baudlstarterpack2 (1)

8/14/2019 BAUDLStarterPack2 (1)

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BROWNFIELDSAFF BAUDL 2013

BROWNFIELDSAFF

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1AC(1/14)ALLTOOOFTEN, DEBATESABOUTENERGYPOLICYINTHEUNITEDSTATESHAVEBEENBLIND

TO THE HIGHLY RACIALIZED ENVIRONENT IN WHICH BOTH GOVERNENTAL

POLICY AND ENVIRONENTAL CATASTROPHE OCCUR! THESE DEBATESRENDER

COMMUNITIESOFCOLORINVISIBLE, IGNORINGTHEIRHISTORICALOPPRESSIONAND

EVERYDAYVULNERABILITYTOENVIRONENTALDANGER!

AYA WILEY, DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION, SUER 2006,"#OVERCOING STRUCTURAL RACIS,$ RACE, POVERTY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT,

VOL! 13, NO! 1, ONLINE% HTTP%//WWW!URBANHABITAT!ORG/NODE/&04'

Last winter, the ground never froze in Brooklyn, ew York! In "anuary, I was digging u# dandelions that hadtaken over $y yard and #re#aring new flower%eds! &li$ate 'hange is hitting 'lose to ho$e! (he ational)'eani' and *t$os#heri' *d$inistration +)** has #redi'ted eight to 10 hurri'anes in the orth *tlanti')'ean this season-a%out half.a.dozen of the$ e/#e'ted to %e at least a 'ategory three! atrina was a 'ategory

three hurri'ane! o, ew York 'ould %e the ne/t ew )rleans!O *+- .* .+- .%

5+* +66 *7 7 .78*9 . +66 *7 -a'ross neigh%orhoods, a'ross 'ities, a'ross'ountries!

But we 'an sto# the tragedy of ew )rleans fro$ re#eating itself! We 'an even turn ew )rleanstragedy into an o##ortunity to understand %etter the hu$an lands'a#e that for so long has %een75: 5*+ *+ 67778 : 7; .! By understanding and addressing the ine3uities%rought on %y stru'tural ra'is$, we 'an and will i$#rove our environ$ent in every #ossi%leway ,in'luding so'ially and e'ono$i'ally!)ften, when we talk a%out glo%al war$ing, issues of ra'ial ine3uity are left out! We fo'us on4dirty5 energy, our govern$ents failure to regulate 'or#orate #olluting and relu'tan'e to'reate in'entives for . : 5


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1AC(2/14)'onse3uen'es of these #oli'ies has %een the environ$ental degradation %rought on %y anin'reased de#enden'y on auto$o%iles to 'o$$ute fro$ su%ur%s to Co% 'enters !) It is still the'ase that #u%li' su##ort for so'ial safety net #rogra$s, like welfare, de'reases if the #er'eived %enefi'iaries ofsu'h #rogra$s are *fri'an *$eri'an!Dew )rleans +and the !! %y u$%ersIn 1@=0, DA #er'ent of the ew )rleans $etro#olitan regional #o#ulation lived in the 'ity, was $u'h $orera'ially integrated, and had fewer neigh%orhoods of 'on'entrated #overty!6 By 2000, the 'ity had only ;6#er'ent of the regions #o#ulation-over two.thirds of whi'h was Bla'k=-indi'ating a loss of %oth Co%s and revenues for ew )rleans! In fa't, %etween 1@=0and 2000, the 'ity saw a sho'king 2A #er'ent de'line in Co%s!ational and international studies show that fairer, $ore e3uita%le 'ountries and states have %etter environ$ental3uality! airness and e3uality are $easured %y su'h indi'ators as in'o$e distri%ution, #oliti'al rights, 'ivilli%erties, level of edu'ation, and a''ess to health'are!> When we look at the $aCor stru'tural i$#edi$ents toi$#roving in'o$e distri%ution, #oliti'al rights, and other indi'ators of a vi%rant and healthy de$o'ra'y in the!!, we have to look at the #oli'ies affe'ting 'o$$unities of 'olor!

When entire 'o$$unities of 'olor are $arginalized and e/'luded fro$ a regions 'ivi' and#oliti'al life, they %e'o$e =: 67=*9 68* *+ 677 .78* 7; .77 * *+ ;7* 7; 78 5 5*+

78 6*!(hey are,as


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1AC(3/14)ENVIRONENTALPOLICYUNDERTHEBUSHADINISTRATIONHASADEVERYCLEARTHE

COMPLEXION OF PROTECTION! ENERGY POLICY ROUTINELY IGNORES THE

DISPROPORTIONAL IPACTS OF ENVIRONENTAL DANGERS ON COUNITIES OF

COLOR! A RENEWED FOCUS ON ENVIRONENTAL USTICE UST CONTEST THE

COLORBLINDENVIRONENTALISOFTHESTATUSUO!

ROBERT D! BULLARD, DIRECTS THE ENVIRONENTAL USTICE RESOURCE CENTER AT

CLAR ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, 200& "THE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE RESOURCE

CENTER, ONDAY, DECEBER 1,

HTTP%//WWW!ERC!CAU!EDU/BULLARDAPE!HTL'


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BROWNFIELDSAFF BAUDL 2013* Har'h 200A E


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1AC(4/14)ad$inistration! *fter a de'ade, E


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1AC(&/14)NOWHERE ARE THE STRUCTURES OF ENVRIONENTAL RACIS ORE APPARENT THAN IN

URBAN BROWNFIELDS TOIC CITY SPACES THAT HAVE BEEN ABANDONED BY

INDUSTRYANDGOVERNENTALIE! THESESITESPOSESIGNIFICANTHEALTHAND

ENVIRONENTAL RISS TO RESIDENTS, CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEGENERATION OF

CITY LIFE, AND PERFECTLY DEONSTRATE AINSTREA AERICAJS DISREGARD

FORCOUNITIESOFCOLOR!

ROBERT D! BLL*? E(! *L!, DIRECTOR OF THE ENVIRONENTAL USTICE RESOURCECENTER AT CLAR ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, 200> "PAUL OHAI, PROFESSOR OFNATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONENT, UNIVERSITY OF ICHIGAN, ANN

ARBOR, ROBINSAHA, ANASSISTANTPROFESSOROFENVIRONENTALSTUDIESAT

THEUNIVERSITYOFONTANA, ANDBEVERLYWRIGHT, DIRECTOROFTHEDEEP

SOUTHCENTERFORENVIRONENTALUSTICEATDILLARDUNIVERSITY, #TOIC

WASTESANDRACEATTWENTY% WHYRACESTILLATTERSAFTERALLTHESE

YEARS,$ 38 ENVIRONMENTALLAW, 371, LEIS'

es#ite #rogress in resear'h, #lanning, and #oli'y, low.in'o$e and #eo#le of 'olor neigh%orhoods and

their residents suffer fro$ greater environ$ental risks than the larger so'iety ! or e/a$#le, lead#oisoning 'ontinues to %e the nu$%er.one environ$ental health threat to 'hildren in the nited tates, es#e'ially#oor 'hildren, 'hildren of 'olor, and 'hildren living in older housing in inner 'ities! n20 GBla'k 'hildren are fiveti$es $ore likely than white 'hildren to have lead #oisoningG n21 and Gone in seven %la'k 'hildren living inolder housing has elevated %lood lead levels!G n22*%out 22N of *fri'an *$eri'an 'hildren and 1;N of He/i'an *$eri'an 'hildren living in #re.1@A6 housingsuffer fro$ lead #oisoning, 'o$#ared with 6N of white 'hildren living in 'o$#ara%le ty#es of housing! n2;?e'ent OP;=>Q studies suggest that a young #ersonKs lead %urden is linked to lower I, lower high s'hoolgraduation rates, and in'reased delin3uen'y! n2A Lead #oisoning 'auses a%out two to three #oints of I lost forea'h 10 ugMdl lead level! n2D

(he nationKs environ$ental laws, regulations, and #oli'ies are not a##lied unifor$ly, resultingin so$e individuals, neigh%orhoods, and 'o$$unities %eing e/#osed to elevated health risks !In 1@@2, staff writers fro$ (he ational Law "ournal un'overed glaring ine3uities in the way the federal E(he !! 9overn$ent *''ounta%ility )ffi'e +for$erly the !! 9eneral *''ounting )ffi'e esti$ates that

*+ 86 *7 4&0,000


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Hore than 600,000 students in Hassa'husetts, ew York, ew "ersey, Hi'higan, and&alifornia attend nearly 1200 #u%li' s'hools . withOP;=@Q#o#ulations largely $ade u# of

>


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1*&+6M1A*fri'an *$eri'ans and other 'hildren of 'olor . that are lo'ated within a half $ile offederalu#erfund or state.identified'onta$inated sites! n;1 *n astounding G6> #er'ent of *fri'an *$eri'ans livewithin ;0 $iles of a 'oal.fired #ower #lant . the distan'e within whi'h the $a/i$u$ effe'ts of the s$okesta'k#lu$e are e/#e'ted to o''ur. 'o$#ared with D6N of white *$eri'ans! n;2In e#te$%er 200D, the *sso'iated


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1AC(/14)ENVIRONENTALRACISPROOTESASYSTEOFPOWERTHATIGNORES, ECLUDES, AND

EPLOITS COUNITIES OF COLOR, DOESTICALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY!

ADDRESSING THE INTERSECTION OF ENVIRONENTAL EPLOITATION AND SOCIAL

USTICE IS CRITICAL TO CHALLENGING ODERN DAY COLONIALIS, WHICH

POISONSTHEWORLDSOSTVULNERABLECOUNITIESFORTHELUURYOFITS

OSTPRIVILEGED!

