bctt_supephotphat lâm thao

7/23/2019 BCTT_Supephotphat Lm Thao

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Vin Khoa hc v Cng nghMi trng

Bo co thc tp kthut _ KTMT k57 Page 1

MC LC

LI MU..2

GII THIU VCNG TY CPHN SUPEPHOPHAT V HA CHTLM THAO.3

PHN I. DY CHUYN SN XUT AXIT S 1.....5

I. TNG QUAN .............................................................................................. 5

II. DY CHUYN SN XUT AXIT........................................................ 5

III. CC VN MI TRNG ............................................................. 11

IV. CC SCV GII PHP ................................................................ 12

PHN II. DY CHUYN SN XUT SUPEPHOTPHAT..12I. NGUYN LIU SN XUT................................................................... 13

II. C SL THUYT SN XUT SUPEPHOTPHAT ........................ 13

III. DY CHUYN SN XUT ................................................................. 17

IV. CC VN MI TRNG ............................................................. 24

1. Cht thi kh......................................................................................... 24

2.

Nc thi ............................................................................................. 24

3. Cht thi rn......................................................................................... 25

V. CC SCTHNG GP .................................................................... 25

PHN III. DY CHUYN SN XUT NPK ................................................... 26

I. NGUYN LIU......................................................................................... 26

II. DY CHUYN SN XUT ................................................................. 27

III.

CC VN

MI TR

NG ............................................................. 29

PHN IV.DY CHUYN SN XUT PHN LN NUNG CHY .............. 30

I. NGUYN LIU......................................................................................... 30

II. CNG NGHSN XUT ....................................................................... 30

II. CC VN MI TRNG ............................................................. 32

KT LUN ......................................................................................................... 34


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LI MU

Khi hc l thuyt trn lp, t hay nhiu chng ta cng c nhng kin thc c

bn v bn cht v qu trnh sn xut ra axit sunfuric, supephotphat, phn ln hay

NPK. Nhng ti liu vquy trnh v cng nghsn xut ra nhng cht trn rt phong

ph nu chng ta mun tm hiu. i vi sinh vin ngnh kthut mi trng, c

ththit kc cc hthng xl cht thi th trc ht chng ta phi nm r c

quy trnh, cng nghsn xut, t xc nh c ngun gc pht thi. Tuy nhin, ch

c l thuyt thi th khng , nhng ci nhn thc tsgip chng ta hiu su hn.

Thc tp k thut ti Cng ty Supephotphat v Ho cht Lm Thao l c hi tt

chng ta c th tip cn, tm hiu v nhn thc vn mt cch st thc nht.

Cng ty c phn Supephotphat v ha cht Lm Thao hin l nh sn xut, phn

phi hng u v phn bn v mt s sn phm ha cht phc v sn xut nng nghip

v cng nghip. Do , lng cht thi ra t cc qu trnh sn xut cng rt ln. Cng

ty xy dng, trang b nhiu h thng x l trc khi thi trc tip ra ngoi mi

trng. Ngoi nhng kin thc thc tin v quy trnh sn xut, cc cng ngh ca nh

my, cc trang thit b ca tng phn xng, chng ta cn c c hi tip cn, tm hiu

su hn v cc h thng x l cht thi v cng vic ca mtk s mi trng.

Trong bi bo co thc tp ca mnh, em xin trnh by nhng kin thc mnh

thu c trong qu trnh thc tp ti cng ty, bao gm:

- Cc dy chuyn sn xut Axit, dy chuyn sn xut supephotphat, NPK,

phn ln nung chy v dy chuyn x l nc thi v cp, thot nc;

- Cc vn nhim mi trng

- Cc s c c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng sn xut.

Do thi gian thc tp ngn, khng c iu kin tm hiu k hn nn kin thc

em tng hp c cn nhiu thiu st, rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca

thy, c em c th nm vng kin thc hn.

Em xin chn thnh cm n Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, Cng ty

c phn Supephotphat v ha cht Lm Thao, thy inh Quang Hng, thy Nguyn

Vn Nghim gip em hon thnh k thc tp ny!


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GII THIU VCNG TY CPHN SUPEPHOPHAT V

HA CHT LM THAO

I.

LCH SHNH THNH V PHT TRINCng ty Supephotphat v Ha Cht Lm Thao (trc kia l nh my

Supephotphat Lm Thao), l mt doanh nghip nh nc thuc Tng cng ty Ha

Cht Vit Nam c khi cng xy dng ngy 8/6/1959 trn din tch gn 80 ha thuc

a bn Th x Lm Thao Tnh Ph Th. Ban u nh my hot ng vi 2 dy

chuyn chnh l: Dy chuyn Axit 1 sn xut axit sunfuric vi nng sut 4 vn tn/

nm v Dy chuyn Supe 1 - sn xut Supe ln vi nng sut 1 vn tn/ nm. Ngy

24/6/1962 nh my chnh thc i vo sn xut.

Qua 3 ln ci to, m rng: t 1 (1973-1974) nng cng sut ln 175.000 tn

ln/nm, t 2 (1980-1984) nng cng sut ln 300.000 tn ln /nm, t 3 (1988 -

1992) sn lng t 500.000 tn ln/nm. c bit trong 12 nm gn dy 1997 2008

vi nhu cu phn bn ngy cng tng phc v nng nghip, cng ty lin tc u

t chiu su, ci to, i mi thit b, cng ngh, nng cao cng sut, u t xy dng

mi 4 dy chuyn sn xut phn hn hp NPK vi cng ngh hin i, ci to, i mithit b, cng ngh, nng cao cng sutcc dy chuyn sn xut Axt sunphuric, supe

ln nng cao sn lng, m bo cc iu kin mi trng theo ch o ca Th

tng Chnh Ph. n nay sn lng phn bn do cng ty sn xut chim gn 80%

tng sn lng phn ln c nc, gp 14 ln cng sut ban u. Qua 53 nm tn ti,

pht trin, cng ty sn xut v cung cp cho rung ng Vit Nam trn 14,5 triu

tn phn supe ln v trn 3,4 triu tn phn hn hp NPK cc loi, cng hng chc sn

phm hu ch quan trng khc phc v c lc nhu cu sn xut, tiu dng trn mi

min t quc.

Qua 53 nm xy dng v pht trin, Cng ty vinh d nhn c nhiu phn

thng cao qu ca ng v Nh nc nh: Hun chng H Ch Minh 2006, 3 ln

phong tng danh hiu n v Anh Hng Lao ng v nhiu giithng cao qu khc.


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II. LNH VC HOT NG V SN PHM

a. Lnh vc hot ng

Cng ty l c s sn xut, kinh doanh phn bn hng u Vit Nam. Nhim v

ch yu l sn xut phn ln Supe Ln Lm Thao, phn hn hp NPK Lm Thao v

cc ha cht cng nghip

b. Sn phm chyu

- Axit sunfuric kthut, tinh khit, tinh khit phn tch v axit dng cho c-quy

- Phn bn Supe ln

- Phn bn hn hp NPK cc loi: 5-10-3; 10-20-6; 16-16-8...

- Natrisunfit v bisunfit kthut

- Natri silic florua kthut, tinh khit

- Phn nhm sunfat kthut v phn kp amoni sunfat kthut

- Oxy kthut

c.

Cc n vtrc thuc

- X nghip Axit 1, Axit 2, Axit 3: Sn xut axit sunfuric phc vsn xut Supephotphat v bn axit thnh phm ra thtrng

- X nghip Supe 1, supe 2 v Supe 3: sn xut Supe ln

- X nghip NPK : sn xut phn hn hp NPK.

- X nghip ng bao: ng bao, bc xp sn phm

- X nghip in : m bo in nng cho sn xut v sinh hot ton cng ty.

- X nghip nc : cung cp nc phc vsn xut v sinh hot ton cng ty.

- X nghip C kh: gia cng phtng, chi tit sn xut, phc vsa cha

- X nghip vn ti : c nhim vvn ti hng ha phc vcho qu trnh cungng v tiu th, vn chuyn ni bv lm dch vvn chuyn cho bn ngoi.

- X nghip mcn: gia cng, sa cha g, tham gia phc vcho qu trnhxy dng sa cha trong ton cng ty.


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PHN I

DY CHUYN SN XUT AXIT S 1

I.

