bakels et al. 2010 - of plants and snails / van planten en slakken. a collection of papers presented...

7/23/2019 Bakels Et Al. 2010 - Of Plants and Snails / Van Planten en Slakken. A collection of papers presented to Wim Kuijpe

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_`jgstemg XrgssF mgw kgmgrftèm ei Xula`sd`mk

Peu frg rgfj`mk f iuaa vgrsèm ei td`s leen, ier irgg!

Zd`s leen `s pfrt ei tdg _`jgstemg g-a`lrfry wdgrg cest ei eur

pulaòftèms frg iuaay foogss`lag ier irgg. Ier foogss te cerg

irgg leens v`s`t2 www.s`jgstemg.oec/a`lrfry

Jewmaefj Iuaa XJI

Y`s`t tdg _`jgstemg g-a`lrfry te lrewsg eur g-leens. Ier f c`m`cfa

igg yeu ofm purodfsg f iuaay iumotèmfa XJI fmj ly je`mk se, yeu

dgap te nggp eur a`lrfry rumm`mk.

www.s`jgstemg.oec/a`lrfry


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_`jgstemg Xrgss

YFMXAFMZGM GM_AFNNGM

EIXAFMZ_ FMJ_MF@A_


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YFMXAFMZGM GM_AFNNGM

EIXAFMZ_ FMJ_MF@A_

Lumjga ffmkglejgm ffm [`c Nu`bpgr

fas jfmn veer vggrt`k bffr agskgvgm gm jgtgrc`mgrgm

F oeaagot`em ei pfpgrs prgsgmtgj te [`c Nu`bpgr

`m krft`tujg ier ierty ygfrs ei tgfod`mk fmj `jgmt`iy`mk

Gj`ters2

Oerr`g Lfngas

Ngaay Igmmgcf

[gacegj F. Eut

Ofrea`mg Ygrcggrgm


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Gj`ters2 Oerr`g Lfngas, Ngaay Igmmgcf, [gacegj F. Eut, Ofrea`mg Ygrcggrgm

@_LM 0;4-08-4408-876-4


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OEMZGMZ_ @MDEWJ_EXKFYG

[`c Nu`bpgr vggrt`k bffr `m jg frodgeaek`g 0

[`c Nu`bpgr ierty ygfrs `m frodfgeaeky 66

Jg vregkstg vemjstgm vfm leajgr`n (Fkrestgccf k`tdfkeA.) m Mgjgrafmj 6?

Zdg gfra`gst i`mjs ei oermoeonag (Fkrestgccf k`tdfkeA.) `m tdg Mgtdgrafmjs

Oerr`g Lfngas

Rfjgm vfm Ygrkggt-cg-m`gtbgs (Cyeset`s)ffm jg vgrkgtgadg`j emtrunt


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Xrftgm evgr Zecftgm2 @mtrejuot`g vfm Zecfft (_eafmuc ayoepgrsòucA.) `m jg

Afkg Afmjgm

46

Zfan`mk fleut Zecftegs2 Zdg `mtrejuotèm ei Zecfte (_eafmuc ayoepgrsòucA.) `mtdg Aew Oeumtr`gs

\el`mg Deuod`m

Lualeus eft krfss f cfkò pafmt m prgd`sterò Butafmj fmj Iumgm 68?

Nmeakafmsdfvgr ggm cfk`sodg pafmt `m prgd`ster`sod Butafmj gm Iumgm

Xgtgr Cesg Bgmsgm, Cfr`fmmg Dygc Fmjrgfsgm, Xgtgr Dfclre C`nngasgm

Ieej irec tdg kfrjgms `m Mertdgrm Gurepg frodfgeletfmòfa fmj wr`ttgm

rgoerjs jftgj te tdg cgj`gvfa pgrèj fmj gfray cejgrm t`cgs

667

Yegjsga u`t meerjgurepgsg tu`mgm frodgeletfm`sodg gm kgsodrgvgm lremmgm u`t

jg C`jjgagguwgm gm Yregkcejgrmg t`bj_fl`mg Nfrk

Ggm c`jjgagguws legngt u`t Jerjrgodt (Mgjgrafmj) 6


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Xfafgecfafoeaeky ei tdg Lrflfmt Aefc (tdg Mgtdgrafmjs) 6;0

Xfagecfafoeaek`g vfm jg Lrflfmtsg Aggc (Mgjgrafmj)

ec Cg`bgr

Kgrc`mftgj sggjs ei Derjguc vuakfrgvfr. mujuc`m f Lremzg Fkg oemtgxt ftGrfs jga Faozfr jg Wlgjf, Bfm, _pf`m 60?

Kgn`gcjg nerrgas vfm Derjguc vuakfrgvfr. mujucu`t ggm Lremst`bj oemtgxt `mGrfs jga Faozfr jg Wlgjf, Bfm, _pfmbg

Gvf C Cemtgs Ceyf

_eafmucspgo`gs, jg jgtgrc`mft`g vfm ggm Mfodtsodfjgseert u`t c`jjgagguws

_`mt-Egjgmrejg

600

_eafmucspgo`gs, tdg `jgmtìòftèm ei f M`kdtsdfjg spgo`gs irec cgj`gvfa

_`mt-EgjgmrejgOermga`g Ceeadu`zgm

Zdg eoourrgmog ei _fav`m`fmftfms`m tdg Mgtdgrafmjs jur`mk tdg c`jjag

Deaeogmg


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Zfxus vregkgr gm mu2 jg vggaz`bj`kg mffajleec


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[@CNW@BXG\YGG\Z@KBFF\@MJGF\ODGEAEK@G

Yggrt`k bffr kgagjgm stfptg [`c Nu`bpgr jg wgrgaj vfm jg frodgeaek`g l`mmgm ec tg lgk`m-mgm fas tgngmffr/rgstfurfter l`b jg @mtgrifouatg`t jgr Ffrjr`bnsnumjg gm Xrgd`ster`g. Jffr, epjg ggrstg vgrj`gp`mk vfm dgt pfmj Lrggstrfft 4; `m Ag`jgm, zft d`b fodtgr ggm kretg tgngmtfiga.Cffr farfs laggn d`b jg levgmstg vgrj`gp`mk vgga `mtgrgssfmtgr tg v`mjgm. @m z`bm aumodpfuzgvgrsodggm d`b stggjs vfngr ep jg zeajgr wffr zòd dgt letfm`sod aflerfterùc lgvemj, jfttegm evgr`kgms mek `m jg n`mjgrsodegmgm stemj. Ep j`g zeajgr laggn z`bm pfss`g veer dgt jg-tgrc`mgrgm vfm nag`mg, dfaivgrkfmg pafmtgmrgstgm. Zegm jg iumot`g vfm letfm`sod fmfa`st vr`bnwfc, ffsjg d`b jfm een ep j`g pes`t`g, degwga d`b jffr eiiò`gga kggm gmngag nwfaìòft`g veerdfj. Ffm `gcfmj j`g z krffk `gts wà gm jffr ju`jga`bn tfagmt veer dggit, nfm ggm wgrnkgvgrm`gt zecffr veerl`bkffm gm jus nrggk [`c jg lffm.

_`mjsj`gm s d`b mee`t cggr vgrtrenngm. D`b cffntg jg vgrdu`z`mk cgg mffr jg \guvgmspafftsgm jg kgleertg vfm jg Ifouatg`t jgr Frodgeaek`g, wffr`m jg @mtgrifouatg`t jgr Ffrjr`bnsnumjggm Xrgd`ster`g epk`mk. Jg zeajgrvgrj`gp`mk vfm dgt du`s ffm jg Lrggstrfft wgrj vgrruàj veerggm spgo`ffa veer jg frodgeletfm`g emtwerpgm aflerfterùc. Ffm jgzg emtw`nnga`mk dggit

[`c ggm kretg l`bjrfkg kgagvgrj. Ecjft jg lgsodr`bv`mkgm gm jgtgrc`mft`gor`tgr`f vfm pafmt-ffrj`k cftgr`ffa j`nw`bas vgrlerkgm z`ttgm `m frodgeaek`sodg pulaòft`gs, cffntg d`b jgzg teg-kfmnga`bn gm jffrcgg ggmveuj`k lru`nlffr jeer zg l`bggm tg lrgmkgm m nafppgrs. Een wgrntgd`b veertjurgmj ffm jg u`tlrg`j`mk vfm jg vgrkga`bn`mksoeaagot`g.

@mtussgm wfs kglagngm jft [`c m`gt faaggm ggm pfss`g veer jgtgrc`mgrgm dggit, cffr eenggm tfagmt veer dgt evgrjrfkgm vfm z`bm ngmm`s ffm fmjgrgm. Kgmgrft`gs stujgmtgm dgllgmags vfm dgc kgdfj gm vgagm jgjgm dum fistujggrwgrn emjgr z`bm lgkgag`j`mk. [`c vgra`gstmee`t z`bm kgjuaj gm la`bit faags mgt ze afmk u`tagkkgm tet jg stujgmt dgt jgtgrc`mgrgm vfmggm lgpffaj rgstbg emjgr jg nm`g dggit. Dgt emjgrw`bs tren, gm trgnt mek stggjs vgga stujgm-tgm, wffremjgr een stujgmtgm u`t _pfmbg, Irfmnr`bn, Lgak`, Ju`tsafmj, Xeagm, Jgmgcfrngmgm zgais Od`mf. Zffalfrr`rgs spgagm mee`t ggm rea, ecjft jg tffalgdggrs`mk vfm jg stujgmtgmkgweema`bn `jgmt`gn `s ffm j`g vfm [`c, wffrjeer m`gcfmj gm`kg kmg dggit ec z`bm ei dffrcemj epgm tg jegm. Gm wffr tffa tgnertsod`gt dgapgm kglfrgm gm vrjegm.


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Ep dgt jr`gbffra`bnsg oemkrgs vfm jg@mtgrmftèmfa [ern Kreup ier Xfafgegtdmeletfmy(@[KX) `s [`c ggm krffk kgz`gmg jggamgcgr. M`gtecjft d`b jffr agz`mkgm kggit, cffr vfmwgkg z`bmigmecgmfag ngmm`s. Cgm`kg oemkrgskfmkgr dggit

ggm tfsbg l`b zòd cgt jffr`m emlgngmj cftgr`-ffa wffrvfm d`b ei z`b deept jft [`c zfa zgkkgm2e jft `s jft gm jgzg seert `s jffr gm jffr een faggms kgvemjgm. Gm cggstfa stgat d`b dgm m`gt tg-agur. [`c dggit ggm vgrlfz`mkwgnngmj kegj kg-dgukgm gm krffit zemjgr ffrzgagm jeoucgmtft`g epu`t m ei fmjgrg rggjs afmk vgrkgtgm pulaòft`g.D`b dggit treuwgms cggrjgrg pulaòft`gs ep z`bmmffc stffm.

W`tgrffrj kfft [`c cgg dgt vgaj `m ec cem-

stgrs tg mgcgm ep epkrfv`mkgm ei ler`mkgm tgjegm veer peaagmemjgrzegn. Re k`mk d`b `gjgr bffrcgg mffr Irfmnr`bn, mffr Ou`ry-as-Odfujfrjgs `mdgt jfa vfm jg F`smg, ec jg l`b jg kreetsodfa`kgepkrfv`mkgm `m dgt Jgpfrtgcgmt F`smg kgmecgmkremjcemstgrs jeer tg zgvgm gm tet trfmspertflgag veaucgs tg rgjuogrgm. Mf jg jfkga`bnsgpert`g zggiwgrn mfc d`b t`bj veer zòdzgai gm stfptg dgt wftgr vfm jg F`smg `m ec l`bzemjgrgzegtwftgrcessgas tg vgrzfcgagm. Jffrcgg kfi d`b la`bn vfm z`bm kretg ngmm`s ep dgt kgl`gjvfm ceaausngm, ggm delly j`g d`b fa dfj vr d`b ep dgt letfm`sod afl tgrgodt nwfc gm j`gd`b fat`bj ep deek m`vgfu `s la`bvgm lgegigmgm. Gm degwga sodgapgm gm safnngmdu`sbgs m`gt l`b

z`bm g`kgma`bng lffm dergm, nummgm vgga frodgeaekgm jg wgk mffr [`c v`mjgm fas dgt ec jgjgtgrc`mft`g gm `mtgrprgtft`g vfm zuang vemjstgm kfft.

Ffm vggrt`k bffr tegw`bj`mk nfm m`gt zecffr veerl`bkgkffm werjgm. Jffrec dgllgm em-jgrkgtgngmjgm jg eujaggra`mkgm vfm [`c j`g fot`gi `m jg letfm`g wgrnzffc z`bm kgvrffkjec ggm nag`mg l`bjrfkg tg agvgrgm ffm ggm wgtgmsodfppga`bng lumjga tgr grg vfm [`c. Dgt`jgg wfs ec pgr l`bjrfkg m ei deekstgms gmngag pafmtgmseertgm ogmtrffa tg stgaagm. W`tgrffrjwfs j`t u`tkfmkspumt m`gt veer `gjgrggm kgsod`nt gm wfs gr ru`ctg ec vfm j`t emjgrwgrpfi tg w`bngm. Ceaausngm ceodtgm godtgr m`gt emtlrgngm gm jffrec dgllgm wg gmngag safn-ngmvr`gmjgm vfm [`c grl`b kgvrffkj ec een j`t fspgot vfm [`cs wgrn emjgr jg ffmjfodttg lrgmkgm. Dgt rgsuatfft `s ggm dgga legn kgwerjgm2 ggm nafss`gn Igstsodrìt veer [`c

Nu`bpgr. Cffr, mffr wg depgm kggm saetfooeerj vfm ggm ofrr`rg, wfmt wg wàagm mek afmk vfmz`bm igmecgmfag ngmm`s kglru`n cfngm.

Oerr`g Lfngas, Ngaay Igmmgcf, [gacegj F. Eut, Ofrea`mg Ygrcggrgm


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[@CNW@BXG\IE\ZPPGF\_@MF\ODFGEAEKP

Ierty ygfrs fke, [`c Nu`bpgr stgppgj `mte tdg weraj ei frodfgeaeky te stfrt fs àaustrfter/rgstergr w`td tdg @mtgrifouaty ei Kgekrfpdy fmj Xrgd`stery. Zdgrg, em tdg i`rst iaeer ei tdgLrggstrfft 4; `m Ag`jgm, dg sft lgd`mj f afrkg jrfw`mklefrj. Lut vgry seem dg wfs cuodcerg `mtgrgstgj `m tdg tep iaeer. Cerg fmj cerg eitgm dg fppgfrgj `m d`s aumoddeur `m tdgfttò wdgrg tdg letfmòfa aflerftery wfs deusgj, wdòd `mo`jgmtfaay wfs stàa `m `ts `mifmoy.@m tdft fttò lgofcg fppfrgmt d`s pfssèm ier `jgmtìy`mk scfaa, dfai-jgofygj pafmt rgcf`ms.Zdus, wdgm tdg pes`tèm ei letfmòfa fmfayst lgofcg fvfàflag, dg dfj d`s gyg em tdft bel,tdeukd eiiò`faay dg j`j met dfvg fmy qufaìòftèm ier t wdftsegvgr. _ecgemg, wde se jgfraywfmts secgtd`mk fmj se elvèusay dfs f tfagmt ier `t, ofmmet lg pfssgj evgr ly fm gcpaeygrfmj se [`c afmjgj tdg bel.