ROBERT D! BULLARD, PH!D! ENVIRONENTAL USTICE RESOURCE CENTER CLAR

ATLANTAUNIVERSITY, 2002! "POVERTY, POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL

RACISM: STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE

COMMUNITIES. HTTP://WWW.EJRC.CAU.EDU/POVPOLEJ.HTML. ](he nited tates is the do$inant e'ono$i' and $ilitary for'e in the world today! (he *$eri'an e'ono$i' enginehas generated $assive wealth, high standard of living, and 'onsu$eris$! (his growth $a'hinehas also generated waste, #ollution, and e'ologi'al destru'tion! (he !! has so$e of the %estenviron$ental laws in the world! 8owever, in the real world, all 'o$$unities are not 'reatede3ual! Environ$ental regulations have not a'hieved unifor$ %enefits a'ross all seg$ents of

so'iety! O2Q S7 .78* 78*9 677: 5+ *+ -7=* 77 *+ 7*+59!


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'ontend with #ollution fro$ (e/a'o oil refineries! (he 'o$#anies $ay %e different, %ut the 'o$$unity'o$#laints and 'on'erns are very si$ilar! L7. :* += *+ , 5*, : :

11


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1AC(/14)THUS, WEARERESOLVEDTHAT%

THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE

INCENTIVESFORBRIGHTFIELDSPROECTS, PROVIDINGTACREDITSFORCLEANUP

AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPENT ON FEDERALLY DESIGNATED

BROWNFIELDSITES!

1;


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1AC(10/14)BRIGHTFIELDS ARE THE BEST WAY TO RECLAI URBAN BROWNFIELDS! THE PROECT

GENERATES COUNITY DEVELOPENT, URBAN BEAUTIFICATION, AND A

SUSTAINABLESOLUTIONTOAERICAJSENERGYNEEDS!

OHN H)*L, U!S! ENVIRONENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 200; "BROC!TON

BRIGHTFIELDS: INNOVATIVE GREEN POWER MAR!ETING PILOT,"HTTP%//WWW!EPA!GOV/SWERRIS//DOCS/IWG/BROCTONBRIGHTFIELDSFINAL!PDF'

Honetizing the environ$ental %enefits of various #roCe'ts has %een a long.standing environ$ental 'hallenge! (heinnovative finan'ing and growth 'on'e#ts #ro#osed %y this #ilot seek to #rovide a 'arrot to en'ourage the $arket tosu##ort long.ter$ 'ontra'ts for ?E&s, there%y $onetizing the$ for #ur#oses of su##orting finan'ing and revenuefore'asts! (he s#e'ifi' innovative ele$ents in'lude the use of e/'ess 'ash flows to fund 'a#a'ity e/#ansions and#rovide rights to the asso'iated in'reases in ?E& out#ut to 'usto$ers that enter into long.ter$ 'ontra'ts! In

addition, Brightfields are *+= 7=*= 8 7;


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1AC(11/14)AND, AN ENVIRONENTAL USTICE OVEENT AGAINST BROWNFIELDS CONTESTS THE

RACIALIZED DIVISION OF SPACE THAT PREDOINATES AERICAN POLITICS AT

HOE AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ABROAD! IT EPOSES THE STRUCTURAL

VIOLENCE THAT PASSES FOR PROGRESS AND OFFERS THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN

FORGOTTENBYGLOBALIZATIONANOPPORTUNITYTORECLAITHECITY!

AR D! B"ELL*, VISITING FULBRIGHT SCHOLAR, CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING,CARDIFF UNIVERSITY, U!!, 200D "#BROWNFIELDS, GLOBALISATION, AND THELIVABLE CITY$,

HTTP%//WWW!EG!LU!SE/NG/HTL/PAPERS/PAPERBELLAND!PDF'

What lessons $ight these stories fro$ &anada offer forgeogra#hers and#oli'y.$akersF irst,that the dyna$i' for'es sha#ing the glo%al e'ono$y are #rodu'ing a highly uneven for$ ofgeogra#hi'al develo#$ent and that is $anifest in the "anus.fa'ed s#a'es of for$er%rownfields! &ities and regions that are the losers in the glo%alisation ga$e, end u# with - =*7 7; =.*, :.* * 5*+ ** :: ;7 :=76*! A

*K79 78*7 5 :7 ** ;7 *+7 -7 *+* *+ ->:


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1AC(12/14)FINALLY, ENVIRONENTALUSTICEDOESNOTECLUSIVELYCONCERNINORITIESINTHE

CITY, BUT AFFECTS US ALL! THE GROWING INEUALITY BETWEEN AFFLUENT

WHITE COUNITIES AND IPOVERISHED COUNITIES OF COLOR AND THE

ENVIRONENTAL CARNAGE IT FUELS IS CREATING A GLOBAL SYSTE OF

DESTRUCTION THAT PUTS ALL LIFE ON EARTH AT RIS! ONLY AN INVIGORATED

POLITICS THAT CONTESTS THE STATUS UOJS DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTION ANDPRIORITIZESENVIRONENTALUSTICECANSTAVEOFFINEVITABLEETINCTION!

BUNYAN B?Y*(, PROFESSOR IN THE SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES ANDENVIRONENT, AND AN ADUNCT PROFESSOR IN THE CENTER FOR AFROK

AERICAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ICHIGAN, 1@@D,"ENVIRONENTALUSTICE% ISSUES, POLICIES, ANDSOLUTIONS, P! 20K212'

*lthough the #ost.World War II e'ono$y was designed when environ$ental 'onsideration was not a#ro%le$, today this is no longer the 'aseJ we $ust %e 'on'erned enough a%out environ$ental #rote'tion to$ake it a #art of our e'ono$i' design! (oday, te$#oral and s#atial relations of #ollution have drasti'ally'hanged within the last 100 years or so! * hundred years ago we #olluted a s$all s#atial area and it took theearth a short ti$e to heal itself! (oday we #ollute large areas of the earth R as eviden'ed %y the international

#ro%le$s of a'id rain, the de#letion of the ozone layer, glo%al war$ing, nu'lear $eltdowns, and thediffi'ulties in the safe storage of s#ent fuels fro$ nu'lear #ower #lants!


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1AC(13/14)a$ount of our attention on #o#ulation #ro%le$s of develo#ing 'ountries! Yet there are $ore #eo#le #ers3uare $ile in Western Euro#e than in $ost develo#ing 'ountries! 4uring hisMher lifeti$e an *$eri'an'hild 'auses ;D ti$es the environ$ental da$age of an Indian 'hild and 2>0 ti$es that of a 8aitian 'hild+Boggs, 1@@; 1! (he addi'tion to 'onsu$eris$ of highly industrialized 'ountries has to %e seen as a $aCor'ul#rit, and thus $ust %e %alan'ed against the %enefits of #o#ulation 'ontrol in (hird World 'ountries!

Worldwide environ$ental #rote'tion is only one #art of the 'o$#le/ #ro%le$s we fa'e

today! We 'annot ignore world #overtyJ it is intri'ately linked to environ$ental #rote'tion !If this is the 'ase, then how do we deal with world #overtyF 8ow do we %ring a%out lasting #ea'e in theworldF &learly we 'an no longer afford a outh *fri'a as it was on'e organized, or ethni' 'leansing %yer%ian nationalists! (hese ty#es of 'onfli'ts %ankru#t us $orally and destroy our 'onne'tedness with oneanother as a world 'o$$unity! Yet, we $ay %e headed on a 'ourse where the #oliti'ally indu'ed fa$ine,#overty, and 'haos of o$alia today will %e'o$e 'o$$on#la'e and world #ea'e $ore diffi'ult, #arti'ularlyif the Euro#ean &o$$on Harket, "a#an, and the nited tates trade #ri$arily a$ong the$selves, leaving

(hird World 'ountries to fend for the$selves! 9rowing #overty will lead only to $ore worlddise3uili%riu$ to wars and fa$ineRas 'ountries %e'o$e $ore aggressive and 'ross international%orders for resour'es to ward off wides#read hunger and ra$#ant une$#loy$ent! (o ta'kle these #ro%le$sre3uires a 3uantu$ lea# in glo%al 'oo#eration and 'o$$it$ent of the highest $agnitudeJ it re3uiresdevelo#$ent of an international ta/, levied through the nited nations or so$e other international %ody, so

that the world 'o$$unity 'an %e'o$e $ore involved in hel#ing to deal with issues of environ$ental#rote'tion, #overty, and #ea'e!