TNG QUANCng ty c phn Supephotphat v ha cht Lm Thao xy dng 3 dy chuynsn xut axit sunfuric: dy chuyn 1; 2 v 3. Nm 1998, Cng ty tin hnh u tci to dy chuyn axit 1 t t qung pyrit trong l c kh sang t lu hunh lngvi cng ngh l t ca Ba Lan. Nm 2003, ci to dy chuyn axt 2 t t qung

pyrit trong l tng si sang t lu hunh lng. Nm 2006 2007, Cng ty tip tcu t ci to hai dy chuyn Axt (1 v 2) t cng ngh tip xc n sang cng nghtip xc kp (hp th hai ln), nng cao hiu sut chuyn ho kh SO2thnh SO3.Nm20072008 u t h thng thu gom, x l ngun ncthi cng nghip v nc thi

sinh hot vi lu lng x l trn 1.900 m3/h. H thng gip x l trit v tunhon ti s dng nc thi vo sn xut.

L mt trong 3 dy chuyn sn xut axit, dy chuyn s 1 c u t hthng iu khin bng my vi tnh t nm 2006 cng vi dy chuyn s 2 v s 3. Dychuyn s 1, ng gp vo sn phm axit sunfuric ca Cng ty vi cng sut 8vntn/nm. Ba dy chuyn sn xut axit sunfuric theo cng ngh sn xut mi hp thkp 2 ln s dng hon ton bng nguyn liu lu hunh nguyn t; trang b h thngt ng ha iu khin qu trnh cng ngh DCS cc dy chuyn sn xut hot

ng n nh. Cc dy chuyn axit u c hiu sut s dng trung bnh (tnh theo cngsut s dng trung bnh trong mt nm) l 90% - 100%.

II. DY CHUYN SN XUT AXIT1. Nguyn liu

a)Nguyn liu chnh

Theo dy chuyn c, axit sunfuric c sn xut t qung pyrit. Nm 1998, dychuyn c ci to, qung pyrit c thay th bng lu hunh nguyn t c nhpch yu t nc ngoi. Vic thay th nguyn liu u vo ny chm dt hon ton

ngun x thira do t qung, gim bt c cc thit b cng knh, rt ngn thi giansn xut do khng phi tinh ch v cho cht lng sn phm cao hn.

b) Cht xc tcCht xc tc c s dng tng tc phn ng chuyn SO2thnh SO3. C 3

loi xc tc c ng dng trong sn xut axit l Pt kim loi, oxit st, oxit vadani.Trong dy chuyn ny s dng oxit vadani V2O5v oxit vadani km hot ng hn Ptnhng r hn v nhim c asen km hn Pt vi ngn ln.

Trong lp xc tc 1 s dng cht xc tc c k hi u T-210 v CS-110 trong lptipxc 2, 3, 4.

c) Nhin liu


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Nhin liu c s dng trong hot ng ca dy chuyn l du DO, du FO.

2. S cng ngh

3. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh

Qu trnh sn xut axit sunfuric gm c 4 giai on:

- Giai on ha lng luhunh

- Giai on to kh SO2

- Giai on tip xc to SO3

- Giai on hp th to H2SO4a.Giai on ha lng lu hunh(ch to nguyn liu)

S cng ngh: (hnh v)

Thuyt minh:

Lu hunh nguyn t c cc thit b vn chuyn a vo thit b ha lng.Trong thit b ny din ra qu trnh trao i nhit ca lu hunh vi hi nc nhit 158oC v p sut 6 atm, chuyn ha S dng rn sang lng. Trong thit b ha lngcn b tr thit b khuy trn t c hiu sut chuyn ha cao hn, ng thi ui

kh H2S ra khi cht lng. Lu hunh sau khi ha lng s chy trn sang thng lngcn. Nhng tp cht v cn S khng c chuyn ha s lng xung y, nh k c


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tho ra ngoi v vn chuyn n trung tm x l cht thi. Sau lng, S tip tc chytrn sang thng cha, ri thng cha trung gian, lm nguyn liu cho giai on to khtip theo.

Lu hunh trong cc thng lng, thng cha u c duy tr nhit t 140 145oC bng o hi gia nhit.

b.

Giai on to kh SO2

S cng ngh:

Thit bha lng

Thit bkhuy trn

Thng lng

Thng cha

Thng trung gian

Hilu

hunh

Luhunhri vi

Kh H2S, Hi nc

Cn lu hunh

Nguyn liu


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Thuyt minh:

Lu hunh sau khi c ha lng c cha trong thng cha trung gian. T y,lu hunh c bm vo l t. Khng kh trc khi a vo l t c sy t tiuchun v m. Trong l t, lu hunh chy cng vi O2to ra SO2 v ta nhit mnh.

Nhit ca hn hp kh sau khi ra khi l khong 950 oC, nng SO2 t 9 -10.5% thtch. Hn hp cho i qua ni hi hnhit xung cn 400-430oC, sau i qua thit blc gi nng sang cng on tip xc.

Hnh 1. L t

c. on tip xc to SO3

S cng ngh:


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Hn hp kh SO2thu c sau cng on t c a v trong thp tip xc.Nh c cht xc tc Oxit Vadani V2O5, SO2 c chuyn ha thnh SO3 theo chiuthun v phn ng ta nhit

SO2+ 1/2 O22 5

V O SO3+ Q

Sau lp 1, hn hp kh SO2t mc chuyn ho X1=6070%, nhit 59550C c

qua trao i nhit sau lp 1 hnhit xung 4504850C nhthit btrao i nhit ngoisau lp 1 ri tip tc i vo lp xc tc th2 tip tc phn ng chuyn ho SO2 thnh

SO3.Sau lp 2 hn hp kh t mc chuyn ho 8590% nhit 5205450C i vo trao

i nhit ngoi hnhit kh xung 4304500C ri i vo lp xc tc s3 tip tcphn ng.

Ra khi lp 3 kh SO2c chuyn ho t94,596,5%, nhit t450475oC i qua

cc trao i nhit nng nhit cho kh SO2sau hp thtrung gian hoc trao i nhit vikhng kh m hnhit xung


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Ra khi lp 4 kh SO2c chuyn ho t99,699,85%, nhit t420435oC i

qua cc trao i nhit lm ngui SO3bng khng kh m, khng kh kh hay nc mm hnhit xung 1: sn phm l lum

- Nu n = 1: sn phm l monohyrat

- Nu n < 1: sn phm l axit long

Ti nng axit 98,3% H2SO4v nhit thp th ctc hp thv hiu suthp tht gi tr cc i v p sut hi SO3 trn bmt dung dch axit ny rt thp.

Nng axit cng ln ( > 98,3%), nhit axit cng cao th p sut ring phn ca kh SO3cng cao, hiu sut hp thcng gim.

Hn hp kh SO2, SO3ra khi lp 3 thp tip xc c mc chuyn ho 94,596,5%

squa cc trao i nhit lm ngui xung nhit 1901950C trc khi i vo y

thp hp thtrung. Axit mnhyrat c nng 98,30,4% H2SO4c nhit 705oC

tthng cha c cc bm chmbm ln dn lm lnh axit kiu tm v c lm lnhxung 505oC sau vo thng cao vri c ti vo thp hp thtrung gian quahthng phn phi axit bng a. Lng axit chy tthp hp thtrung gian v thngcha li tip tc c bm tun hon ln thp kt thc mt chu trnh. Do hp thSO3nng axt tng dn ln, duy tr nng axit mn ta pha long bng nc cngnghhoc bng axit sy. Do hp thSO3v bsung H2O nn mc thng cha axit caodn ln, duy tr mc thng cha ta a axit sang bphn sy nng nng axit.

Kh ra khi thp hp thtrung gian c nhit 4560oC i vo bphn khm tch

ht lng axit v m axit ri i qua cc trao i nhit nng nhit ln 405

415

o

C trckhi vo lp 4 thp tip xc chuyn ho tip lng SO2cn li.

Hn hp kh SO2, SO3ra khi lp 4 thp tip xc c mc chuyn ho 99,699,85%

nhit 4204350C squa trao i nhit lm ngui SO3bng khng kh kh, khng kh mhoc nc mm lm ngui xung nhit


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tc c bm tun hon ln thp kt thc mt chu trnh. Sau thp hp thcui hn hp khi vo thit bkhm hay thp tch git trc khi thi ra ngoi tri qua ng thi kh.

Sn phm ca cc dy chuyn sn xut axit c 5 loi: sn phm axit kthut, snphm axit c quy, sn phm axit tinh khit loi P, sn phm axit tinh khit loi PA u

c nng 92,5%; cn sn phm nng 7685% a sang sn xut supe ln c

chbin qua bphn trn hnng axt t9598.30.4% xung 7685%.

