cch tnh s khi ca ht nhn :S khi ht nhn (k hiu A) bng tng s proton (p) v s ntron (n).

A = Z + N

Ni s khi bng nguyn t khi l sai, v s khi l tng s proton v notron trong ht nhn, trong khi nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t. Nguyn t khi cho bit khi lng ca mt nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t.

Do khi lng ca mi ht proton v ntron ~1u, cho nn trong cc tnh ton khng cn chnh xc cao, coi s khi bng nguyn t khi.

1.8 Hng dn: Ta c AAg = 107,02. m = = 1,0079

AAg = 107,02 . 1,0079 = 107,865

1.9 Hng dn:a) Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hiro v clo l:

H =

Cl = = 35,5

b). C bn loi phn t HCl khc nhau to nn t hai loi ng v ca hai nguyn t hiro v clo.

Cng thc phn t l :

c) Phn t khi ln lt: 36 38 37 39

1.10 Hng dn: Gi t l % s nguyn t ca ng v l x , % ng v l 100 - x

Ta c = 63,546

( 63x + 6500 - 65x = 6354,6

( x = 72,7

Vy % s nguyn t ca ng v l 72,7%.

1.11 Hng dn:a) Cng thc phn t : H2 ; HD ; D2 b) Phn t khi : 2 3 4

c) t a l thnh phn % ca H v 100 - a l thnh phn % ca D v khi lng.

Theo bi ra ta c :

= 22,4

% H = 88% ; %D = 12%

1.12 Hng dn:

Khng th m t c s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc qu o chuyn ng. Bi v trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn khng theo mt qu o xc nh no. Ngi ta ch ni n kh nng quan st electron ti mt thi im no trong khng gian ca nguyn t.1.13 Hng dn: Theo l thuyt hin i trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t c m t bng hnh nh c gi l obitan nguyn t.

1.14 Hng dn: Hnh dng ca cc obitan nguyn t s v p :

+ Obitan s : C dng hnh cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t. Obitan s khng c s nh hng trong khng gian ca nguyn t.

+ Obitan p : Gm ba obitan : px, py v pz c dng hnh s 8 ni. Mi obitan c s nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian. Chng hn : Obitan px nh hng theo trc x, py nh hng theo trc y,...

11.15 Hng dn:Gi s khi ca ng v A ca nguyn t agon l X

Ta c

(XA = 40

1.16 Hng dn:Ta c

a) Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg l

b) Gi s trong hn hp ni trn c 50 nguyn t , th s nguyn t tng ng ca 2 ng v cn li l:

S nguyn t = x78,6 = 389 (nguyn t).

S nguyn t = x 11,3 = 56 (nguyn t).

1.17 Hng dn:

Ta c

n :

12 3 4

Tn lp : KL M N

Lp K c mt phn lp 1s

Lp L c hai phn lp 2s, 2p

Lp M c ba phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d

Lp N c bn phn lp 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

1.18 Hng dn:+) Lp N c : - 4 phn lp 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

- 16 obitan :

+) Lp M c : - 3 phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d

9 obitan :

1.19 Hng dn:

V hnh dng cc obitan 1s, 2s v cc obitan 2px, 2py, 2pz

1.20 Hng dn:S phn b electron trong nguyn t tun theo nguyn l Pau-li, nguyn l vng bn v quy tc Hun.

Nguyn l Pau-li : Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 electron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.

Th d : Nguyn t He c Z = 2

1s2 Nguyn l vng bn : trng thi c bn trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao.

Th d : Nguyn t B (Z = 5) :

1s2 2s2 2p1- Quy tc Hun : Trong cng 1 phn lp cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho c s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.

Th d : Nguyn t C (Z = 6)

1s2 2s2 2p21.21 Hng dn: Theo nguyn tc Hun cho nn trong s phn b electron ca nguyn t cacbon ( C : 1s2 2s2 2p2) phn lp 2p c biu din :

1.22 Hng dn:

Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c :

Z = 20 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 Z = 21 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d14s2

Z = 22 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2

Z = 24 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 Z = 29 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

Nhn xt :

+ Cu hnh Z =20 khc vi cc cu hnh cn li ch khng c phn lp 3d.

+ Cu hnh Z =24 v Z = 29 c 1 electron phn lp 4s.

1.23 Hng dn: S e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t:

H : c 1e

Ca : c 2e

O : c 6e

Li : c 1e

Mg: c 2e

Na: c 1e

C : c 4e

K : c 1e

Si : c 4e

1.24 Hng dn: K (Z= 19) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Ca (Z = 20) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s2Vy s phn b electron trn cc obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t K v Ca c c im l c 1 hay 2 electron lp ngoi cng. Nhng electron ny c lin kt yu vi ht nhn, do trong cc phn ng ha hc, K v Ca d nhng i tr thnh cc ion dng bn vng.

1.25 Hng dn:

Cu hnh e ca F v Cl l :F (Z = 9) 1s22s22p5Cl (Z = 17) : 1s22s22p63s23p5c im : lp electron ngoi cng c 7e, nhng electron ny lin kt cht ch vi ht nhn, do trong cc phn ng ha hc, F v Cl c xu hng nhn thm 1 electron t cu hnh bo ha, bn vng nh kh him ng sau chng.

1.26 Hng dn:Trt t theo dy cho l sai, sa li l :

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d ...

Sai v tr ca AO 3d v AO 4s.

1.27 Hng dn:Cu hnh e nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c :

Z = 15 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3Z = 17 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5Z = 20 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2Z = 21 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2

Z = 31 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d104s2 4p1 1.28 Hng dn: Fe Z = 26 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d6 4s2

Fe2+ Z = 26 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d6 Fe3+ Z = 26 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d5 1.29 Hng dn:a)

b)

c)

d)

1.30 Hng dn: a)

b)

F. MT S THNG TIN B SUNG

Nng lng ht nhn c nn c s dng Vit Nam?

1. Nhng kin ng h vic xy dng nh my in ht nhn

duy tr mt tc tng trng kinh t cao th hai chu , khong 7,5 -8% mt nm nh hin nay, theo nghin cu ca tng cng ty in lc Vit Nam (EVN), tng trng ngun in phi t trung bnh 15% mt nm. Mt s nc pht trin nh Php v Hn Quc c t trng in ht nhn trong tng ngun nng lng rt cao (trn 60%).

Cc ngun in ch yu hin nay ca nc ta l thy in v nhit in. Thy in c u im tn dng ti nguyn nc, nhng ngun in li ph thuc nhiu vo ngun nc. Vo nhng thng 4, 5 hng nm, ngun nc cho thy in gim lm ngun cung cp in thiu ht dn n phi ct in lun phin, nh hng khng nh n sn xut v kinh doanh. Nhit in vi cc nhin liu nh than (Qung Ninh), kh t B Ra-Vng Tu ang gp phn lm tng mc nhim mi trng Vit Nam.

gii quyt nn thiu in c nhiu phng n c la chn, trong c in ht nhn. Theo EVN n nm 2017 nc ta s c nh my in ht nhn u tin.

Nh my in ht nhn s cung cp mt ngun in n nh, khng lm tng kh thi CO2 nh vic t cc nhin liu ha thch nh than , du m.

Ngun in ht nhn s h tr cc nh my thy in trong ma kh.

Nh my in ht nhn cn l biu tng ca mt nn khoa hc, cng ngh tin tin.

Cc nc c nn cng nghip in ht nhn pht trin nh Nga, Php, Hn Quc ang gii thiu cho Vit Nam cc thit b in ht nhn ca h. Tuy nhin, cho n nay cha c mt s la chn nh thu chnh thc no t pha Vit Nam.

2. Nhng kin phn i vic xy dng nh my in ht nhn

Th nht l nng lng ht nhn c ri ro cao. Bi hc v v n l phn ng ht nhn Trecnobyl 20 nm trc, vi mt sc tn ph tng ng 400 qu bom nguyn t m M nm xung thnh ph Hirosima, lm cho mt khu vc bn knh 30km n nay hon ton khng ngi v nhim x cao vn cn gi tr.

Th hai l cng ngh in ht nhn phi nhp vi gi thnh rt cao. Nguyn liu hot ng ca nh my in ht nhn ngy cng him v phi nhp khu vi gi thnh ngy cng cao, do in ht nhn km tnh cnh tranh so vi cc ngun nng lng khc.

Th ba l vn x l rc thi ht nhn. y l mt vn rt phc tp, ngay c vi nhng quc gia c nn khoa hc v cng ngh tin tin trn th gii.

Th t l nhu cu nc lm mt ca nh my in ht nhn rt ln. Trong khi cc a im d nh xy dng nh my in ht nhn ca nc ta li t nhng vng rt him nc.

Th nm l ngun nhn lc vn hnh nh my in ht nhn i hi mt i ng c tnh k lut v k thut rt cao, l iu khng thc hin c mt cch d dng nc ta trong giai on trc mt.

Chnh v nhng l do trn cho nn nhiu nc pht trin trn th gii nh c, Thy in, Italy ... ang c k hoch loi b cc nh my in ht nhn vo nm 2020.

Nhng l do va cp trn y i hi s cn nhc k lng ca chnh ph trc khi quyt nh xy dng nh my in ht nhn u tin ca Vit Nam.

3. Cn bn, bn theo quan im no?

Chng 2

BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC

V NH LUT TUN HON

A. TM TT L THUYT

1. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc

a) Nguyn tc sp xp:

- Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

- Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c xp thnh mt hng.

- Cc nguyn t c s electron ha tr trong nguyn t nh nhau c xp thnh mt ct.

b) Cu to ca bng tun hon

Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l s th hin ni dung ca nh lut tun hon. Trong hn 100 nm tn ti v pht trin, c khong nhiu kiu bng tun hon khc nhau. Dng c s dng trong sch gio khoa ha hc ph thng hin nay l bng tun hon dng di, c cu to nh sau:

: S th t ca bng s hiu nguyn t v bng s n v in tch ht nhn, bng tng s electron ca nguyn t..