in'e the $arket syste$ has %een %old and fle/i%le enough to $eet 'hanging 'onditions, so too $ust #u%li'institutions! (hey $ust, indeed, %e a%le to res#ond to the ra#id 'hanges that rever%eratethroughout the world! If they fail to 'hange, then we will surely * *+ ;* 7; *+:78! (he oviet nion gave u# a syste$ that was unworka%le in e/'hange for another one! *lthoughit has not %een easy, individual 'ountries of the for$er oviet nion have the #otential of ree$erginglooking very different and stronger! )r they 'ould e$erge looking very different and weaker! (hey 'ould%e'o$e so'ieties that are %oth so'ially and environ$entally destru'tive or they 'an %e'o$e so'ieties where#eo#le have de'ent Co%s, #la'es to live, edu'ational o##ortunities for all 'itizens, and sustaina%le so'ialstru'tures that are safe and nurturing! *lthough orth *$eri'ans are e/#erien'ing e'ono$i' and so'ialdis'o$forts, we too will have to 'hange, or we $ay find ourselves engulfed %y #oliti'al and e'ono$i' for'es%eyond our 'ontrol! In 1@@A, the out.swee#ing of e$o'rats fro$ national offi'es $ay %e sy$#to$ati' of

dee#er and $ore funda$ental #ro%le$s! If the $ean.s#irited %ehavior that 'hara'terized the 1@@A ele'tion is'arried over into the governan'e of the 'ountry, this $ay only fan the fla$es of dis'ontent! We $ay %ee$%arking u#on a long struggle over ideology, 'ulture, and the very heart and soul of the 'ountry! But

des#ite all the #oliti'al tur$oil, we $ust take risks and try out new ideas R ideas neverdrea$ed of %efore and ideas we thought were i$#ossi%le to i$#le$ent! (o i$#le$ent theseideas we $ust over'o$e institutional inertia in order to enhan'e intentional 'hange! We need to give u#tradition and 4%usiness as usual!5 (o view the future as a 'hallenge and as an o##ortunity to $ake theworld a %etter #la'e, we $ust %e willing to take #oliti'al and e'ono$i' risks!(he 3uestion is not growth, %ut what kind of growth, and where it will take #la'e! or e/a$#le, we 'an$aintain 'urrent levels of #rodu'tivity or %e'o$e even $ore #rodu'tive if we far$ organi'ally! Be'ause ofideologi'al 'onfli'ts, it is hard for us to view the &u%an e/#erien'e with an unCaundi'ed eyeJ %ut we ask youto #la'e #oliti'al differen'es aside and #ay attention to the lyri's of organi' far$ing and not to the $usi' of

&o$$unis$! In other words, we $ust get %eyond #oliti'al differen'es and ideologi'al 'onfli'tsJ we $ustfind su''ess stories of healing the #lanet no $atter where they e/ist R %e they in &o$$unist or non.&o$$unist 'ountries, develo#ed or underdevelo#ed 'ountries! We $ust as'ertain what lessons 'an %elearned fro$ the$, and e/a$ine how they would %enefit the world 'o$$unity! In $ost instan'es, we will

have to 'hart a new 'ourse! &ontinued use of 'ertain te'hnologies and 'he$i'als that arein'o$#ati%le with the e'osyste$ will take us down the road of no return! We are alreadywitnessing the 'atastro#hi' destru'tion of our environ$ent and dis#ro#ortionate i$#a'ts ofenviron$ental insults on 'o$$unities of 'olor and low.in'o$e grou#s! If su'h destru'tion'ontinues, it will undou%tedly deal har$ful %lows to our so'ial, e'ono$i', and #oliti'al institutions!

1=


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1AC(14/14)*s a nation, we find ourselves in a house divided, where the 'leavages %etween the ra'esar in fa't getting worse! We find ourselves in a house divided where the ga# %etween the ri'h and the #oor has in'reased! Wefind ourselves in a house divided where the ga# %etween the young and the old has widened! uring the 1@>0s, there were few visions ofhealing the 'ountry! In the 1@@0s, des#ite the 'atastro#hi' e'ono$i' and environ$ental results of the 1@>0s, and des#ite the 'onservativetakeover of %oth houses of &ongress, we $ust look for gli$$ers of ho#e! We $ust stand %y what we think is right and defend our

#osition with #assion! *nd at ti$es we need to slow down and refle't and do a lot of soul sear'hing in order to redire't ourselves, if need%e! We $ust 'hart out a new 'ourse of defining who we are as a #eo#le, %y redefining our relationshi# with govern$ent, with nature,with one another, and where we want to %e as a nation! We need to find a way of e/#ressing this definition of ourselves to one another!ndenia%ly we are a nation of different ethni' grou#s and ra'es, and of $ulti#le interest grou#s, and if we 'annot live in #ea'e and inhar$ony with ourselves and with nature it %odes o$inously for future world relations!

Be'ause e'ono$i' institutions are %ased u#on the growth #aradig$ of e/tra'ting and#ro'essing natural resour'es, we will surely #erish if we use the$ to foul the glo%al nest!But it does not have to %e this way! *lthough sound environ$ental #oli'ies 'an %e 'o$#ati%le withgood %usiness #ra'ti'es and 3uality of life, we $ay have to Cettison the $oral argu$ent of environ$ental#rote'tion in favor of the self.interest argu$ent, there%y de$onstrating that the survival of %usinessenter#rises is intri'ately tied to good stewardshi# of natural resour'es and environ$ental #rote'tion! (oooften we forget that short.sightedness 'an #ro#el us down a narrow #ath , where we are una%le to see thelong.ter$ effe'ts of our a'tions!(he ideas and #oli'ies dis'ussed in this %ook are ways of getting ourselves %a'k on tra'k! (he ideas#resented here will ho#efully #rovide su%stantive $aterial for dis'ourse! (hese #oli'ies are not 'arved in

stone, nor are they $eant to %e for every 'ity, su%ur%, or rural area! Huni'i#alities or rural areas should havefle/i%ility in dealing with their site.s#e'ifi' #ro%le$s! Yet5 : *7 *: 78 .7.


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2ACSTUFF

1@


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IPACT% GARBAGEHUANSBROWNFIELDS EPOSE BOTH THE RACIALIZED POLITICS OF SPACE INAERICA AND ALSO

THE ETENT TO WHICH AINSTREA ENVIRONENTALIS RELIES ON A

PHILOSOPHYOFCOLORBLINDNESS THATDANSANYHOPE FORENVIRONENTAL

USTICEFORINORITYCOUNITIES! THECONSEUENCEOFTHISCOBINATION

IS THE DIVISION OF THE BODY POLITIC INTO A PRIVELEGED WHITE POPULATION

AND A COLORED GARBAGEPOPULATION TO BE DISPOSED OF OR ABANDONED USTLIETHEINDUSTRIALWASTETHATBLIGHTSTHECITY!

CHARLES W! HILL, PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS,CHICAGO, 2001 O#FACES OFENVIRONENTAL RACIS% CONFRONTING ISSUES OFGLOBALUSTICE(2NDED!,), P! M4KM'

)nly with a $ore realisti' sense of this $oral and #oliti'al history, then, and with a 'orres#ondingly $odified

'on'e#tual a##aratus, 'an one ho#e to understand the #ro%le$ of waste dis#osal and why it 'ould %e 4#oliti'al !5(he fun'tioning of the state, the stru'ture of s#a'e, the histori' stig$atization of %la'ks withinthe white #oliti'al 'o$$unity, the resulting #artitioned ethi', all need to %e taken into a''ountin understanding the distri%ution of #ollution'osts!

What should we do with trashF It de#ends on who the 4we5 are! If the #olity is ra'ial ,and#oliti'al #ower signifi'antly ra'ialized, then there will %e a white 4we5 whose 'olle'tiverationalityand $oral grou# #sy'hology differ fro$ the %la'k $inority and who have differential#ower over the$! or this white #o#ulation, the full $e$%ers of the #olity, %la'ks the$selveshave histori'ally %een so looked down on that #


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BROWNFIELDSAFF BAUDL 2013frankly des'ri%ed as S%a'k into slavery, without the na$e! 4;0 hare'ro##ing, 'onvi't la%or, de%t #eonage, anda%ove all the for$al introdu'tion of "i$ &row, legal segregation, 'an %e seen as different ways of 'arrying outthis #rogra$!egregation %y law is the 'learest $anifestation of the #hysi'al 'ontrol of the s#a'e of an inferior grou#, a grou#e/'luded fro$ full $e$%ershi# in the #olity, a grou# that $ust %e $orally, #oliti'ally, and #hysi'ally 'ontained!*nd su'h 4'ontain$ent5 would %e'o$e the #oli'y in the orth also! In their a''ount of what they 'all4*$eri'an a#artheid,5 ouglas Hassey and an'y enton argue that %efore 1@00, 4%la'ks and whites wererelatively integrated in %oth northern and southern 'ities!5 But all this would 'hange with "i$ &row and $ass

%la'k $igration fro$ the outh! (hrough 4a series of self.'ons'ious a'tions and #ur#oseful institutionalarrange$ents that 'ontinue today,!! ! a'tions and #ra'ti'es that had the #assive a''e#tan'e, if not the a'tivesu##ort, of$ost whites in the nited tates,5 %la'ks were deli%erately denied entry to white neigh%orhoods! By 'ontrast,new Euro#ean i$$igrants for$ed at worst 4ethni' en'laves5 rather than ghettoes! (hese en'laves were neverho$ogeneous, were not #arti'ularly isolated, and unlike 4#er$anent5 %la'k ghettoes, were 4a fleeting, transitorystage in the #ro'ess of i$$igrant assi$ilation!5 (hus they were all eventually 4s#atially assi$ilated!5 or%la'ks, on the other hand, the ra'ial 'ontra't would ins'ri%e-through neigh%orhood asso'iations, real.estatedealers, redlining, restri'tive 'ovenants, and $o% violen'e when ne'essary-a geogra#hy of aversion that would

ulti$ately $ake %la'ks 4the $ost s#atially isolated #o#ulation in !! history!5;1R., then, *+ - 6* 6.6 7; *+ *::


22/42


range over the to#ogra#hy of the %ody #oliti'! ?ather, they are restri'ted to se'ond.'lasss#a'es, as %efitting their se'ond.'lass, su%#erson statusN--*75,D*75, B7>=, *+


23/42


#oint of view of traditional white environ$entalis$-then is si$#ly a re'ognition of this fa't!C7=*7 .7* += *+ 7. ;7 *+ .9 ::=*-:, . *+9

* *+ : 7; *+


24/42


SOLVENCYETENSIONS

TAINCENTIVESHAVEEPIRICALLYRESULTEDININVESTENTINBROWNFIELDSITES, BUT

OREONEYISNEEDED!