III. CC VN MI TRNG

1. Cht thi rn

Cht thi rn ca dy chuyn ch yu l cn lng lu hunh thi ra t cng on

ha lng lu hunh. Loi cht thi ny c cng ty thu gom li v vn chuyn titrung tm x l cht thi rn x l

Ngoi ra cn c cc loi vt liu dng ch to thit b nh gch xy l nungkhi hng hc s l cht thi ra mi trng. Hay cc loi vi vn dng lau chi mymc thit b

2. Nc thi

Nc thi trong dy truyn sn xut axit sunfuric hu nh khng ng k, chyu l nc dng trao i nhit lm mt hay nc dng ra thit b, my mct nhng s c r r axit t cc thng cha, ng ng dn..

Hnh 2.Thp mhp thSO3


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Hin nay cng ty c xy dng c h thng tun hon nc lm mt. Ncnng c qua mt h thng gii nhit v li vo h cha ncVi nc thi c

pH thp th c trung ha bng sa vi, v ngc li, pH cao s c trung ha bngaxit, sau mi thi ra mi trng hoc qua h thng x l nc tun hon s dngli

3. Kh thi

Kh thi trong dy chuyn sn xut axit sunfuric bao gm cc thnh phn:

- Kh SO2, H2S, SO2, NOx, thi ra t cccng on ha lng lu hunh,t lu hunh v chuyn ha thnh SO3...

- M axit sunfuric- Bi: bi lu hunh nguyn t, bi to ra khi cc my mc thit b vn hnh

T khi x nghip sn xut axit p dng cng ngh tip xc kp th hiu sut SO 2c chuyn ha thnh SO3cao hn, lng SO2thi ra do m gim i. Bn cnh

x nghip cn trang b h thng hp th SO2bng sa vi.. kh SO2thi ra mi trng m bo c tiu chun thi.

Kh H2S thi ra cng on ha lng cng c x l bng phi FeO to kt tarn v c thu gom theo nh k

4. Mt s vn khc

nhim ting n : ti cc khu vc my nn kh, bm nc, bm axit, qut ht gi

nhim nhit ti cc khu vc l t, thp tip xc.

IV. CC SCV GII PHP

Do dy chuyn sn xut axit 1 c xy dng tlu, my mc thit b c,chp v nhiu nn nguy c xy ra cc scr r, scsp dn miCn phi kimtra hthng thng xuyn v u t thit bmi trnh xy ra cc scng tic

Mt s thit b, ng ng c nhit rt cao nhng khng c bo n, dn ntn tht nhit v c th gy nguy him cho cng nhn, cn b k thut. V vy nnthit k thm cc h thng trao i nhit tn dng nhit v lp thm bo n bov tnh mng ngi i li.

Mt s ch kh phngkhng, do lu lng kh ln, ng knh ng thot linh, gy ra nhim ting n. Cn thit k li ng x kh

Cn tp trung cc vn mi trng, ci thin nng sut, m bo cc thp hpth hot ng tt, gim lng kh thi ra mi trng


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PHN II

DY CHUYN SN XUT SUPEPHOTPHAT

I.

NGUYN LIU SN XUTSupephotphat n l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy qung apatit bng axit

sunfuric, l loi phn ln phbin nht, c thnh phn chyu gm cc mui ca axitoctophotphoric, axit sunfuric, 1 lng axit octophotphoric tdo v apatit cha bphnhy. Ngoi ra cn c cc mui ca Magie, mt scht khong trong nguyn liu khng

bphn hy, SiO2.nH2O..

Nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut supe photphat n ti Cng ty Supe photphat vha cht Lm Thao l qung apatit v axit sunfuric:

1.

Qung

Qung a vo sn xut ti Cng ty Supe photphat v ha cht Lm Thao c 2 loi:

Qung nguyn khai:Qung ny cha lm giu, khng ng nht vkch thc vphm cht, thng cha 81 90% Flo apatit v phn bkhng u. Cc tp chtnhiu v khng n nh, m cng cao thp tht thng.

Qung tuyn m:Qung ny c u im l dtch nc gim m, c bit lkhi c o trn tt. Khi m gim th ti khng dnh bt. Hm lng P2O5

chung : 32 33%. m : 18 22%.2.Axit sunfur ic

Thng thng dung dch axit H2SO4a sang iu chsupe photphat t : nng: 75 77%, thng l 76%, nhit : 40 45C

3. Nguyn liu khc

Ngoi ra trong qu trnh sn xut supe photphat n cn sn xut sn phm phlNa2SiF6i tnguyn liu l axit H2SiF6v mui n NaCl.

Nguyn liu trung ha nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut supe photphat n l

vi sng CaO.Nhin liu sdng gm : than cm, du FO

II. C SL THUYT SN XUT SUPEPHOTPHAT1.Cc giai on phn ng

Phn ng tng qut to supephotphat:

2Ca5F(PO4)3+ 7H2SO4+ 3H2O3Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + 7CaSO4+ 2HF

Bao gm 2 giai on:


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Giai on I: Ca5F(PO4)3+ 5H2SO4+ 5/2H2O3H3PO4+ 5CaSO4.1/2H2O + HF

Phn ng xy ra, nng H2SO4gim dn, nng H3PO4 tng ln, to thnhbt st v chy xung phng ha thnh, khi 60-80% lng axit sunfuric cho vo tham gia phn ng, lng cn li tip tcc phn ng trong phng ho thnh v ktthc sau khong t 20-40 pht trong phng ho thnh ri dn dn ng kt li.

CaSO4.1/2H2O chuyn ho thnh CaSO4khan v tch ra vi tc tuthuc vonhit v thnh phn ca pha lng. Ti y do khi phn ng c nhit cao (t110-120C) v nng P2O5trong pha lng ln (42-45%) nn CaSO4.1/2H2O tch rathnh CaSO4 khan nhanh chng

Giai on I vic phn huqung tin hnh rt nhanh cui giai on ln n 70-80%. Tutheo mc kt tinh ca CaSO4m khi phn ng bng rn do nhng tinhthCaSO4to ra nhng bc cha pha lng. Vic ng rn xy ra trc lc tiu hao ht

H2SO4v mc phn humi t 60%. Giai on ny kt thc khi tiu tn ht axit vkt tinh sunfat canxi:

2CaSO4.0,5H2O2CaSO4+ H2O

Giai on II: Ca5F(PO4)3+ 7H3PO4+ 5H2O = 5Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + HF

Giai on II bt u khi ton b lng axit sunfuric ht. Axit photphoric c tothnh tip tc phn hu apatit theo phn ng.

Monocanxiphotphat to thnh lc u trong dung dch khi qu bo ho bt u

kt tinh. Giai on II c bt u sau 20-40 supe trong phng ho thnh v ko ditrong sut thi gian n trong kho ph thuc v nguyn liu dng sn xut v iukin kho.

Tc phn ng ca giai on II ko di ph thuc vo:

- Kch thc ht qung.

- Lng canxisunphat kt tinh qu nhiu lm H3PO4 kh tip xc c vi qung.

- Mono canxisunphat tan trong dung dch H3PO4 dn bo ho lm gim hot

ca H+ trong pha lng v tng nht trong dung dch.- Mono canxisunphat kt tinh thnh v mnh bc qung lm gim tip xc pha.

Cng vi Floapatit, cc khong cht khc cng b phn hu:

CaCO3+ H2SO4CaSO4+ CO2+ H2O

S c mt ca canxi cacbonat v magie cacbonat lm tng tiu hao axit sunfuricv gim lng P2O5trong thnh phm, nhng cng c li cho s phn hu qung.

Fe2O3+ 3H2SO4Fe2(SO4)3+ 3H2O

Fe2O3 + 4H3PO42FeH3(PO4)2+ 3H2O


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HF sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hu qung to thnh kh SiF4 v axitflosilicH2SiF6.

3SiF4+ 3H2O2H2SiF6+ SiO2.H2O

V vy, trong ng dn kh sau phng ho thnh c bm gel silic. Trong thit bhp th kh glo cng xy ra phn ng trn do sn phm ph l axitflosilic.

2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sn xut

Nng ca axit sunfuric

Khi nng axit thp, mc phn hy qung apatits cao, nhng nu nng axit thp th lng nc a vo qu ln lm cho sn phm c m cao, sn phmnho khng kt kh c.

nhng nng axit thp hn 63% th pha lng b bo ha mc nh hn,cc tinh th canxi sunfat kt tinh ln hn, to thnh v xp trn cc ht apatit, axit ddng xm nhp vo b mt phn ng ca ht apatit hn. Phn ng tin hnh nhanh, sn

phm thu c kh xp.