Chu k :

C 7 chu k, s th t ca chu k bng s lp electron ca nguyn t gm :

+ Chu k nh l cc chu k 1, 2, 3 ch gm cc nguyn t s v cc nguyn t p. Mi chu k nh gm 8 nguyn t, tr chu k 1 ch c hai nguyn t.

+ Chu k ln l cc chu k 4, 5, 6 ,7 gm cc nguyn t s, p, d v f. Chu k 4 v chu k 5 mi chu k c 18 nguyn t. Chu k 6 c 32 nguyn t. Theo quy lut, chu k 7 cng phi c 32 nguyn t, tuy nhin chu k 7 mi pht hin c 24 nguyn t ha hc. L do l cc nguyn t c ht nhn cng nng cng km bn, chng c i sng rt ngn ngi.

Nhm: C 8 nhm, s th t ca nhm bng s electron ha tr.

+ Nhm A: S th t ca nhm bng s electron ha tr, nhm A gm cc nguyn t s v p. Nhm A cn c gi l cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh.

+ Nhm B: S th t ca nhm B bng s electron ha tr, nhm B gm cc nguyn t d v f. Nhm B cn c gi l cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph.

c) Nhng tnh cht bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn

- Bn knh nguyn t:

+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t gim dn, v s electron ngoi cng tng dn trong khi s lp electron khng thay i.

+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t tng dn, do s lp electron tng dn.

- Nng lng ion ho:

+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t tng dn, v s electron ngoi cng tng dn trong khi s lp electron khng thay i.

+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t gim dn v electron xa ht nhn hn, lin kt vi ht nhn yu hn.

- m in: m in l mt khi nim mang tnh cht kinh nghim v thay i theo thang o v ch c ngha tng i. m in c trng cho kh nng ht electron v pha mnh ca nguyn t trong phn t.

+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca nguyn t tng dn.

+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca nguyn t gim dn.

- Tnh kim loi - phi kim:

+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi gim dn v tnh phi kim tng dn.

+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi tng dn v tnh phi kim gim dn.

Tnh axit - baz ca oxit v hiroxit:

+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz gim dn v tnh axit tng dn.

+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz tng dn v tnh axit dn gim (tr nhm VII).

2. nh lut tun hon

Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

3. ngha ca nh lut tun hon

- Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t v ngc li.

- Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra tnh cht ha hc c bn ca n.

- So snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn.

B. BI TP C LI GII

2.1 Xc nh v tr (s th t, chu k, nhm, phn nhm) cc nguyn t sau y trong bng tun hon, cho bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nh sau:

1. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6 4s22. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s22.2 Ion M3+ c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p63d5.

1. Xc nh v tr (s th t, chu k, nhm) ca M trong bng tun hon. Cho bit M l kim loi g?

2. Trong iu kin khng c khng kh, cho M chy trong kh Cl2 thu c mt cht A v nung hn hp bt (M v S) c mt hp cht B. Bng cc phn ng ha hc, hy nhn bit thnh phn v ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong A v B.

2.3 Gi s nguyn t M s 19 trong bng tun hon cha c tm ra v ny vn cn c b trng. Hy d on nhng c im sau v nguyn t :

1. Tnh cht c trng.

2. Cng thc oxit. Oxit l oxit axit hay oxit baz?

2.4 Nguyn t ca nguyn t R c phn mc nng lng cao nht l 4s2.

1. Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R

2. V tr trong bng tun hon.

3. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra khi cho:

R + H2O hiroxit + H2

Oxit ca R + H2O

Mui cacbonat ca R + HCl

Hiroxit ca R + Na2CO3 2.5 Mt hp cht c cng thc l MAx, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. M l kim loi, A l phi kim chu k 3. Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 4, trong ht nhn ca A c n = p. Tng s proton trong MAx l 58.

1. Xc nh tn nguyn t, s khi ca M, s th t A trong bng tun hon.

2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc:

a. MXx + O2 M2O3 + XO2b. MXx + HNO3 M(NO3)3 + H2XO4 + NO2 + H2O

2.6 M l kim loi thuc nhm IIA.Ha tan ht 10,8 gam hn hp gm kim loi M v mui cacbonat ca n trong dung dch HCl, thu c 4,48 lit hn hp kh A (ktc). T khi ca A so vi kh hiro l 11,5.

1. Tm kim loi M

2. Tnh % th tch cc kh trong A.

2.7 X, Y l hai kim loi c electron cui cng l 3p1 v 3d6.

1. Da vo bng tun hon, hy xc nh tn hai kim loi X, Y.

2. Ha tan ht 8,3 gam hn hp X, Y vo dung dch HCl 0,5M (va ), ta thy khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng thm 7,8 gam. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi v th tch dung dch HCl dng.

2.8 Ha tan ht a gam oxit kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 17,5% thu c dung dch mui c nng 20%.

Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi M.

2.9 A, B l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA. Cho 4,4 gam mt hn hp gm A v B tc dng vi dung dch HCl 1M (d) thu c 3,36 lit kh (ktc).

1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v xc nh tn 2 kim loi.

2. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl dng, bit rng HCl dng d 25% so vi lng cn thit.

2.10 Cho 0,85 gam hai kim loi thuc hai chu k k tip trong nhm IA vo cc cha 49,18 gam H2O thu c dung dch A v kh B. trung ha dung dch A cn 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M.

a. Xc nh hai kim loi

b. Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dung dch A.

2.11 Nguyn t R c ha tr cao nht trong oxit gp 3 ln ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro.a. Hy cho bit ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit.

b. Trong hp cht ca R vi hiro c t l khi lng: .

Khng dng bng tun hon, cho bit k hiu ca nguyn t R.

2.12 Nguyn t R chu k 3, nhm VA trong bng tun hon. Khng s dng bng tun hon, hy cho bit:

a. Cu hnh electron ca R.

b. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 43,66% khi lng. Tnh s lng mi loi ht ca nguyn t R.

2.13 A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B bng 32.

Hy vit cu hnh electron ca A , B v ca cc ion m A v B c th to thnh.

2.14 Hai nguyn t A v B hai nhm A lin tip trong bng tun hon, B thuc nhm VA, trng thi n cht A, B khng phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 23.

1. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca A, B.

2. T cc n cht A, B v cc ha cht cn thit, hy vit cc phng trnh ha hc (ghi r iu kin) iu ch hai axit trong A v B c s oxi ha cao nht.

2.15 Cho bit tng s electron trong anion l 42. Trong cc ht nhn A v B u c s proton bng s ntron.

1. Tm s khi ca A v B

2. Cho bit v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon.

2.16 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t R nhm VIIA l 28.

1. Tnh s khi.

2. Vit k hiu nguyn t nguyn t .2.17 Mt hp cht ion c cu to t M+ v X2-. Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 140 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca ion M+ ln hn s khi ca ion X2- l 23. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong ion M+ nhiu hn trong ion X2- l 31.

1. Vit cu hnh electron ca M v X.

2. Xc nh v tr ca M v ca X trong bng tun hon.

2.18 Khi bit c s th t Z ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, ta c th bit c cc thng tin sau y khng, gii thch ngn gn:

1. Cu hnh electron 4. Tnh cht c bn

2. S khi5. Ha tr cao nht trong oxit

3. K hiu nguyn t6. Ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro

2.19 Khi bit cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t mt nguyn t nhm A, ta c th bit c cc thng tin sau y khng?

1. Tnh cht ha hc c bn2. Cu hnh electron

3. V tr nguyn t trong bng tun hon4. Cng thc oxit cao nht

5. K hiu nguyn t6. Cng thc hp cht vi hiro

Gii thch ngn gn cc cu tr li.

2.20 Mt s c im ca cc nguyn t kim loi kim c trnh by bng sau:

Nguyn tLiNaKRb Cs

Cu hnh electron [He]2s1 [Ne]3s1 [Ar]4s1 [Kr]5s1 [Xe]6s1

Bn knh nguyn t (nm) 0,155 0,189 0,236 0,248 0,268

Nng lng ion ha, kJ/molI1 520 496 419 403 376

I2 7295 4565 3069 2644 2258

1. Gii thch s bin i nng lng ion ha th nht? Ti sao nng lng ion ha th hai ln hn rt nhiu so vi nng lng ion ha th nht?

2. Ti sao trong cc hp cht, s oxi ha ca cc kim loi kim lun l +1, chng c th to ra s oxi ha cao hn hay khng ?

2.21 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong hai nguyn t kim loi A v B l 142, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42. S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca nguyn t A l 12.

a. Xc nh 2 kim loi A v B. Cho bit s hiu nguyn t ca mt s nguyn t: Na (Z = 11), Mg (Z= 12), Al (Z =13), K (Z = 19), Ca (Z = 20), Fe (Z = 26), Cu (Z = 29), Zn (Z = 30).

b. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch A t mui cacbonat ca A v iu ch B t mt oxit ca B.

(Trch thi H - C khi B, nm 2003)

2.22 Cho 10 gam kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) tc dng vi nc, thu c 6,11 lit kh hiro (o 25oC v 1 atm).

a. Hy xc nh tn ca kim loi M dng.

b. Cho 4 gam kim loi M vo cc ng 2,5lit dung dch HCl 0,06M thu c dung dch B.

Tnh nng mol/l cc cht trong cc sau phn ng. Coi th tch dung dch trong cc vn l 2,5 l.

2.23 Mt hp cht c cng thc XY2 trong X chim 50% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn ca X v Y u c s proton bng s ntron. Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32.

a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.

b. Xc nh v tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon.