?)EBE?9E? 200D "FARAH, #BROWNFIELDS PROGRAS AND TA INCENTIVES ARE

STIULATING THE REDVELOPENT OF BROWNFIELDS PROPERTIES IN NORTHCAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA,$ SOUTHEASTERN ENVIRONENTAL LAW

OURNAL,

SOUTHEASTERNENVIRONENTALLAWOURNAL, VOL! 13, P! 11, SPRING, L/N'

(he federal govern$ent esti$ated that federal ta/ in'entives for site 'leanu#s would de'rease federalta/ revenues %y a##ro/i$ately : ;00 $illion annually, M4 %ut the ta/ in'entive $aysi$ultaneously leverage as $u'h as : ;!A %illion in #rivate invest$ent and return a##ro/i$ately>,000 %rownfields sites to #rodu'tive use! n>D In Hay 200D, the E6(he E=D6* *+ 8.., %etween 2000 and 200;, ;8:- ;7 *+ B75;: P7-:.: >In res#onse, &ongress #assed a %ill in 200A that in'luded a #rovision to #ro$ote%rownfields redevelo#$ents and e/#lore innovative funding strategies! n>@In one of the %ill #rovisions, &ongressauthorized : D $illion for ea'h fis'al year fro$ 200A to 200> n@0 to #rovide for G%rightfields,G whi'h are

%rownfields i$#le$enting solar energy te'hnologies! n@1 T+ ;8*8 8.. 7; *+ B75;:

P7- 5 9 :6: 7 ;8*+ -*= : ;. 8667*!

TAINCENTIVESEYTOBROWNFIELDREDEVELOPENT

BARTSCH 1 (CHARLES, SENIOR POLICY ANALYST NORTHEASTKIDWEST INSTITUTE,

#FINANCING BROWNFIELD CLEANUP AND REDEVELOPENT,$ ONLINE%

HTTP%//WWW!NEW!ORG/BROWNFIN!HT)

By attra'ting invest$ent and #roviding a 'ash.flow 'ushion for 'o$#anies, federal ta/ in'entives'ould hel# #ro$ote %rownfield redevelo#$ent! Like histori' reha%ilitation ta/ 'redits, n'entivesfo'used on environ$ental 'leanu# and site reuse would hel# level the e'ono$i' #laying field%etween old %rownfield sites and new greenfield lo'ations! (o li$it their 'osts, ta/ in'entives 'ould%e targeted in various ways-to e'ono$i'ally distressed areas with de$onstrated #otential for#rodu'tive reuse, to or#han sites, or to #u%li'ly.owned sites!Law$akers are develo#ing draft legislationfor two ta/.in'entive a##roa'hes! Environ$ental re$ediation ta/ 'redits 'ould offset a variety of 'osts,su'h as site 'hara'terization and 'leanu# ! *fter the ortheast.Hidwest &ongressional &oalitionKs e'e$%er 1@@A foru$ in


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A2% GENTRIFICATION(1/2)REVITALIZATIONDOESNOTHURTNEIGHBORHOODRESIDENTSANYWORSETHANDECAY!

ACOBL 7I9)?,FACULTYRSCHFELLOW, NATJLBUREAUOFECONOICRESEARCH, 2006"#DOES URBAN DECAY HAR THE POOR$

HTTP%//TRINITY!AAS!DUE!EDU/QVIGDOR/DUDHTP!PDF'8ouseholds 'ould %e har$ed %y revitalization if asso'iated #ri'e in'reases e/'eed their willingness.to.#ay!

urther eviden'e e/#loiting the longitudinal nature of the *8 reveals that su'h #ri'e in'reases are not thenor$! )n average, #ri'e es'alation in revitalizing neigh%orhoods is roughly e3uivalent tothe rate of a##re'iation o%served in de'lining neigh%orhoods! (his suggests that fa'torsother than neigh%orhood 3uality trends #lay a do$inant role in deter$ining rent in'reasesfa'ed %y households in low.3uality neigh%orhoods! (o %e sure, eviden'e suggests that rentin'reases e/'eed household willingness.to.#ay in so$e revitalizing areas, %ut this ty#e ofrent in'rease is no $ore likely to o''ur in revitalizing areas than in sta%le or de'liningones! (he ter$ 4gentrifi'ation5 has negative, even alar$ing, 'onnotations in so$e ur%anareas! (he eviden'e #rovided here suggests that those who fear neigh%orhood revitalizationhave $ade a %asi' error of attri%ution, %y asso'iating it with #ri'e in'reases that a##ear$ore strongly linked to other, al%eit not fully identified, $arket for'es!

REVITALIZATIONTRADESOFFWITHOTHEREPENSESANDDOESNJTFORCERESIDENTSOUT!


HTTP%//TRINITY!AAS!DUE!EDU/QVIGDOR/DUDHTP!PDF'

*llowing de$and and su##ly to vary! When housing de$and and su##ly vary, 'hanges inneigh%orhood 3uality $ay also %ring a%out 'hanges in neigh%orhood 'a#a'ity!In'reases in3uality, %y raising #ri'es, lead households to 'onsu$e less housing and #rodu'ers to su##ly$ore! &onversely, redu'tions in 3uality, whi'h lower #ri'es, will lead towards in'reases in#er.household 'onsu$#tion of housing and lower su##ly! &hanges in neigh%orhood 3ualityshould thus 'ovary #ositively with #o#ulation growth!

NO CORRELATION BETWEEN CHANGE IN NEIGHBORHOOD UALITY AND PRICE INCREASES,

REVITALIZATIONCANONLYBEBETTERTHANDECAY!


HTTP%//TRINITY!AAS!DUE!EDU/QVIGDOR/DUDHTP!PDF'

&onventional wisdo$ suggests that ur%an revitalization 'an har$ the #oor, #ri$arily %y raisingrents! It has also %een argued that ur%an de'line har$s the #oor %y redu'ing Co% o##ortunities, the 3uality of lo'al#u%li' servi'es, and other neigh%orhood a$enities! (his see$ing 'ontradi'tion 'an %e e/#lained in a $odelin'or#orating $oving 'osts and neigh%orhood 3uality 'hange suffi'iently large to 'hange the rank.ordering of

neigh%orhoods!ata fro$ the *$eri'an 8ousing urvey are used to esti$ate a dis'rete 'hoi'e$odel identifying households willingness.to.#ay for neigh%orhood 3uality, using very %asi'

#ro/ies for 3uality! (hese willingness.to.#ay esti$ates are then 'o$#ared to the a'tual #ri'e'hanges that a''o$#any o%served 'hanges in neigh%orhood 3uality!(he results suggest that the'orrelation %etween neigh%orhood 3uality 'hange and #ri'e 'hanges is a'tually 3uite low,'onsistent with the theoreti'al notion that e3uili%riu$ #ri'e differentials are deter$ined %y thehousehold with the least valuation for 3uality! (he results i$#ly that, in general, neigh%orhoodrevitalization is $ore favora%le than neigh%orhood de'line

2D


26/42


A2% GENTRIFICATION(2/2)ENVIRONENTALUSTICEOVEENTSINCLUDETHECOUNITYINTHEDECISIONAING

PROCESS, WHICHSOLVESGENTRIFICATION!

B*T8*, H&&)?HI& 200= (SPENCER AND ELEANOR, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OFECONOICS, GEORGIA STATE U AND RSCH ASSISTANT, AN M, #HAZARDOUS

WASTE RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION% LAND USE

DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS$,HTTP%//YOSEITE!EPA!GOV/EE/EPA/EED!NSF/WPNUBERNEW/200K02

OPENDOCUENT)

(he literature suggests severalfa'tors that $ight $ini$ize the #ro%a%ility of any gentrifi'ationo''urring or $itigate its effe'ts! irst, given the i$#ortan'e of aestheti' a$enities, reuse #roCe'tsthat fit the e/isting 'hara'ter of the 'o$$unity are less likely to trigger gentrifi'ation!&onsistentwith this #oint, the E"*& +2006 re#ort on unintended 'onse3uen'es stresses the i$#ortan'e of'o$$unity involve$ent in #lanning reuse #roCe'ts!

EVEN IF GENTRIFICATION OCCURS, IT HAS AN ETREELY SALL EFFECT COPARED TO

ENVIRONENTALHAZARDZONES!

B*T8*, H&&)?HI& 200 (SPENCER AND ELEANOR, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OFECONOICS, GEORGIA STATE U AND RSCH ASSISTANT, AN M, #HAZARDOUS

WASTE RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION% LAND USE

DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS$,

HTTP%//YOSEITE!EPA!GOV/EE/EPA/EED!NSF/WPNUBERNEW/200K02

OPENDOCUENT)

If gentrifi'ation o''urs, its geogra#hi' e/tent is likely to %e very lo'al! 9lass +1@6A and Tukin+1@>= stress that gentrified neigh%orhoods 'an e/ist side.%y.side with deteriorating ones! Hosthedoni' #ri'e studies of u#erfund sites have fo'used on very lo'al areas, with effe'ts e/tendingto 2 $iles or so at $ost! tudies with the $ost fle/i%le fun'tional for$s +using rings around aLL or s#lines, for e/a$#le find the strongest effe'ts within a%out a $ile +e!g! Ihlanfeldt and

(aylor 200A, H'&luskey and ?ausser 200;! With res#e't to de$ogra#hi's, Banzhaf and Walshfind that in'o$e res#onses to (?I sites are still #resent one.half $ile away, %ut weaker than one.3uarter $ile! (he 'leanu# and reuse of s$aller LLs, su'h as %rownfields, are likely to haveeven $ore lo'al effe'ts!