Fmj dg mgvgr agit. Dg wgmt tdreukd tdg cevg te tdg \guvgmspaffts fmj sfw tdg l`rtd eitdg Ifouaty ei Frodfgeaeky, `mte wdòd tdg @mtgrifouaty ei Kgekrfpdy fmj Xrgd`setry wfssulsucgj. Zdg fttò ei tdg deusg `m tdg Lrggstrfft wfs gxodfmkgj ier f aflerftery gspgo`faayjgs`kmgj ier frodfgeletfmy. [`c cfjg f dukg oemtr`lutèm te `ts jgvgaepcgmt. Fs jgsor`p-tèms fmj `jgmtìòftèm or`tgr`f ei pafmt cftgr`fa frg eitgm d`jjgm fwfy `m frodfgeaekòfapulaòftèms, dg cfjg tdgsg foogss`lag fmj tdgm gfsy te usg ly oeaagot`mk tdgc `mte l`mjgrs.Dg fase werngj jà`kgmtay ft gxtgmj`mk tdg rgigrgmog oeaagotèm.

@m tdg cgfmt`cg, `t fppgfrgj tdft [`c dfj met emay f pfssèm ier `jgmtìy`mk lut fasedfj f tfagmt ier pfss`mk em d`s nmewagjkg te etdgrs. Kgmgrftèms ei stujgmts wgrg tfukdt lyd`c, fmj cfmy j`j tdg`r krfjuftèm wern umjgr d`s supgrv`sèm. [`c mgvgr aesgs pft`gmogfmj nggps em gxpaf`m`mk gvgrytd`mk umtà tdg stujgmt kgts tdg dfmk ei `jgmtìy`mk f ogrtf`mrgcf`ms. Gjuoftèm jrgw, fmj oemt`mugs te jrfw, cfmy stujgmts, fcemk wdec stujgmtsirec _pf`m, Irfmog, Lgakùc, Kgrcfmy, Xeafmj, Jgmcfrn, fmj gvgm Od`mf. Afmkufkg lfr-r`grs mgvgr pafygj f pfrt, fs tdg preiò`gmoy ei tdg stujgmts usufaay `s tdg sfcg fs [`cs, setdft melejy `s gclfrrfssgj te epgm d`s er dgr ceutd. Fmj wdgrg afmkufkg ifàs, s`kms fmj fmfotufa jgcemstrftèm ofm dgap.


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[`c `s f d`kday rgspgotgj pfrtò`pfmt ft tdg tr`-fmmufa oemkrgss ei tdg @mtgrmftèmfa [ernKreup ier Xfafgegtdmeletfmy (@[KX). Met lgofusg dg k`vgs agoturgs tdgrg, lut lgofusg eid`s pdgmecgmfa nmewagjkg. Cfmy f oemigrgmog pfrtò`pfmt dfs f scfaa lfk w`td d`c w`tdum`jgmtì`gj rgcf`ms ei wdòd dg er sdg depgs tdft [`c wàa sfy2 fd tdft `s tdft, fmj td`sspgo`gs dfs lggm ieumj tdgrg fmj tdgrg. Fmj usufaay dg jegs met j`sfppe`mt tdgc. [`c dfs

fm fcfz`mkay keej cgcery, fmj w`tdeut dgs`tftèm j`ks up jeoucgmtftèm irec fm fargfjyaemk-ierkettgm pulaòftèm. @mo`jgmtfaay, dg `s orgj`tgj w`td sgvgrfa pulaòftèms d`csgai.Ei oeursg [`c oecgs faemk `mte tdg i`gaj te tfng sfcpags ft gxofvftèms er te cfng le-

r`mks ier peaagm rgsgfrod. Zdus dg ofcg te Irfmog gvgry ygfr, te Ou`ry-as-Odfujfrjgs `m tdgF`smg Yfaagy, te s`gvg tdg seà sfcpags ei tdg afrkg-sofag gxofvftèms `m tdg Jgpfrtgcgmt F`smg,fmj te rgjuog tdgc te trfmspertflag veaucgs. Fitgr d`s jfày sdfrg ei s`gv`mk, dg teen t`cgeii ier d`csgai fmj weuaj gmtgr tdg wftgrs ei tdg F`smg te oeaagot umusufa irgsdwftgr cus-sgas. Dg tdus sdewgj d`s gxtgms`vg nmewagjkg m tdg i`gaj ei ceaausos, f delly dg fargfjy dfjlgierg dg be`mgj tdg letfmò afl, fmj wdòd dg dfs fawfys oemt`mugj te pursug ft tdg d`kdgstagvga. Fmj fatdeukd sdgaas fmj smfà sdgaas frg met pfrt ei d`s bel prepgr, cfmy frodfgeaek`sts

ofm i`mj tdg`r wfy te [`cs eiiòg wdgm `t oecgs te tdg `jgmtìòftèm fmj `mtgrprgtftèm eisuod i`mjs.[g ofmmet fa aew ierty ygfrs ei jgjòftèm te pfss ummetògj. Dgmog tdg umjgrs`kmgj dfvg

fsngj tdesg gx-pupàs ei [`c wde frg fot`vgay gmkfkgj `m letfmy te sulc`t f sdert oemtr`-lutèm te f so`gmtìò veaucg `m d`s demeur. Zdg `jgf wfs te ieous `m gvgry oemtr`lutèm ememg er ft cest f igw pafmt spgo`gs. Ei oeursg td`s pe`mt-ei-jgpfrturg j`j met su`t gvgrylejy,fmj tdgrg wfs reec te jgv`ftg irec td`s sulbgot. Fase, td`s veaucg weuaj met lg oecpagtgw`tdeut ceaausos, fmj wg tdgrgierg `mv`tgj secg ei [`cs smfà ir`gmjs te d`kda`kdt td`s fs-pgot ei [`cs wern. Zdg rgsuat dfs gveavgj `mte qu`tg f veaucg2 f oafssò Igstsodrìt ier [`cNu`bpgr. Lut wg jgfray depg met f krfmj i`mfag te f ofrggr, fs wg weuaj a`ng te cfng usg ei

d`s pdgmecgmfa nmewagjkg ier f aemk t`cg te oecg.

Oerr`g Lfngas, Ngaay Igmmgcf, [gacegj F. Eut, Ofrea`mg Ygrcggrgm


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JGY\EGK_ZGYEMJ_ZGMYFMLEAJG\@N(FK\E_ZGCCFK@ZDFKEA.) @MMGJG\AFMJ

ZDGGF\A@G_ZI@MJ_EIOE\MOEONAG(FK\E_ZGCCFK@ZDFKEA.) @MZDG MGZDG\AFMJ_

O L

I F, W AX \F A, M

..H..

_fcgmvftt`mk

W`t frodgeaek`sodg vemjstgm la`bnt jft leajgr`n (Fkrestgccf k`tdfkeA.) pfs s`mjs dgt lgk`mvfm emzg bffrtgaa`mk, jg \ecg`msg t`bj, `m Mgjgrafmj veernect. Dgt emnru`j `s cgt pfrt`bgmtfrwg, lgstgcj veer dgt \ecg`msg agkgr, cggkgnecgm. Jg dgrnecst vfm jgzg tfrwg cegtwffrsod`bma`bn `m Meerj-Irfmnr`bn kgzeodt werjgm, cffr een jffr `s leajgr`n m`gt `mdggcs.R`b nect, veer zevgr lgngmj, eerspremnga`bn u`t Ru`jeest-Gurepf gm dggit dffr frgffa vfmjffr u`t `m ggm ju`zgmjgm bfrgm jurgmj preogs u`tkglrg`j mffr dgt wgstgm.

FlstrfotI`mjs irec frodfgeaekòfa oemtgxts sdew tdft tdg gfra`gst prgsgmog ei oermoeonag (Fkrestgccf

k`tdfkeA.) `m tdg Mgtdgrafmjs jftg irec tdg \ecfm pgrèj. Zdg wggj frr`vgj w`td wdgftjgst`mgj ier tdg \ecfm frcy. @ts `ccgj`ftg er`k`m prelflay a`gs `m Mertdgrm Irfmog, luttdgrg tee tdg pafmt `s met `mj`kgmeus, fs `t dfs met lggm ieumj tdgrg gfra`gr tdfm tdg prg-\ecfm @rem Fkg. @ts er`k`m `s sf`j te a`g `m _eutdgfstgrm Gurepg. Irec tdgrg tdg spgo`gssprgfj evgr Ogmtrfa fmj [gstgrm Gurepg jur`mk f preogss tdft stfrtgj secgwdgrg m tdg iìtdcàagmmùc LO fmj gmjgj freumj tdg lgk`mm`mk ei eur grf.

@mag`j`mk

Leajgr`n (Fkrestgccf k`tdfkeA.) s ggm pafmt j`g fa smga jg ffmjfodt trgnt. Yfmwgkg jg cee`glaegcgm emtlrggnt z`b tgkgmweerj`k `m vr`bwga kggm gmnga wàjg laegcgm cgmksga jft `m jgdfmjga ffmkglejgm werjt ec wgklgrcgm gm tu`mgm tg vgrirff`gm. @m ggm frodgeletfm`sod af-lerfterùc vfaagm dffr zfjgm cgtggm ep, fatdfms dag zfjgm. Cgt nag`mg irfkcgmtgm a`kt jftfmjgrs, cffr [`c Nu`bpgr wggt zgais jg c`m`gcstg stunbgs igàaees ep mffc tg lrgmkgm. J`gstunbgs z`bm kgweema`bn u`t cgga ei lreej finecst`k, wfmt leajgr`n deert l`b krffm gm werjtsfcgm cgt jg krffmnerrgas vgrcfagm.


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Ggm mgkgmt`gmjg-gguwsg lrem, jg Iaerf Lftfvf, vgrcgajt evgr leajgr`n dgt veakgmjg2

Kreg`pafftsgm2 ep krffmafmjgm. Fakgcggm evgr dgt kgdggag \`bn, levgmfa ep Nag`kremjgm.

Du`sdeujga`bn kglru`n2 J`t tussodgm jg krfmgm stgrn wfssgmj emnru`j, vgrj`gmt jffrvfm mffuwngur`k

kgzu`vgrj tg werjgm, ec jft dgt zffj ffm dgt cgga ggmg dgcgasodlaffug nagur, gm ggm sodgrpgm l`ttgr-

fodt`kgm scffn kggit. Jg degmjgrs gm ju`vgm z`bm gr fingr`k vfm, gm sodeem dgt jeerkffms veer emsodf-jga`bn werjt kgdeujgm, nect dgt u`t jgzgm deeijg ffm Kfttgmdeii vgrjfodt veer, tg cggr, ec jft cgm

`m Ju`tsodafmj nwffjffrj`kg neertsgm dfj emtjgnt l`b lgdegit`kgm, j`g j`t zffj u`t dgt krffm kgzeodt

dfjjgm, ec gr cgga vfm tg w`mmgm gm lreej vfm tg lfnngm.Jg l`bgm dfagm vgga wfs u`t jg laegcgm. Jgcegà`bndg`j jgr u`treg`b`mk jgzgr pafmt ep jgm fnngr, `s gangm leuwcfm lgngmj. (Neps 646:).

Jg zfjgm z`bm `mjgrjffj cegà`bn u`t krffm, een u`t dgt zff`kegj, tg vgrw`bjgrgm, ecjft z`b`m kgwòdt gm iercfft ze ep krffmnerrgas a`bngm jft wfmmgm gm zgvgm wg`m`k giigot dgllgm.Cffr cgt cejgrmg odgcòfa`m `s jft u`treg`gm `mc`jjgas wga jgkga`bn kgaunt. Leajgr`n stfftep jg \ejg A`bst cgt jg ffmtgngm`mk Grmst`k Lgjrg`kj. Gguwgmafmk wfs jg pafmt godtgr ggmkgvrggsj emnru`j `m w`mtgrkrffmfnngrs (I`k. 6).

Jg vregkstg vemjstgm `m Mgjgrafmj

@m Ogmtrffa gm [gstgurepf lgdeert leajgr`n tet jg faaeodtemg fnngremnru`jgm, jft wà zgk-kgm tet jg kregp j`g zòd m`gt vfmu`t ggm mftuura`bng stfmjpaffts tet fnngremnru`j emtw`nngajdggit. Jg wàjg veereujgr zeu `m Ru`jeest-Gurepf tdu`sdergm fa z`bm jg kgkgvgms d`grevgrwft vffk. Jg pafmt dggit zòd z ffm jg krffmtggat `m jg j`vgrsg rgkès ffmkgpfst jft gr vgag

I`k. 6

Ggm krffmfnngr cgt leajgr`n `m Zurn`bg.Iete \. Ofppgrs.

Ogrgfa gaj w`td oermoeonag `m Zurngy.


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afmjrfssgm z`bm emtstffm, dergmj l`b ggm spgoì`gn na`cfft gm krffmtypg. Jg vgrsodàagmjg vgr-sod`bm`mksvercgm werjgm `m jg kgmgmlfmn vfm dgt Ag`lm`z @mst`tutg ei Xafmt Kgmgtòs fmjOrep Xafmt \gsgfrod `m Kftgrsaglgm, Ju`tsafmj, lgwffrj. Kftgrsaglgm nfm


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lffr `m dgt st`ppgmpftreem vfm i`kuur


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tuur veakgmjg Agmkyga ouatuur (v`bijg càagmmùc v. Odr.). _`mjs dgt C`jjgm-Mgea`tdòucwerjt z`b cgt gm`kg rgkgacfft ffmkgtreiigm `m Xeagm gm dgt eestga`bn jgga vfm Ju`tsafmj(Dgaacumj


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(Nee`strf 6009) gm m jg afj`mk vfm ggm \ecg`ms sod`p, kgzemngm m jg \`bm l`b [egrjgm wfsdgt gccgrtfrwg (r`t`ouc j`oeoouc_odla.) (Xfas gm Dfnl`ba 600


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A`tgrftuur

Fcgm @ vfm, Lr`mnngcpgr E (zemjgr bffrtfa) Jg pafmtgmrgstgm u`t jg \ecg`msg spergm vfm jg epkrf-v`mk tg \eeclurk. \fppertfkg Frodgeaek`sodg Cemucgmtgmzerk, \EL, Fcgrsieert

Lfngas O, J`bncfm [ (


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kgga). Een C. frvgms`s(reej) nect vr`b kegj fikgsodg`jgm vfm jgfmjgrg seertgm u`t jg fmfaysg. C. afxf, C. rfces`ss`cfgmC. soerpè`jgs agvgrgm jg kreetstgcftg vfm evgrafp ep, degwga ggm jgga vfmC. soerpè`jgs mek wga ggm g`kgm stun a`mns emjgr`mjg l`paet `mmggct.

Jeer tg lgpfagm `m wgang cftg jg fizemjgra`bng vfr`flgagm l`bjrfkgm ffm jg ggrstg gmtwggjg fs, nr`bkgm wg `mzòdt `m wgang vfr`flgagm dgt cggst rgagvfmt z`bm veer jg emtstfmgsodg`j`mkgm tussgm jg seertgm.

8,78

8,98

8,;8

8,48

8,08

6,88

6,68

6,


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Yeer jg ggrstg (der`zemtfag) fs s dgt kgwòdt vfm jg fizemjgra`bng vfr`flgagm wggrkgkgvgm`m i`kuur 9f. Jg vfr`flgagm Iàagj frgf (`m jg prfnt`bn evgrggmnecgmj cgt jg eppgrvafntgecjft jg elbgotgm kggm kftgm vgrtemgm), Oemvgx pgr`cgtgr gm Gqu`vfagmt j`fcgtgr la`b-ngm kgzfcgma`bn vgru`t jg cggst lgpfagmjg vfr`flgagm veer jg T-fs tg z`bm, gm jus veerfa vfmlgafmk veer dgt emjgrsodg`j vfmC. stròtfgmC. j`soeaer.