2.24 Cho bit cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t (thuc chu k 3) A, M, X ln lt l ns1, ns2np1, ns2np5.

1. Xc nh v tr ca A, M, X trong bng tun hon v cho bit tn ca chng.

2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc theo s sau:

A(OH)m + MXy

A1 + ...

A1 + A(OH)m

A2 (tan) + ...

A2 + HX + H2O A1 + ...

A1 + HX A3 (tan) + ...

Trong M, A, X l cc nguyn t tm thy cu 1.

2.25 C 5,56 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ha tr n). Chia A lm hai phn bng nhau:

Phn 1: Ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl c 1,568 lit kh H2.

Phn 2: Ha tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,016 lit kh SO2.

Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v xc nh tn kim loi M. Cc kh o ktc.

2.26 R l kim loi ha tr II. em ha tan 2 gam oxit ca kim loi ny vo 48 gam dung dch H2SO4 6,125% long thu c dung dch A trong nng H2SO4 ch cn 0,98%.

1. Vit phng trnh ha hc v xc nh R. Bit RSO4 l mui tan.

2. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 8% (d =1,05 g/ml) cn cho vo A thu c lng kt ta ln nht.

2.27 M l kim loi ha tr II. Ha tan m gam M vo 200 gam dung dch H2SO4 long, va th thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lit kh ( 54,60C v 2 atm). Chia A thnh 2 phn bng nhau:

Phn 1: cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i thu c 1 gam cht rn.

Xc nh kim loi M v tnh nng % dung dch axit dng.

Phn 2: lm bay hi nc thu c 6,15 gam mui ngm nc dng MSO4.nH2O. Xc nh cng thc mui ngm nc.

2.28 Ha tan 16,2 gam kim loi M (nhm IIIA) vo 5 lit dung dch HNO3 0,5M (d = 1,25 g/ml). Sau khi kt thc phn ng thu c 5,6 lit hn hp kh NO v N2 (ktc). T khi ca hn hp kh ny so vi hiro l 14,4.

1. Xc nh kim loi R.

2. Tnh nng % ca dung dch HNO3 trong dung dch sau phn ng.

2.29 Cu to cc lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t A, B, C, D, E nh sau:

A: 2/2 B: 2/8/8/2 C: 2/7 D: 2/8/7 E: 2

1. Xc nh v tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon.

2. Nguyn t no c tnh kim loi mnh nht? Phi kim mnh nht? Nguyn t no km hot ng nht? Gii thch?

2.30 Ha tan ht 46 gam hn hp gm Ba v hai kim loi kim A, B thuc hai chu k k tip vo nc, thu c dung dch D v 11,2 lit kh o ktc.

Nu thm 0,18 mol Na2SO4 vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng vn cha kt ta ht bari. Nu thm 0,21 mol Na2SO4 vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d Na2SO4.

Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim.

Cho: Ba = 137, Li =7, Na = 23, K =39, Rb = 85, Cs = 133.

C. BI TP T LUYN

2.31 Hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k trong bng tun hon, c tng in tch ht nhn l 25.

1. Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon.

2. So snh tnh cht ha hc ca A v B; tnh baz ca oxit to thnh t A v B.

2.32 Hy gii thch ti sao:

1. Trong mt chu k, m in tng dn theo chiu t tri sang phi; cn trong mt nhm, m in gim dn theo chiu t trn xung di.

2. Trong mt chu k, nng lng ion ha tng dn theo chiu t tri sang phi; cn trong mt nhm, nng lng ion ha gim dn theo chiu t trn xung di.

3. Trong mt chu k, tnh phi kim tng dn, tnh kim loi gim dn theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.

2.33 Cho bit bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn t sau (tnh theo , 1 = 10-10 m).

Nguyn tNaMgAlSiPSCl

r ()1,861,601,431,171,101,040,99

Nguyn tLiNaKRbCs

r ()1,521,862,312,442,62

Nhn xt s thay i bn knh ca cc nguyn t trn c tun theo quy lut no hay khng? Nu c, hy gii thch ti sao?

2.34 X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc H2X, trong X c s oxi ha thp nht.

1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.

2. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H2X tc dng vi nc Cl2, dung dch FeCl3, dung dch CuSO4.

2.35 R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2. Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34.

1. Xc nh R

2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.

2.36 Mt dung dch nc c cha 35 gam mt hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip. Thm t t v khuy u dung dch HCl 0,5M vo dung dch trn. Khi phn ng xong, thu c 2,24 lit kh CO2 ktc v mt dung dch A. Thm mt lng nc vi trong d vo dung dch A, thu c 20 gam kt ta.

1. Xc nh cc kim loi kim.

2. Tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp u.

2.37 A v B l hai kim loi thuc nhm IIA. Ha tan hon ton 15,05 gam hn hp X gm hai mui clorua ca A v B vo nc thu c 100 gam dung dch Y. kt ta ht ion Cl- c trong 40 gam dung dch Y bng dung dch AgNO3 th thu c 17,22 gam kt ta. Hy xc nh cc kim loi A v B, bit t s khi lng nguyn t ca chng l 3:5.

2.38 Hn hp A gm hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm IIA. Ha tan hon ton 3,6 gam hn hp A trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, cho ton b lng kh B hp th ht bi 3 lit dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,015M, thu c 4 gam kt ta.Xc nh hai mui cacbonat v tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp A.

2.39 kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36 lit H2. Ha tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra 2,24 lit kh H2.

Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Bit cc kh o ktc.

2.40 Bng di y cho bit bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ha ca cc nguyn t nguyn t chu k 3

Nguyn tNaMgAlSiPSCl

r (nm)0,1860,1600,1430,1170,1100,1040,099

I1 (kJ/mol)497738578786101210001251

1. Da vo cc d kin trn hy cho nhn xt v s bin i bn knh v s bin i nng lng ion ha I1 ca cc nguyn t trong chu k.

2. Cho bit s bin i tnh cht axit - baz trong dy oxit v hiroxit di y:

Na2O - MgO - Al2O3 - SiO2 - P2O5 - SO3 - Cl2O7NaOH - Mg(OH)2 - Al(OH)3 - H2SiO3 - H3PO4 - H2SO4 - HClO4.

D. BI TP TRC NGHIM

2.41 Dy nguyn t no sau y c xp theo chiu bn knh nguyn t tng?

A. I, Br, Cl, P

B. C, N, O, F

C. Na, Mg, Al, Si

D. O, S, Se, Te.2.42 Tnh cht kim loi ca cc nguyn t trong dy Mg Ca Sr - Ba bin i theo chiu:

A. Tng

B. gim

C. Khng thay i

D. Va gim va tng

2.43 Tnh cht phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong dy N- P-As-Sb-Bi bin i theo chiu:

A. Tng

B. gim

C. Khng thay i

D. Va gim va tng.

2.44 Tnh cht baz ca hiroxit ca nhm IA theo chiu tng ca s th t l:

A. Tng

B. gim

C. Khng thay i

D. Va gim va tng.

2.45 Cho cc hnh v sau, mi hnh cu l 1 trong cc nguyn t Na, Mg, Al, K.

a

b

c

d

a, b, c, d tng ng theo th t s l:

A. Na, Mg, Al, K

B. K, Na, Mg, Al

C. Al, Mg, Na, K

D. K, Al, Mg, Na

2.46 Cho cc nguyn t a, b, c, d thuc nhm IA c bn knh trung bnh nh hnh v di y:

a b c dNng lng ion ha I1 tng dn theo th t:

A.a < b < c < d

B.d < c < b < aC.a < c < b < d

D.d < b < c < a2.47 Cho nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu to nh sau:

V tr ca nguyn t X trong bng tun hon l:

A. s 7, chu k 2, nhm VIIA.

B. s 7, chu k 2, nhm VA

C. s 5, chu k 2, nhm VA

D. s 5, chu k 7, nhm VIIA.

2.48 Cho ion n nguyn t X c in tch 2+ c cu to nh sau:

Cho bit v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.

A. s 10, chu k 2, nhm VIIIA.

B. s 12, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA.

C. s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA.

D. s 10, chu k 2, nhm IIA.

2.49 Cho cu hnh ca nguyn t X sau, cho bit kt lun no ng?

A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2B. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIIA trong bng tun hon.

C. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIIB trong bng tun hon.

D. X s 12, chu k 2, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon.

E. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon.

2.50 Nguyn t nguyn t X, cc ion Y+ v Z2- u c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3p6. S th t ca X, Y, Z trong bng tun hon ln lt l

A. 18, 19 v 16

B. 10, 11 v 8

C. 18, 19 v 8

D. 1, 11 v 16

2.51 Tng s ht c bn (p, n, e) trong nguyn t nguyn t X l 46, bit s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 14. Xc nh chu k, s hiu nguyn t ca X trong bng tun hon.

A. Chu k 2, 7

B. Chu k 3, 15

C. Chu k 3 16

D. Chu k 3 17

2.52 Ha tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip vo nc thu c 1,12 lt hiro (ktc). Hai kim loi kim cho l

A. Li v Na

B. Na v K

C. K v Rb

D. Rb v Cs

2.53 Cho 0,64 g hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n MO, c s mol bng nhau, tc dng ht vi H2SO4 long. Th tch kh H2(ktc) thu c l 0,224 lit. Cho bit M thuc nhm IIA. Xc nh M l nguyn t no sau y?