26


27/42


A2% DISADSCREATING EUITABLE SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONENTAL HAR REUIRES AING THE

COITENT TO EUALITY OUR FIRST PRIORITY ONLY BY PLACING THE RISS

THAT DISADVANTAGED COUNITIES ARE EPOSED TO AT THE CENTER OF OUR

IPACT CALCULUS CAN WE ADDRESS THE DISEPOWERING NATURE OF ODERN

SOCIETY!

LAITURI AND IRBY 14 (ELINA AND ANDREW, PROFESSOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES,

ARIZONA STATE U, AND ASSOCIATE DEAN FOR ACADEIC AFFAIRS, AUCLAND,

#FINDING FAIRNESS IN AERICAS CITIES THE SEARCH FOR ENVIRONENTAL

EUITYINEVERYDAYLIFE$, OURNALOFSOCIALISSUES, VOL! &0, NO! 3, 14, PP!

121K13 STOR)

We have argued that any 'onsideration of green Custi'e 'annot %e li$ited solely to wilde$essareasJ it $ust in'lude too the issue of natural resour'es as they are $anifested within our ur%anareas! Indeed, a growing voi'e within *$eri'an 'ities sees the ine3uita%le distri%ution of theseresour'es as yet another di$ension of ine3uality within so'iety! &lass and ethni'ity alreadydeter$ine a great deal of our o##ortunitiesJ there is $ounting e$#iri'al eviden'e that #overty

and 'olor are fre3uently asso'iated with a #oor 3uality of life and #oor a''ess to a healthyenviron$ent! While $any of us have o%served these ine3uities, su'h o%servations have %eenslow to infiltrate the #lanning #ro'ess and the #oliti'al real$! (his is %e'ause we have de#endedu#on $odels of rationality, in %oth the analysis of risk and the deter$ination of environ$entali$#a'ts, that are in'a#a%le of in'or#orating issues of e3uity! It is for this reason that we arguedfor the 'reation of new a##roa'hes, ones that are 'ongruent with the needs and views of theresidents the$selves! We have shown, in the dis'ussion of the Environ$ental E3uity*ssess$ent, that it is #ossi%le to generate for$al $ethodologies that allow us to in'or#orate a%roader s#e'tru$ of issues, ranging fro$ 'o$$unity views on risk through to a %road range ofe'ono$i' i$#a'ts and #ossi%le ty#es of 'o$#ensation! )ur ne'essarily %rief'ase study of(u'son #rovides a sket'h of how su'h an EE* 'an %e develo#ed! or #sy'hologists, this

analysis offers one %asi' insight, na$ely the i$#ortan'e of understanding the 'olle'tivedis'ourse of risk in a 'o$$unity and the need to #la'e this dis'ourse within the 'onte/ts %oth ofe3uity and the environ$ental 3uality of life!While individual 'onstru'tions of the natural worldand hazards are not without interest, these are always #art of larger 'urrents of o#inion, di'tated%y 'or#orations, gove$$ents and the residents the$selves! In the #ast these 'olle'tive valueshave re'eived less attention than those of the individual-and in dis'i#lines like e/#eri$entale'ono$i's, the 'onstru'tion of the individualKs risk 'al'ulus re$ains #ara$ount! 8ere, we havee$#hasized that the deter$ination of e3uity with regard to the natural world $ust #ay attentionto the ways in whi'h the 'olle'tive 'ons'iousness is forged, if #ast e/#erien'es of #ollution and a#oor 3uality of life are to %e re'tified and avoided in the future!

2=


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A2% DISADSA COITENT TO ENVIRONENTAL USTICE EANS NOT RELYING ON OLD DECISION

AINGODELSLIEUTILITARIANISANDECONOICCOSTKBENEFITANALYSIS

THESEODELSARETHESELVESRESPONSIBLEFORTHECONDITIONOFTHECITY

AND INEVITABLY DEISREGARD THOSE WHO ARE OST AFFECTED BY

ENVIRONENTALDEGRADATION!

WET 2001 (PETERS!, PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND LEGAL STUDIES AT SANGAONSTATE UNIVERSITY AND ADUNCT PROFESSOR OF EDICAL HUANITIES AT

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDICINE, , FACES OF

ENVIRONENTALRACIS% CONFRONTINGISSUESOFGLOBALUSTICE(2NDED!,), P!

3K)tilitarians 'onsider the interests of all individuals e3ually, and advo'ate #ursuing 'ourses of a'tion that #ro$ise to#rodu'e results 'ontaining the greatest +net su$ of good! 8owever, irres#e'tive of how 4good5 is defined, #ro%le$s

with utilitarian a''ounts of Custi'e are $any and notorious!tilitarianis$ suffers in #art%e'ause its dire't interest is e/'lusively in the su$ total of good,and inthe future! in'e the su$ of good is all that 'ounts in utilitarianis$, *here is no guarantee that the good of

so$e will not %e sa'rifi'ed for the greater good of others! a$ous #eo#le 'ould re'eive +Custifia%lya''ording to utilitarians #arti'ularly harsh senten'es for 'ri$inal a'tivity to effe't general deterren'e! Even whenfa$e results fro$ honest #ursuits, a fa$ous felons senten'e is likely to attra't $ore attention than senten'es inother 'ases of si$ilar 'ri$inal a'tivity! Be'ause #otential 'ri$inals are $ore likely to res#ond to senten'es in su'h'ases, harsh #unish$ent is Custified for utilitarian reasons on grounds that are unrelated to the 'ri$e!

tilitarianis$ suffersin 'ases like this not only fro$ its e/'lusive attention to the su$ total of good, %ut alsofro$ its e/'lusive #reo''u#ation with future 'onse3uen'es, whi'h $akes the relevan'e of #ast'ondu't indire'*!(his affe'ts not only retri%ution, %ut also re'i#ro'ity and gratitude, whi'h utilitarians endorseonly to #rodu'e the greatest su$ of future %enefits!(he dire't relevan'e of #ast agree$ents and %enefits,whi'h 'o$$on sense assu$es, disa##ears in utilitarianis$!o does dire't a##li'ation of the #rin'i#le of&o$$ensurate Burdens and Benefits!(he $erits of the utilitarian reCe'tion of 'o$$on sense $orality need not %e assessed, however, %e'ause

utilitarianis$ see$s i$#ossi%le to #ut into #ra'ti'e! tilitarian su##ort for any #arti'ular'on'lusion is under$ined %y the ina%ility of anyone a'tually to #erfor$ the kinds of 'al'ulationsthat utilitarians #rofess to use! Whether the good is identified with ha##iness or #referen'e.satisfa'tion, the two leading 'ontenders at the $o$ent,utilitarians announ'e the 'on'lusions of their'al'ulations without ever %eing a%le to show the 'al'ulation itself!When I was in s'hool, $ath tea'hers sus#e'ted that students who 'ould never show their work were 'o#yinganswers fro$ other students! I sus#e't si$ilarly that utilitarians, whose 4'al'ulations5 often su##ort 'on'lusions thatothers rea'h %y re'ourse to #rin'i#les of gratitude, retri%utive Custi'e, 'o$$ensuration %etween %urdens and%enefits, and so forth, rea'h 'on'lusions on grounds of intuitions influen'ed #redo$inantly %y these very #rin'i#les!

tilitarians $ay 'lai$ that, 'ontrary to su#erfi'ial a##earan'es, these #rin'i#les are the$selvessu##orted %y utilitarian 'al'ulations! But, again, no one has #rodu'ed a relevant 'al'ulation! o$e#rin'i#les see$ #ri$a fa'ie o##osed to utilitarianis$, su'h as the one #res'ri%ing s#e'ial soli'itude of #arents for

their own 'hildren! It would see$ that in 'old 'li$ates $ore good would %e #rodu'ed if #eo#le %ought winter 'oatsfor needy 'hildren, instead of s#e'ial dress 'oats and ski attire for their own 'hildren! But utilitarians defend the#rin'i#le of s#e'ial #arental 'on'ern! (hey de'lare this #rin'i#le 'onsistent with utilitarianis$ %y a##eal to entirelyuntested, unsu%stantiated assu$#tions a%out 'ounterfa'tuals! It is a kind of 4"ust o5 story that e/#lains how good is$a/i$ized %y adheren'e to 'urrent standards! (here is no 'al'ulation at all!*nother indi'ation that utilitarians 'annot #erfor$ the 'al'ulations they #rofess to rely u#on 'on'erns #rin'i#leswhose worth is in genuine dis#ute! tilitarians offer no 'al'ulations that hel# to settle the $atter! or e/a$#le, $any#eo#le wonder today whether or not #atriotis$ is a worthy $oral #rin'i#le! etailed utilitarian 'al'ulations #lay no#art in the dis'ussion!