Dgt kgwòdt vfm jg fizemjgra`bng vfr`flgagm veer jg vgrtòfag fs `s wggrkgkgvgm `m i`kuur9l. Jffrl`b z`bm Oemvgx pgr`cgtgr, Lrgfjtd, @msor`lgj rfjùs gm Gqu`vfagmt j`fcgtgr jg

lgafmkr`bnstg vfr`flgagm. Jgzg vfr`flgagm lgpfagm jus veerfa jg fisodg`j`mk vfm C. syavftòfgm z`bm een lgafmkr`bn veerC. frvgms`s.Ec jg lru`nlffrdg`j vfm jgzg rgsuatftgm veer dgt emjgrsodg`jgm vfm jg vgrsodàagmjg

seertgm mfjgr tg lgpfagm, `s vfm jg twgg vfr`flgagm j`g fas lgafmkr`bnstg u`t jg lus nwfcgmveer jg twgg fssgm (Iàagj frgf vgrsus Oemvgx pgr`cgtgr) epm`guw ggm softtgrj`fkrfc kg-cffnt (I`k. ;). @m gssgmt`g z`gm wg d`gr`m jgzgaijg tgmjgms fas `m jg agmktg/lrggjtg softtgr.C.syavftòfverct ggm g`kgm kregp,C. j`soeaer gmC. stròtfvercgm jg tgkgmpeea l`b jg nag`mgj`cgms`gs, gm jg evgr`kg v`gr seertgm a`kkgm wga`swffr m`gt nr`s-nrfs jeer ganffr, cffr vgrte-mgm wga ggm ffmz`gma`bng cftg vfm evgrafp, cgtC. rfces`ss`cfgmC. soerpè`jgsffm ggm z`bjggmC. frvgms`s gmC. afxfffm jg fmjgrg. Cgt u`tsau`tgmj jg lgafmkr`bnstg vfr`flgag vfm gang

fs vfm jg J`sor`c`mfmt Fmfaysg nr`bkgm wg jus kggm ffmvuaagmjg vfr`flgagm `m dfmjgm l`b dgtjgtgrc`mgrgm vfm jg fizemjgra`bng seertgm.


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Oerrgspemjgmt`g Fmfaysg

Jg ggrstg twgg fssgm (j`g sfcgm 06% vfm jg tetfag vfr`fmt`g vgrnafrgm) cgt jg vgrsodàagmjgseertgm z`bm fas ggm l`paet wggrkgkgvgm `m i`kuur 4f. [gjgrec vercgmC. syavftòfgmgrz`bjsgmC. stròtf pausC. j`soeaerganffrs tgkgmpeagm afmks jg ggrstg (der`zemtfag) fs. Yfm jg v`grevgr`kg seertgm mggct C. afxfmek ggm gm`ksz`ms fizemjgra`bng pes`t`g `m rgodtsemjgr`m jg

paet.Dgtzgaijg fssgmstgasga, cffr jfm cgt jg pes`t`g vfm jg vgrsodàagmjg vfr`flgagm, s wggrkg-

kgvgm `m filggaj`mk 4l. Jffrl`b la`bnt jg der`zemtfag fs veerfa lgpffaj jeer jg eppgrvafntggm jg agmktg/lrggjtg vgrdeuj`mk, gm jg vgrtòfag fs jeer [`jtd stfmjfrj jgv`ftèm, gm jeerGaemkftèm gm \eumjmgss, twgg stgrn jffrffm kgrgaftggrjg vfr`flgagm. Ggm softtgrj`fkrfcvfm [`jtd stfmjfrj jgv`ftèm tgkgm Iàagj Frgf `s m`gt fikglggaj. Fikgz`gm vfm jg lgngmjg

+8,0-8,0

-8.7

+6.7

C. frvgms`s


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fispa`ts`mk vfm C. syavftòfgmgrz`bjs gm dgt jue C. j`soeaer gm C. stròtffmjgrz`bjs agvgrtjgzg softtgr ggm vgrjgr ememtwfrlfrg wean ep vfm jg v`gr evgr`kg seertgm. Fas wg jg Iàagj

Frgf tgkgm \eumjmgss paettgm (I`k. 0), la`bnt godtgr jft ggm kreet jgga vfm jg zfjgmC. afxfzòd jeer ggm kretgrg \eumjmgss emjgrsodg`jgm vfm jg jr`g evgrkglagvgm seertgm, tgrw`ba

jgzg seertgm cgt jg ggrjgr kgfmfaysggrjg vfr`flgagm m`gt kgspa`tst nemjgm werjgm.

t-J`str`lutgj _teodfstò Mg`kdleur Gclgjj`mk

Jg softtgr veer jg zgvgmCyeset`s-seertgm ep lfs`s vfm t-_MG s wggrkgkgvgm m i`kuur 68. Jgkregp cgtC. j`soeaergmC. stròtf s een d`gr`m dgrngmlffr, gm jus z`bm zg emjgra`mk een cgtlgduap vfm t-_MG m`gt kegj tg emjgrsodg`jgm.C. syavftòfverct wgjgrec ggm g`kgm oaustgr,degwga jgzg nggr m`gt kgdgga ffm dgt u`tg`mjg vfm jg softtgr. Gr trggjt levgmj`gm gm`kg evgr-afp ep cgtC. rfces`ss`cf, j`g jeer ggm ffmz`gma`bn jgga vfm jg softtgr vgrsprg`j veernect.Ggm jgga vfm jg zfjgm vfmC. afxfvercgm mek wga ggm g`kgm oaustgr l`mmgm jg softtgr. DgttrèC. frvgms`s,C. soerpè`jgs gmC. rfces`ss`cf, ffmkgvuaj cgt ggm jgga vfm jg zfjgm vfm

C. afxf, nect een `m jgzg fmfaysg fas emkgsertggrj oaustgr u`t jg lus.

-8.4 +8.;

-8.

7

+6.

7

Oemvgx frgf/_ea`j`tyFrgf/Iàagj frgf

Fspgot rftè

Gaemkftèm

_yccgtry

Irfotfa j`cgmsèmOemvgx`ty

Iercifoter

\fjùs rftè

\eumjmgss

Lrgfjtd@msor`lgj rfjùs

Cgfm i`lgr w`jtd

Gqu`vfagmt j`fcgtgr

[`jtd stfmjfrj jgv`ftèm

Xgr`cgtgr

Oemvgx pgr`cgtgr

_ngagtem agmktd

O`roucsor lgj rfjùsAgmktd

Gxtgrmfa pgr`cgtgr

I`k. 4l

L`paet vfm jg Oerrgspemjgmog Fmfaysg vfm jg em-

jgrzeodtg vfr`flgagm

L`paet ei tdg Oerrgspemjgmog Fmfays`s ei tdg gxf-

c`mgj vfr`flags


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Ecjft C. afxffa ep lfs`s vfm jg \eumjmgss emjgrsodg`jgm nem werjgm vfm jg evg-r`kg jr`g seertgm, `s ggm fpfrtg J`sor`c`mfmt Fmfaysg kgcffnt vfm u`tsau`tgmj C. frvgm-s`s, C. soerp`e`jgsgm C. rfces`ss`cf. D`gr necgm jg seertgm nr`snrfs jeer ganffr veer gmz`bm kggm ffmnmep`mkspumtgm veer jgtgrc`mft`g ffmwgz`k. Ggm vgrkga`bnlfrg gxgro`t`g cgtOerrgspemjgmt`g Fmfaysg agvgrt gvgmc`m ggm l`paet ep cgt ffmnmep`mkspumtgm (I`k. 66).Jg fmfaysg cgt t-_MG agvgrt jffrgmtgkgm wa ggm fisodg`j`mk ep vfm ggm jgga vfm jg C.frvgms`szfjgm. Ngmmga`bn agvgrt ggm m`gt-a`mgf`rg oecl`mft`g vfm jg vfr`flgagm d`gr cggr ffm-nmep`mkspumtgm ep. L`b ggm tg jgtgrc`mgrgm suliess`ga zffj nfm j`t ffmnmep`mkspumt godtgrfaaggm lgmut werjgm jeer jgzgaijg rggns vfr`flgagm tg cgtgm gm jg vgrnrgkgm jftfrggns cgg

tg aftgm aepgm `m ggm m`guwg t-_MG paet vfm jgzg jr`g seertgm (I`k. 6


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: ? < 6 6 < ??

Depi 6006). @m secg eitdgsg frodfgeaek`ofa s`tgs, suod fs Iugmtg afce (_t`nf 6044) fmj Ofstgaam Fate (Oemtrgrfsgt fa.


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J`soussèm

Gspfrte krfss fmj lreec (\gtfcf spdfgreofrpf) frg twe ei tdg cest oeccem spgo`gs ieumj`m sfcpags tfngm ft Mgea`tdò fmj Lremzg Fkg frodfgeaekòfa s`tgs. @ts prgsgmog `m tdg mfturfaoemtgxt ei tdg frgf ofm lg fttr`lutgj te fatgrftèms `m tdg vgkgtftèm, wdòd cfy lg a`mngj tetdg ducfm gxpae`tftèm ei tdg gmv`remcgmt. Zdg fmtdrfoeaekòfa jftf sdew tdg prgsgmog eiepgm spfogs `m tdg Lremzg Fkg vgkgtftèm, f pdgmecgmem tdft ofm lg gxpaf`mgj fs f rgsuat

ei tdg jgvgaepcgmt ei fkròuaturg. Zdus, gspfrte krfss cfy dfvg `mstfaagj `tsgai `m krfc`-me`j-typg pafmt kreups w`td aew duc`j`ty, `m wdòd `t weuaj dfvg prgjec`mftgj (\ejrkugz600


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gmv`remcgmtfa oemj`tèms. Mgvgrtdgagss, `t `s lga`gvgj tdft td`s preogss wfs met ygt vgry `m-tgms`vg fmj tdft tdg sfats oemogmtrftgj ft jgptd, cgfm`mk tdft pafmts w`td supgriò`fa reet`mk(suod fs dgrlfogeus pafmts) oeuaj krew w`tdeut sgrèus wftgr prelagcs.

F\ODFGEAEK@OFA _@ZG_ Lfsngts \epgs Cfts _fmjfas \d`zecgs \gigrgmogs

Mgea`tdò

Ougvf jg aes Curoàfkes,Faluea

* * * * Faifre 6048

Ougvf jga Zere * * Cfrtm _eofs gt fa. \`vgrf gt fa. 6044

Fmkesturfs * \`vgrf gt fa. 6044

Aes Càafrgs * Lux 600;

Ofcpes * Lux 600;

Ga Ogrre jg af Y`rkgm * Lux 600;

Afs Xàfs/Dugrtf _gof * \ev`rf Lux 600;> \ev`rf Lux 600;

Iugmtg afce * * * * _t`nf 6044> _t`nf \`vgrf gt fa. 6044

Zgra`mqugs * Xrgoèse \`vgrf gt fa.6044

Iugmtg Ygrcgbf*

Mgtea`tzny 60?7> \`vgrf gt fa.6044

Rfpftf * \`vgrf gt fa. 6044> Depi 6006

Aftg Lremzg Fkg

Kufj`x * \ev`rf


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Ier ts pfrt, pfaymeaeky (Paa gt fa. 6007) oemi`rcs tdft irec tdg lgk`mm`mk ei tdg Deaeogmgumtà :888 LX, tdg cfqu`s dfj gstfla`sdgj tsgai krfjufaay fs f oa`cftò iercftèm, fatdeukd tfase oemtf`mgj cgsepdàò tfxems (fajgr, l`rod, dfzgamut, gto.). Irec :888 LX, tdg mgw oem-j`tèms rgvgfagj tdg v`rtufa j`sfppgfrfmog ei tdg frlergfa tfxf, f ifot tdft rgiagots tdg rgjuo-tèm `m tdg vgkgtftèm oevgr ei tdg tgrr`tery fmj tdg gstfla`sdcgmt ei etdgrs tdft wgrg cerg

stgppò.[g dfvg fargfjy rgigrrgj te tdg usg ei gspfrte krfss `m tdg cfn`mk ei mucgreus frtgifotsfsseo`ftgj w`td cuat`pag fspgots ei jfày aìg jur`mk prgd`stery. @t `s gvgm pess`lag tdft secgei tdgsg cfmuifoturgj prejuots oeuaj dfvg lggm usgj ier trfjg w`td tdg `mdfl`tfmts ei etdgrrgkèms wdgrg td`s pafmt wfs agss oeccem er gvgm mem-gx`stgmt. @m fmy ofsg, ts goemecò c-pertfmog s qu`tg oagfr m tdg frodfgeletfmòfa rgoerj, fs wg dfvg cf`may lggm flag te elsgrvg`m tdg seutdgfstgrm @lgr`fm Xgm`msuaf, w`td tdg prgsgmog ei rgogptfoags fmj lfsngts, ourtf`msfmj cfts er repg. Zdg usg ei gspfrte krfss repg te t`g reei pests fmj lgfcs tekgtdgr fmj tdgcfmuifoturg ei ourtf`ms te sgpfrftg reecs frg jeoucgmtgj `m Ofstgaam Fate (Oemtrgrfs gtfa. g. urm w`td oefrsg iaeur er orusdgj krf`m>i. urm `ms`jg fmetdgroemtf`m`mk lfragy oevgrgj w`td f pertèm ei werngj gspfrte krfss> k. vgssga (p ieaaew`mk à-austrftèm)> d. afrkg lrengm vgssga> `. `j.> (...) n. f lex fjbe`m`mk tdg wfaa fmj cfjg up ei:8-ogmt`cgtrg-d`kd saftg irfkcgmts, `ms`jg2 twe càastemgs, emg ei wdòd wfs agfm`mk em tdgetdgr, f afrkg fceumt ei fsdgs faa reumj `t> a. vgssga> c. càastemgs> (...) e. irfkcgmt ei f cerger agss sgc`-spdgròfa vgssga> lrengm urm> fmetdgr lrengm urm w`td ofrlem`sgj krf`m> p. tgr-rfoettf wg`kdt (...)> q. ofrlem`sgj rgcf`ms ei gspfrte krfss elbgots> r. lfragy softtgrgj evgr tdgrgcf`ms ei f lefrj (5), gspfrte krfss oevgr> foerms.

Ier tdg`r pfrt, tdg oeaagotèm ei frtgifots irec Aes Curoàfkes Ofvg dfs prev`jgj us w`tdvfrèus `tgcs cfjg oecpagtgay ei gspfrte krfss, fcemk tdgc lfsngts fmj sfmjfas, `m wdòdwg dfvg lggm flag te fmfaysg tdg paf`t`mk tgodm`qug fmj jgoerftèm (Faifre 6048, OfodeVugsfjf gt fa. 6009). @m secg ofsgs (sfmjfas, iflròs fmj cfts), tdg preogss`mk dfs lggm oec-pagtg, rgsuat`mk `m seit, td`m i`lrgs. Em tdg etdgr dfmj, `m etdgr ofsgs (dfcpgrs, lfsngts fmjscfaa lfsngts), tdg gspfrte krfss dfs met lggm lgftgm, agfv`mk tdg i`lrgs wdeag fmj w`td tdg`rer`k`mfa dfrjmgss fmj sdfpg (Faifre 6048).

Zdg gspfrte krfss rgcf`ms dfvg lggm tdg sulbgot ei vfrèus jft`mks lgtwggm 7


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em tdg jgoerftèm ei sgvgm ei tdg lfsngts. Ly us`mk `mirfrgj rgiagotekrfpdy tdgy wgrg flag tesgg tdg jgoerft`vg cetìs, fcemk wdòd tdgy jeoucgmtgj kgecgtrò cetìs, `moauj`mk a`mgs,lfmjs, z`kzfks, rdecle`js, fmj frrewdgfjs. Zdgy wgrg fase flag te gstfla`sd tdft tdg jgoerf-tèms dfj lggm cfjg w`td p`kcgmts, fatdeukd `t wfs met pess`lag te jgtgrc`mg tdg`r er`k`m.