A. Mg

B. Ca

C. Sr

D. Ba

2.54 Hai kim loi X v Y ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t l 25. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X v Y ln lt l:

A. 1 v 2B. 2 v 3C. 1 v 3D. 3 v 4

2.55 Ion M2+ c cu to lp v electron ngoi cng l 2s2 2p6. Cu hnh electron ca M v v tr ca n trong bng tun hon l

A. 1s22s22p4 , 8 chu k 2, nhm VIA.

B. 1s22s22p63s2 , 12 chu k 3, nhm IIA.

C. 1s22s22p63s 3p , 12 chu k 3, nhm IIA.

D. 1s22s22p63s23p , 13 chu k 3, nhm IIIA.

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP

2.41. D2.42. A2.43. B2.44. A2.45. B

2.46. A2.47. B2.48. A2.49. D2.50. A

2.51. B2.52. B2.53. A2.54. B2.55. A

2.1 Tr li

1. S th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.

2. S th t 25, chu k 4, nhm VIIB.

2.2 Tr li1. Tng s electron ca nguyn t M l 26. S th t 26, chu k 4, nhm VIIIB. M l Fe.

2. - Fe chy trong kh clo: 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Ha tan sn phm thu c vo nc thu c dung dch. Ly vi ml dung dch cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3, c kt ta trng chng t c gc clorua:

FeCl3 + 3AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3AgCl

Lp li th nghim vi dung dch NaOH, c kt ta nu chng t c Fe(III): FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl

- Nung hn hp bt Fe v bt S: Fe + S FeS

Cho B vo dung dch H2SO4 long, c kh mi trng thi bay ra chng t c gc sunfua: FeS + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2S (trng thi)

Nh dung dch NaOH vo dung dch thu c, c kt ta trng xanh chng t c Fe(II): FeSO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2 (trng xanh)

2.3 Tr li1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1Tnh cht c trng ca M l tnh kim loi.

2. Nguyn t nm nhm IA nn cng thc oxit l M2O. y l mt oxit baz.

2.4 Gii 1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s22. Nguyn t A nm s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon.

3. R ha tr II (R thuc nhm IIA).

Cc phng trnh ha hc:

R + 2H2O R(OH)2 + H2(

RO + H2O R(OH)2

RCO3 + 2HCl RCl2 + CO2( + H2O

R(OH)2 + Na2CO3 RCO3 + 2NaOH2.5 Gii 1. Trong hp cht MAx, M chim 46,67% v khi lng nn:

. Thay n - p = 4 v n = p ta c:

hay: 4(2p + 4) = 7xp.

Tng s proton trong MAx l 58 nn: p + xp = 58.T y tm c: p = 26 v xp = 32.

Do A l phi kim chu k 3 nn 15 p 17. Vy x = 2 v p = 16 tha mn.

Vy M l Fe v M l S.

2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng:

a. 4FeS2 + 11O2 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2(b. FeS2 + 18HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2( + 7H2O

2.6 Gii 1. Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp u: M = a mol; MCO3 = b mol.

M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2

(1)

(mol): a a

MCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + CO2 + H2O(2)

(mol): b b

S mol H2 = = 0,2 nn: a + b = 0,2(3)

MA = 11,52 = 23 nn hay 2a + 44b = 4,6(4)

Theo bi: Ma + (M + 60)b = 10,8(5)

T (3), (4), (5) ta tm c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,1 mol; M = 24 (Mg).

2. % = 50%; % = 50%.

2.7 Gii 1. Phn mc nng lng ca nguyn t X v Y ln lt l:

1s22s22p63s23p1 v 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6.

Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v Y ln lt l:

1s22s22p63s23p1 v 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2.

Da vo bng tun hon ta tm c X l Al v Y l Fe.

2. Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp: Al = a mol; Fe = b mol.

Ta c: 27a + 56b = 8,3(1)

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

(2)

(mol): a 3a 1,5a

Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2

(3)

(mol): b 2b b

Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng thm 7,8 gam nn: 8,3 - = 7,8.

Vy: = 0,5 gam = 0,25 mol 1,5a + b = 0,25(4)

T (1) v (4) ta tm c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,1 mol.

mAl = 270,1 = 2,7 (gam); mFe = 560,1 = 5,6 (gam); VHCl = = 1 (lit).

2.8 Gii Gi s mol oxit MO = x mol.

MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O

(mol): x x x

Ta c: (M + 16)x = a

Khi lng dung dch axit H2SO4 ban u = = 560x (gam).

Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = a + 560x = (M + 16)x + 560x.

Theo bi: C% (MSO4) = 20% nn:.

T y tm c M = 24 (magie). Oxit kim loi cn tm l MgO.

2.9 Gii 1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai kim loi l M = a mol.

M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2

(mol): a 2a a

S mol H2 = 0,15 mol nn a = 0,15 mol.

Ta c: Ma = 4,4 M = 29,33.

A v B l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA nn A l Mg v B l Ca.

2. Th tch dung dch HCl cn dng = = 0,3 (lit) = 300 (ml).

Th tch dung dch HCl dng = 300 + 25%.300 = 375 (ml).

2.10 Gii a. Gi cng thc chung ca kim loi l R = a mol.

2R + 2H2O 2ROH + H2

(mol): a a a 0,5a

ROH + HCl RCl + H2O

(mol): a a

S mol HCl = 0,03 mol nn a = 0,03 mol.

Ta c: Ra = 0,85 R = 28,33. Vy hai kim loi l Na v K.

Gi s mol Na = b mol v K = c mol. Ta c: b + c = 0,03 v 23b + 39c = 0,85.

T y tm c b = 0,02 (mol); c = 0,01 (mol).

b. Dung dch A gm NaOH = 0,02 mol v KOH = 0,01 mol.

Khi lng dung dch A = 49,18 + 0,85 - 0,0152 = 50 (gam).

C% (NaOH) = = 1,6%

C% (KOH) = = 1,12%.

2.11 Gii a. Gi ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m, ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro l n. Ta c: m + n = 8.

Theo bi: m = 3n. T y tm c m =6; n = 2.

b. Cng thc hp cht R vi hiro l H2R. Theo bi: nn R = 32.Gi tng s ht proton, ntron ca R l P, N. Ta c P + N = 32.

Ta c: P 1,5P P 1,5P 12,8 16.

Mt khc, R thuc nhm VI (ha tr cao nht trong oxit bng VI) nn da vo cu hnh electron khi P = 13, 14, 15, 16 ta thy P = 16 tha mn.

Vy k hiu ca nguyn t R l: .

2.12 Gii a. R nm chu k 3 nn lp electron ngoi cng l lp th 3. Mt khc, R thuc phn nhm chnh nhm VA nn nguyn t R c 5 electron lp ngoi cng. Vy cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca R l 3s23p3.

Cu hnh electron ca R l 1s22s22p63s23p3.

b. R thuc nhm V nn ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l V. Cng thc oxit l R2O5.

Theo bi: %R = 43,66% nn R = 31 (photpho).

Tng s ht electron = tng s ht proton = 15 (da vo cu hnh electron).

Tng s ht ntron = 31 -15 = 16.2.13 Gii A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon nn s th t ca chng hn km nhau 8 hoc 18 n v (ng bng s nguyn t trong mt chu k).

Theo bi ra, tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B bng 32 nn ZA + ZB = 32.

Trng hp 1: ZB - ZA = 8. Ta tm c ZA = 12; ZB = 20.

Cu hnh electron:

A : 1s22s22p63s2 (chu k 3, nhm IIA).

v B: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 (chu k 4, nhm IIA).

Ion A2+: 1s22s22p6 v B2+: 1s22s22p63s23p6.

Trng hp 2: ZB - ZA = 18. Ta tm c ZA = 7; ZB = 25.Cu hnh electron:

A : 1s22s22p3 (chu k 2, nhm VA).

v B: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 (chu k 4, nhm VIIB).

Trng hp ny A, B khng cng nhm nn khng tha mn.

2.14 Gii 1. Hai nguyn t A v B hai nhm A lin tip trong bng tun hon, B thuc nhm VA, do A thuc nhm IVA hoc nhm VIA.

Theo bi: ZA + ZB = 23.

V: ZA + ZB = 23 v B thuc nhm V, cn A thuc nhm IV hoc nhm VI nn A, B thuc cc chu k nh (chu k 2 v chu k 3).

Mt khc, A v B khng th cng chu k v hai nguyn t thuc hai nhm A k tip trong mt chu k hn km nhau 1 proton, ngha l s 11 v 12 (tng s proton bng 23), khng thuc cc nhm IV v V hay V v VI.

Trng hp 1: B thuc chu k 2. Theo bi, B nhm VA nn ZB = 7 (nit). Vy ZA = 23 - 7 = 16 (lu hunh). Trng hp ny tha mn v trng thi n cht nit khng phn ng vi lu hunh.

Trng hp 2: B thuc chu k 3. Theo bi, B nhm VA nn ZB = 15 (phopho). Vy ZA = 23 - 15 = 8 (oxi). Trng hp ny khng tha mn v trng thi n cht oxi phn ng vi phopho.

Cu hnh electron ca A v B l:

A: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v B: 1s22s22p3

2. iu ch HNO3 t N2 v H2SO4 t S.

iu ch HNO3: N2 NH3 NO NO2 HNO3

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO( + 6H2O

2NO + O2 2NO2

4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3

iu ch H2SO4: S SO2 SO3 H2SO4

S + O2 SO2

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

SO3 + H2O H2SO42.15 Gii 1. Gi s ht proton ca A l P v ca B l P, ta c:

P + 3P = 42 - 2. Ta thy 3P < P + 3P = 40 nn P < = 13,3.

Do B to c anion nn B l phi kim. Mt khc P < 13,3 nn B ch c th l nit, oxi hay flo.

Nu B l nit (P = 7) P = 19 (K). Anion l : loi

Nu B l oxi (P = 8) P = 16 (S). Anion l : tha mn

Nu B l flo (P = 9) P = 13 (Al). Anion l : loi

Vy A l lu hunh, B l oxi.

2. O (P = 8) : 1s22s22p4 ( s 8, chu k 2, nhm VIA)

S (P = 16) : 1s22s22p63s23p4 ( s 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA)

2.16 Gii 1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t R l P, N, E. Trong P = E.

Theo bi: P + N + E = 28 2P + N = 28 N = 28 - 2P.