2>


29/42


(hese are so$e of the reasons why utilitarianis$ #rovides no hel# to those de'iding whether or notdis#ro#ortionate e/#osure of #oor #eo#le to to/i' wastes is Cust!ree Harket *##roa'h(o/i' wastes, a %urden, 'ould %e #la'ed where residents a''e#t the$ in return for $onetary #ay$ent, a %enefit! in'e $arkettransa'tions often satisfa'torily 'o$$ensurate %urdens and %enefits, this a##roa'h $ay see$ to honor the #rin'i#le of'o$$ensuration %etween %urdens and %enefits!nlike $any $arket transa'tions, however, whole 'o$$unities, a'ting as 'or#orate %odies, would have to 'ontra't with thoseseeking to %ury wastes! )therwise, any single individual in the 'o$$unity 'ould veto the transa'tion, resulting in the i$#asseattending li%ertarian a##roa'hes!= &o$$unities 'ould re'eive $oney to i$#rove su'h #u%li' fa'ilities as s'hools, #arks, and

hos#itals, in addition to o%taining ta/ revenues and Co%s that result ordinarily fro$ %usiness e/#ansion!(he $aCor #ro%le$ with this free $arket a##roa'h is that it fails to a''ord e3ual 'onsideration to everyones interests! Where

%asi' or vital goods and servi'es are at issue, we usually think e3ual 'onsideration of interests re3uires a$eliorating ine3ualitiesof distri%ution that $arkets tend to #rodu'e! or e/a$#le, one reason, although not the only reason, for #u%li' edu'ation is to

#rovide every 'hild with the %asi' intelle'tual tools ne'essary for su''ess in our so'iety! * #urely free $arket a##roa'h, %y'ontrast, would result in e/'ellent edu'ation for 'hildren of wealthy #arents and little or no edu'ation for 'hildren of the nations

#oorest residents! )##ortunities for 'hildren of #oor #arents would %e so inferior that we would say the 'hildrens interests hadnot %een given e3ual 'onsideration!(he reasoning is si$ilar where vital goods are 'on'erned! (he nited tates has the Hedi'aid #rogra$ for #oor #eo#le tosu##le$ent $arket transa'tions in health 'are #re'isely %e'ause e3ual 'onsideration of interests re3uires that everyone %e givena''ess to health 'are! (he 1@@A health 'are de%ate in the nited tates was, ostensi%ly, a%out how to a'hieve universal 'overage,not a%out whether or not Custi'e re3uired su'h 'overage! With the e/'e#tion of outh *fri'a, every other industrialized 'ountryalready has universal 'overage for health 'are! Where vital needs are 'on'erned, $arkets are su##le$ented or avoided in order togive e3ual 'onsideration to everyones interests!*nother e/a$#le 'on'erns $ilitary servi'e in ti$e of war! (he nited tates has e$#loyed 'ons'ri#tion during the &ivil War,

%oth world wars, the orean War, and the war in 7ietna$! When the national interest re3uires #la'ing $any #eo#le in $ortaldanger, it is 'onsidered Cust that e/#osure %e largely unrelated to in'o$e and $arket transa'tions!(he nited tates does not 'urrently #rovide genuine e3uality in edu'ation or health 'are, nor did universal 'ons'ri#tion +of$ales #ut all $en at e3ual risk in ti$e of war! In all three areas, advantage a''rues to those with greater in'o$e and wealth!+uring the &ivil War, #aying for a su%stitute was legal in $any 'ases! I$#erfe'tion in #ra'ti'e, however, should not o%s'uregeneral agree$ent in theory that Custi'e re3uires e3ual 'onsideration of interests, and that su'h e3ual 'onsideration re3uiresreCe'ting #urely free $arket a##roa'hes where %asi' or vital needs are 'on'erned!(o/i' su%stan'es affe't %asi' and vital interests! Lead, arseni', and 'ad$iu$ in the vi'inity of 'hildrens ho$es 'an result in$ental retardation of the 'hildren! avaho teens e/#osed to radiation fro$ uraniu$ $ine tailings have seventeen ti$es thenational average of re#rodu'tive organ 'an'er! Environ$ental


30/42


A2% RUSSIADA (1/3)1! NONKUNIUE! HIGH OIL PRICES OVERHEAT RUSSIAJS ECONOY AND WILL CAUSE

COLLAPSEINTHESTATUSUO

ALUGAANDNIZHNY, STAFFWRITERSFORTHEECONOMIST, J0M "#SOEANDIRRORS$,

FEBRUARY 2M, ACCESSED &/2/0M,

HTTP%//WWW!ECONOIST!CO/WORLD/EUROPE/DISPLAYSTORY!CFSTORYID10&120'

(he share of oil and gas in ?ussiaKs 9< has in'reased, a''ording to the Institute of E'ono$i' *nalysis, fro$

12!=N in 1@@@ to ;1!6N in 200=! atural resour'es a''ount for >0N of e/#orts! Like a #owerful drug, oil$oney has $asked the #ain 'aused to the ?ussian e'ono$y %y the re$lin! But the diseasere$ains!(o a##re'iate the i$#a't oil #ri'es have on the e'ono$y, 'o$#are real 9< growth of a%out =N with growth$easured in international #ri'es! In dollar ter$s, says ?ory Ha'ar3uhar of 9old$an a'hs, ?ussiaKs e'ono$y has

grown on average %y 2=N a year, the fastest of any %ig e'ono$y sin'e 2000! (he flow of #etrodollars isfanning a $assive 'onsu$#tion %oo$, $aking ?ussia the si/th.%iggest $arket in Euro#e! is#osa%lein'o$es +and retail trade have %een growing twi'e as fast as 9

(he #ro%le$, says N a year! But that growth was driven %y using s#are 'a#a'ity left fro$oviet ti$es! ustaining it will re3uire $ore invest$ent!

Heanwhilethe e'ono$y, una%le to digest the $oney generated %y the oil.and.gas %oo$, is 'learlyoverheating! Inflation $oved into dou%le digits in late 200=, #ushed u# %y, a$ong other things, a hugeinflow of 'a#ital attra'ted %y swelling reserves and the strong rou%le! nlike oil revenues, whi'h 'an %e #artially'hannelled into the sta%ilisation fund, this $oney 'annot easily %e a%sor%ed!

2! NOLIN! CHINA, INDIA, ANDTHEIDDLEEASTHAVEREPLACEDTHEUS ASTHEAIN

DRIVERSOFOILPRICES

SHEN J0M "AR, #EERGINGARETOILUSEECEEDSUS ASPRICESRISE$, APRIL

21, HTTP%//WWW!BLOOBERG!CO/APPS/NEWS

PID200110SIDACPWND3!N0&GREFERHOE, ACCESSED/2&/0M'

(raffi' Ca$s in BeiCing and hu$$ing air 'onditioners in u%ai are re#la'ing !! highways andsu%ur%s as the driver of glo%al oil #ri'es!&hina,India, ?ussia and the Hiddle East for the first ti$e will 'onsu$e $ore 'rude oil than the!!,%urning 20!6= $illion %arrels a day this year, an in'rease of A!A #er'ent, a''ording to the International Energy*gen'y in


31/42


A2% RUSSIADA (2/3)3! TURN! HIGH OIL PRICES LEAD TO CORRUPTION AND INFLATION THAT ULTIATELY

HARRUSSIAJSECONOY

ATTHEWS J0M "OWEN, #ECONOY OF CLAY$, AY 1,

HTTP%//WWW!NEWSWEE!CO/ID/14&M, ACCESSED/2&/0M'

But in truth, the ?ussian e'ono$y as a whole is an edifi'e with feet of 'lay! (he %ling and glitterof the 'a#ital o%s'ures a harsh reality the ar'hite'ture of ?ussiaKs e'ono$y is no $ore solid thanthat of an inflata%le 'hildrenKs 'astle at fairground, with energy and 'o$$odity #ri'es the windthat kee#s it inflated! Yes, the ?ussian e'ono$y has %een growing fast! But little of that growthhas s#illed over into the real ?ussian e'ono$y! ?ather, the %oo$ has, in $any ways, held %a'k?ussiaKs non.'o$$odities e'ono$y fro$ growing ra$#ant inflation, s#iraling real.estate #ri'esand higher la%or 'osts, %ureau'rati' 'orru#tion, e/#ensive 'redit and %ad governan'e have'o$%ined to stifle the 'o$#etitiveness of $any ?ussian %usinesses!

G?ussiaKs $a'roe'ono$i' #erfor$an'e has %een stellar,G says e'ono$i' analyst *nders *slund!

GBut ?ussiaKs oil sur#lus is so huge that it hides flaws in e'ono$i' #oli'yJ the longer oil #ri'esre$ain high, the worse e'ono$i' #oli'y will %e'o$e! Boo$s %reed 'o$#la'en'y and'orru#tion!G

4! TURN! HIGHOILPRICESPREVENTREFORANDAREWORSEFORRUSSIAJSECONOY

ANTONOV J01 "IHAIL, #ONEY TESTS$, DECEBER 2M,

HTTP%//WWW!CDI!ORG/RUSSIA/OHNSON/&1MKM!CF, ACCESSED/2/0M'

(hese are $ostly Cust e$otions! ro$ the strategi'al #oint of view, it is high #ri'es that are

dangerous for ?ussia! Like 'hea# foreign loans, they rela/ the govern$ent! (here a##ears ate$#tation not to 'hange anything, Cust distri%uting dollars and everyone is ha##y! (he $osti$#ortant e'ono$i' refor$s of the #ast years took #la'e in ?ussia in su'h #eriods, when oil#ri'es were low . 1@>D, 1@@1, 1@@>!