Khi nng axit cao hn 63% th pha lng nhanh chng b bo ha bi canxisunfat. Phn ln cc tinh th CaSO4.0,5H2O v CaSO4 kt tinh dng hnh kimmnh, chng to thnh v bao ph hu nh ton b b mt ca cc ht apatit. Phnng b km li, Supe ng kt khng tt, pha lng s nm li trn b mt cc ht rn vsn phm thu c c tnh cht l hc xu, khng ti xp m b dnh bt.

Tuy nhin ngi ta vn dng axit c nng cao hn gim m ca snphm. Khi nng cao nng axit ban u, m ca sn phm b gim, hm lngP2O5tng. Nhngkhi nng cao nng axit qu mc th li gy nn s to thnh vcanxi sunfat mn do bo ha ca n trong dung dch ln, dn n gim tc phnng phn hy qung. Ngoi ra, tc phn ng gim cn do hot ca axit m cnh hn.

i vi qu trnh sn xut lin tc, cho php nng cao nng axit v khi axitv apatit vo thng trn cng vi khi phn ng dng bn, nng axit sunfuric

gim v axit photphoric tng. tan ca CaSO4 trong axit photphoric cao hn trongaxit sunfuric nn s qu bo ha v kt tinh canxi sunfat chm hn, lm cho mngcanxi sunfat xp. Trong qu trnh sn xut lin tc, nng axit ban u thng caohn sn xut gin on t 5 7%.

Nhit ban u ca axit cng nh hng ti vn tc phn hy. Khi nhit tng th tc phn ng ban u tng nhng do qu trnh bo ha canxi sunfat nhanhto mng ngn cch, tc phn ng b gim mnh.


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mn ca ht qung

Qung cng mn th b mt ringcng ln. Do tc phn hy cng nhanh.Tuy nhin nu qung qu mn th chi ph cho vic sy nghin s tn km, nh hngti gi thnh.

Cng khuy trn

Vic khuy trn lm mt kh nng bo ha cc b, to s tip xc pha tt hn.Tng cng khuy trn s tng tc phn ng. Nhng khi khuy trn mnh quth s c st gia qung v axit km i, lm gim hiu sut ca phn ng. Gia cng khuy trn v mn c mi lin h cht ch vi nhau.

Thi gian lu ca bt st trong thng trnThi gian lu ca bn st trong thng trn ty thuc vo thnh phn ca qung v

nng axit a vo phn hy (thnh phn pha lng ngay lc bt u tc dng) v ckhng chbng tm chn thng trn. Thi gian lu li khng ln trnh cho vic bnc st lm mt linh ng.

iu kin

Vic chn Supe trong kho c tc phn hy apatit kho tng nhanh hnkhi h thp nhit ca khi Supe xung cn 40 50oC. Bi khi lm ngui thCa(H2PO4)2.H2O s kt tinh khi pha lng, qu bo ha pha lng gim hot axit tng lm cho tc phn ng tng.

Trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta lm ngui Supe bng cch nh tung Supe trongkhng kh trn ng vn chuyn t phng ha thnh n kho v nh k o trnSupe trong kho bng cu trc. Vic o trn ny nhm mc ch:

- Lm ngui Supe n nhit thch hp;

- Hi nc v kh Flo d thot ra lm gim m ca Supe v h nhit ;

- Supe c o trn u, ti, xp v ng nht hn.

Trung ha Supephotphat

Sn phm Supephotphat c cha mt lng axit photphoric t do. Axit ny slm tng kh nng ht m ca Supe photphat. trung ha axit t do c th dng binphp trn Supe photphat vi cc cht ph gia rn trung tnh hoc em amon ha. Cng ty Supe Lm Thao ta sdng bt apatit trung ha


17/34



III.DY CHUYN SN XUT

a. Cng on sy nghin

Cng on sy nghin s b:

Qung Apatt nguyn khai loi 1 v loi 3 t trong kho c cu trc trn vi nhautheo t l 59% loi 1 vi 7% loi 3,mc ln cc bunke cu h thng my cung cp xch, t cc bunke cha qung c nh lng theo nng sut qung cn sy ri c hthng bng ti xch vn chuyn xung h thng bng ti cao su. T h thng bng ticao su vn chuyn qung,qung Apatt theo ng dn qung vo thng sy. Qungc sy n m 1.53 %.

T bunke than ti cc l t,than c x xung sn thnh ng v c lm msau c tung vo l sy bng xng,nhit tr ca than khong 6500-6900 Kcal/kg.

L tQut

Nguyn liu

My sy thng quay

My nghin bi

Xyclone nhm 4

Lng bi t

Bphn tch git

Phn ly c hc

Bunke bt apatit

Thng hn hp

Phng ha thnh

Kho cha Photphat

X Than

Qut ht sau sy

Xyclone nhm 6

Thng cao v

Thng cao v

Bi, ting n, ncri vi, kh thi

Ting n, bi

Kh Flo,nc thi

Khi Bi Qung ri vi,bi.....


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Trong l t, kh c cung cp m bo khng kh sao cho than chy trit k ccht v lng, thng th lp than c chiu dy 20-25cm v x khng qu 12cm. Xthan trong l t phi c thi lin tc trnh ng lp gy tn nhit. Kh nng lt c nhit t 350-380C, nh qut ht cui h thng vn chuyn sang thng sy

sy qung sau khi c lng bi than v x. L lm vic di p sut m 5 -10mmH2O nh qut ht. Kh nng sau khi ra khi thng sy c nhit t 100-110C.

vt liu sau sy c nhit va phi ta sy theo phng php sy xui chiu,vt liu m v kh nng cng vo u thng sy, vt liu kh v kh ngui ra cuithng sy. Pha trong thng sy phn u khong 1m c hn cc cnh thp xonv c tc dng tip nhn qung v dn qung vo trong thng sy v phn hiqung cho u tng b mt tip xc gia kh nng. Tc v thi giansy c tnhton da trn thc nghim v nng sut v m sy.

Sau sy nguyn khai : sau khi sy ti m 1.5-3 % qung ra khi thng syc vo my nghin ba.Ti y nh cc l ba qung c p nh s b t kchthc nh hn 100100 mm xung cn 15-30 mm .qung Apatt c kch thc ttiu chun qua ghi sng xung bng ti cao su v c vn chuyn vo my nghin

bi,cn qung to cn li tip tc c cc l ba p tip.nhit qung ra khi myba thng l 8090oC.

Kh c bi qung Apatt v bi than c nhit 100110oC t thng sy v l tsang c dn vo h thng xyclon nhm 4, bn trong xyclon kh s theo ng xoy,

bi va p vo thnh xyclon mt ng nng s ri xung y.Di cc xyclon nhm 4 c bunke cha Apatt lng v bt ny c cc van gt

bt y bunke gt xung vt xon 400 v vt xon nh ri c cc vt vn chuyn

vo bng ti qung sau sy.

Kh v bi cn li theo ng ng gia xiclon ra ngoi vo thit b kh bi mngnc .Ti y chng c sc qua bunke cha nc phn ln bi b thm t lng tiy ,kh bi ko theo bi thm t v nhng git nc i vo thit b tch git hnh trtheo phng tip tuyn.Nc v cc ht bi b thm t c lng li thnh thit b

chy xung y theo ng ng ra ao lng tun hon kh c lm sch bi mbo tiu chun v sinh mi trng theo ng khi thi ra ngoi tri.

Cng on nghin mn:

Qung apatit sau my nghin ba c vo my nghin bi nghin mn.

Sau khi qua my nghin bi, qung c nghin nhnhlc va p gia bi thp cng knh 4070 v vm thnh my nghin v c a ln sng phn ly tnh t

pha trn my nghin nhqut cao p nghin pha cui hthng. Thit bphn ly hotng theo nguyn l kh ln bi vo my theo phng thng ng va p vo phn cn

bn trong ca thit b, cc ht to mt ng nng sri xung quay trvmy nghin,


19/34



khng kh ln bt mn si theo ng tip tuyn vo pha trn(bn trong) thit blcbi tnh, bt nhc kch thc < 0,16mm s tip tc i sang xyclon n lng bi, cnht to sri xung y cn v quay trli my nghin tip tc c nghin nh.

Kh ln bt sau khi qua xyclon n ng knh 1600mm slng phn ln bt mnti , sau tip tc i qua nhm xyclon 6 lng tip bt mn cn li.

Bt apatit lng ti xyclon n v nhm 6 c cha ti cc bunke ri c cc vangt bt gt xung cc vt xon, sau tip tc c cc bng ti cao su, gu nng lnnghin, gu nng nh, gu nng ln iu ch, cc vt xon vn chuyn sang bunke trunggian bphn iu ch.