Mt khc, P N 1,5P P 28 - 2P 1,5P 8 P 9,3

Vy P = 8 hoc 9. Do nguyn t R thuc nhm VIIA nn nguyn t nguyn t R c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.

P = 8: 1s22s22p4: loi

P = 9: 1s22s22p5: tha mn. Vy P = E = 9; N = 10.

1. S khi A= N + P = 19.

2. K hiu nguyn t:

Nguyn t cho l flo.

2.17 Gii Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t M l P, N, E v ca nguyn t X l P, N, E. Ta c P = E v P = E.

Theo bi ta lp c cc s ph thuc sau:

2(P + N + E) + P + N + E = 140 4P + 2P + 2N + N = 140(1)

2(P + E) + P + E - 2N - N = 44 4P + 2P - 2N - N = 44(2)

P + N - P - N = 23 ( P + N - P - N = 23(3)

(P + N + E - 1) - (P + N + E + 2) = 31 2P + N - 2P - N = 34(4)

T (1) v (2) ta c: 2P + P = 46 v 2N + N = 48.

T (3), (4) ta c: P - P = 11 v N - N = 12.

Gii ra ta c P = 19 (K); N = 20 ; P = 8 (O); N = 8. Vy X l K2O.

Cu hnh electron:

K (P = 19): 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 (chu k 4, nhm IA).

O (P = 8): 1s22s22p4 (chu k 2, nhm VIA)

2.18 Tr li1. Vit c cu hnh electron v s electron lp v nguyn t bng s th t Z.2. Khng bit s khi v ch bit s proton bng Z, nhng khng bit s ntron.

3. Khng vit c k hiu nguyn t v khng bit s khi v k hiu nguyn t.

4. T cu hnh electron ta bit c tnh cht c bn.

5. T cu hnh electron ta bit c s th t nhm, v chnh l ha tr cao nht trong oxit.

6. Ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro = 8 - ha tr cao nht trong oxit.

2.19 Tr li 1. Bit c tnh cht c bn da vo s electron lp ngoi cng.

2. Bit c cu hnh electron v t cu hnh lp electron lp ngoi cng, chng ta c th hon chnh tip cu hnh electron cc lp bn trong.3. Da vo cu hnh electron chng ta bit c v tr trong bng tun hon.4. Ta lp c cng thc oxit cao nht v ha tr ca cao nht ca nguyn t bng s th t nhm v bng s electron lp ngoi cng.

5. Khng vit c k hiu nguyn t v khng bit s khi v k hiu nguyn t.

6. Ta lp c cng thc hp cht vi hiro v ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht vi hiro = 8 - ha tr cao nht trong oxit.

2.20 Gii 1. Nng lng ion ha th nht gim dn do bn knh nguyn t tng dn, lc ht ca ht nhn vi electron ha tr gim dn.

Nng lng ion ha th hai ng vi qu trnh: M+ (kh) - 1e M2+ (kh). V ion M+ c cu hnh bn vng ca kh him v mang mt in tch dng nn vic bt i mt electron kh khn hn nhiu, i hi cn cung cp nng lng rt ln.

2. Da vo cu hnh electron ta thy, trong cc phn ng ha hc cc kim loi kim c khuynh hng nhng 1 electron lp ngoi cng t c cu hnh bn vng ca kh him. Mt khc, cc kim loi kim l cc nguyn t c m in b nht nn chng lun c s oxi ha +1 trong cc hp cht.

Cc kim loi kim khng th to c hp cht c s oxi ha ln hn +1 v s nhng tip cc electron th hai, th ba, i hi nng lng rt ln.

2.21 Gii a. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron v electron ca nguyn t A l: PA, NA, EA v B l PB, NB, EB. Ta c PA = EA v PB = EB.

Theo bi: Tng s cc loi ht proton, ntron v electron ca hai nguyn t A v B l 142 nn: PA + NA + EA + PB + NB + EB = 142

2PA + 2PB + NA + NB = 142(1)

Tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42 nn:

PA + EA + PB + EB - NA - NB = 42 2PA + 2PB - NA - NB = 42(2)S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca nguyn t A l 12 nn:

PB + EB - PA - EA = 12 2PB - 2PA = 12 PB - PA = 6(3)T (1), (2), (3) ta c: PA = 20 (Ca) v PB = 26 (Fe)

b. iu ch Ca t CaCO3 v Fe t Fe2O3.

iu ch Ca:

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 ( + H2O

(

iu ch Fe: Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2(2.22 Gii

a. Gi s mol kim loi M l a mol.

M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2

(mol): a a

S mol kh H2 = = 0,25 (mol) nn: a = 0,25

Ta c: Ma = 10 M = 40 (Ca).

b. S mol Ca = 0,1 mol. Cc phng trnh phn ng:

Ca + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2

(mol): 0,075 0,15 0,075

Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2

(mol): 0,025 0,025

Dung dch B gm: CaCl2 = 0,075 mol v Ca(OH)2 = 0,025 mol.

CM ; CM

2.23 Gii a. Gi s ht prroton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t X l P, N, E v ca Y l P, N, E.

Theo bi: P = N = E v P = N = E.

Trong hp cht XY2, X chim 50% v khi lng nn:

P = 2P.

Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32 nn P + 2P = 32.

T y tm c: P = 16 (S) v P = 8 (O). Hp cht cn tm l SO2.

Cu hnh electron ca S: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v ca O: 1s22s22p4b. Lu hunh s 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA.

Oxi s 8, chu k 2, nhm VIA.

2.24 Gii

1. A, M, X thuc chu k 3 nn n = 3.

Cu hnh electron, v tr v tn nguyn t:

A: 1s22s22p63s1 ( s 11, nhm IA), A l kim loi Na.

M: 1s22s22p63s23p1 ( s 13, nhm IIIA), M l kim loi Al.

X: 1s22s22p63s23p5 ( s 17, nhm VIIA), X l phi kim Cl.

2. Cc phng trnh phn ng:

3NaOH + AlCl3 Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl

Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl

2.25 Gii Gi s mol trong mi phn: Fe = x mol; M = y mol.

Phn 1:

Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2

(mol): x x

2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2

(mol): y 0,5ny

S mol H2 = 0,07 nn x + 0,5ny = 0,07.

Phn 2:

2Fe + 6H2SO4 (c) Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

(mol): x 1,5x

2M + 2nH2SO4 (c) M2(SO4)n + nSO2 + 2nH2O

(mol): y 0,5nx

S mol SO2 = 0,09 nn 1,5x + 0,5ny = 0,09. Vy x = 0,04 v ny = 0,06.

Mt khc: 56x + My = 2,78 nn My = 0,54. Vy hay M = 9n.

Ta lp bng sau:

n123

M9 (loi)18 (loi)27 (nhn)

Vy M l Al.

2.26 Gii: 1. Gi s mol oxit RO = a mol.

RO + H2SO4 RSO4 + H2O

(mol): a a a S mol axit H2SO4 d = - a = 0,03 - a.

C% (H2SO4) sau phn ng = 0,98%

=

a = 0,025 (mol).

Ta c: (M + 16)a = 2 M = 64 (Cu).

2. Dung dch A gm: CuSO4 = 0,025 mol; H2SO4 = 0,005 mol.

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(mol): 0,005 0,01

CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

(mol): 0,025 0,05

Khi lng dung dch NaOH cn dng = = 30 (gam).

Th tch dung dch NaOH cn dng = = 28,57 (ml)

2.27 Gii

1. Gi s mol M = a mol.

M + H2SO4 RSO4 + H2

(mol): a a a S mol H2 = 0,05 mol nn a = 0,05 mol.

Phn 1:

RSO4 + 2NaOH R(OH)2 + Na2SO4

(mol): 0,025 0,025 R(OH)2 RO + H2O(mol): 0,025 0,025 mRO = 1 gam (R + 16).0,025 = 1 R = 24 (Mg).

C% (H2SO4) = = 2,45%.

Phn 2: MgSO4.nH2O = 0,025 mol. Ta c: (120 + 18n).0,025 = 6,15 n = 7.

Vy cng thc mui ngm nc l MgSO4.7H2O.

2.28 Gii 1. M thuc nhm IIIA nn M c ha tr III.

M + 4HNO3 M(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O(1)

(mol): a 4a a a 10M + 36HNO3 10M(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 18H2O(2)

(mol): 10b 36b 10b 3b

Ta c: a + 3b = 0,25.(3)

MA = 14,42 = 28,8

EMBED Equation.3 30a + 84b = 7,2 (4) T (3), (4) ta c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,05 mol.

M(a + 10b) = 16,2 M = 27 (Al).

2. S mol HNO3 d = 2,5 - 4a - 36b = 0,3 (mol).

Khi lng dung dch HNO3 ban u = 50001,25 = 6250 (gam).

Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = 6250 + 16,2 - 30a - 84b = 6259 (gam).

C% (HNO3 sau phn ng) = = 0,30%.

2.29 Gii1. V tr cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon:

A: s 4, chu k 2, nhm IIA.

B: s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.

C: s 9, chu k 2, nhm VIIA.

D: s 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA.

E: s 2, chu k 1, nhm VIIIA.

2. B l kim loi mnh nht. Hai kim loi A, B cng thuc nhm IIA, theo chiu t trn xung, tnh kim loi tng dn.

C l phi kim mnh nht. Hai phi kim C, D cng thuc nhm VIIA, theo chiu t trn xung, tnh phi kim gim dn.

E l nguyn t km hot ng nht v lp v bo ha electron.

2.30 Gii

Gi k hiu chung ca hai kim loi kim l M.

Gi s mol trong 46 gam hn hp u: M = a mol v Ba = b mol.