;1
http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfmhttp://www.newsweek.com/id/135877http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/5618-8.cfm


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A2% RUSSIADA (3/3)&! AGGRESSIONTURN

A! HIGHOILPRICESLEADTOAGGRESSIVERUSSIANFOREIGNPOLICY

SZRO AND BRUGATO, AERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE, J0M "CHARLIE AND THOAS,

#LIUID COURAGE$, FEBRUARY 22, ACCESSED &/21/0M,

HTTP%//WWW!AERICAN!CO/ARCHIVE/200M/FEBRUARYK02K0M/LIUIDKCOURAGE'

)f 'ourse, oil #ri'es are not the sole deter$inant of ?ussian foreign #oli'y Hos'ow $ight have a'ted lessaggressively if a $ore Western.friendly leader had %een in 'harge! But an in'rease in oil #ri'es has freed; #er'ent of the glo%e!


33/42


NEGSTUFFS

;;


34/42


GENTRIFICATIONTURN(1/2)THEAFF LEADSTOENVIRONMENTALGENTRIFICATION! CLEANUPANDREVIATLIZATIONLEAD

TOHIGHERPROPERTYVALUESANDFORCEPEOPLEOUTOFTHEIRCOUNITIES!

H! SPENCER B*T8* * P! WALSH W*L8 FELLOW, RESOURCES FOR THE FUTUREDEPARTENT OF ECONOICS AND INSTITUTE FOR BEHAVIORAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, 2004 (#TESTING FOR ENVIRONENTALGENTRIFICATION% IGRATORY RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN ENVIRONENTAL

UALITY, #2004 AERE WORSHOP)

(here is also a se'ond, $ore su%tle, #oli'y i$#li'ation! In this environ$ent , the %ulk of the %enefits of a#oli'y that su''essfully 'leans u# dirtier neigh%orhoods where the #oor live $ay a'tually %e'a#tured %y ri'her households! *s the neigh%orhood a$enity i$#roves, wealthier households$ove in, driving u# rents!If the #oor do not own their ho$es, landlords would 'a#ture the 'a#ital a##re'iationof the lo'al housing, while the #oor #ay higher rents! (hisGenviron$ental gentrifi'ation,Gas 'oined %y ieg etal! +200A,$ay a'tually $ore than offset the dire't gain of the environ$ental i$#rove$ent, so thatthe original residents are a'tually worse off! u'h out'o$es have %een de$onstrated in si$ulation$odels of air 3uality i$#rove$ents in Los *ngeles +ieg et al! 200A and in'reases in #rote'tion of o#en s#a'e

in ?aleigh, & +Walsh 200;

&)HHI(Y ?E7I(*LIT*(I)


35/42


GENTRIFICATIONTURN(2/2)GENTRIFICATION PROOTES COLONIALIS IN THE CITY! NEW AFFLUENT POPULATIONS

DISEPOWERINDIGENOUSRESIDENTS!

S97 4 +L a'ulty of 'ien'e, &harles niversity in


36/42


RUSSIADISAD(1/2)A! UNIUENESS! OILPRICESAREHIGHANDRISINGINTHESTATUSUO

AGENCEFRANCEPRESSEJ0M "#OILPRICESTODOUBLEBY2012$, APRIL24, ACC/23/0M,

HTTP%//WWW!BREITBART!CO/ARTICLE!PHP

ID0M042410433!04DY4SHOWARTICLE1'

(he #ri'e of oil is likely to hit 1D0 dollars +&anadian, a %arrel %y 2010 and soar to 22D dollars a%arrel %y 2012 as su##ly %e'o$es in'reasingly tight, a &anadian %ank said (hursday!(he &IB& re#ort says the International Energy *gen'yKs 'urrent oil #rodu'tion esti$ates overstate su##ly %y a%outnine #er'ent, sin'e it wrongly 'ounts natural gas li3uids .. whi'h are not via%le for trans#ortation fuel.. in itsnu$%ers!*nalyst "eff ?u%in in his re#ort noted a''elerating de#letion rates in $any of the worldKs largest and $ost $ature oil

fields! 8e esti$atesoil #rodu'tion will hardly grow at all, with average daily #rodu'tion %etweennow and 2012 rising %y %arely a $illion %arrels #er day!GWhether we have already seen the #eak inworld oil #rodu'tion re$ains to %e seen, %ut it is in'reasingly 'lear that

the outlook for oil su##ly signals a #eriod of un#re'edented s'ar'ity,G said ?u%in!Ges#ite the re'ent re'ord Cu$# in oil #ri'es,oil #ri'es will 'ontinue to rise steadily over the ne/t

five years, al$ost dou%ling fro$ 'urrent levels!G

B! LINS!

1! ALTERNATIVEENERGYREDUCESDEANDFOROILANDUNDERINESTHEECONOIES

OFOILKPRODUCINGNATIONS

LONGUIR, PETROLEU ENGINEER, AND ALHAI, ENERGY ECONOIST, J0 "GAVIN AND

AF, #NEED FOR A BALANCING ACT$, FEBRUARY 2, ACCESSED &/12/0M

HTTP%//WWW!EES!CO/POSTEDARTICLES/OPED/V&0N0K&OD01!HT'

(hus, Western #osturing over redu'ing the de$and for oil 'ould 'ause $aCor oil e/#orters to rea't in a variety of

ways, $ost of whi'h would e/a'er%ate rather than hel# the glo%al energy situation ! Even in a s'enario whereWestern 'ountries su''essfully re#la'ed their de$and for oil fro$ alternative indigenous energysour'es, they would still have to live on the sa$e #lanet as for$er $aCor oil.e/#orting 'ountrieswhose fragile so'ieties would then %e fa'ed with the additional e'ono$i' strain of the loss oftheir $ain 'urrent sour'e of revenue! Energy inde#enden'e for 'urrent oil.i$#orters $ay 'arry a high $oral#ri'e!If a shar# de'line in oil revenues leads to insta%ility in the oil #rodu'ing areas, the Westwill not %e a%le to turn a %lind eye to su'h 'onfli'ts! In the age of glo%alization, these 'ountries aree'ono$i' and #oliti'al #artners of the West!


37/42


RUSSIADISAD(2/2)2! A SUSTAINEDREDUCTIONINOILPRICESWOULDCRASHTHERUSSIANECONOY

ITYAYEV, RIA NOVOSTI ECONOIC COENTATOR, J0M "OLEG, #PRESIDENT

EDVEDEVJS ECONOIC CHALLENGES$, AY ,

HTTP%//EN!RIAN!RU/ANALYSIS/200M0&0/10M0&3!HTL'

nder a #essi$isti' s'enario, the stagnation of the !! e'ono$y would last two years and s#read to Euro#e,

%ringing oil #ri'es down! 8owever,the ?ussian govern$entKs e'ono$i' advisers #oint to long.ter$$a'roe'ono$i' sta%ility in ?ussia, referring $ainly to Gsafety %agsG 'reated $ostly with e/#ortrevenues, nota%ly the &entral BankKs international reserves and the reserve and national welfare funds!But if oil #ri'es #lu$$et, although this is highly unlikely,these safety %ags will suffi'e only for ayear or two! *fter that, the ru%le will start losing weight, along with #eo#leKs real in'o$es!Worse still, ?ussiaKs $anufa'turing se'tor will lose 'ontra'ts %e'ause invest$ent #rogra$s will%e 'urtailed due to a fall in e/#ort revenues!In this event, the ?ussian e'ono$y will first overheat and then its growth will al$ost 'o$e to astandstill!

C! IPACT! RUSSIANECONOICDECLINECAUSESNUCLEARWAR

THOPSON J "I, #THREATS TO THE GLOBAL ECONOY$, ARCH/APRIL,

HTTP%//WWW!THETRUPET!CO/INDE!PHPPAGEARTICLEID&2, ACCESSED

&/14/0M'

(he arti'le also says, 4*t no ti$e sin'e the 'ivil war of 1@1>.20 has ?ussia %een 'loser to %loody'onfli't than it is today,5 and that 4if internal war does strike ?ussia, e'ono$i' deterioration will%e a #ri$e 'ause!5 *s an indi'ator of ?ussias #resent finan'ial 'ondition, the e%ruary 6 E'ono$ist states that4Western %ankers say they would rather eat nu'lear waste than lend to ?ussia in its 'urrent state!5

oreign *ffairs 'on'ludes, 4Host alar$ing is the real #ossi%ility thatthe violent disintegration of ?ussia'ould lead to loss of 'ontrol over its nu'lear arsenal! o nu'lear state has ever fallen vi'ti$ to'ivil war, %ut even without a 'lear #re'edent the gri$ 'onse3uen'es 'an %e foreseen! ?ussiaretains so$e 20,000 nu'lear wea#ons and the raw $aterial for tens of thousands $ore, in s'oresof sites s'attered throughout the 'ountryV!4If war eru#ts, however, Hos'ows already weak gri# on nu'lear sites will sla'ken, $akingwea#ons and su##lies availa%le to a wide range of anti.*$eri'an grou#s and states! u'hdis#ersal of nu'lear wea#ons re#resents the greatest #hysi'al threat *$eri'a now fa'es! *nd it ishard to think of anything that would in'rease this threat $ore than the 'haos that would follow a?ussian 'ivil war!5

;=
http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080507/106805663.htmlhttp://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?page=article&id=952


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RUSSIADA A2% NONKUNIUE1! AFFIRATIVEEVIDENCEISNOTRELEVANT

THE ALUGA AND NIZHNY EVIDENCE SAYS NOTHING ABOUT INFLATION CAUSING AN

ECONOIC COLLAPSE IN THE SHORTK OR LONGKTER! IT DOES NOT NONKUNIUE

OURIPACT!