@m Af Ougvf _fkrfjf (Aerof, Curo`f), em f wevgm gspfrte krfss cft (6;8 x 98 oc), tdg

rgcf`ms ei fm odàjs orfmùc wgrg ieumj faemk w`td `ts krfvg keejs, wdòd `moaujgj tdgrgcf`ms ei ieajgj a`mgm oaetd`mk (Ofrj`te 6009) jftgj te


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Ofode Vugsfjf O, Xfp` \ejgs O, _modgz-Lfrr`kf Igrmmjgz F, Faemse Cftd`fs I (6009) Af ogstgrfAf ogstgrfjgoerfjf jg af Ougvf jg aes Curo`afkes (Faluea, Krfmfjf). Oecpautuc Gxtrf 9 (@)2 687-6


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\ev`rf M (


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GMNGAGEXCG\NGA@BNGF\ODGELEZFM@_ODGYEMJ_ZGMW@ZYAFFMJG\GM2 RFJGMYFMJGX@CXG\MEEZ, EENLGNGMJ

FA_XFZG\ME_ZG\LEAAGNG_LEEC(_ZFXDPAGFX@MMFZFA.)

_ECG \GCF\NFLAGF\ODFGELEZFM@OFAI@MJ_I\ECIAFMJG\_2 _GGJ_EIZDGLAFJJG\MWZ(_ZFXDPAGFX@MMFZFA.), FA_ENME[MF_ZDG \E_F\PLGFJZ\GG

L O

Y @ E GN F @@-

L- L.H..

_fcgmvftt`mk

@m j`t frt`nga necgm jg ggrstg gm tet ep dgjgm gm`kg vemjstgm vfm p`cpgrmeetzfjgm `mYaffmjgrgm ffm lej.

Flstrfot

Frodfgeletfmòfa rgsgfrod rgvgfagj secg rfrg i`mjs ei lafjjgrmut (_tfpdyagf p`mmftf) `mIafmjgrs, Lgakùc irec tdg pest cgj`gvfa pgrèj. Zdgy oecg irec f 69td ogmtury ogssp`t `mCgodgagm fmj f 6;td ogmtury ouaturfa afygr`m Nertr`bn. Zdg afst i`mj wfs usgj `m f re-sfry, wdàg tdg usg er cgfm`mk ei tdg i`mjirec Cgodgagm `s dfrj te fssgss fs tdg sggjdfs lggm ieumj `m `mtfot oemj`tèm. Zdgsgi`mjs fppgfr te lg tdg i`rst fmj emay rgoerjsei lafjjgrmut `m Iafmjgrs te jftg.

@mag`j`mkFrodfgeletfm`sodg vemjstgm vfm rgstgm vfmjg p`cpgrmeet z`bm sodffrs `m Meerjwgst-Gurepf gm fa dgagcffa `m Yaffmjgrgm(Lgak`). Zeod wgrjgm ep twgg vgrsodàagm-jg aeoft`gs zfjgm vfm jgzg leec kgvemjgm.Jg ggrstg vemjst `s finecst`k u`t ggm 69jggguwsg affk vfm ggm lggrput u`t Cgodgagm,jg fmjgrg wgrj ffmkgtreiigm t`bjgms jg ep-krfv`mkgm ffm dgt Nertr`bnsg lgk`bmdei gm

stfct u`t jg 6;jgei 64jggguw (I`k. 6).

Lrussga

Cgodgagm

Nertr`bn

I`k. 6

Aeoft`g Cgodgagm gmNertr`bn `m Lgak`

Aeoftèm ei Cgodgagm fmjNertr`bn `m Lgakùc


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Jg lggrput u`t Cgodgagm wffr`m ggm `mtfotzffj (I`k.


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I`k. :

X`cpgrmeet2 tfn cgt vruodtgm

I`k. 7

X`cpgrmeet2 vruodt cgt zffj

I`k. 9X`cpgrmeefjgm

Lafjjgrmut2 lrfmod w`td iru`ts

Lafjjgrmut2 iru`t w`td sggj

Lafjjgrmut sggjs


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Yeernecgm gm kglru`n

Ecjft jg du`j`kg kgekrfi`sodg vgrsprg`j`mk vfm jg p`cpgrmeet `m kretg cftg fidfmnga`bnzeu z`bm kgwggst vfm fmtrepekgmg ifotergm (Aftfewf 600:), `s z`bm kgsod`gjgm`s cegà`bn tgrgoemstrugrgm. Zdfms nect jg p`cpgrmeet veerfa veer `m c`jjgm gm Ru`jeest Gurepf gmRu`jwgst Fz` (Dgk` 60;7). Jffr kreg`t jgzg wfrctg- gm nfanc`mmgmjg stru`n veermfcga`bn

ep lgrkdgaa`mkgm, afmks lesrfmjgm gm m dfkgm. Ems afmj zeu jus m`gt tet dgt mftuura`bng vgr-sprg`j`mkskgl`gj dergm. J`t `s `m tgkgmstgaa`mk tet wft wg nummgm agzgm `m jg Lgak`sodg Iaerf(Afcl`mem gt fa. 6004) j`g jgzg stru`n ep gm`ksz`ms vgrwfrrgmjg w`bzg fas wgaaòdt `mdggcslgstgcpgat, zggr zgajgm `m dgt zu`jgm vfm ems afmj veernecgmj, gm tgkga`bngrt`bj fas emlg-ngmj `m mftuura`bng tegstfmj gm fas fjvgmt`gi. @m `gjgr kgvfa wgrj d`b vregkgr veerfa ffmkg-pafmt `m tu`mgm vfm `m dgt l`bzemjgr nfstgagm gm naeestgrs gm `m pfster`gtu`mgm. @m deeijzffn`s d`b jffr een mu mek tg v`mjgm

Zdfms `s jg p`cpgrmeet vgga c`mjgr kegj lgngmj gm verct ggm ggrjgr zgajzfcg vgrsod`b-m`mk. Refas la`bnt u`t lgsodr`bv`mkgm `m d`ster`sodg lremmgm zfa jft vregkgr fmjgrs z`bm kg-wggst. Gr werjgm vgrsodàagmjg kglru`ngm, r`tugagm gm cfk`sodg nrfodtgm ffm tegkgsodrgvgm.

Re zeujgm jg Ngatgm ggm stru`n ep dgt krfi vfm jg evgragjgmgm kgpafmt dgllgm (Dgk`60;7). Xa`mùs vgrcgajt dgt veernecgm vfm jg p`cpgrmeet meerjga`bn vfm jg Fapgm zemjgrgodtgr `gts tg zgkkgm evgr dgt kglru`n spgo`fag kglru`ngm ei g`kgmsodfppgm.

Jejegms (Jejegms 677:) zgkt jft jg emkdgfodtg vruodtgm vfm jg p`cpgrmeet, ei jg_`mt-Fmtugm`s meetngms zefas d`b zg megct, deag remjg lafgsngms z`bm wffr`m kgweema`bntwgg meetngms z`ttgm wffrvfm jg ngrm rgjgaòn sugt `s. Ygrjgr nfm d`b gr godtgr m`gt fa tg vggaevgr vgrtgaagm ecjft zg mgrkgms kglru`nt veer zeujgm werjgm2 vfm j`g mftugrg orfodt gmjgwgrn`mkdg vfm jgsgm meetngms gm nummgm wy m`gt kdgsor`bvgm fgmkdgs`gm jft sy mgrkdgr`moxteg kdglruyont gm werjgm.

Aelgaùs (Aelgaùs 6746) sodr`bit jft jg stru`n m secc`kg naeestgrs ze kreet fas ggm pru`-

cgmleec s gm jft gr vfm jg metgm pftgrmestgrs kgcffnt werjgm. Zgvgms zgkt d`b jft dgt zffjep jgzg vfm nr`gngm kga`bnt gm gtga`bn `s degwga Zd. Rw`mkgr jfm wggr `m z`bm nru`jlegn vfm6909 wffrsoduwt jft jg zegtg zfjgm sagodt z`bm veer jg cffk (Dgk` 60;7). Kggm vfm lg`jgmsodr`bvgm gr cgjò`mffa kglru`n ffm teg.

Jg Kgmtsodg devgm`gr (Jgaftdfuwgr 64:0) sodr`bit jft jg p`cpgrmeet vgga `m Lgak` `maustdevgm gm Gmkgasg tu`mgm werjt kgpafmt gm jft jg bemkg sodgutbgs gm lafjgm ggmg sodeemgreejg vgrw lgvfttgm j`g jeer numstsodàjgrs werjt kglru`nt gm een vgga werjt ffmkgwgmjec steiigm reej tg vgrvgm.

Een ju`nt jg p`cpgrmeet rgkgacft`k `m faagrdfmjg agkgmjgm ep. Yeakgms ggm \ecg`msgagkgmjg zeu jg stru`n vfmwgkg z`bm petgmt`glgverjgrgmjg g`kgmsodfppgm zgais l`bmf u`tkg-reg`j z`bm kgwggst. Ggm fmjgrg agkgmjg vgrtgat dgt vgrdffa evgr ggm pgakr`c j`g ep z`bm lgjg-vffrt mffr _fmt`fke jg Oecpestgaaf ggm tfn vfm ggm p`cpgrmeet fismggj gm `m jg kremj stfn,wffrmf jgzg tet laeg` nwfc gm vruodtgm prejuoggrjg j`g lu`nprelagcgm nemjgm kgmgzgm.

Kgaeei `m jg cfk`sodg nrfodtgm z`bm emjgrcggr lgngmj u`t 69jggguwsg d`ster`sodg lrem-mgm. Rfjgm zeujgm lgsodgrc`mk l`gjgm tgkgm vgrsodàagmjg z`gntgs, tgrw`ba jg zfjgm zewgafas stunngm deut kglru`nt wgrjgm tgkgm l`bveerlggaj dgnsgr`b, la`nsgc`msafk gm ju`vgas. Eenfas kgaunslrgmkgrs spggajgm zg ggm rea, gm een mu mek zeujgm p`cpgrmeetzfjgm d`grveerwerjgm kglru`nt. Ggm fmjgr kglru`n jft vfmjffk jg jfk mek lgngmj `s, `s `m ggm rgogpt veerjg lgrg`j`mk vfm sodmfps.


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Yfm jg zfjgm nem cgm een smegrgm r`bkgm, m`gt faaggm veer jgoerft`gvg jegag`mjgm cffreen veer kglru`n fas pftgrmestgr ei rezgmnrfms. Dgt `s treuwgms fas pftgrmestgrleaagngs jftjg p`cpgrmeetzfjgm l`b ems dgt lgst lgngmj wfrgm. Jg dfrjdg`j vfm jg zfjgm stemj kfrfmtveer afmkjur`k kglru`n gm jus veer dgt l`jjgm vfm tfaaezg [ggskgkregtbgs, zg wfrgm ze kegjfas emvgrsa`btlffr. Mffr vgrau`jt wgrjgm zg veermfcga`bn kglru`nt jeer jg c`mjgr kgkegjgm

j`g z`od kggm godtg pftgrmestgr nemjgm vgreeraevgm (K. vfm jgr A`mjgm, pgrs. oecc.). Dgtkglru`n vfm jgrkga`bng pftgrmestgrs jeer pgakr`cs gm cemm`ngm `m jg c`jjgagguwgm zeu l`b-kgjrfkgm nummgm dgllgm ffm jg fmtrepekgmg vgrsprg`j`mk vfm jgzg stru`n.

J`souss`g

Jg frodgeletfm`sodg vemjst vfm _tfpdyagf p`mmftf s, veer zevgr ems lgngmj, jg ggrstg j`g emslgngmj s m Yaffmjgrgm gm mflur`kg strgngm. Yemjstgm lu`tgm dgt mftuura`bng vgrsprg`j`mks-kgl`gj z`bm sodffrs gm jg lgafmkr`bnstg z`bm finecst`k u`t \ecg`msg krfvgm (Aftfewf 600:>\sod gm I`sodgr


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j`g d`b veer c`b u`t faag degnbgs gm kfftbgs epsmerjg. Kggrt vfm jgr A`mjgm lgzerkjg c`b jgagmvfm jg leec u`t z`bm tu`m. Een Auo Cuyafgrt cfk `n m`gt vgrkgtgm veer `ma`odt`mkgm evgr jglggrput u`t Cgodgagm. Zgmsaettg een dfrtga`bn jfmn ffm Dfms Jgm`s veer jg ietes gm Jf`syvfm Oettdgc veer dgt nffrtbg.

A`tgrftuurLggoncfms A, Luysgr I jg, Luaon K vfm (


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@JGMZ@I@OFZ@GX\ELAGGC@MGGMFR@FZ@_ODGK\EGXW@ZJGOECCGA@MFIFC@A@G(OECCGA@MFOGFG)

@JGMZ@I@OFZ@EMX\ELAGC_@MFMF_@FMK\EWXEIZDGOECCGA@MFIFC@AP

A (D.) J

M O L M ( MDM)XE L , \F A, M

H..

_fcgmvftt`mkDgrlfrùccftgr`ffa `s m`gt fat`bj fijegmjg ec pafmtgm vfm ganffr tg nummgm emjgrsodg`jgm.Mffst dgt lgstujgrgm vfm kgjreekjg gxgcpafrgm nfm dgt lgn`bngm vfm jg agvgmjg pafmt em-c`slffr la`bngm tg z`bm. J`t `s ffmkgteemj l`b jg stuj`g vfm dgt kgsafodtFc`sodeteaypgu`t jgifcà`g vfm jg Oeccga`mfogfg.

Flstrfot

@jgmtìòftèm ei tdg spgo`gs ei Fc`sodeteaypg (Oeccga`mfogfg) dfs lggm prelagcftò iercfmy ygfrs. Emay fitgr dfv`mk sggm sgvgrfa spgo`gs `m tdg i`gaj wfs `t pess`lag te cfng f tfxe-

mecò rgv`sèm ei tdg Fs`fm spgo`gs. Zd`s rgv`sèm rgvgfas


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werjgm, `s ggm lgwgrn`mk vfm jg Oeccga`mfogfg veer jgzg Iaerf mek m`gt kgsodrgvgm. Gmvfm jg prelagcgm `m j`t kgl`gj `s dgt kgsafodtFc`sodeteaypgDfssn. Jg afftstg rgv`s`g foogp-tggrt zgs seertgm (Oafrng 6446> emjgr jg eujg kgsafodtsmffc Ierrgst`fF.\`od.), cffr mfj`gmz`bm mek gttga`bng seertgm lgsodrgvgm. Cecgmtgga z`bm mFc`sodeteaypgep seertm`vgfu


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c`bm emjgrzegn stfrttg, nem `n fa jr`g seertgm `m agvgm lgstujgrgm. Z`bjgms vgajwgrn `m ffm-krgmzgmj Cfag`s` nem `n mek ggms cftgr`ffa vfm jr`g seertgm vgrzfcgagm. Jeer gr een jgagmvfm tg jrekgm nem n z`gm wgang vgrfmjgr`mkgm jffrl`b eptrgjgm. Jgzg grvfr`mkgm dgllgm c`bgmerc kgdeapgm kr`p tg nr`bkgm ep jg kregp.

Gm vfm jg ngmcgrngm j`g `m dgt vgaj j`rgot epvfat, cffr `m jg rgv`s`g vfm Oafrng (6446)gm veerkfmkgrs m`gt kgmegcj werjt, `s jg pes`t`g vfm jg laeg`w`bzg. L`b jg cggstg seertgm `sj`g kgpafftst ep dgt rgodtepkffmjg gm lglafjgrjg jgga vfm jg stgmkga (I`k. 6), l`b ggm ffmtfa`s jgzg tg v`mjgm ep dgt evgr jg kremj nru`pgmjg jgga vfm jg stgmkga, wffr jg lafjgrgm rggjsfikgvfaagm z`bm (I`k.