Cc phng trnh phn ng:

2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2

(1)

(mol): a a 0,5a

Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2

(2)(mol): b b b

S mol H2 = 0,5 mol nn: 0,5a + b = 0,5 a + 2b = 1.(3)

Khi cho dung dch thu c tc dng vi dung dch Na2SO4:

Ba(OH)2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaOH(4)

Khi thm 0,18 mol Na2SO4, trong dung dch cn d Ba(OH)2 nn b > 0,18.

Khi thm 0,21 mol Na2SO4, trong dung dch cn d Na2SO4nn b < 0,21.

Mt khc: Ma + 137b = 46 (5)

Kt hp (3), (5) ta c: b =

Mt khc: 0,18 < b < 0,21 29,7 < M < 33,34.

Khi lng mol trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim lin tip l: 29,7 < M < 33,34. Hai kim loi l Na (Na = 23) v K ( K = 39).

2.31 Hng dn:

1. Hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k trong bng tun hon nn in tch ht nhn hn km nhau 1 n v.

Theo bi ra ta tm c: ZA = 12 v ZB = 13.

A: 1s22s22p63s2 : A thuc chu k 3, nhm IIA l MgB: 1s22s22p63s23p1 : B thuc chu k 3, nhm IIIA.

2. A v B u l kim loi, tnh kim loi ca A mnh hn B.

Oxit BO c tnh baz yu hn oxit AO.

2.32 Hng dn:

1. Trong mt chu k, theo chiu t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn v bn knh nguyn t gim dn, iu lm tng kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t trong phn t, do m in tng dn.

Trong mt nhm, theo chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t tng dn v chim u th so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, iu lm gim kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t trong phn t, do m in gim dn.

2. Trong mt chu k, theo chiu t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn v bn knh nguyn t gim dn, iu lm tng lc ht ca ht nhn i vi cc electron ha tr, do nng lng ion ha tng dn.

Trong mt nhm, theo chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t tng dn v chim u th so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, iu lm gim lc ht ca ht nhn i vi cc electron ha tr, do nng lng ion ha gim dn.

2.33 Hng dn: T Na n Cl, bn knh nguyn t gim dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn knh trong mt chu k. l, trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi in tch ht nhn tng dn trong khi s lp electron v nguyn t khng i, do bn knh nguyn t gim dn.

T Li n Cs, bn knh nguyn t tng dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn knh trong mt phn nhm. l, trong mt phn nhm, khi i t trn xung di s lp electron v nguyn t tng ln v chim u th hn so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, do bn knh nguyn t tng dn.2.34 Hng dn: 1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hiro l II nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI.

Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon. X l S.

2. Cc phng trnh phn ng:

H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HCl

H2S + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl

H2S + CuSO4 CuS + H2SO4

2.35 Hng dn: 1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l +m v -n. Ta c: m + n = 8.Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2 m - 2n = 2.

T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI.

S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao nht l +6 nn R l lu hunh.

2. Trong hp cht X, R c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H2S.

Gi cng thc oxit Y l SOn.

Do %S = 50% nn = n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO2.

2.36 Hng dn: 1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l M2CO3 = a mol.

M2CO3 + HCl MHCO3 + MCl

(mol): a a a

MHCO3 + HCl MCl + CO2 + H2O

(mol): 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

Dung dch A gm MCl = a + 0,1 mol v MHCO3 = a - 0,1 mol.

MHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + MOH + H2O

(mol): a - 0,1 a - 0,1

Theo bi: s mol CaCO3 = 0,2 mol nn a - 0,1 = 0,2 a = 0,3.

Ta c: (2M + 60).0,3 = 35 M = 28,33. Do hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip nn l Na v K.

2. Gi s mol Na2CO3 = b mol v K2CO3 = c mol.

Ta c b + c = 0,3 v 106b + 138c = 35.

T y tm c b = 0,2 mol; c = 0,1 mol.

m21,2 gam; m 13,8 gam.

2.37 Hng dn:

1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l MCl2 v s mol c trong 15,05 gam hn hp l a mol.

MCl2 + 2AgNO3 M(NO3)2 + 2AgCl

(mol): 0,8a

S mol AgNO3 = 0,12 mol nn 0,8a = 0,12 a = 0,15 mol.

Ta c: (M + 71)a = 15,05 M = 29,33.

Nh vy, A c khi lng nguyn t nh hn 29,33, A c th l Be hoc Mg.

Nu A l Be th MB = = 15: loi

Nu A l Mg th MB = = 40: Vy B l Ca.

2.38 Hng dn:

1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l MCO3 v s mol c trong 3,6 gam hn hp l a mol.

MCO3 + 2HCl MCl2 + CO2 + H2O

(mol): a a

Kh B l CO2 = a mol. Cho ton b lng kh B hp th ht bi dung dch cha 0,045 mol Ca(OH)2, xy ra 2 trng hp:

Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)2 d ( a < 0,045 mol)

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

(mol): a a a

S mol CaCO3 = 0,04 mol a = 0,04 (tha mn iu kin a < 0,045 mol).Ta c: (M + 60).0,04 = 3,6 M = 30. Hai kim loi k tip l Mg v Ca.

Trng hp 2: Ca(OH)2 khng d ( a 0,045 mol)

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

(mol): 0,04 0,04 0,04

2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2

(mol): 0,01 0,005

S mol CO2 = 0,05 mol a = 0,05 (tha mn iu kin a 0,045 mol).Ta c: (M + 60).0,05 = 3,6 M = 12. Hai kim loi k tip l Be v Mg.

2.39 Hng dn: Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy , c s mol l a mol.

MxOy + yH2 xM + yH2O

(mol): a ay ax

Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy M.a.x = 5,6.

t n l ha tr ca kim loi M (1 ( n (3).

2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2

(mol): ax 0,5n.a.x

Ta c: 0,5n.a.x = 0,1 hay n.a.x = 0,2.

Lp t l: . Vy M = 28n.

Ta lp bng sau:

n123

M28 (loi)56 (nhn)84 (loi)

Vy kim loi M l Fe.

Lp t l: .

Vy cng thc oxit kim loi l Fe2O3.

2.40 Hng dn: 1. T Na n Cl, bn knh nguyn t gim dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn knh trong mt chu k. l, trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi, theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn, s electron lp ngoi cng tng dn trong khi s lp electron v nguyn t khng i, do bn knh nguyn t gim dn.

Nng lng ion ha th nht tng dn do in tch ht nhn tng dn, bn knh nguyn t gim dn, lc ht ca ht nhn vi electron ha tr tng dn.

2. Tnh cht axit - baz trong dy oxit v hiroxit bin i theo chiu gim dn tnh baz v tng dn tnh axit.

Na2OMgOAl2O3SiO2P2O5SO3Cl2O7

Oxit baz

mnhOxit baz

trung bnhOxit

lng tnhOxit axit

yuOxit axit

trung bnhOxit axit

mnhOxit axit

mnh

NaOHMg(OH)2Al(OH)3H2SiO3H3PO4H2SO4HClO4

Baz kimBaz

trung bnhHiroxit lng tnhAxit yuAxit

trung bnhAxit mnhAxit

rt mnh

F. THNG TIN B SUNG

Sch gio khoa Ha hc 10 nng cao gii thiu bng tun hon dng di c rt nhiu u im. c thm thng tin, chng ti xin gii thiu mt s kiu bng tun hon khc.

1. Dng kim t thp

2. Dng bng tun hon xoy trn c

3. Dng bng tun hon c k hiu c bit

Chng 3

LIN KT HA HC

A. TM TT L THUYT

I. Lin kt lin kt ion v cng ha tr

- Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay tinh th bn vng hn.

- Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi nguyn t khc to thnh t c cu hnh electron bn vng nh ca kh him (c 2 hoc 8 electron lp ngoi cng).

1. Lin kt ion

nh ngha: L lin kt c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.

S hnh thnh lin kt ion

Nguyn t kim loi nhng electron ha tr tr thnh ion dng (cation).

Nguyn t phi kim nhn electron tr thnh ion m (anion). Cc ion tri du ht nhau to thnh lin kt ion.

Th d: Lin kt trong phn t CaCl2

+ Nguyn t Ca nhng 2 electron to thnh ion dng.

Ca -( Ca2+ + 2e

+ Nguyn t clo nhn 1 electron to thnh ion m.

Cl2 + 2e ( 2Cl-Ion Ca2+ v 2 ion Cl- ht nhau to thnh phn t CaCl2.

iu kin hnh thnh lin kt ion

Cc nguyn t c tnh cht khc hn nhau (kim loi v phi kim in hnh).

Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt ( 1,7 l lin kt ion.

Cc hp cht ion c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, dn in khi tan trong nc hoc nng chy.

2. Lin kt cng ha tr

nh ngha: L lin kt c hnh thnh gia 2 nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung.

iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr

Cc nguyn t ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau, lin kt vi nhau bng cch gp chung cc electron ha tr. Th d Cl2, H2, N2, HCl, H2O...

Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt < 1,7 l lin kt cng ha tr.

Lin kt cng ha tr c cc v khng cc

Khi cp electron dng chung phn b i xng gia hai ht nhn nguyn t tham gia lin kt th l lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc.

Khi cp electron dng chung b ht lch v nguyn t c m in ln hn th l lin kt cng ha tr c cc.

Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt 0,4 ( (( < 1,7 l lin kt cng ha tr c cc, nu gi tr ny nh hn 0,4 th lin kt l cng ha tr khng cc.

II. S lai ha cc obitan nguyn t

1. S lai ha

S lai ha obitan nguyn t l s t hp mt s obitan nguyn t trong mt nguyn t c cc obitan lai ha ging nhau, c s lng bng tng s obitan tham gia lai ha, nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.

2. Cc kiu lai ha thng gp

a. Lai ha sp: L s t hp 1 obitan s vi 1 obitan p to thnh 2 obitan lai ha sp nm thng hng vi nhau, hng v hai pha.

b. Lai ha sp2: L s t hp ca 1 obitan s vi 2 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 3 obitan lai ha sp2 nm trong mt mt phng, nh hng t tm n cc nh ca tam gic u.

c. Lai ha sp3: L s t hp ca 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 4 obitan lai ha sp3 nh hng t tm n cc 4 nh ca t din u.