2! ECONOICGROWTHANDPOLITICALSTABILITYWILLCONTINUEINRUSSIA

VINT, CHAIR OFTHEDEPARTENTOFFINANCIALSTRATEGYAT THEOSCOWSCHOOL

OFECONOICSJ0M "VLADIIR, #RUSSIAJSSURGINGECONOY$, ANUARYM, ACC

&/24/0M,

HTTP%//WWW!RUSSIABLOG!ORG/200M/01/FORBESRUSSIASSURGINGECONOY!PHP'

With the fir$ %elief that, es#e'iallyin ?ussia, #ast is #rologue, the first and $ost i$#ortant e'ono$i'trend of 200= was that nationKs 'ontinued #oliti'al and e'ono$i' sta%ility! (his has $ade#ossi%le, and will 'ontinue to ena%le, relia%le fore'asts of e'ono$i' trends, and has attra'ted agreat deal of foreign invest$ent in ?ussia!u'h an ongoing #ro'ess has also 'aused ?ussian entre#reneurs to $aintain and in'rease their

do$esti' invest$ents, rather than invest a%road, as they did %efore! Horeover, it has resulted in Co%'reation and sti$ulated e'ono$i' growth, whi'h is now a##roa'hing >N!Whi'h indi'ators are #roving the in'reasing sta%ility and #redi'ta%ility of the ?ussian e'ono$yFirst, thereKs the un#re'edented rate of growth of foreign invest$ent, whi'h surged %y a fa'tor of2!D in 200=! one of the worldKs 1D leading national e'ono$ies 'an 'o$#ete with thisa'hieve$ent! o$e :100 %illion was invested in ?ussia fro$ a%road over the last 12 $onths, anall.ti$e re'ord for any e$erging $arket 'ountry and a $ilestone of great histori'al and#sy'hologi'al signifi'an'e for ?ussian %usiness

;>
http://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.phphttp://www.russiablog.org/2008/01/forbes_russias_surging_economy.php


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RUSSIADA A2% NOLIN(OTHERCOUNTRIES)1! THEDA STILLLINS

OURCAREY J03 EVIDENCESAYSTHAT EVEN SALL DECREASES INDEAND CAN CAUSEA

BIGDROP INOILPRICES! THEUS ISSTILLTHEWORLDJSLARGESTCONSUEROF

OIL, ANDIFITWEREABLETOOFFSETALARGEPERCENTAGEOFITSOILUSE, THAT

WOULDDRASTICALLYAFFECTGLOBALPRICES!

2! PREFEROUREVIDENCE

OUR CAREY AND OUR LONGUIR AND ALHAI EVIDENCE SPECIFICALLY DISCUSS THE

CONSEUENCESOFTHEUS SUBSTANTIALLYINCREASINGITSALTERNATIVEENERGY

SOURCES! THEAFFIRATIVEJSEVIDENCEONLYASSUESAODESTREDUCTIONIN

US DEAND DUE TO RECESSION, NOT THE DRAATIC DECREASE THAT WOULD

OCCURIFTHEUS HADAVIABLEALTERNATIVETOOIL!

3! OTHER COUNTRIES, INCLUDING CHINA, WILL ODEL US ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGY

PODESTA, STERN, ANDBATTON, CENTERFORAERICANPROGRESS, J0 "#CAPTURINGTHE

ENERGY OPPORTUNITY$, NOVEBER 2, ACCESSED /2&/0M,

HTTP%//WWW!AERICANPROGRESS!ORG/ISSUES/200/11/ENERGYCHAPTER!HTL'

*$eri'an a'tion will s#ur develo#ing world a'tion in two se#arate ways! irst, the #oli'y'hanges needed to 'ut 'ar%on e$issions in the nited tates are Co%.#rodu'ing and growth.generating a'tions! )ther 'ountries will e$ulate the$, Cust as &hina, ?ussia, Brazil, and other'ountries have ado#ted %uilding energy 'odes and a##lian'e effi'ien'y standards %ased on !!$odels!e'ond, the te'hnologies needed to #ro$ote low.'ar%on e'ono$ies are in'reasingly #rodu'ed

and sold in a glo%al $arket! When *$eri'a %uys 'o$#a't fluores'ent la$#s, $ost of the$ are$ade in &hina, so &hina auto$ati'ally develo#s the $anufa'turing te'hnology to use the$do$esti'ally! When *$eri'a re3uires that 'o$#uters and (7s %e'o$e $ore effi'ient, it affe'tsthe $arket in India and *fri'a! *nd 'onversely, when *$eri'a lags in effi'ien'y or renewa%leenergy te'hnology, either the rest of the world also lags or else other develo#ed 'ountries gra%the $arket and 'ontrol the e/#ort sales to the develo#ing world!

;@
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.htmlhttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.html


40/42


RUSSIADA A2% INFLATIONTURN1! NOIPACT

THE AFFIRATIVE HAS NO EVIDENCE THAT CORRUPTION OR INFLATION WILL LEAD TO

ECONOICDECLINE, WHICHISACRITICALINTERNALLINTOOURSCENARIO! THIS

TURNCANNOTACCESSOURNUCLEARWARIPACT!

2! NONKUNIUE

CROSSKAPPLY OUR SUTELA J0M EVIDENCE THAT SAYS INFLATION WILL NOT CONTINUE IN

THE STATUS UO! EVEN IF THE AFFIRATIVE WINS THAT THEIR PLAN STOPS

RUSSIAN INFLATION, THEY GAIN NO UNIUE ADVANTAGE FRO THIS BECAUSE

INFLATIONISGOINGTOSTOPANYWAY!

3! NOLINK US ONETARYPOLICY, NOTOILPRICES, CAUSESRUSSIANINFLATION

GILAN 0M "ARTIN, #THE FED CAN HELP RUSSIA LOWER ITS INFLATION$, AY 14,

HTTP%//WWW!THEOSCOWTIES!CO/ARTICLE/102M/42/322!HT, ACC/2&/0M'

But it is 'lear that the #ro%le$ with inflation is dee#er and $ore wides#read! ro$ &hina toaudi *ra%ia, the 'o$$on 'ause see$s to %e the a%undan'e of li3uidity e$anating #ri$arilyfro$ Washington, as the ederal ?eserve o#ens the s#igot to 'ushion the e'ono$y.wide i$#a'tof the #ri'e 'olla#se in the key !! housing $arket! With the dollar still fulfilling the role of thekey reserve 'urren'y, it is hard for other 'ountries to es'a#e the fallout, and ?ussia is 'ertainlyno e/'e#tion! In these 'ir'u$stan'es, what 'an %e doneF (he o#tions are li$ited and none ofthe$ 'o$es without serious side effe'ts!

A0
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htmhttp://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1028/42/362727.htm


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RUSSIADA A2% REFORTURN1! NOIPACT

THE AFFIRATIVEJS EVIDENCE ONLY SAYS THAT HIGH OIL PRICES ARE ONE BARRIER TO

REFOR! THATDOESNJTPROVETHATREFORWILLOCCURIFOILPRICESDECLINE

ORTHATTHOSEREFORSWILLBEBENEFICIAL!

2! THEDA IPACTSHORTKCIRCUITSTHETURN

THEAFFIRATIVEJS STORY ISTHAT AN ECONOIC DECLINE WOULD FORCE THERUSSIAN

GOVERNENT TO REFOR! BUT OUR THOPSON J EVIDENCE SAYS ECONOIC

DECLINE WOULD LEAD TO POLITICAL INSTABILITY, CIVIL WAR, AND ULTIATELY

NUCLEARWAR! THEAFFIRATIVECONCEDESTHISPOINT, WHICHEANSTHATTHE

RUSSIAN GOVERNENT WOULD DISINTEGRATE BEFORE IT HAD A CHANCE TO

REFORASARESULTOFECONOICDECLINE!

3! TIEFRAEFAVORSTHENEGATIVEK ECONOICDECLINEUSTPRECEDEPOLITICAL

REFOR

SIGOV, FORERRUSSIANOURNALIST, J0M "IE, #EDVEDEVJSLACOFINDEPENDENCE

IS NO OE$, ARCH ,

HTTP%//WWW!TOLEDOBLADE!CO/APPS/PBCS!DLL/ARTICLE

AID/200M030/COLUNIST2&/M030033, ACCESSED&/2/0M'

)#ti$ists in the West are saying that the de#enden'e of ?ussiaKs overheating e'ono$y on oil andnatural gas e/#orts 'ould under$ine it in the future if the world e'ono$y di#s into a re'essionand energy #ri'es fall!(hat $ay %e true! But that s'enario is not going to ha##en to$orrow!(he situation in ?ussia will have to get $u'h worse e'ono$i'ally %efore it 'an get %etter

#oliti'ally!

A1
http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080309/COLUMNIST25/803090339


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RUSSIADA A2% AGGRESSIONTURN1! ITJSTOOLATEK RUSSIAISALREADYACTINGAGGRESSIVELYTOWARDSGEORGIA

CIVIL GEORGIA J0M "#RUSSIA TAES PROVOCATIVE STEPSJ WITH GEORGIA$, AY ,

HTTP%//WWW!CIVIL!GE/ENG/ARTICLE!PHPID1M0, ACCESSED/2&/0M'

GIn re'ent days and weeks, the ?ussian govern$ent has taken what we would 'all #rovo'ativea'tions whi'h have in'reased tensions with 9eorgia,G White 8ouse s#okeswo$an ana

baudlstarterpack2 (1)

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