Kh ra khi xyclon nhm 6 qua qut ht. Kh ra khi qut ht chia lm 2 ng,1/3 lng kh c a trli my nghin bi, 2/3 lng kh cn li c a qua thit bsi bt lm sch kh trc khi phng khng. Bt apatit lng ti si bt c dn ra aotun hon thu hi apatit v tun hon nc si bt.

b. Cng on iu chSupephotphat

iu chv trung ha Supe ti t I:

Qung apatit nguyn khai sau sy nghin c m 1,53% v cht 95% qua sng0,16mm v qung tuyn sau sy, sng (hay nghin) c m 1014% v kch thc cht 0,774mm c vn chuyn vo bunke trung gian bphn iu ch.

Axit sunfuric c nng t75-77% c bm tkho cha axit vx nghip supe

v cha 3 thng cha ln. Tthng cha axit c bm ln thng cao v, y c btr 1 ng ng chy trn duy tr mc axit khng i trong thng cao v.

Nc cng nghip c bm thng tphn xng nc sang thng cha cao v.

Theo cng ngh hin ti iu ch th nng axit vo thng trn nm trongkhong 7074% nh vy phi dng nc pha long axit, mt khc cng phi iuchnh lu lng axit long vo thng trn m bo nng sut axit theo ng tlL:R. Qu trnh pha long v iu khin lu lng axit c lin quan cht chvi nhau,khi thay i lu lng nc pha long t nng C% th dn n nng sut thay i

v ngc li khi thay i lu lng axit dn n nng thay i.

Tthng cao v, axit v nc c nh lng bng hthng van iu chnh bngkh nn (hoc bng tay) tho xung ct chT pha long axit vi nc. Trc khi vo

pha long lu lng axit c xc nh bng ng ho lu lng :

Axit sau khi pha long xong c nng 70-74% v nhit khong 45-60C,sau i qua thng lu lng axit vo thng trn. Nng v nhit c o bngnhit k, t trng k nu chy tay, cn khi chy t ng hay bn t ng gi tr cachng c hin thtrn ng ho hoc mn hnh iu khin.


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Hn hp bt apatit tbunke trung gian qua van xi bia y bunke c nhlng xung thng trn nhhthng bng cn nh lng c iu chnh tng iukhin nng sut bt apatit bng cch thay i tc ng c thng qua bin tn t tiu khin o lng hay mn hnh iu khin.

Trn axit vi apatit c thc hin trong thng trn nhcc que khuy c tccao.

Thi gian cho php lu li ca bt st trong thng trn ty thuc vo thnh phnca pha lng ngay lc bt u tc dng ca cc cht phn ng.

Vic cung cp qung v axit lin tc ng thi bn to thnh khng ngng chy raqua mt tm chn sgicho bt st c 1 thtch khng i trong thit btrn, thi gianlu li ca n khng ln trnh bn c st lm mt linh ng. Bt st sthnh supe

trong phng ha thnh khong t 1h30 pht n 2h. Sau khi xung phng ha thnhkhong 20 pht, giai on I kt thc, hsphn hy K1= 7077% v bt u giai onII ca qu trnh iu chsupe.

Giai on I kt thc khi H2SO4 phn ng ht vi qung apatit.

Phng ha thnh c ng knh 7,1m v chiu cao 2,9m bn trong c btr bphn dao co, dao ct gn trn vkarusen nn supe trong phng ha thnh sau khi thsphn hy chung ca cqu trnh K 85% v hsphn hy ring ca giai on IIK2= 6062% sc ct nhra ri gt vo ltrung tm v xung bng ti supe ti.

G II ko di tip tc ti kho . Lng supe trong phng ha thnh c khng chnhhn 2/3 chiu cao phng ha thnh.

Supe ra khi phng ha thnh cn 1 lng P2O5tdo nm trong pha lng (chimkhong 102,5% khi lng supe) cha phn ng do pha lng bo ha mono canxi

photphat v 1 s mui khc, lng apatit cn li b bao bc bi mng CaSO4 vCa(H2PO4)2.H2O do phn ng gia 2 pha L:R b cn tr, mt khc s tn ti caH3PO4trong supe lm cho sn phm c tnh ht m lm nh hng xu n tnh cht vtl ca sn phm. V vy khc phc ta sdng qung apatit trung ha supe ti (doapatit em trung ha khng bbao bc bi mng CaSO4v Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O nn bmt

tip xc pha tng dn n tc phn ng nhanh) v supe trc khi ra kho c nhtung (mc ch lm ngui supe t 8090C xung 40C kt tinh Ca(H2PO4)2.H2Okhi pha lng, khi phn ng G II li tip tc xy ra). Vic trung ha supe ti t Ic thc hin ngay trn bng ti vn chuyn supe ti ra kho . Bt apatit dng trung ha t I l hn hp gia bt kh ly tbng ti cao su vn chuyn bt sau nghinmn ra kho v qung apatit tuyn sang kho c gim m, hn hp qung nyc cu trc sI kho mc ln bunke trung ha t I nhhthng cung cp xchnh lng xung 2 bng ti cao su v c vo bng ti supe ti, lng bt sdng

trung ha t I cho supe ti l 20% (ca lng bt apatit cn trung ha supe ti).


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Bt apatit trung ha scng vi supe ti c ct tphng ha thnh xung c nhit8090C v c tung cng supe vo kho bng my nh ti.

Do phn ng vn tip tc xy ra nn nhit khi phn ng li tng ln khong50C (do phn ng ta nhit), pha lng li bo ha Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O v sau khi ti kho23 ngy hm lng P2O5tdo cn cao 57%. V vy ta tip tc trung ha ln II (lng

bt ny chim 80% lng bt cn trung ha) v dng cu trc o trn thot hinc v hnhit khi supe, tng tc phn ng G II.

Phn ng trung ha :

Ca5F(PO4)3+ 7H3PO4+ 5H2O5Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + HF

c. Hp thkh Flo

Hn hp kh gm : khng kh, hi nc, CO2, SiF4c ht tphng ha thnh v

thng trn bi qut ht kh cao p c nng Flo l 1535 g/m3kh ny c dn quahthng hp thtch Flo.

Lng Flo thot ra tqung dng hp cht SiF4tc dng vi nc theo phngtrnh sau :

SiF4+ 3H2O2H2SiF6+ H2SiO3

Phn ng ny xy ra nhit nhhn 65C, v vy chyu n xy ra bhpth, cn li xy ra trn ng ng v thp hp th. im ni bt ca qu trnh hp

thhn hp kh Flo l sto thnh keo H2SiO3(SiO2.H2O)Sau khi ra thng trn, ha thnh, hn hp kh c dn qua ng ng nghing t

phng ha thnh n phng hp th(phi m bo nhit ca kh trong ng >65C), rakhi ng kh c dn sang hthng hp th

Qu trnh hp thc tin hnh qua 2 cp l phng hp thv thp hp th: Floc hp thchyu trong phng hp th.

Phng hp th: L mt hnh hp nm ngang pha bn trong c chiathnh 4 gian bi 3 vch ngn tng stip xc pha gia 2 pha lng v kh, kh i qua

cc gian y mt cch lin tc v c ra bng axit H2SiF6 long, gung quay t chtlng thnh mt mng cc ht lng phn tn mng v u (m), lng m sinh ra cngnhiu cng tt. Axit long tthp hp ths1 c bsung vo phng hp thui din vi u kh i vo v n chuyn ng ngc chiu vi kh. Phn axit tnng 812% chy ra bcha u phng hp th, sau khi c lng keo silic s bnc bm vn chuyn v thng cha axit H2SiF6, phn keo silic lng ng trong phnhp thv trong cc bnh kc lm sch.

Thp hp th, gm c 2 thp:

Kh ra khi phng hp thc dn vo thp hp thsI, thp hnh trrng hpththeo nguyn l ngc chiu nhm tng stip xc pha kh i tdi ln, nc phun


22/34



thnh m ttrn xung, nc c bm tun hon. Ti thp hp thsI c bsungbng axit long tng ng tun hon ca thp hp thsII, ng thi trn ng ngtun hon ca thp sI ta bsung 1 phn vo phng hp th. Kh sau khi ra khi thphp thsI c i qua thp tch git, sau a qua thp sII.

Nguyn l lm vic thp hp thsII tng tnh thp sI, ti thp hp thsII c bsung bng nc sch, ng thi trn ng ng tun hon ca thp sII ta bsung 1 phn axit long vo thp hp thsI.