III. S to thnh lin kt cng ha tr

1. Lin kt n

c hnh thnh do s xen ph trc ca cc obitan (lin kt (). Cc lin kt ( thng rt bn vng.

Th d: H - Cl ; H - O - H

2. Lin kt i.

Bao gm 1 lin kt ( hnh thnh do s xen ph trc v 1 lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph bn ca cc obitan lai ha. Lin kt thng km bn.

Th d CH2 = CH2; O = C = O

3. Lin kt ba.

Bao gm 1 lin kt ( v 2 lin kt .

Th d

IV. Ha tr v s oxi ha

1. Ha tr

- Trong cc hp cht ion: ha tr (cn gi l in ha tr) chnh bng in tch ca ion .

- Trong hp cht cng ha tr: ha tr (cng ha tr) chnh bng s lin kt ca nguyn t nguyn t to ra c vi cc nguyn t khc.

2. S oxi ha

S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht l in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t nu gi nh lin kt trong phn t l lin kt ion.

Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn t theo nguyn tc:

+ S oxi ha ca cc n cht bng khng.

+ Tng s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn t bng khng

.+ S oxi ha ca cc ion bng in tch ca ion .

+ Trong hu ht cc hp cht, s oxi ha ca hiro l +1, ca oxi l -2.

V. Lin kt kim loi

- Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th do d tham gia ca cc electron t do.

- Cc mng tinh th kim loi thng gp: Lp phng tm khi, lp phng tm din, lc phng.

- Cc kim loi dn in, dn nhit tt, c tnh do, c nh kim l do cu to tinh th kim loi quy nh.

B. BI TP C LI GII

3.1 Vit cu hnh electron ca Cl (Z=17) v Ca (Z=20). Cho bit v tr ca chng (chu k, nhm) trong bng tun hon. Lin kt gia canxi v clo trong hp cht CaCl2 thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin kt .

(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi B nm 2004)

3.2 Hai nguyn t M v X to thnh hp cht c cng thc l M2X. Cho bit:

- Tng s proton trong hp cht bng 46.

- Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 1, trong ht nhn ca X c n = p.

- Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim khi lng.

1. Tm s ht proton trong nguyn t M v X.

2. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit tn cc nguyn t M, X.

3. Lin kt trong hp cht M2X l lin kt g? Ti sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin kt trong hp cht .3.3 Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B bit rng:

- Tng s cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t A l 34. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 10.

- K hiu ca nguyn t B l B.

2. Lin kt trong hp cht to thnh t A v B thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit cng thc ca hp cht to thnh .

3.4 X, Y, Z l nhng nguyn t c in tch ht nhn ln lt l 9, 19, 8.

1. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t . Cho bit tnh cht ha hc c trng ca X, Y, Z.

2. D on lin kt ha hc c th c gia cc cp X v Y, Y v Z, X v Z. Vit cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht to thnh.

3.5 Mt hp cht c cng thc XY2 trong Y chim 50% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn ca X c n = p v ht nhn Y c n = p. Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32.

a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.

b. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit X, Y l nhng nguyn t g? Cho bit bn cht lin kt v cng thc cu to ca phn t XY2.

3.6 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t R nhm VIIA l 28.

1. Tnh s khi ca R. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit R l nguyn t g?

2. Vit cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca phn t n cht R.3. Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to hp cht ca R vi hiro.

3.7 Phn t NH3 c cu to dng chp tam gic vi gc lin kt HNH bng 1070.

1. Theo l thuyt lai ha, nguyn t nit trong phn t NH3 trng thi lai ha no? M t s hnh thnh lin kt trong NH3 theo gi thit lai ha .

2. Gii thch ti sao gc lin kt trong phn t NH3 li nh hn so vi gc ca t u (109,5o)?

3.8 Phn t H2O c cu to hnh ch V vi gc lin kt HOH bng 104,50.

1. Theo l thuyt lai ha, nguyn t oxi trong phn t H2O trng thi lai ha no? M t s hnh thnh lin kt trong H2O theo gi thit lai ha .

2. Gii thch ti sao gc lin kt trong phn t H2O li nh hn so vi gc ca t u (109,5o)?

3.9 Trnh by cu trc ca tinh th nc . Tinh th nc thuc kiu tinh th nguyn t, phn t hay ion?

2. Hy gii thch v sao nc li ni trn b mt nc lng?

3.10 Nguyn t R c ha tr cao nht trong oxit gp 3 ln ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro.a. Hy cho bit ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit.

b. Trong hp cht ca R vi hiro, R chim phn khi lng.

Khng dng bng tun hon, cho bit k hiu ca nguyn t R.

c. Da vo bng tun hon cho bit R l nguyn t g? Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to oxit cao nht ca R.

3.11 Hp cht X to bi hai nguyn t A, B v c phn t khi l 76. A v B c s oxi ha cao nht trong cc oxit l +nO v + mO, v s oxi ha m trong cc hp cht vi hiro l -nH v -mH tha mn iu kin nO = nH v mO = 3mH.

1. Tm cng thc phn t ca X, bit rng A c s oxi ha cao nht trong X.

2. Bit rng X c cu trc phn t thng. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t A v bn cht lin kt trong X.

3.12 X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc H2X, trong X c s oxi ha thp nht.

1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.

2. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 40% khi lng. Tm khi lng nguyn t ca R.

3. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit X l nguyn t no. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H2X tc dng vi nc Cl2, dung dch FeCl3, dung dch CuSO4.

3.13 R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2. Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34.

1. Xc nh R

2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.

3. Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t RO2; RO3; H2RO4.

3.14 Cation X+ do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s proton trong X+ l 11.

1. Xc nh cng thc v gi tn cation X+.

2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion X+. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?

3.15 Anion Y2- do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s electron trong Y2- l 50.

1. Xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn ion Y2-, bit rng 2 nguyn t trong Y2- thuc cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip.

2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion Y2-. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?

3.16 C 5,56 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ha tr n). Chia A lm hai phn bng nhau:

Phn 1: Ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl long, c 1,568 lit kh H2.

Phn 2: Ha tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,016 lit kh SO2.

Vit cc phng trnh ha hc v xc nh tn kim loi M. Cc th tch kh o ktc.

3.17 kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36 lit H2. Ha tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra 2,24 lit kh H2. Bit cc kh o ktc.

Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca kim loi trong oxit.

3.18 Kh hon ton 4,06 gam mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thy to thnh 7 gam kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ha tan ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H2 (ktc).

1. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.

2. Cho 4,06 gam oxit kim loi trn tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch H2SO4 c, nng (d) c dung dch X v c kh SO2 bay ra.

Hy xc nh nng mol/lit ca mui trong dung dch X.

Coi th tch ca dung dch khng thay i trong sut qu trnh phn ng.

(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi A nm 2003)

3.19 Ha tan hon ton 7 gam kim loi M trong 200 gam dung dch HCl va thu c 206,75 gam dung dch A.

1. Xc nh M v nng % ca dung dch HCl.

2. Ha tan 6,28 gam hn hp X gm M v mt oxit ca M trong 170 ml dung dch HNO3 2M (long, va ) thu c 1,232 lit NO (ktc).

Tm cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca M trong oxit.

C. BI TP T LUYN

3.20 Trong mng tinh th kim loi, ngi ta dng c kht l phn trm th tch m cc nguyn t chim trong tinh th c trng cho tng kiu cu trc. Vi kiu cu trc lp phng tm khi, = 68%; kiu cu trc lp phng tm din, = 74%. Bng tnh ton c th, hy chng minh cc kt qu trn.

3.21 Tha nhn rng cc nguyn t Ca, Cu u c dng hnh cu sp xp c kht bn cnh nhau, th th tch chim bi cc nguyn t kim loi chim 74% so vi ton b khi tinh th. Hy tnh bn knh nguyn t Ca, Cu (theo n v ), bit khi lng ring ca cc tinh th kim loi iu kin chun tng ng l 1,55g/cm3 v 8,90g/cm3.

Cho bit: Ca = 40,08; Cu =63,55; 1 = 10-8 cm; 1u = 1,67.10-24 g.

3.22 Trnh by bn cht lin kt kim loi. So snh lin kt kim loi vi lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt ion.

2. Hy gii thch ti sao cc kim loi c nhng tnh cht vt l c trng l c nh kim, c tnh do v c kh nng dn in, dn nhit tt.

3.23 Kim loi Na c cu trc mng tinh th theo kiu lp phng tm khi vi di mi cnh hnh lp phng l a = 0,429 nm. Hy tnh:

1. Bn knh nguyn t Na.

2. Khi lng ring (g/cm3) ca natri. Natri c th ni trn nc khng?

Cho bit khi lng nguyn t ca natri l 23u ( 1u = 1,67.10-24 g).

3.24 Kim loi Ni c cu trc mng tinh th theo kiu lp phng tm din. Bn knh nguyn t ca Ni l r = 1,24.10-8 cm. Hy tnh:

1. di mi cnh hnh lp phng.

2. Khi lng ring (g/cm3) ca niken.

Cho bit khi lng nguyn t ca niken l 58,7u ( 1u = 1,67.10-24 g).

3.25 Cu trc mng tinh th ca hp cht ion NaCl c biu din di y:

Trong cc qu cu ln (ion Cl-) phn b theo kiu lp phng tm din, cc qu cu nh (ion Na+) phn b tm v gia cc cnh ca hnh lp phng.

1. Tnh s ion Na+ v Cl- c trong mt hnh lp phng.

2. Tnh bn knh ion Na+ v Cl-.

Cho bit hnh lp phng c cnh l a = 0,552 nm v t l bn knh .