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dgt cftgr`ffa ep j`t ngmcgrn tg sertgrgm wgrj fa smga ggm ffmtfa seertgm ju`jga`bn. Mf ggm bffrafkgm gr fodt stfpgatbgs cftgr`ffa vfm gvgm zevgga seertgm veer Cfafyf, jg zgvgm j`g een jeer\`jagy (60


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Ju`stgrcfft D (600?) Zdg `mtgrkafo`fa ceaausoifumf irec Cffstr`odt-Lgavjrg _`tg K. Cgjgjga`mkgm\`bns Kgeaek`sodg J`gmst :;2 96-9;

Ifjgm \L (6004) Oeccga`mfogfg. @m2 Nul`tzn` N (gj.) Zdg Ifc`a`gs fmj kgmgrf ei vfsouafr pafmts :._pr`mkgr, Lgra`m,pp.680-6


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ODFMKG_@M_DGAA_DFXG

YG\FMJG\@MKGM@M_ODGAXYE\C

G K

M C M D MFZW\FA@_X.E. L , MA- \F A, Z M

.H.

Cgt l`bzemjgr vgga kgmegkgm epkgjrfkgm ffm [`c Nu`bpgr

Flstrfot

J`soussgj s tdg lgwàjgr`mk vfr`gty m tdg sdfpg ei smfàs sdgaas, f ifot tdft m kgmgrfa ofmmetlg gxpaf`mgj ly jìigrgmogs `m dfl`tft.

_fcgmvftt`mk

Jg l`bzemjgr kretg vfr`ft`g ffm sodgapvercgm j`g l`b jg du`sbgssafnngm werjt ffmkgtreiigm,werjt kgweema`bn `m gveautèmf`rg oemtgxt lgsodeuwj fas fjfpt`gi. Zeod `s d`grevgr mek cffrwg`m`k cgt zgngrdg`j lgngmj. Ggm dgga mfuwg rgaft`g tussgm sodgapverc gm agvgmsw`bzg `s

m`gt ffmmgcga`bn, kgz`gm dgt kretg vgrsodà jft gr secs lgstfft tussgm buvgm`gag gm veakreg`jgdu`sbgs vfm jgzgaijg seert. Emjfmns j`g vgrsodàagm werjgm jg j`vgrsg agvgmsstfj`f jfm kg-weema`bn teod ep jgzgaijg paffts `m dgt cà`gu ffmkgtreiigm. L`b seertgm cgt deekkgwemjgm,safmng du`sbgs `s `m jg aeep vfm jg gveaut`g t`gmtfaagm ngrgm jgoeaaft`g emtstffm, dgt vgrsod`bm-sga wffrl`b fas seertngmcgrn jg levgmstg eckfmkgm vgrzwfnt werjgm gm jfm cggstfa filrg-ngm. Ngmmga`bn wgrnt jgoeaaft`g i`tmgss vgrdekgmj. Een l`b jg agmktg/lrggjtg vgrdeuj`mkvfm safnngmdu`sbgs spggat ggm gagcgmt vfm fjfptft`g cgg. Jg cggstg du`sbgs z`bm lrgjgr jfmdeek ei bu`st dekgr jfm lrggj, tgrw`ba ggm cggr jg leaverc lgmfjgrgmj u`tgra`bn c`mjgr vffnveernect. @m vgga sulifcà`gs vfm safnngmseertgm v`mjgm wg (vr`bwga) u`tsau`tgmj j`grgm cgtrgaft`gi lrgjg du`sbgs, ei wg z`gm fas fatgrmft`gi jft (l`bmf) faag du`sbgs `m zem kregp deek gm

safmn z`bm. Gmngag epcgrnga`bn u`tzemjgr`mkgm werjgm kgmegcj gm cgt filggaj`mkgm vgrju`-jga`bnt. Zgmsaettg werjt ep ggm rgogmtg pulaòft`g kgwgzgm wffr`m dgt veernecgm vfm ekgm-sod`bma`bn zggr vgrsodàagmjg du`sbgsvercgm l`mmgm m seert werjt lgsodrgvgm.

@mtrejuotèm

Zdgrg s f lgwàjgr`mk vfr`gty m sdgaa sdfpgs m smfàs sdgaas. Fatdeukd t s kgmgrfaay foogptgjtdft tdgsg iercs frg te f ogrtf`m gxtgmt ft agfst fjfpt`vg, wg nmew vgry a`ttag fleut tdg`r rgfas`kmìòfmog (Keejir`gmj 6049). Zd`s `s cf`may lgofusg fm gxpgr`cgmtfa fpprefod `s jìi`-ouat, ì pess`lag ft faa. [dàg aeen`mk ier oerrgaftèms lgtwggm pfrtòuafr sdgaa sdfpgs em tdg

emg dfmj fmj gagcgmts `m tdg dfl`tft fmj dfl`ts ei tdg spgo`gs em tdg etdgr dfmj, `t lgoecgs


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gv`jgmt tdft qu`tg jìigrgmt sdgaa sdfpgs cfy lg iumotèmfa, ì met mgutrfa, `m tdg sfcg gmv`-remcgmt. Jgprgssgj sdgaas w`td f sdfrp pgr`pdgrfa ngga cfy lg ieumj `m spgo`gs tdft eoour `mf vfr`gty ei dfl`tfts, fs `s gxgcpaì`gj ly ier gxfcpag Dgaò`kemf afpò`jf(A., 6;74) (I`k. 6)

fmj dglfspgo. (K`ttgmlgrkgr fmj \`pngm 604;). Dewgvgr, `m tdg sfcg dfl`tfts spgo`gs w`tdsdgaas w`tdeut f pgr`pdgrfa ngga eoour fs wgaa. _agmjgr iusìerc te oya`mjròfa sdgaas cfy lgieumj `m smfàs irec mgfray faa n`mjs ei dfl`tfts. _mfà spgo`gs eoourr`mk gxoaus`vgay `m ofvgs(fs cfy lg oemoaujgj irec tdg ifot tdft tdgy dfvg mgvgr lggm ieumj gasgwdgrg fmj dfvg aestfaa p`kcgmtftèm) dfvg sdgaas tdft vfry irec j`soe`j te sagmjgr iusìerc (K`ttgmlgrkgr


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pgrcest pfrt ei tdg sdgaa (Deodpodagr fmj Netdlfugr 60;7> K`ttgmlgrkgr fmj Xevga 6007).Cfylg tdesg gfray wderas, wdòd frg me aemkgr iàagj w`td seit pfrts ei tdg smfà fmywfy,fmj rgaft`vgay td`m-wfaagj, frg ei me rgfa usg fmycerg fmj secgwdft ei f d`mjrfmog ier gfsycfmeguvr`mk. Zdgy cfy gvgm ierc f r`sn ier tdg fm`cfa, s`mog tdg`r `mo`jgmtfa lrgfn`mk eiic`kdt rgsuat `m jgftd ly jgsòoftèm. Jur`mk gveautèmfry d`stery ei tdg puacemftg smfàs,jgoeaaftèm er`k`mftgj cfmy t`cgs `mjgpgmjgmtay, fs cfy lg oemoaujgj fargfjy ly s`cpay

odgon`mk `m wdòd kgmgrf `t eoours fooerj`mk te Ràod (6070-6098). @m :9 kgmgrf, cest eiwdòd lgaemk te g`tdgr tdg Oafusà``jfg (I`k. ?) er tdg Wreoept`jfg (I`ks. 4-0), emg er cergspgo`gs frg odfrfotgr`sgj ly jgoeaaftg sdgaas. Zdg muclgr ei gveautèmfry er`k`ms ei tdg pdg-mecgmem wàa lg igwgr dewgvgr, s`mog secg kgmgrf `m wdòd faa spgo`gs dfvg jgoeaaftg sdgaascfy dfvg oeccem fmogsters. Oafusà``js fmj ureoept`js dfvg sagmjgr sdgaas, eitgm w`td cfmywderas, se tdft aes`mk tdg `m`t`fa wderas c`kdt lg cgodfmòfaay fjvfmtfkgeus dgrg, `.g. i`tmgssgmdfmo`mk, fmj sgagotgj ier fs seem fs tdg kgmgtò gmv`remcgmt faaews `t.

K`ttgmlgrkgr fmj Xevga (6007) jgcemstrftgj tdft jgoeaaftèm cfy lg fod`gvgj `m ft agfsttwe jìigrgmt wfys, v`z. (6) ly wgfngm`mk tdg sdgaa wfaa fmj ierc`mk f sgptuc lgaew tdgwgfngmgj pe`mt, er (


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Gveautèmfry odfmkgs2 Oress`mk tdg fjfpt`vg vfaagy

@m cfmy kfstrepej ifcà`gs er sulifcà`gs faa tdg spgo`gs dfvg sdgaas tdft lgaemk te emay emgei tdg twe dg`kdt/w`jtd oftgker`gs cgmtèmgj lgierg. Zdgrg frg secg str`n`mk gxogptèmsdewgvgr, sukkgst`mk tdft `m f igw ofsgs f cfber odfmkg `m sdgaa sdfpg dfs eoourrgj, wdòdgmflagj f spgo`gs te oress tdg fjfpt`vg vfaagy tdft sggcs te gx`st lgtwggm tdesg twe rftè oft-

gker`gs. Fcemk tdg cfmy spgo`gs ei tdg Fr`fmt`mfg (I`ks. 6, :-7), faa w`td kaeluafr, cerg eragss jgprgssgj sdgaas, emay Oya`mjrus eltusus(Jrfpfrmfuj 6487) (I`k. :) `s odfrfotgr`sgj ly foya`mjròfa sdgaa. Dga`xgmf sfmotfgcfr`fg(Cergagt fmj Jreut 647;) (I`k. 9) cfy lg o`tgj fs fs`càfr ofsg irec fcemk tdg Agptfx`mfg (Dgaò`jfg) (I`ks. 9-;), wdgrgfs Dgmjgrsem`gaaf pfac-gr`Jfaa, 6087 (I`k. 4) gxgcpaì`gs tdg eppes`tg ofsg. Zdg afttgr `s f ureoept`j spgo`gs w`td fj`soe`j sdgaa, `m str`n`mk oemtrfst te tdg etdgr spgo`gs ei Wreoept`jfg (I`ks. 4-0), wdòd frgodfrfotgr`sgj ly sagmjgr te vgry sagmjgr sdgaas (I`k. 0). @t `s pess`lag `m pr`mo`pag tdft tdg spg-o`gs, tdft frg fmogstrfa te tdgsg tdrgg spgo`gs kreups, dfj sdgaas w`td gqufa dg`kdts fmj w`jtds.@i se, tdgm tdg qugstèm fr`sgs wdy `m gfod ofsg emay f s`mkag spgo`gs `s flgrrfmt.

I`k. ?

Jgoeaaftèm `m Fal`mfr`f rglga` ([fkmgr 60


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I`ks. :-7

_dfpg j`grgmogs fcemk Fr`fmt`mfg (sgg fase I`k.

6)

Agit (I`k. :)2 Oya`mjrus eltusus (Jrfpfrmfuj

6487), odfrfotgr`sgj ly f oya`mjròfa sdgaa, wdòd `s

um`qug `m td`s sulifcày (Fustr`f, Nrmtgm, wgst ei

tdg Irfmz-Besgpd Dfus `m tdg Kresskaeonmgr rg-

kèm, ft


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@m fm mtr`ku`mk frt`oag, Lrgurg (


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\gigrgmogs

Lrgurg F_D (


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IE__@GAGG@NGMKFAAGMW@ZDGZGGC@GMYFMMGJG\AFMJ

IE__@AEFNKFAA_I\ECZDGGGC@FMEIZDG MGZDG\AFMJ_

\ D

M O L M ( MDM)X , \F A, M

DH..

_fcgmvftt`mk

@m jgzg l`bjrfkg stfft dgt fodtgrdfagm vfm jg `jgmt`tg`t gm dgrnecst vfm ggm ffmtfa eersprem-nga`bn fas pffrjgmnfstfmbgs kgjgtgrc`mggrjg elbgotgm ogmtrffa. R`b necgm u`t ggm zfmj- gmkr`mjkregvg l`b \ffatg gm z`bm jffr sfcgm cgt fmjgrg pafmtgmrgstgm gm cgt zeekj`grlettgm u`tdgt Ggc`gm gm [gòdsga`gm ffmkgtreiigm. W`tg`mjga`bn laggn dgt m`gt tg kffm ec pffrjgmnfs-tfmbgs cffr ec g`ngmkfaagm vgreerzffnt jeer jg kfawgspFmjròus dumkfròus. Jg lgkgag`jgm-jg pafmtgmrgstgm gm peaagmfmfaysg teemjgm ffm jft zg u`t dgt Ggc`gm finecst`k z`bm. Iess`gagkfaagm z`bm zgajzffc gm kfaagm vfm Ggc`gm eujgrjec wfrgm tet ep dgjgm emlgngmj.

Flstrfot

Zd`s pfpgr jgsor`lgs tdg sgfrod ier tdg `jgmt`ty fmj prevgmfmog ei f muclgr ei elbgots tdftwgrg `m`t`faay oems`jgrgj te lg iessà dersg odgstmuts. Zdgy wgrg ieumj tekgtdgr w`td etdgrpafmt rgcf`ms, fmj w`td Ggc`fm fmj [gòdsga`fm cfccfa lemgs `m wfstg cftgr`fa irec tdgsfmj/krfvga p`t Deekg Lregn mgfr \ffatg, `m tdg gfstgrm pfrt ei tdg Mgtdgrafmjs. Gvgmtufaay,tdgsg elbgots fppgfrgj te rgprgsgmt kfaas `mjuogj ly tdg ourrgmtay _eutdgfst Gurepgfm efnkfaa wfspFmjròus dumkfròus(vfm jgr Dfc gt fa. _temg gt fa.


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`mtgrfot`ems (_temg gt fa.


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zg cggmgcgm, veer mfjgr emjgrzegn, wfmt jgrkga`bn cftgr`ffa kfft ffm bg pfageletfm`sodkgwgtgm nmfkgm. Ggrst dgl `n wft kgkgvgms evgr jg v`mjpaffts vgrzfcgaj. Jft wfs jg zu`k-put Deekg Lregn `m dgt @Bssgajfa, gmngag n`aecgtgrs tgm meerjeestgm vfm \ffatg (I`k. jg Cuajgr gt fa.


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mffst. Zdu`skgnecgm dgl `n ietes kgcffnt gm epkgstuurj mffr Lfs. L`bmf pgr eccgkffmjgfmtweerjjg d`b2 Jg gm`kg fsseo`ft`g j`g `n nr`bk `s2 fikgpafttg v`bkgm. Cekga`bn nfm `n cggr

zgkkgm fas `n jg elbgotgm godt veer ekgm nr`bk. @m c`bm frod`gi z`ttgm ietes vfm 60 bua` vfmgmngag c`m ei cggr evgrafmks kglrengm gxgcpafrgm. @m j`g jfkgm cegt `n jg oaug kgvemjgmdgllgm2 ep Ludr 6097> Cga`nf gt fa. I`k. ?), lgvfttgm tet wga tet zgs bffr mf fivfaagm nfm jg veawfssgm kfawgsp mek mffr lu`tgmnecgm. Ruang kfaagm z`bm veerlgstgcj ec tg iessà`sgrgm! Jg \ffatgmsg gxgcpafrgm z`bm `gtstet cft`k vgrjrunt, ?; tet 7; cc `m jeersmgjg gm dgllgm mgt fas jg rgogmtg gxgcpafrgm ggm

vgrsprg`j-lellga`k eppgrvafn. Ogmtrffa `m jg kfa vfmF. dumkfròuslgv`mjt zòd m afrvgnf-cgr. Jg dfrjg wfmj vfm jg afrvgnfcgr `s `m dgt cftgr`ffa u`t \ffatg kegj lgwffrj kglagvgm

I`k. ?

