Basic Indoctrination

Navigation

Key Elements1) Definitions2) Basic navigation instruments3) Pilotage and dead reckoning4) Navigational aids5) Aircraft receivers and NAV systems6) Basic en route instrument procedures

• VOR/DME• ILS• Terminal instrument approaches• Circle to land

7) Navigation (Class I and II) IFR Navigation using GPS/WASS RNAV Class I Navigation in US Class A Airspace using Area or Long Range Navigation Systems.

8) RNAV 1 DPs and STARS operations.

DEFINITIONSNavigation

Navigation – Class 1Class I navigation requires the aircraft’s position

be “reliably fixed” at least once each hour.

“Reliably fixed” means:• Station passage of a VOR, VORTAC or NDB.• A VOR/DME, NDB/DME, VOR intersection,

NDB intersection or VOR/NDB intersection, provided course guidance is available

Navigation - Class II

Operations conducted on any segment which takes place outside the usable range of standard navigation facilities (VOR, VOR/DME, NDB). These operations normally involve using long range navigation systems (INS) in areas approved by Op Specs. These areas contain route segments that exceed the range of airways navigational facilities.

Class II Requirements

• Prior to all Class II navigation flights, Crewmembers must perform a full alignment of the navigation system.

• A Navigation accuracy check must be accomplished prior to Class II airspace.

BASIC NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTSNavigation

Non-directional Radio Beacon (NDB) & Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

Operational Errors of ADFCommon pilot-induced errors associated with ADF navigation include

• Improper Tuning & Station Identification

• Malfunctions of the RMI • Dependence on “Homing”• Poor Orientation• Careless Intercept Angles• Over/Undershooting

predetermined Magnetic Bearings

• Failure to maintain selected headings

• Failure to understand ADF Limitations

• Over-controlling track corrections

• Failure to keep the heading indicator set / Magnetic Compass

NDB Erroneous Bearing Information

• Factors which will cause erroneous readings include:– Lightning– Precipitation Static– Distant Stations

VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR)

*The accuracy of course alignment of the VOR is excellent, being generally plus or minus 1 degree

IAL Information

ENC Information

Line of Sight Signal Transmission

VOR Station Service VolumesHigh Altitude VOR Terminal & Low Altitude VOR

VOR Accuracy

Function of VOR

VOR Operational Errors

Typical pilot-induced errors include:1. Careless tuning and identification of station.2. Failure to check receiver for accuracy/sensitivity.3. Turning in the wrong direction during an orientation.

to include….

Magnetic Compass

INDUCED ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAGNETIC COMPASS

Navigation

DeviationThe magnets in a compass align with any

magnetic field.

To find the true course that is being flown when the compass course is known:Compass Course ± Deviation = Magnetic Course ± Variation = True Course

Northerly Turning Error

The Effects of Acceleration Error.

PILOTAGE & DEAD RECKONINGNavigation

Pilotage - Navigation by visual reference to landmarks.

• Dead reckoning - Navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time.

NAVIGATIONAL AIDSNAVIGATION

Types of NAVAIDs

VORNDBDMETACAN

Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

• Distance measuring equipment (DME) consists of an ultra high frequency (UHF) navigational aid with VOR/DMEs and VORTACs.

Accuracy

Area Navigation (RNAV)

• Area navigation (RNAV) equipment includes VOR/DME, LORAN, GPS, and inertial navigation systems (INS).

VOR/DME RNAV

“In its simplest form, VOR/DME RNAV allows the pilot to electronically move VORTACs around to more convenient locations.”

To utilize the unit’s RNAV capability, the pilot selects and establishes a waypoint or a series of waypoints to define a course

Loran-C Navigation

“LORAN-C absolute accuracy is excellent—position errors are typically less than .25 NM”

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)

• Three GNSSs exist today: • The GPS, a United States system;• The Russian GNSS (GLONASS); and • The Galileo, a European system.

“The GPS is a satellite-based radio navigation system. Its RNAV guidance is worldwide in scope. There are no symbols for GPS on aeronautical charts as it is a space-based system with global coverage”

BASIC EN-ROUTE INSTRUMENT PROCEDURES

Navigation

ILS• Notwithstanding current & emerging RNAV technology, the ILS is the most

precise and accurate approach NAVAID currently in use throughout the

NAS.

• As with all approaches, the primary navigation responsibility falls upon the pilot in command

TERMINAL INSTRUMENT APPROACHES (TERPS)

TERPS criteria have been established for the following Instrument Procedures:

Precision Approach (PAR, ILS, MLS),Non-Precision Approach (VOR, TACAN, LNAV, NDB,

ASR), Approach with Vertical Guidance (LDA, LPV, VNAV), Required Navigation Performance (RNP) and for Departure Procedures (DP).

CIRCLE TO LAND

Navigation (Class I and II) IFR Navigation using GPS/WASS RNAV

• WASS / Wide Area Augmentation System

Class I Navigation in US Class AAirspace using Area or Long Range Navigation Systems

Area navigation (RNAV) equipment includes:

VOR/DMELORANGPSAND Inertial Navigation Systems

VOR/DME RNAV

VOR/DME RNAV

LORAN

There are two types of accuracy that must be

addressed in any discussion of LORAN accuracy

1 – Repeatable Accuracy

2 – Absolute Accuracy

RNAV 1 DPs and STARS operations

Ops Spec B035

Ops Spec C063

RNAV 1 DPs and STARS operations.• Non-RNAV DP. Established for aircraft equipped with conventional avionics

using ground-based NAVAIDs. These DPs may also be designed using dead reckoning navigation. A flight management system (FMS) may be used to fly a non-RNAV DP if the FMS unit accepts inputs from conventional avionics sources such as DME, VOR, and LOC. These inputs include radio tuning and may be applied to a navigation solution one at a time or in combination. Some FMSs provide for the detection and isolation of faulty navigation information.

• RNAV DP. Established for aircraft equipped with RNAV avionics; e.g., GPS, VOR/DME, DME/DME, etc. Automated vertical navigation is not required, and all RNAV procedures not requiring GPS must be annotated with the note: “RADAR REQUIRED.” Prior to using GPS for RNAV departures, approach RAIM availability should be checked for that location with the navigation receiver or a Flight Service Station.

AC 90-100A

U.S. Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations

http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/list/AC%2090-100A/$FILE/AC%2090-100A.pdf