D. BI TP TRC NGHIM

3.26 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t H2 c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc orbitan no?

A.

B.

C.

D. Mt kt qu khc.

3.27 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t HCl c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc orbitan no?

A.

B.

C.

D. Mt kt qu khc.

3.28 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t Cl2 c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc orbitan no?

A.

B.

C.

D. Mt kt qu khc.

3.29 Chn hnh v m t ng s to thnh lin kt trong phn t H2S .

A. B.

C. D.

3.30 Hnh no di y m t s lai ha sp?

A.

B.

C.

D. Mt p n khc.

3.31 Cho hnh v m t s to thnh orbitan lai ha sp2.

S lai ha sp2 sau y xy ra mt nguyn t do:

A. s t hp ca 1orbitan s v 2 orbitan p ca nguyn t .

B. s t hp ca 2orbitan s v 2 orbitan p ca nguyn t .

C. s t hp ca 2orbitan s v 1 orbitan p ca nguyn t

D. s t hp ca 1orbitan s v 3 orbitan p ca nguyn t

3.32 Cho 3 dng lai ha ln lt nh hnh v.

sp sp2 sp3Gc gia cc orbitan lai ha ln lt l:

A. 1800, 1200, 109028 B. 1200 ; 1800 ; 109028

C. 109028 ;1200 ;1800 D. 1800 ; 109028 ;1200

3.33 S xen ph no sau y to thnh lin kt ?

A.

B.

C.

D. c A, B, C u ng.

3.34 S xen ph no sau y to thnh lin kt .

A.

B.

C.

D.

3.35 Cho cc tinh th sau:

Kim cng( C ) I2 H2O

Tinh th no l tinh th phn t:

A.Tinh th kim cng v It

B.Tinh th kim cng v nc .

C.Tinh th nc v It.

D.C 3 tinh th cho.

3.36 Lin kt trong phn t no sau y hnh thnh do s xen ph ca cc obitan s

A. HCl

B. H2O

C. Cl2

D. H23.37 Cho cc phn t N2, HCl, NaCl, MgO. Cc phn t u c lin kt cng ha tr l

A. N2 v HCl

B. HCl v MgO

C. N2 v NaCl

D. NaCl v MgO

3.38 Mt phn t XY3 c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phn t l 76. XY3 l cng thc no sau y?

A. SO3

B. AlCl3C. BF3

D. NH3

3.39 X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A, hai chu k lin tip. Cho bit tng s electron trong anion XYl 42. Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y v XY trong s cc phng n sau

A. Be, Mg v MgBe3

B. S, O v SO32-

C. C, O v CO32-

D. Si, O v SiO32-

3.40 Lin kt trong phn t cht no sau y mang nhiu tnh cht ion nht?

A. LiCl

B. NaCl

C. CsCl D. RbCl

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP3.26. A3.27. B3.28. C3.29. A3.30. A

3.31. A3.32. A3.33. D3.34. C3.35. C

3.36. D3.37. A3.38. B3.39. B3.40. C

3.1 Hng dn:

Cl (Z = 17): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5Ca (Z = 20): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2Clo nm s 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA.

Canxi nm s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.

Lin kt trong hp cht CaCl2 l lin kt ion v Ca l kim loi in hnh, Cl l phi kim in hnh.

S hnh thnh lin kt:

2Cl + 21e 2Cl-Ca Ca2+ + 2e

Cc ion Ca2+ v Cl- to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht CaCl2:

Ca2+ + 2Cl- CaCl23.2 Hng dn:

1. Tng s proton trong hp cht M2X bng 46 nn : 2p + p = 46. (1)

Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim khi lng nn:

39p = 8(2p + 1).(2)

T (1), (2) ta tm c: p = 19; p = 8.2. M l kali (K) v X l oxi (O).

3. Lin kt trong hp cht K2O l lin kt ion v K l kim loi in hnh, O l phi kim in hnh.

S hnh thnh lin kt:

O + 2e O2-2K 2K+ + 21e

Cc ion K+ v O2- to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht K2O:

2K+ + O2- K2O

3.3 Hng dn:

1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t A l P, N, E (trong P = E).

Ta c: P + N + E = 34 v P + E - N = 10.

T y tm c P = E = 11; N = 12.

K hiu ca nguyn t B l B nn ZB = 9

Cu hnh electron ca A, B:

A (Z = 11): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1B (Z = 9): 1s2 2s2 2p52. Lin kt trong hp cht gia A v B l lin kt ion v A l kim loi in hnh (nhm IA), B l phi kim in hnh (nhm VIIA).

S hnh thnh lin kt:

A A+ + 1e

B + 1e B-Cc ion A+ v B- to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht AB:

A+ + B- AB.3.4 Hng dn:1. Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t X, Y, Z:

X: (Z = 9): 1s2 2s2 2p5

Y: (Z = 19): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1Z: (Z = 8): 1s2 2s2 2p4

Tnh cht c trng ca Y l tnh kim loi, ca X v Z l tnh phi kim.

2. Lin kt gia X v Y, gia Y v Z l lin kt ion.

- S hnh thnh lin kt gia X v Y:

X + 1e X-Y Y+ + 1e

Cc ion Y+ v X- ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht YX.

- S hnh thnh lin kt gia Y v Z:

Z + 2e Z2-2Y 2Y+ + 21e

Cc ion Y+ v Z2- ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht Y2Z.

- X v Z l cc phi kim nn lin kt gia chng l lin kt cng ha tr. t c cu hnh bn vng, mi nguyn t X cn gp chung 1e, mi nguyn t Z cn gp chung 2e. Nh vy 2 nguyn t X s tham gia lin kt vi 1 nguyn t Z bng 2 lin kt cng ha tr n nh 2 cp electron gp chung. Do cng thc phn t ca hp cht l X2Z.

3.5 Hng dn:

a. Trong hp cht XY2, X chim 50% v khi lng nn:

p = 2p.

Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32 nn p + 2p = 32.

T y tm c: p = 16 v p = 8 .

Cu hnh electron ca X: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v ca Y: 1s22s22p4b. Da vo bng tun hon ta thy X l S, Y l O. Hp cht cn tm l SO2.

S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t SO2:

Tng ng vi cng thc cu to:

3.6 Hng dn: 1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t R l P. N, E. Trong P = E.

Theo bi: P + N + E = 28 2P + N = 28 N = 28 - 2P.

Mt khc, P N 1,5P P 28 - 2P 1,5P 8 P 9,3

Vy P = 8 hoc 9. Do nguyn t R thuc nhm VIIA nn nguyn t nguyn t R c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.

P = 8: 1s22s22p4: loi

P = 9: 1s22s22p5: tha mn. Vy P = E = 9; N = 10.

S khi A= N + P = 19. R l flo.

2. T cu hnh electron ca F ta thy lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t F c 7 electron, cn thiu mt electron t cu hnh bn vng ca kh him gn nht. Do dng n cht, nguyn t F tn ti di dng phn t 2 nguyn t, lin kt gia hai nguyn t l lin kt cng ha tr n hnh thnh t mt cp electron dng chung.

Cng thc phn t l F2, cng thc cu to l F - F.

3. Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to hp cht ca R vi hiro nh sau:

H - F

Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to

3.7 Hng dn:1. gii thch cu trc hnh hc ca phn t NH3, thuyt lai ha cho rng nguyn t N trng thi lai ha t din sp3.

S hnh thnh cc lin kt trong phn t NH3 c gii thch nh sau:

Ba obitan lai ha cha electron c thn s xen ph vi 3 obitan 1s ca 3 nguyn t H to thnh 3 lin kt .

Mt obitan lai ha cha cp electron ca N khng tham gia lin kt hng v mt nh ca hnh t din.Hnh 1. Cu to phn t NH3

2. Do cp electron khng lin kt trn nguyn t N ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn nguyn t N nn cp electron ny chim vng khng gian rng hn so vi 3 cp electron lin kt (chu lc ht ca hai ht nhn). Do vy n to ra lc y i vi m my cc cp electron lin kt, lm cc m my ny hi b p li, do vy gc lin kt thc t l 1070 hi nh hn so vi gc ca t din u.

3.8 Hng dn:

1. gii thch cu trc hnh hc ca phn t H2O, thuyt lai ha cho rng nguyn t O trng thi lai ha t din sp3.

S hnh thnh cc lin kt trong phn t H2O c gii thch nh sau:

Hai obitan lai ha cha electron c thn s xen ph vi 2 obitan 1s ca 2 nguyn t H to thnh 2 lin kt .

Hai obitan lai ha cha cp electron ca O khng tham gia lin kt hng v hai nh ca hnh t din.

2. Do 2 cp electron khng lin kt trn nguyn t O ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn nguyn t O nn 2 cp electron ny chim vng khng gian rng hn so vi 2 cp electron lin kt (chu lc ht ca hai ht nhn). Do vy n to ra lc y i vi m my cc cp electron lin kt, lm cc m my ny hi b p li, do vy gc lin kt thc t l 104,50 nh hn so vi gc ca t din u.Hnh 2. Cu to phn t H2O

3.9 Hng dn:Mng tinh th nc thuc kiu mng tinh th phn t. Mi phn t nc lin kt vi 4 phn t nc khc gn n nht nm trn bn nh ca mt hnh t din u.

Nh vy, trong mng tinh th, mi phn t nc u tm ca mt hnh t din u v lin kt vi 4 phn t nc trn 4 nh nh to thnh 4 lin kt hiro.Hnh 3. M hnh tinh th nc

2. Cu trc tinh th phn t nc l cu trc t din, l cu trc rng nn c t khi nh hn khi nc trng thi lng, do vy nc ni trn b mt nc lng. Th tch nc ca khi ng c ln hn khi trng thi lng.

3.10 Hng dn:

a. Gi ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m, ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro l n.

Ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t R c m electron.