\gogmt gxgcpaffr vfm jg kfa vfm jg g`ngmkfawgsp

Fmjròus dumkfròus. Cfftstrggpbg2 6 oc

(Iete K. Osnf)

\gogmt spgo`cgm ei tdg kfaa ei tdg efn kfaa wfsp

Fmjròus dumkfròus. Lfr2 6 oc

I`k. :

Ogmtrfag jgga vfm ggm jeerkgsmgjgm kfa vfm

Fmjròus dumkfròus u`t \ffatg, wffr`m ju`jga`bn

jg afrvgnfcgr tg z`gm `s. Cfftstrggpbg2 7 cc

Ogmtrfa pfrt ei f l`sgotgj kfaa ei Fmjròus dumkf-

ròus irec \ffatg, `m wdòd tdg afrvfa odfclgr `s

oagfray v`s`lag. Lfr2 7 cc


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(I`k. :) gm ggm cee` remj kft afft z`gm jft ggm veawfssgm kfawgsp zòd jgst`bjs ggm wgk mffrlu`tgm kgnmffkj dggit. Jg wffrjpafmt vfm jg kfa(wgsp) `s jg Recgrg`n (Vugrous relur) ei jg

[`mtgrg`n (V. pgtrfgf). L`b vgrwfmtg seertgm s ggm twggjg wffrjpafmt, jg Cesg`n (V. ogrr`s),mej`k ec jg agvgmsoyoaus remj tg nr`bkgm, cffr j`t s veerF. dumkfròusmek m`gt ffmkgteemj.Gmngag d`grvfm, zefasF. neaafr`(Nm`nngrkfawgsp) gmF. qugrousofaò`s(Nmeppgrkfawgsp), dgl-

lgm s`mjs jg mtrejuot`g vfm jg Cesg`n dum frgffa vfmu`t dgt zu`jgm/eestgm mffr Meerjwgst-Gurepf nummgm u`tlrg`jgm.

Ygajwgrn

Dgt ig`t jft Fmjròus dumkfròus tgkgmweerj`k m`gt `m Meerjwgst-Gurepf veernect, vgr-stgrntg c`bm vgrcegjgm jft dgt ec iess`ga cftgr`ffa k`mk. Firemj`mk vfm dgt prebgot cgt ggmvemjstcgaj`mk wfs `m zòdt (jfodt `n). Lgk`m fukustus k`mk Bedfm fooeerj cgt ggm kgzfcgm-a`bn stunbg evgr jg kfa, dgt deut gm gvgmtugag fmjgrg letfm`sodg rgstgm. Jr`g zfngm cegstgmmek kgrgkgaj werjgm2 6. lgvgst`k`mk vfm jg jgtgrc`mft`g vfm jg kfa jeer ggm spgo`fa`st,


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ei Gj`mlurkd). Cgt ggm lgzegn ffm Bfm Lrgwgrdeeptg `n `gts evgr jg eujgrjec gm fmjgrgpafmtgmrgstgm tg vgrmgcgm. Ep 68 fukustus lgm`n fikgrg`sj mffr \ffatg, jffr verstga`bn emtvfm-kgm jeer Bfm gm z`bm vreuw Bfmmgng gm dgl `n

z`bm gmercg lettgmoeaagot`g ffmsodeuwj. Epggm tfigatbg dfj d`b fa wft letfm`sod cftgr`ffau`tkgstfaj2 mek cggr kfaagm, jgmmgm- gm spfr-rgmngkgas, ggm ju`jga`bn iess`gag wfameetseert,ggm rfpf-vruodt, gmngag g`ngas gm deutrgstgm.L`bmf faag kfaagm (`moaus`gi jg gxgcpafrgm j`g `nfa ngmjg) lagngm `m figm teg nwfc gr mek wga ggms ggm l`b (u`tg`mjg-a`bn wgrjgm dgt gr :;). Ygga cggr pafmtgmcftgr`-ffa afk veakgms Bfm m lgrkbgs vfm krei tet i`bm ep

dgt tgrrg`m, mgtbgs jeer jg \GNE u`t dum kr`mjgm zfmj kgsertggrj (I`k. 7). Dgaffs nemjgm wgjffr `m jg vfnfmt`gpgr`ejg m`gt l`b necgm. Ep66 entelgr stuurjg d`b dgt rgsuatfft vfm dgt u`t-zegngm vfm ggm cemstgr2 zfjgm/vruodtgm vfmDeermlafj (Ogrftepdyaauc), \ejg nermegabg(Oermus sfmku`mgf), Kgag paecp (Mupdfr autgf),Nrfllgmsodggr (_trft`etgs fae`jgs), fsbgs vfm ga-zgmpreppgm (Famus), stunbgs k`t, gto., nertec2ggm vggalgaevgmjg zgmj`mk. Ep


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jeer zegtwftgr-, egvgr- gm lregnlesseertgm gmgrz`bjs gm seertgm u`t jrekgrg lessgm fmjgr-z`bjs, ggm cee`g wggrsp`gkga`mk vfm jg iaerf vfm dgt jeer stuwwfaagm lgkrgmsjg egr-@Bssga(3\`bm)jfa. Jg lafuwg nag` wffr jg kfaagm gm dgt cggstg fmjgrg pafmtgmcftgr`ffa u`t finec-st`k lagngm tg z`bm, lgvfttg kretg ffmtfaagm cgkfspergm gm còresperfmk`f vfm jg Yaetvfrgm(_fav`m`f mftfms). Cemstgrs vfm jg nag` agvgrjg een ggm ia`mng sertgr`mk kegj kgoemsgrvggrjstuìcgga ep (kgprgpfrggrj gm kgtgaj jeer [`c). Jg spgotrf wgzgm ep ggm Afft-Ggc`gm-eu-jgrjec (Ofrp`mus-ifsg) vfm dgt cftgr`ffa, wft kegj evgrggmnwfc cgt jg ffmwgz`kdg`j vfmcforergstgm vfm tdgrcei`gag seertgm fas \ejg wftgraga`g (Lrfsgm`f sodrglgr`), Xfacleecpbg(Luxus sgcpgrv`rgms), Kgag nermegabg (Oermus cfs), Nag`m m`cinru`j (Mfbfs c`mer), Yaetvfrgm(_fav`m`f mftfms) gm mftuura`bn jg kfa vfm jg Ru`jeestgurepgsg Fmjròus dumkfròus. Dgtm`bapffrj gm jg Leseaìfmt z`bm d`gr ceg`tgaees `m tg pfssgm. [ffrsod`bma`bn `s dgt evgrkretgjgga vfm dgt cftgr`ffa finecst`k u`t jg Rutpdgm Cgclgr vfm jg Iercft`g vfm Nrgitgmdgyg(jg Cuajgr gt fa.


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Zet saetGmtdeus`fst kgwerjgm evgr j`t vgrdffa gm jg vgag letvemjstgm (I`k. 4), dgllgm Cfrt`bmKua`ngr gm \gfmmg vfm Naggi (Wm`vgrs`tg`t Ag`jgm) `m dgt nfjgr vfm ggm jue-stfkg l`bMfturfa`s dgt zeekj`grcftgr`ffa vfm Deekg Lregn lgsodrgvgm gm kgmtgrprgtggrj (Kua`ngrgm vfm Naggi


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Luron DJC (60:0) Oemt`mgmtfag Ggcafkgm `m dgt jfa vfm jgm Kgajgrsodgm @Bssga, lgmgvgms ep-cgrn`mkgm lgtrgiigmjg dgt @Bssgaaffktgrrfs ^Oemt`mgmtfa Ggc`fm jgpes`ts `m tdg vfaagy ei tdg\`vgr Kgajgrsg @BssgaS. Ygrdfmjga`mkgm Nem`mna`bn Mgjgrafmjsod Kgeaek`sod-C`bmleuwnumj`kKgmeetsodfp, Kgeaek`sodg _gr`g 672 ?


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X\FZGMEYG\ZECFZGM2 @MZ\EJWOZ@GYFMZECFFZ(_EAFMWCAPOEXG\_@OWCA.) @MJGAFKGAFMJGM

ZFAN@MKFLEWZZECFZEG_2 ZDG@MZ\EJWOZ@EMEIZECFZE(_EAFMWCAPOEXG\_@OWCA.) @MZDG AE[OEWMZ\@G_

\ D

F A, I FW A , X , - \F A

DH..

_fcgmvftt`mk

Jgzg l`bjrfkg ffm jg iggstga`bng lumjga pulaòft`gs tgr grg vfm [`c Nu`bpgr kggit ggm evgrzòdtvfm jg mtrejuot`g vfm Zecfft (_eafmuc ayoepgrsòucA. Ayoepgrsòem gsouagmtucCàagrS), ggmvfm jg cggst rgogmtg tegvegk`mkgm ffm dgt frodgeletfm`sod lgstfmj vfm jg Afkg Afmjgm.

Flstrfot

@m M`grgclgrk (69?7)> Cumt`mk (69;6, 69; Myafmjt (694 Lafmnffrt (6904)> A`kgr (6;89)> Legrdffvg (6; [g`mcfmm (6;:4)> Deuttuym(6;;;)> Odecga (6;;4)> fmemyceus `m ADertòuatgur Lgakg(64??/64?:) fmj _pruyt (64;


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4<

ei tdg Mgtdgrafmjs `m Ag`jgm. Dgrg, fase etdgr jr`gj Zecfte spgo`cgms ofm lg ieumj `m tdgdgrlfrùc oeaagotèm ei Yfm \eygm fmj Cggrlurk, jft`mk o. 6;78.

Zdg d`steròfa seurogs cgmtèm tdft Zecfte `m tdg Aew Oeumtr`gs wfs ft i`rst pafmtgj`m kfrjgms ier `ts jgoerft`vg lgrr`gs. Zecfte pafmts frg sf`j te sdeet irec sggjs sewm fitgrw`mtgr, prejuo`mk r`pg iru`ts `m futucm. Cest futders jgsor`lg `ts cgjò`mfa prepgrt`gs `m

rgaftèm te ducerfa`sc, stft`mk tdg pafmt te lg ei oeaj mfturg. Jejegms `m`t`ftgj tdg `jgftdft tecftegs frg `mgj`lag fmj aew `m mutr`tèm, oecpfr`mk tdg pafmts cerpdeaeky fmjsogmt te pe`semeus rgaft`vgs `m tdg M`kdtsdfjg ifcày. Legrdffvg fjjgj tdft `mkgstèm ei tdgpafmt ofusgj sònmgss ei tdg stecfod er strengs. Zecfte wfs iurtdgrcerg eitgm fve`jgj lg-ofusg ei fsseo`ftèms w`td ayofmtdrepy (f prfotòg `m w`todorfit te gveng wgrgweavgs). Dgmogtdg mfcg ayoepgrsòuc wdòd cgfms weais pgfod. Mgvgrtdgagss, fooerj`mk te sgvgrfa fu-tders tecftegs wgrg gftgm ly secg pgepag. @m 6;7: Càagr prepesgj Zecftes iercgr mfcg,Ayoepgrsòem gsouagmtucCàagr, cgfm`mk gj`lag weais pgfod. Zdg 60td ogmtury sfw krewtdei tdg Zecfte umjgr kafss fmj fm gcgrk`mk cfrngt rgkfrj`mk tdg oemsucptèm ei tecftegs mseutdgrm pfrts ei tdg Aew Oeumtr`gs (Lgakùc). Zecftegs frg cgmtèmgj `m oeenleens `m tdg

c`jjag ei tdg 60td ogmtury. @m tdg mertdgrm pfrts ei tdg Aew Oeumtr`gs (tdg Mgtdgrafmjs),tdg prejuotèm fmj gvgryjfy oemsucptèm ei tecftegs stfrtgj `m tdg gfray


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Eerspremk

_ystgcft`gn gm Dgrnecst

Zecfft `s finecst`k u`t jg Mfodtsodfjgifcà`g (_eafmfogfg), wgang jg cgmsdg`j ggm kreetffmtfa kglru`nspafmtgm dggit kgagvgrj zefas Ffrjfppga (_eafmuc tulgresuc A.), Fulgrk`mg

(_eafmuc cgaemkgmf A.), Xgp`me (_eafmuc curòftuc F`tem), _pffmsg pgpgr gm Xfpr`nf(OfpsòucA. spp.) gm Zflfn (Mòet`fmfA. spp.). Zecfft wgrj `m ggrstg `mstfmt`g faec lgt`-tgaj fas _eafmuc pecìgruc(_fl`mg 6460). Zgkgmweerj`k jrffkt jg pafmt jg wgtgmsodfppg-a`bng mffc _eafmuc ayoepgrsòuc A., zefas jgzg `m 6;7? jeer A`mmfgus wgrj `mkgvegrj. @m jgtussgmt`bj cggmjgm fmjgrg letfmò` veajegmjg ffmw`bz`mkgm tg z`gm ec jg tecftgm ggm g`kgmkgsafodt teg tg ngmmgm, emjgr fmjgrg kgz`gm jg vggadenn`kdg`j vfm jg vruodtgm (Fmkuàafrf6796> jg Zeurmgiert 690:). J`t wgrj jeer Càagr `m 6;7: eiiò`gga grngmj, gm Ayoepgrsòemgsouagmtuc Càagr wgrj tet vr`b rgogmtga`bn fakgcggm tegkgpfst. Emafmks s godtgr ffm jg dfmjvfm kgmgt`sod emjgrzegn vfstkgstgaj jft Zecfft ggm zustgrkregp `s vfm Ffrjfppga, gm ce-jgrmg tfxemec`g pafftst jg pafmt wggr `m dgt kgsafodt _eafmuc(Eacstgfj gm Xfacgr 600;>

Xgrfatf gm _peemgr _peemgr gt fa.


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A.4cgt e.f. Keujlgs (X. pgruv`fmfA.). Jffrgmtgkgm zeujgm jg vregkgrg Ru`j-Fcgr`nffmsgouaturgm, wffremjgr jg Xgruffmsg, `m dgt kgdgga kggm weerj veer Zecfft ngmmgm, gm kggmgmngag ecsodr`bv`mk kgvgm vfm tecfftfodt`kg pafmtgm j`g lgafmkr`bn wfrgm veer dum j`ggt(Lrodgr 6040> Cemtgs Dgrmmjgz gm Fku`rrg \`vgrf 600:). Xgrfatf gm _peemgr ( \`on 6007). Jg gm`kg

frodgeaek`sodg vemjst j`g d`grcgg `m vgrlfmj nfm stffm, `s ggm sp`mstggm u`t jg Vu`clfyfouatuur (788-6888 FJ) u`t Oeaecl`f (Jfumfy gt fa.


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I`k. 6

Deutpr`mt vfm Zecfft u`t dgt Nrgutgrluod

kgcgdrgt umj vgrigrt`kgt jurod Befod`cuc

Ofcgrfrùc vfm Cfdèaus (6708, p. ?;4>

Wm`vgrs`t jg _trfsleurk, _grvòg Oeccum jg afJeoucgmtftèm, Irfmog)

[eejout ei Zecfte irec tdg Nrgutgrluod

kgcgdrgt umj vgrigrt`kgt jurod Befod`cuc

Ofcgrfrùc irec Cfdèaus (6708, p. ?;4>

Wm`vgrs`t jg _trfsleurk, _grvòg Oeccum jg afJeoucgmtftèm, Irfmog)


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49

@m jg jgogmm`f j`g veakjgm wgrj `m _pfmbg, @tfa` gm Irfmnr`bn jg ouat`vft`g vfm ggm ffm-tfa vfr`tg`tgm u`tkglrg`j. Ep jg eujstg filggaj`mkgm `s fa ggm ngur ffm vgrsodàagmjg ver-cgm gm nagurgm tg z`gm, wffremjgr kgag, erfmbg, rejg ei kgvagntg, secs nag`mg remjg, cffrvffn een kretg, kafjjg gm kgr`llgajg tecftgm (CoOug 607?> Jfumfy gt fa.