Phn axit ln SiO2.H2O dng keo bm vo trn cc ng ng dn kh v thphp th, phng hp th, cc bcha axit, thng cha axit nh kc o v thng ra.Flo thu c trong phng v thp hp thdng H2SiF6, hiu sut hp thFlo trong hnhp kh ti hthng hp thkhng t hn 98%.

Kh sau khi i ra khi thp hp thi qua qut ht ri thi ra ngoi qua ng khi.Axit H2SiF6 thu c t h thng hp th c a sang b phn sn xut Na2SiF6.Trong trng hp sn xut Na2SiF6t th H2SiF6c trung ha bng sa vi trc khithi b.

Vi c ch bng cng nng t x nghip NPK 1 n x nghip supe c thnh ng, sau c ti trong thng nhhthng nc v hi nc, sa vi sau khiti c khuy u ri c nh lng trung ha nc thi khu iu chv khu snxut Na2SiF6trc khi thi.

Cc phn ng xy ra ti bphn trung ha :

CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2+ 2HCl = CaCl2+ 2H2O

Ca(OH)2+ H2SO4= CaSO4+ 2H2O

Ca(OH)2+ H2SiF6= CaSiF6+ H2O

d. Sn xut Na2SiF6

Kh HF c tch ra trong phng ho thnh trong qu trnh phn huapatit c

hp th, c chuyn ho thnh axit H2SiF6.Axit H2SiF6nng 8 12% trong hai bhp thc a vo biu chnh mc

nc v bm li tm bm vo blng SiO2. Ti blng axit H2SiF6c bm ln thngcao v.

Mui n c pha long thnh dung dch mui c nng 20% c bm lnthng cao vmui. Bt u thc hin qu trnh phn ng bng cch mvan cho dung

dch mui vo. Thi gian cho dung dch mui vo 10 15 pht. Sau khi cho kt dungdch mui vo thng phn ng tip tc khuy kt thc qu trnh phn ng v thc hin

qu trnh lng sn phm. My khuy trn lm vic trong thng phn ng lm tng tc phn ng v kch thc ca ht khong 10 pht. Sau cho my khuy dng v lng


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Natriflosilicat. Natriflosilicat lng xung y cn phn nc ci bn trn l axit HCl vnc. Dung dch HCl c tho vo thng nc thi. Cht huyn ph Natriflosilicatc ra sch HCl v SiO2chuyn vo my lc li tm ng. Thi gian lng sn phm

phthuc vo chiu cao ca thng phn ng (tc lng tinh thl 3m/h). Sau thi gian

lng kt ta 15 30 pht th mvan xnc t v thc hin qu trnh ly tm, ra snphm ti my ly tm n khi nc ra c pH 5 th vt kh. Sn phm Na2SiF6cra sch HCl v SiO2chuyn my lc ly tm ng. Cc tinh thNa2SiF6c hai chquay ca my ly tm nn ht nc v m gn 15% c a vo bng ti trsu tvo bunke tr su t. My ly tm c hai ch : ban u quay vi vn tc 300vng/pht sau l 900 vng/pht tch nc.Ty Na2SiF6c vt ti a vothp sy. Thp sy sdng kh nng ca du chy FO trong l t cho kh nng m

bo sch trnh lm bn thuc trsu sau sy. Trong thp sy thc hin di p sut mnhqut ht ht ht huyn ph Na

2SiF

6theo kh nng i cng chiu. Cc kh bi trsu

sau sy c i qua hai xyclon ni tip nhau thu hi bi trsu a xung vt ti trsukh xung bphn ng bao. Kh thi c thi trc tip ra ngoi tri.

Nc thi ca thng phn ng v nc thi tthp khbi bng nc mang theo

HCl nn c a xung btrung ho bng sa vi vi pH = 6,5 7 v thi ra ngoi.

Phn ng iu chthuc trsu:

H2SiF6+ 2NaClNa2SiF6+ 2HCl

e. , o trn supe trong kho v trung ha t II

Supe va apatit sau khi trung ho t I c my nh ti tung ra kho. Ri c cutrc sI mc thnh tng ng trong kho. Sau 23 ngy tung supe vo kho supe vcha mt lng axit tdo 57 % v vy cu II tip tc a qung apatit vo supe thchin qu trnh trung ho t II v o trn ln I. Sau 34 ngy o trn ln I, supe tiptc c cu III o trn ln II ra cnh khu vc sng nghin supe. Sau 58 ngy sau khio trn ln II, sn phm supe ln t cc tiu chun cng b(P2O5hu hiu, P2O5 tdo, H2O, gc SO4

2-) sc cu trc sIII hoc IV mc i sng, nghin, nh tungtrc khi cp NPK, bn ngoi.

Sn phm supe ln sau khi c o trn, trung ho t cc tiu chun kthut v(P2O5hu hiu, P2O5 tdo, H2O. gc SO4

2-) , sau khi c qua sn rung mt lui phn loi sn phm , sn phm trn sng c cu trc vn chuyn vo bun ke mynghin xch nghin nhsupe. Ti y cc cc c kch thc 10 mm c nghin nhnhlc ly tm, ri qua hp ga sau my nghin xch, sn phm u my nghin c cutrc mc mc cp cho XN ng bao ng bao xut bn, hay mc ln bun ke cp sn

phm cp cho XN NPK.

Supe sau khi , o trn, nh tung , sng, nghin , ng quy trnh, kim tra t

cht lng theo tiu chun quy nh mi c xut bn. Hin nay supe c ng trong


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bao PP c trng lng 50 kg/ bao sau c bc vc ln t hay tu hov c vnchuyn i tiu th.

IV.CC VN MI TRNG1.

Cht thi kh

Ti xng Supe pht pht n s1 th cc ngun kh thi v bi theo kh tccqu trnh sau:

- Kh thi v bi tmy sy nghin nguyn liu chyu l cc kh SO2

- Kh thi tqu trnh iu chSupephotphat chyu l HF

Trong cng on tinh chnguyn liu th lng kh thi v bi l rt ln. Lngbi apatit thot ra trong cng on nghin v sy u vt qu ch tiu cho php. Mtkhc trong qu trnh sy qung th x nghip li sdng than lm nhin liu t nn sc

mt lng kh CO, CO2, SO2sinh ra khi than chy. Tuy x nghip c trang bthit bxl bi v kh trc khi thi ra ngoi nhng lng bi ngay trong xng sn xut vn rtln v khng xl ht.

Trong cng on iu ch, kh thi ch yu l cc kh HF; SiF4 khng hp thc ht tkhu hp thv qu trnh chn. y l nhng cht kh c hi pht sinh rtnhiu trong qu trnh sn xut c hi cho sc khov mi trng.

Cc loi bi apatit, bi trsu v kh thi ra trong cng on tinh chnguyn liuhay iu chSupe pht pht n c nh hng rt nhiu ti sc khoca con ngi c

bit l cc cng nhn vn hnh v mi trng xung quanh

2. Nc thi

Ngun nc thi chyu ca x nghip Supe pht pht s1 l cc loi nc hpth x l kh. Lng nc thi t h thng x l kh bi sau my sy thng quay~10m3/h. Lng nc thi ththng sl kh Flo ~13m3/h. Lng nc thi tkhusn xut thuc trsu ~3m3/h. Tng lng nc thi l 26 - 30m3/h.

Thnh phn nc thi sau xl kh bi sau thng sy c thtun hon sau khi

lng cn. Cn lng nc thi txl Flo v tinh chthuc trsu mang tnh axit. Ncthi ny c x nghip xl cc bbng phng php trung ho bng sa vi ri thithng ra Sng Hng.


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3. Cht thi rn

Trong dy chuyn sn xut Supe pht pht n ca x nghip s1 th lng chtthi rn ch yu tp trung khu t than v x than. Lng x ny khng mang tnhnguy hi v ch yu l cc cht v c chy. Chng c em chn hoc a i sdng lm nguyn liu cho sn xut gch chu la hoc vt liu xy dng

Trong qu trnh sn xut cn c HCl d, c xl bng nc vi trong to thnhCaCl2bo ha. CaCl2 sc kt tinh thnh cht rn ri vn chuyn ti trung tm xlcht thi xl

V. CC SCTHNG GP

- Dy chuyn sn xut vn hnh p sut m nn khi c scxy ra cng onno th cdy chuyn phi dng li

- thit bnghin thng hay c ht rn cln khng bnghin, snh hngn cnh quay bn trong ca thit b. v vy phi vsinh thng xuyn

- Qung vo thng sy c m qu ln b kt li trong thng sy v lm tcnghn qu trnh sy nguyn liu. Khc phc bng cch dng my vo o li lngqung trong thng bng tay

- Mt sckhc thng gp l chy ng c truyn ti do phi chay qu ti hoctui thng c qu thp. Scny phi dng thng sy v tin hnh thay ngay ngc.

- Bn st ra khi thng trn khng kh kt, supe bchy. Nguyn nhn do nng, nhit ca axit ln v thi gian lu ca bn st ti thng cha .

- Bn st trong thng trn kt sm. Nguyn nhn do nng axit thp v lngbt apatit nhiu, mc axit trong thng cha thp.

- Kh Flo bc ln tthng ho thnh, c thdo qut ht hng; axit c nng qucao v lng qu nhiu; ng ng dn kh b tc; mc nc trong thng hp thquthp hoc nng axit trong thng hp th qu cao. Khc phc bng cch kim tra

thng xuyn ton bhthng dn kh v nng ho cht sdng.- Supe pht pht chy qua lng dao ct xung thng bng ti. Nguyn nhn ch

yu do cc chn vt bmn hoc bhng. Tin hnh ct ht Supe pht pht v sa chachn vt.

- Supe ltng mng trong thng ho thnh lm dao ct qu ti. Nguyn nhn dodng tiu chun nng v nhit ca axit thp.

- Scsp vch ngn


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PHN I I I

DY CHUYN SN XUT NPK

I.

NGUYN LIUTn nguyn liu Tnh cht

Supe photphat- Loi sn phm 16% P2O5hu hiu.

- m 10%.- Hnh thc: ti xp.

Sunphat Amon(NH4)2SO4(SA)

- Hm lng N: 20-21%.- m 1,5%.

- Hnh thc: dng tinh th rn, kh ri, mu vng nhthoc xm, rt dbht m v ng rn. Trng hp bng cc, chy nc th phi phn tch li hm lngv xl p, nghin, sang.

Kali clorua KCl

- Hm lng K2O: 60%- m 1%- Cht 0.5-1mm- Hnh thc: dng tinh thhoc trng

Ure CO(NH2)2(cacbamit)

-

Hm lng N: 45-46%- m 1%- Cht 1-2.5mm- Hnh thc: dng vin, mu trng c. Ure mi

trng bnh thng dht m v bthy phn. Trnghp bng cc, chy nc th phi phn tch li hmlng v xl.

Di Amon photphat(NH4)2HPO4(DAP)

- Hm lng N: 17-18%. Hm lng P2O548-50%- m 2%.

- Hnh thc: dng ht mu nu sm hay xm . DAP btn tht Amoniac nhit 70oC v chuyn thnhMono Amon photphat (MAP)

Mono Amon photphatNH4H2PO4(MAP)

- Hm lng N: 9-12%. Hm lng P2O548-50%- m 2%.- Hnh thc: dng bt mn mu trng. MAP l hp cht

kh bn vng 100-110oC, khng bphn hy v thtthot Amoniac.

Cht phgia: Bt apatit, ph sa, lmit, secpentin, bt viNhin liu: du DO, mn ca


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II. DY CHUYN SN XUT

S :

a. Cng on chnh

Cng on cp liu

Ph gia: ph sa, bt tan, secpentin c vo bunke cha 9, nh bngti 7 v bng ti 46 chuyn vo bunke cha 13A.

Nguyn liu SA tp kt kho, nh xe nng cu ln sn thao tc tho SAbunke cha, sau chuyn vo my nghin SA 8. Sau khi c sng, nghin mn,SA ri xung bng ti ch SA 11, nh bng ti ny chuyn vo bng ti 12, sau vo bunke cha 13C.

Nguyn liu KCl tp kt kho c chuyn ln bunke cha 13D nhbng ti chuyn bao 46. Cc nguyn liu: supe photphat n, DAP, KCl, Ur, SA,ph sa tp kt thnh tng ng ring bit ti mt bng khu vc np liu. Trckhi np vo cc bunke np liu, cc nguyn liu c th nghim xc nh hmlng cc cht dinh dng (khi cn thit). Sau cc nguyn liu c np vocc bunke np liu 13A 13D theo ng v tr. n phi liu cho cc loi sn

phm NPK c ci t sn trong h thng my tnh v c iu chnh t ng.H thng cp liu cng c th c iu chnh bng tay qua h thng nt bm.

Ra khi bunke cha, cc nguyn liu c nh lng bng cc bng cn

14A D c kim sot bi h thng iu khin cp liu t ng hoc quabn phm. Nu c xut hin hin tng to vm bunke cha liu th lp tc cho

Nguyn Liu

Kim tra

V vin, to ht

Sy

Sng

Lm ngui, ng bao

Kim tra Lu kho


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my chy rung ph vm. Nguyn liu c xung bng ti cp liu tng hp15, ri sau a sang bng ti 16, sau rt thng vo thng trn 17 trn ucc nguyn liuvi nhau trc khi sang my v vin a.

Cng on sy

Cc ht NPK sau khi v vin c m 8 10 % c bng ti 21 v 22 vnchuyn vo my sy thng quay 23. My sy lm vic theo nguyn l xui chiu.Tc nhn sy l ngun kh nng 200 400oC t bung pha kh ca l t du FO38 c qut ht 40 ht vn chuyn i cng chiu vi dng NPK trong thng sy.

Nh thng quay c t nghing v bn trong thng c lp cnh o nn snphm NPK c o u v sy kh c chuyn dch dn v pha cui thng sy.Ra khi thng sy, sn phm NPK t m 2 4 % c gu ti 24 vn chuynln sng rung hai lp 25 phn loi NPK.

Dng kh nng sau khi trao i nhit vi dng sn phm gim xung 110 0Cv mang theo nhiu bi i qua qut ht 40 ht vo b xycon chm 8 s 39. Trongxyclon, bi c lng xung y v tho ra ngoi ri xung bng ti hi lu 35 vc a i to ht li.

Dng kh tip tc c qut 40 y ln thit b x l kiu si bt 41, lngbi c gi li tip tc y v c tho ra rnh. Kh sch c phng khng.

Cng on ng bao, vn hnh bng ti di ng

Sn phm NPK sau my lm ngui 26 i xung bng ti thnh phm 27 rivo xil thnh phm 28. Sau sn phm c ng v nh lng bng myng bao t ng 29A, B; khi khi lng s ri xung bng ti ng bao 30A,B vn chuyn qua my khu bao t ng 31A, B t pha trn bng ti ng bao khu kn ming bao li. Sn phm ng bao tip tc c bng ti di gvn chuyn vo kho cha v xp lu. Sn phm NPK khi xut hng c vnchuyn ln phng tin vn ti (t) bng bng ti di ng 36.

Cng on cp ln

Nguyn liu supe trc khi a vo sn xut c ly mu phn tch chtlng. Supe ln tkho cha c cu trc mc vo bunke cha 1, ri i xung bngti 2, nhbng ti 2 chuyn ln sng rung 1 lp s3. Qua sng rung phn loi, phncc to trn sng chuyn xung kho v a i nh tung li cho ti ra, phn nhdisng c dng sn xut NPK c bng ti 5 vn chuyn vo bng ti 6 v nh

bng ti 6 vo bunke cha supe ln 13B.

Cng on trn, v vin, to ht

Nguyn liu supe photphat n, KCl, SA, phgia ..tbng ti cp liu 16 i

vo thng trn 17. Ra khi thng, hn hp c trn u, m bo tnh ng nht. Sau hn hp nguyn liu c chuyn xung bng ti cp liu 18 vn chuyn phn phi


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u cho 2 a v vin 19A, B. Ti my v vin, nh tc dng ca lc ly tm do aquay v ca trng lc ca ht nguyn liu v mt sphn ng ho hc gia cc loinguyn liu m cc ht dn hnh thnh. Khi phi liu qu kh th b sung m bngcch mvan vi phun nc vo phi liu. Ton b lng bi sinh ra ti a v vin

c qut lm ngui 43 ht vxl cng vi hthng xl bi ca phn lm lnh.Ht NPK t kch cquy nh c a xung bng ti bn thnh phm 21 v 22 vnchuyn sang cng on sy sn phm.

Cng on l t du FO

Du FO tkho cha ti XN Axit 2 c nhit 30 0C c bm a vthngcha 50 (12 m3), sau c bm du 54A (hoc B) ht qua thit blc du th vtinh nhm loi bcn trc khi a vo bnh n p 36 n nh p sut vo vi phundu. Du phn tn qua vi phun vo u l t di dng sng m. Trong l t m,

du FO chy cng vi khng kh do qut thi 37 cung cp. Hn hp kh nng c tothnh c nhit 900 0C sang bung trn pha trn vi khng kh do qut ht 40 htqua thnh l v np pha kh to thnh hn hp kh c nhit 200450oC. Hn hpkh ny qua qut ht 40 ht vo thng sy 23 sy NPK.

b. Cc cng on khc

- Cng on sng rung

- Cng on nghin cc

- Cng on lm nguiIII. CC VN MI TRNG

- Cht thi kh: chyu l kh ca qu trnh t nhin liu v bi ln..