Ega`mkgr (677?)> Kgsmgr (677?)> Iuods (67:0-6779)> Jurfmtg (6747)> Cfttdèaus (6708)>Degimfkga (670 _wggrt (696 Lgsagr (696?)> Lfud`m (6976)> Cerr`sem (6948)> Ru`mkgr`gt fa. (6909)> [g`mcfmm (6;:4).

Mffst jg levgmkgmegcjg filggaj`mkgm z`bm gr een kgjreekjg tecftgmpafmtgm epkgme-cgm `m lgpffajg dgrlfr`f. Jg eujstg `s tg v`mjgm `m dgt Mftèmffa Dgrlfrùc Mgjgrafmj(MDM) tg Ag`jgm, `m dgt vfm eerspremk @tfa`ffmsg dgrlfrùc kgmffcj Gm `l` Xgrpgtu`s\`jgmtuc Iaer`lus Dertuc6;(I`k.


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I`k. Kgc.2 dgt kgc`jjgajg

J`cgmsèms ei 74 Zecfte sggjs irec tdg s`tg ei

Cffstròdt-Cfrntpaffts, cgfsurgj `m cc (`m-

oauj`mk tdg df`r-a`ng pretrusèms). A2 agmktd> L2

w`jtd> J2 tdònmgss> Kgc.2 fvgrfkg

Cemstgr 660;-?6 Cemstgr 6;:


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zfjgm w`bngm godtgr ju`jga`bn fi vfm j`g vfm Zecfft `m jg z`m jft zg ggm vgga nertgr pftreemvfm lgdfr`mk dgllgm.

L`mmgm _eafmucA. sgot`g Ayoepgrsòem (Càa.) [gttst. z`bm faag zfjgm eckgnggrj g`remj,ffm jg fpgx scfa kgvagukgaj gm sp`ts ffm jg lfs`s (_eafmfogfg _eurog Auonwàa 60:?f)7?

, cffrveerfa `m ficgt`mkgm. L`mmgm jgzg sgot`g z`bm jg ficgt`mkgm vfm jg zfjgm vfm _. ayoepgrsòucA. dgt kreetst, jg rgogmtg zfjgm z`bm (gxoaus`gi jg dffrfodt`kg u`tkreg`sgas)


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Lgsagr L (696?) Dertvs Gystgttgms`s, _`vg Jà`kgms Gt Foovrftf Ecm`vc Xafmtfrvc, Iaervc, _t`rp`vc,Gx Yfr``s Erl`s Zgrrfg Xfrt`lvs, _`mkvafr` _tvjè Oeaagotfrvc Vvfg @m Ogaglgrr`c`s Y`r`jfr``s

Frogc Gp`soepfagc @l`jgc O`mkgmt`lvs, Deo Zgcperg Oemspò`vmtvr Jga`mgftè Gt Fj Y`vvc\gprfgsgmtftè. Mrmlgrk

Lafmnffrt _ (6904) Jgm Mgjgrafmjsodgm Dgrlfrùs eitg Nru`j-Legn jgr Yeermffcstg Nru`jgm, tet jgCgjòymg, _pys-lgrg`j`mkgm gm Nemst-wgrngm j`gmst`k. Bfm tgm Deerm, FcstgrjfcBfm tgm Deerm, Fcstgrjfc

Legrdffvg D (6;


98/286

09

Gmoyoaepj`f Lr`tfmm`of (


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Belsg-vfm Xuttgm B (6007) Ggmveuj`k cffr vegjzffc, ouatuurkgsod`gjgm`s vfm jg jfkga`bnsg cffat`bj`m Mgjgrafmj. _WM, M`bcgkgm

Nfancfm O (


100/286

04

Cumt`mk F (694 A`ttag-Nmewm Xafmts ei tdg Fmjgs w`tdXrec`sg ier [erajw`jg Ouat`vftèm. \gpert ei fm Fj Deo Xfmga ei tdg Fjv`sery Oecc`ttgg emZgodmeaeky @mmevftèm Lefrj em _o`gmog fmj Zgodmeaeky ier @mtgrmftèmfa Jgvgaepcgmt Mftèmfa\gsgfrod Oeumoà. Mftèmfa Fofjgcy Xrgss, [fsd`mktem, J.O.

M`grgclgrk BG (69?7) D`ster`f Mftrfg, cfx`cg pgrgkr`mfg a`lr`s TY@2 j`st`motf foo. jg c`r`s gt

c`rfouae`s`s `m Gurepf a`lr` @@2 `tgc jg ``sjgc `m tgrrf Dglrfg`s prec`ssf a`lgr umus. Xafmt`mf`m`Lfatd. Cergt`, Fmtwgrpgm

Myafmjt X (694


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\òn OC (6007) Zecfte Ayoepgrsòem gsouagmtuc (_eafmfogfg). @m2 _cfrtt B, _`ccemjs M[ (gjs).Gveautèm ei Orep Xafmts, sgoemj gj`tèm. Aemkcfm _o`gmtìò & Zgodmòfa, Gssgx, Gmkafmj, pp:7


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688

Zergsgaaf _ (600 _. dufyafsgmsg Xgrfatf> _. ayoepgrsòuc A.> _. mgeròn`` O.C. \òn,Ngsòn`, Ielgs & C. Deaag, J.C. _peemgr, K.B. Fmjgrsem & \.N. Bfmsgm> _. pgmmgaa`Òerrgaa> _. pgruv`fmucA. gm _.p`cp`mgaa` ieaùcL. Buss.

Dgt kfft ec jg rgogmtga`bn ecsodrgvgm _. kfafpfkgmsg_. Jfrw`m & Xgrfatf gm _. odggscfm`fg(A. \àgy) Ieslgrk.

Jg vgrsprg`j`mk mffr jgzg gàfmjgm `s cekga`bn tg jfmngm ffm sodàjpfjjgm (\òn gm Lewcfm 6096).

Jgzg werjt tgkgmweerj`k m`gt cggr fas fpfrtg vfr`tg`t grngmj (Xgrfatf gm _peemgr


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J`t nfm cekga`bn jeer Cergm v`f Cfrenne kglgurj z`bm. Zwgg Nftdea`gng pr`gstgrs zeujgm pfs vgga aftgr rejg tecftgmdgllgm `mkgvegrj. Jg lrem vfm jgzg u`tsprfngm `s emlgngmj.

Cfttdèaus lgwggrt `m jg ecsodr`bv`mk jft jg tecftgm `m @tfa` fa kgkgtgm wgrjgm, wft `cpaòggrt jft jg tecftgm ffm-z`gma`bng t`bj veer 67:: kgmtrejuoggrj z`bm. Jgzg vregkgrg jftuc nfm w`bzgm ep ggm Cgxòffmsg eerspremk, ffmkgz`gm jgvgrevgr`mk vfm Xgru pfs `m 67?6 veatee`j wgrj (Keuaj 604?).

Kd`m` (6:08-6779) wfs epròdtgr vfm jg ggrstg Gurepgsg letfm`sodg tu`m `m X`sf, gm oerrgspemjggrjg cgt Cfttdèaus gmvr`bwga `gjgrg fmjgrg Gurepgsg dgrlfr`st.

Gr z`bm vgrsodàagmjg `jggm evgr jg rgjgm vfm dgt tegsodr`bvgm vfm z`mmgmpr`nngagmjg g`kgmsodfppgm, zefas jg fmgnjetgjft j`t fikgag`j `s vfm jg kga`bngm`s cgt Faru`m, wffr`m cgm `m jg verc vfm jg wertgas ggm vgrstrgmkgaj a`gijgspffr jfodttg z`gm. Een lgstfft dgt rgaffs jft jg lgcfmm`mk vfm Oeauclus `m jg Er`meoer`v`gr `m Ygmgzugaf jg `mkfmk vfm dgt FfrjsXfrfj`bs jfodt tg v`mjgm, fawffr zg `m jg rejg fppgaverc`kg vruodtgm (jg tecftgm) jg er`k`mgag a`gijgsfppga vfm Gvfjfodtgm tg dgrngmmgm.

Een d`grvfm fikgag`jg mfcgm fas cgagmzfmf, cgafmtzfm, jeafppga ei juafppga, j`g `m cejgrmg a`tgrftuur wgaggmskgmegcj werjgm `m rgaft`g tet tecftgm, saffm `m jg eujg dgrlfr`f m`gt ep Zecfft. @m jg cggstg kgvfaagm kfft dgt jfm ecFulgrk`mg (zefa s `m jg wgrngm vfm Jejegms, Cumt`mk 69;


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Zecftgm z`bm `mjgrjffj m`gt l`bzemjgr vegjzffc, zg lgstffm veer 08 preogmt u`t wftgr gm lgvfttgm grk wg`m`k neeadyjrf-tgm. Cffr zg z`bm wga r`bn ffm c`mgrfagm gm veerfa v `tfc`mg O. Jg mffc vfm dgt stgrng fmtèx `jfmt ayoepggm jft `m tecftgmz`t, `s tg jfmngm ffm jg mffc ayoepgrsòuc.

Deuttuym vgrw`bst `m j`t sodr`bvgm mffr dgt wgrn vfm A`mmfgus, j`g `m 6;;0 jfm een l`bmf dgtzgaijg sodr`bit. Mfcga`bnjft tecftgm `m @tfa` gm jg Eest @mj`gm kgkgtgm werjgm, tgrw`ba jeer secc`kg cgmsgm kgjfodt werjt jft jg vruodtgmkìt`k z`bm.

Odecga vgrdffat jft tecftgm d`gr m`gt kgkgtgm werjgm, gm degwga cgm vfm jg @tfa`ffmgm, _pfmbffrjs, gm Xertukggsgm zgkj,jft zg jg vruktgm mutt`kgm cgt leec-ea`g, fz`bm gm pgpgr, ze fas w`b jg Oemoeccgrs, z`b kggvgm ggm sagkt vegjsga.

Gr jegt een ggm fmjgr vgrdffa jg remjg, mfcga`bn jft r`bngrg cgmsgm lerjgm vfm t`m dfjjgm. Yegjsga cgt ggm dekgrgzuurkrffj, zefas tecftgm, zeu jffrjeer tet aeejvgrkìt`k`mk ag`jgm gm jffrec wgrjgm tecftgm kgcgjgm. Aeej nfm jfm`mjgrjffj (cgt cfx`cffa ?8 preogmt) vr`bnecgm, cffr aeejvgrkìt`k`mk `s ggm trffk preogs gm zeu jffrec m`gt kfuw `mvgrlfmj kglrfodt werjgm cgt ggm lgpffaj seert vegjsga.

Degwga L`ttgrzegt (_eafmuc juaofcfrfA.) wga ggms wàj zegtdeut wgrj kgmegcj, gm jg deut`kg jgagm grvfm wga kgmut-t`kj wgrjgm `m paffts vfm juurjgr zegtdeut.

Rwfrtg mfodtsodfjg (_eafmuc m`krucA.) lgstfft u`t vfr`tg`tgm ct gm zemjgr kìt`kg lgssgm.

A`kgr vgrtgat `m 6;89 evgr`kgms jft jg eerspremk vfm jg mffc afk l`b jg kgjfodtg jft weavgm jg fppgagm jgr a`gijg (jgtecftgm) ftgm. Een dffat d`b ggm agkgmjg ffm vfm Ayoepgrsòem, j`g kglergm wfs ep jg lgrk Xfpdes ep Oyprus, ep ggmpagn j`g kgw`bj wfs ffm jg vgrgr`mk vfm jg kej vfm jg a`gijg.

Jg legnt`tga cgt jffr`m tet jg Cgjòymg, _pys-lgrg`j`mkgmkggit ffm jft dgt jg lgjega`mk wfs cgjò`mffa gm vegj`mksfj-v`gs tg kgvgm, cffr Lafmnffrt wffrsoduwt m`gt tgkgm cekga`bng vegjsgavgrkìt`k`mk.

Een Kgsmgr vgrtgat `m 6796jft dgt m`gt sodfjga`bn `s fas vegjsga, gm jft jg vruodt kguraees gm m`gt empagzfmt `s.

Jeer jg zurg g`kgmsodfppgm nummgm tecftgm jg fmjgrg scfngm `mjgrjffj cggr mffr vergm aftgm necgm.

_odàjgrcfms (_odàjgrcfms gt fa.


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LWALEW_EFZK\F__ FCFK@OXAFMZ@MX\GD@_ZE\@OBWZAFMJFMJIWMGM

NMEAKAFM_DFYG\ GGMCFK@_ODGXAFMZ@MX\GD@_ZE\@_ODBWZAFMJGMIWMGM

X C B, C D F,

X D C

C CJ G F O

C F , D, JD, J

H.., H.., H..

Flstrfot

I`mjs ei lualeus eft krfss dfvg lgoecg cerg fmj cerg oeccem em Jfm`sd frodfgeaekòfas`tgs. Zdg reet luals ei td`s pafmt frg ieumj letd em sgttagcgmts fmj `m orgcftèm krfvgsirec vfrèus pgrèjs ei tdg Lremzg fmj @rem Fkg, wdòd `s àaustrftgj w`td twe gxfcpags2Nàjgdusg @@ fmj Gacgdbsfkgr @@.

Nàjgdusg @@ `s f orgcftèm ogcgtgry irec tdg gmj ei tdg Lremzg Fkg oemtf`m`mk :< org-

cftèm krfvgs, faa ei wdòd wgrg sfcpagj ier cforeiessà fmfays`s. @m m`mg krfvgs reet lualsei lualeus eft krfss wgrg ieumj, rfmk`mk irec emg lual `m tdrgg krfvgs te ?7 luals `m emgkrfvg. _ecg ei tdg krfvgs fase oemtf`mgj etdgr pafmt cftgr`fa, fs ier gxfcpag ogrgfa krf`ms,wggj sggj fmj/er stgcs. Zdg keej prgsgrvftèm ei tdg reet luals `mjòftgs tdft tdg luals dfvgmet lggm `m tdg ogmtrg ei tdg i`rg, s`mog i`mj`mks ei safk `mjòftg vgry d`kd tgcpgrfturgs jur-`mk tdg orgcftèm. @m etdgr werjs, tdgy wgrg prelflay met aeoftgj `m oaesg oemmgotèm w`tdtdg jgogfsgj fmj d`s/dgr lgaemk`mks. @mstgfj `t sggcs tdft tdg reet luals wgrg pfrt ei f r`tufaoemmgotgj te tdg orgcftèm fmj wgrg g`tdgr pafogj `m f cfrk`mfa zemg ei tdg orgcftèm pyrger `m tdg jy`mk i`rg tewfrjs tdg gmj ei tdg orgcftèm preogss.

Gacgdbsfkgr @@ `s f sgttagcgmt irec tdg Aftg Xrg-\ecfm @rem Fkg. Faa tdg pestdeags eitdg deusgs wgrg sfcpagj fmj `m 6< reet luals wgrg ieumj fcemk etdgr cforeiessàs. Zdgj`str`lutèm ei tdg reet luals wfs vgry `mtgrgst`mk2 66 ei tdg pestdeags emay oemtf`mgj emgreet lual, wdàg tdg afst oemtf`mgj


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@t sggcs tdft tdg reet luals ei lualeus eft krfss letd `m krfvgs fmj `m ft agfst secg sgttag-cgmt oemtgxts dfvg f r`tufa s`kmìòfmog, fs `m letd ofsgs tdgy ofm lg pfrt ei f r`tufa jgpes`t,lut fs wg frg jgfa`mk w`td f petgmt`fa ieej rgseurog, `t `s `cpertfmt te aeen ft tdg oemtgxtfmj j`str`lutèm pfttgrm ei tdg i`mj`mks ei tdg reet luals lgierg try`mk te `mtgrprgt wdgtdgrtdg luals dfvg f r`tufa er prfotòfa s`kmìòfmog.