- Nc thi: trong dy chuyn c sdng xyclon v ventury t xl bi, cho rabn cn a vo hthng blng

- Cht thi rn: cc ht bi cln

- Ngoi ra cn nhim ting n do bng ti, nhit tha qu trnh sy cha c

tn dng


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PHN IV

DY CHUYN SN XUT PHN LN NUNG CHY

I.

NGUYN LIUy l cng ngh sn xut phn ln bng phng php nhit, n gin, d vnhnh, gi thnh u t thp, gi thnh sn phm h. Ty thuc vo phng php ch

bin v nguyn liu m sn phm c hm lng P2O5hu hiu t 16- 36%.

Phn ln nung chy l hn hp photpo silicat (Ca v Mg) thnh phn ch yu l4(Ca, Mg).O.P2O5v 5((Ca, Mg).O.P2O5.SiO2. trong thc t snxut phn ln s c

phi trn to ra nhiu loi phn vi pH 6-8 ph hp vi tng loi t.

Nguyn liu chnh l qung apatit v secpentin, kch thc qung a vo

l cao l 11-90mm. Ngoi ra cn s dng mt s qung v khc: sa thch, qungbnh

Nhin liu s dng l than chat lng tt, hm lng cht bc nh, cng chu nhit cao, nhit nng ln. hin nay nh my ang s dng atraxit v than.

II. CNG NGH SN XUT

S cng ngh


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a.Thuyt minh cng ngh

Nguyn liu c a vo bi nhp khi v v phn theo tng l ring bit , lymu phn tihs thnh phn lm c s tnh phi liu vo l qung, t bi ucxc chuyn bng to, my xc t bi vo phu. Nh bng ti st chuyn vo p hm,

nguyn liu c thu hp xung c ht theo quy nh c kch thc 10-90mmsau qung c chuyn qua bng ti n sng quay, loi b mn c kch thc nhem thu hi ng bnh.Than c cng nhn sng th cng n c ht quy nh vc chuyn ch bng xe ci tin n sn l cao. bi phi liu than, qung, uc cn nh lng theo phi liu ca phng k thut sau c a ln np vol cao.Trong l phi liu c nung chuyn nh nhit ca phn ng chy gia thantrongphi liu v xy khng kh nng do qut cao p cung cp chuyn qua l t 18nung nng n gn 300c. Nh phn ng chy nguyn liu c nung nhit cao t

1400c n 1500c n chy lng, chuyn ho nguyn liu thnh dngthu tinh v theoca l ra ngoi. Kh l sau khi tham gia phn ng chy i ln nh l theo ng dn quathp lng bi kh 15, ri qua thp hp th kh c HF, SO2 sau c lm kh

bng thp tch git 17 ri qua l t kh CO cp nhit si m khng kh i vo lcao. Kh sau qua ng khi phng khng kh.

Nguyn liu lng ra khi l c lm lnh t ngt bng p lc cao ginguyn liu dng thu tinh d tan, ri chy xung b lng 21 c my vt cu trc22 vt ln bi ro ro nc n lm m cn7%. Bn thnh phm phn ln bi roc cu trc24 mc ln phu xung bng ti a vo my sy 27 c cp gi

nng t l t 2 qut y gi nng cng chiu vi bn thnh phm sy kh n mdi 1% ri qua h thng xyclon nc tch bi qua qut ht phng khng. Bn thnh

phm kh c a i giacng theo yu cu sn phm. Bn thnh phm phi cchuyn qua my nghin: ln nghin thng c mm t 50% n 51% hoc nghinmm cht lng t mm l 68% n 80% tt c cc sn phm sau khi nghin theo

bng ti ln phu xung ng bao, cn nh lng ri chuyn n kho cha

b.Cc qu trnh ha l xy ra trong l cao

C th chia t nh l xung y l lm 4 khu vc:

- Khu vc sy phi liu -nh l: nhit c khng ch trong khong 150-700C. Khi nhit >650 secpentin bt u b phn hy:

3MgO.2SiO2 2MgO.SiO2+ MgOSiO2+ 2H2O

- Khu v phn gii mui cacbonat: nhit 730- 920C, xy ra phn ng phn giimui cacbonat v hon nguyn kim loi Fe, Ni.

NiO + CO Ni + CO2

Fe2O

3+ 3C 2Fe + 3CO (800C)

Fe2O3+ 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2


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V t trng Fe, Ni ln hn rt nhiu so vi t trng phi liu nn chng b lngxung thnh x gang niken.

- Khu vc ha mm v chy lng: nhit 1200C th qung bt u chy. Ti yoxi khng kh v than chy mnh hn:

Phn ng chnh: C + O2 CO2+ Q

Phn ng ph: C + H2O CO + H2Q

V phn ng kh F hon nguyn Ni, P

- Khu vc qu nhit nm tm mt gi tr xung, nhit khong 1200-1300,ln tng thi lng, rt linh ng c tho bi hai ca ra liu lm lnh t ngtri ti nhanh bngnc c p lc cao. Bn thnh phm dng v nh hnh cy v b ti, tan tt trong axit xitric 2%.

II. CC VN MI TRNG

1. Cht thi kh

- CO, CO2trng qu trnh t nhin liu.

- Kh HF, H2S trong qu trnh t nhin liu l cao.Cc kh ny c hi vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi. x lhn hp kh

thi c a qua thp phn ly bi, kh c tip tc hp th bng dung dch sa vi,lng cn xung b cha. kh thi tip tc c qua thp tch nc ri tha ra mi

trng.2. Cht thi rnCh yu l qung mn di c 0,25 -0,35 tn/ tn phn bn, sinh ra trong qu

trnh p sng nguyn liu trc khi cho vo l cao. a phn c quay li honnguyn, tit kim ti nguyn, trnh nhim mi trng. x l bi trong qu trnhnghin nhin liu ngi ta chuyn sang nghin t. x l trong qu trnh sy bnthnh phm tin hnh to m hp l cho nguyn liu


33/34



PHN V

X NGHIP XL NC

I.

DY CHUYN CNG NGHNc sinh hot theo mng dn vo b gom c bm a vo b iu ha c

cp kh. Sau nc c bm tip vo 2 b aroten sau mt thi gian ln th dnsang b lng nhm tch bn. Bn thu c a v b phn hy bn, p kh v mangchon lp. Nc trong a vo b kh trng, b kh trng c th c cp thm axit,

bazo v dinh dng. Sau nc c a tun hon ti s dng hoc thi trc tip rasng Hng. Lu lng dng thi vo theo thit k l 160m/ngy m. Do ngun ncvo kh n gin nn x nghip gn nh khng gp s c no t khi vn hnh, nh k

nh my cho bo dng thit b 6 thng mt ln.S dy chuyn cng ngh:

Nc thi

B gom

B iu ha

Baroten

Blng

Bkhtrng Bphn hy bn

Nc sch Chn lp

II. CC VN NHIM MI TRNG

- X nghip nc x l nc thi cho nh my m bo lng nc ra t chun

mi trng v thnh phn v pH.- Cht thi rn ca x nghip l bn p kh mang i chn lp.


34/34


KT LUN

Trn y l bn bo co thc tp kthut ti Cng ty Supephotphat v ho cht

Lm Thao. N em li cho sinh vin mt ci nhn tng quan vmi trng, vnhng

vn nhim mi trng, vcng nghxl nhim... trong cc x nghip, nh my.

T, ta nhn thy rng xl mi trng i vi mt doanh nghip phi gn lin vi

cc mc tiu vkinh t, i hi nhng k s mi trng tng lai phi nm vng c

dy chuyn cng ngh, svn chuyn ca cc dng vt cht... t c th thit k ra

nhng dy chuyn v p dng cc bin php xl nhim nhm gim thiu ti a tc

hi, bo vsc khocon ngi v gicho mi trng lun xanh, sch, p.

Bn bo co ca em c thc hin da trn nhng thng tin thu thp c trongqu trnh thc tp ti Lm Thao. Em rt mong nhn c sgp ca cc thy c cho

bi bo co ny em c thhon thnh tt t thc tp v c thm nhiu kin thc b

ch gip cho qu trnh hc tp v cng tc ca em sau ny.

Em xin chn thnh cm n!

bctt_supephotphat lâm thao

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