\eet luals ei lualeus eft krfss `s ieumj `m krfvgs fmj em sgttagcgmts evgr suod f aemkpgrèj ei t`cg tdft `t `s oagfr tdft tdg pafmt cust dfvg dfj f iumjfcgmtfa sycleaò/r`tufas`kmìòfmog s`mog `ts usg oeuaj rgcf`m tdft stremk ier suod f aemk t`cg.

_fcgmvftt`mk

Ep frodgeaek`sodg v`mjpafftsgm `m Jgmgcfrngm werjgm stggjs vfngr nmeaagtbgs vfm nmea-kafmsdfvgr (Frrdgmftdgruc gaftùsvfr. lualesuc) ffmkgtreiigm. R`b jftgrgm u`t jg Lrems- gm@Bzgrt`bj gm necgm `m zewga mgjgrzgtt`mkgm fas orgcft`gkrfvgm veer. Jgzg l`bjrfkg kggit twggveerlggajgm vfm zuang v`mjpafftsgm2 Nàjgdusg @@ gm Gacgdbsfkgr @@.

[àjgdusg @@ `s ggm krfivgaj cgt orgcft`gkrfvgm u`t jg Lremst`bj. W`t jg vemjst vfm safn-fodt`k cftgr`ffa nfm kgoemoaujggrj werjgm jft gr t`bjgms jg orgcft`g dekg tgcpgrfturgmwgrjgm lgrg`nt. Jg nmeaagtbgs zeujgm emjgr zuang ecstfmj`kdgjgm m`gt lgwffrj z`bm kglag-vgm gm dgt ig`t jft z`b gr z`bm ju`jt grep jft z`b zòd m`gt c`jjgm ep jg lrfmjstfpga dgllgmlgvemjgm gm jus m`gt j`rgot mffst jg jejg wfrgm kgpafftst. Ngmmga`bn deerjgm jg nmeaagtbgsl`b ggm r`tugga jft zòd ffm jg rfmj vfm jg lrfmjstfpga ei `m jg mfkaeg`gmjg fs fispggajg.

Gacgdbsfkgr @@ `s ggm mgjgrzgtt`mk u`t jg Aftg Yeerrecg`msg @Bzgrt`bj. Jg nmeaagtbgs ne-cgm u`t pffakftgm vfm kgleuwgm. Jg cggstg vemjstgm z`bm kgjffm `m pffakftgm mfl`b jg `m-kfmk vfm du`zgm. J`t nfm gr ep w`bzgm jft nmeakafmsdfvgr ggm rea spggajg l`b r`tugagm remjecjg leuw ei bu`st l`b dgt vgraftgm vfm dgt du`s. Ecjft gr een nmeaagtbgs z`bm kgvemjgm `m ggmv`grpfa`kg struotuur j`g fas epsafkpaffts werjt lgsodeuwj s dgt evgr`kgms m`gt u`tkgsaetgm jftz`b een fas vegjsga kgmtgrprgtggrj nummgm werjgm.

Deg dgt een z`b, dgt ig`t jft jg nmeaagtbgs vfm nmeakafmsdfvgr kgjurgmjg zem afmkg pgrè-jg m ggm l`bzemjgrg oemtgxt kgpafftst wgrjgm ju`jt grep jft dum syclea`sodg/r`tugag iumot`gggm j`gpkgwertgajg trfj`t`g wfs.

@mtrejuotèm

Jur`mk tdg 6:td @[KX _ycpesùc `m Bumg


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suc), wdòd, fs tdg mfcg `mjòftgs krews reet luals, `s vgry rfrg. Fpfrt irec tdg reet luals,tdg twe spgo`gs frg oecpagtgay s`càfr fmj letd tdr`vg em j`sturlgj seà, a`ng i`gajs (Dfmsgm600?> Cesslgrk fmj _tgmlgrk \el`msem 600

C`nngasgm fmj Lfrtdea`m


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N`ajgdusg @@ fmj tdg prgsgmog ei lualeus eft krfss `m Lremzg Fkgkrfvgs

Jur`mk tdg succgr ei


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tdg d`kdgst muclgr ei lualeus eft krfss reet luals. Irec td`s krfvg, twe ei tdg krf`m ngrmgasoeuaj lg `jgmtì`gj fs lfragy (Derjgucsp.) fmj wdgft (r`tòucsp.) rgspgot`vgay.

F i`mfa gxfcpag ei f pess`lag ouat`vftgj spgo`gs lgs`jgs wdgft fmj lfragy wfs f s`mkag sggjei keaj ei pagfsurg (Ofcga`mf sft`vf) wdòd wfs `jgmtì`gj `m f krfvg tdft fase oemtf`mgj fs`mkag reet lual ei lualeus eft krfss. Keaj ei pagfsurg `s fargfjy wgaa nmewm irec tdg gmj

ei tdg Lremzg Fkg `m Jgmcfrn, fmj wfs fppfrgmtay ouat`vftgj ft tdg t`cg (\el`msem tdg afttgr fppgfrgj `m tdg krfvg wdgrg tdg afrkgst muclgrs ei reet luals eilualeus eft krfss fmj krf`ms wgrg fase ieumj.

Zdg cest oeccem wggj sggjs `m tdg sfcpags wgrg rgjsdfmn er pfag pgrsòfr`f (Xgrsòfr`fcfouaesf/afpftdìea`f), r`lwert pafmtf`m (Xafmtfke afmogeaftf) fmj keesgieet (Odgmepejùcsp.)> tdg afttgr wfs prelflay wd`tg keesgieet (Odgmepejùc faluc). [dàg letd rgjsdfmn/pfag pgrsòfr`f fmj wd`tg keesgieet frg oeccem wggjs em fkròuaturfa seà, r`lwert pafmtf`mdfs f cerg vfr`gj fppgfrfmog (Irgjgr`nsgm gt fa.6078> Dfmsgm 600?). @m peaagm j`fkrfcs td`sspgo`gs s eitgm usgj fs fm mjòfter ei krfssafmj (sgg ier mstfmog Ffly 6008, p. 6?7), lut tdgpafmt dfs fase lggm metgj em gxpgr`cgmtfa prgd`sterò i`gajs, ier `mstfmog `m Agbrg, Jgmcfrn(Dgmr`nsgm


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tdg reet luals `m prgd`ster`o krfvgs `s met oemi`mgj te tdg Jfm`sd frgf, fs `t dfs lggm metgj`m krfvgs irec f rgaft`vgay afrkg pfrt ei Mertdgrm Gurepg, irec Gmkafmj fmj tdg Mgtdgrafmjste _wgjgm fmj Xeafmj (\el`msem 600 C`nngasgm fmj Lfrtdea`m


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@t cust lg fssucgj tdft tdg d`kdgst tgcpgrfturgs `m tdg iumgrfa pyrg wgrg oemogmtrftgjfreumj tdg jgfj lejy, `m erjgr te gmsurg f prepgr orgcftèm. Ieaaew`mk td`s a`mg ei tdeukdt,`t ofm fase lg fssucgj tdft jug te tdg`r keej prgsgrvftèm tdg krf`m ngrmgas fmj tdg reetluals wgrg met a`ngay te dfvg lggm jgpes`tgj tekgtdgr w`td tdg jgogfsgj. Cerg prelflay,tdgy wgrg tdgrgierg jgpes`tgj g`tdgr `m f cfrk`mfa zemg ei tdg iumgrfa pyrg er fatgrmft`vgay`m tdg jy`mk i`rg tewfrjs tdg gmj ei tdg orgcftèm preogss. \gkfrj`mk td`s j`soussèm `t cust

lg gcpdfs`zgj tdft cfmy krfvgs gxofvftgj `m Nàjgdusg @@ afongj pafmt rgcf`ms. F pess`lagrgfsem ier td`s oeuaj lg tdft tdgrg cfy er`k`mfaay dfvg lggm cerg ogmtrfaay jgpes`tgj pafmtcftgr`fa prgsgmt `m secg krfvgs tdft dfj g`tdgr lurmt te fsdgs er lggm j`stertgj te fm umrgo-ekm`sflag jgkrgg. M`mg krfvgs w`td wgaa-prgsgrvgj pafmt cftgr`fa stàa oemst`tutg f rftdgr d`kdmuclgr. Zd`s `mjòftgs tdft ogrgfa krf`ms fmj reet luals ei lualeus eft krfss wgrg `m cfmyofsgs jgpes`tgj fs f r`tufa tdft wfs sgpfrftg irec tdg jgfj fmj d`s er dgr pgrsemfa lgaemk`mks.Zdgrgierg tdgy prelflay dfj tdg`r ewm fttfodgj sycleaò cgfm`mk fmj j`j met rgprgsgmtieej ier tdg jgfj `m f trfj`tèmfa sgmsg, bust a`ng iaewgrs em f prgsgmt-jfy Jfm`sd krfvg dfvgf jìigrgmt sycleaò cgfm`mk tdfm elbgots lur`gj `m tdg kreumj tekgtdgr w`td tdg jgfj. Zdgtdgery tdft tdg jgpes`tèms ei krf`m fmj reet luals wgrg f sgpfrftg r`tufa fmj met ieej ier

tdg jgfj s iurtdgr suppertgj ly tdg ifot tdft wg frg jgfa`mk w`td umprgpfrgj ieej pafmts fmjmet rgfjy-cfjg j`sdgs.

I`k. ?

_afk irec Nàjgdusg @@Xdete B. N`rngly, Cegskffrj Cusguc

_afnngm u`t Nàjgdusg @@


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Gacgdbsfkgr @@ lualeus eft krfss `m deusgs irec Aftg Xrg-\ecfm@rem Fkg

@m Butafmj fmj Iumgm reet luals ei lualeus eft krfss frg met emay ieumj `m orgcftèm krfvgslut fase `m sgttagcgmt frgfs fs wàa lg gxgcpaì`gj lgaew.

@m


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@m secg ei tdg sfcpags oemtf`m`mk lualeus eft krfss wgrg fase ieumj f igw krf`ms ei duaagjlfragy (Derjguc vuakfrg vfr.vuakfrg), lrgfjwdgft (r`t`ouc fgst`vuc), f irfkcgmt irec df-zgamut fmj/er f igw wggj sggjs.

Zdg i`mj`mk ei tdg reet luals ei lualeus eft krfss `m tdg pestdeags `s `mtgrgst`mk fatdeukd

rgogmt rgsgfrod dfvg sdewm tdft t s met umoeccem te i`mj tdgc m sgttagcgmt oemtgxts irectdg @rem Fkg `m Butafmj fmj Iumgm, lut tdg cest `mtgrgst`mk igfturg ei tdg reet luals irecGacgdbsfkgr @@ `s tdg j`str`lut`em w`td`m tdg sgttagcgmt (Fmjrgfsgm


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deusgs (ei wdòd emg dfs emg reet lual `m twe pestdeags `m tdg gmtrfmog frgf), `t ofm dfrjaylg ofaagj oe`mo`jgmtfa. Zdgrgierg `t jegs met sggc a`ngay tdft tdg reet luals rgprgsgmt f stergei ieej er secg sert ei rull`sd. @mstgfj `t `s pess`lag tdft tdg reet luals wgrg pfrt ei f r`tufawdgrg tdg ofrlem`sgj reet lual wfs pafmtgj er jgpes`tgj `m emg ei tdg pestdeags `m tdg gm-trfmog frgf. Emg wfy ei try`mk te prevg td`s tdgery oeuaj lg te i`mj eut wdgtdgr tdg reet

luals wgrg pafogj `m tdg pest `cpr`mts er `m tdg iàa`mk freumj tdg pests. @i tdg reet lual `spafmtgj fs pfrt ei f r`tufa wdgm tdg deusg wfs luàt, emg weuaj gxpgot tdg lual te lg ieumj`m tdg iàa`mk freumj tdg pest, fs tdg lual `m tdft ofsg sdeuaj dfvg lggm pafogj `m tdg deag`m oemmgotèm w`td grgot`mk tdg pest. @i tdg lual em tdg etdgr dfmj `s ieumj `m tdg pest `c-pr`mt, `t cust dfvg jreppgj `mte tdg deag fitgr tdg pest `tsgai j`sfppgfrgj fmj tdg lual custtdgrgierg dfvg lggm pafogj em tdg surifog wdàg tdg deusg wfs `m usg er fitgr `t dfj lggmflfmjemgj, er fatgrmft`vgay dfvg lggm pafogj `m tdg pestdeag wdgm tdg deusg wfs flfmjemgj.Wmiertumftgay `t wfs met pess`lag te j`st`mku`sd lgtwggm tdg `cpr`mts fmj iàa`mk ei tdg pest-deags ft Gacgdbsfkgr @@, se td`s qugstèm `s agit ier iuturg `mvgst`kftèms te fmswgr.

Zdg twe gxogptèms wdgrg tdg reet luals ei lualeus eft krfss wgrg met ieumj `m tdg gm-

trfmog frgf frg F:9;< fmj F:0?9. @m F:9;


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J`soussèm

Fs àaustrftgj ly tdg twe gxfcpags, lualeus eft krfss `s ieumj `m r`tufa oemtgxts `m letd krfvgsfmj sgttagcgmts `m Butafmj fmj Iumgm. Ft i`rst kafmog, i`mj`mks irec krfvgs fmj sgttagcgmtsfppgfr te lg vgry jìigrgmt fmj te dfvg vgry jìigrgmt cgfm`mks, lut `m tdg ofsg ei reet lualstdgrg c`kdt lg f vgry s`càfr r`tufa syclea`sc wdgtdgr tdg reet luals frg irec f krfvg er f

pestdeag, s`mog `m letd ofsgs tdgy fppgfr te lg pfrt ei secg sert ei f r`tufa jgpes`t.Lut wdy wfs `t tdft td`s pfrtòuafr pafmt dfj suod f r`tufa cgfm`mk tdft `t ofm lg ieumj

`m f oagfr r`tufa oemtgxt letd `m krfvgs fmj em sgttagcgmts evgr suod f aemk pgrèj ei prgd`s-tery. Zdg `ssug dfs ier `mstfmog lggm j`soussgj ly Zerg Frtgaùs, wde sukkgsts tdft lualeuseft krfss wfs f syclea ei rgkgmgrftèm, rgl`rtd fmj igrtà`ty (Frtgaùs 6000). Dg fase sukkgststdft s`mog lualeus eft krfss aeens f aet a`ng ogrgfa `t `s pess`lag tdft `t wfs rgkfrjgj fs fm fm-ogster te ogrgfa fmj tdgrgierg wfs f deay pafmt (Frtgaùs 6000). Zd`s oemmgotèm oeuaj iurtdgrlg strgmktdgmgj ly tdg ifot tdft lualeus eft krfss prgigrs j`sturlgj kreumj fs ier gxfcpag fouat`vftgj i`gaj (Dfmsgm 600?).

Fatgrmft`vgay `t `s pess`lag, tdft tdg pafmt wfs pgrog`vgj fs f auony pafmt, s`mog emay secg

eft krfss pafmts (lualeus eft krfss) dfvg reet luals wdàg etdgrs (tfaa eft krfss) je met. _`mogtdg twe eft krfss sulspgo`gs aeen oecpagtgay fa`ng flevg kreumj, `t c`kdt dfvg lggm oem-s`jgrgj f s`km ei keej auon ì t

bakels et al. 2010 - of plants and snails / van planten en slakken. a collection of papers presented...

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