bdkbz& 3 lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k ds f'k{kkl=h; mikxe@fof/k;k¡ · 6 dgkuh dfku fof/k dk...
TRANSCRIPT
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bdkbZ& 3
lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k ds f'k{kkL=h; mikxe@fof/k;k¡
3-1- izLrkouk
3-2 isMkxksth O;ogkjokn mikxe ls jpukokn mikxe dh vksj
3-2-1 O;ogkjokn mikxe
FkkuZMkbd dk vf/kxe fl)kUr
ikWoyko dk vf/kxe fl)kUr
fLduj dk vf/kxe fl)kUr
3-2-2 O;ogkjokn ls jpukokn dh vksj
3-2-3 jpukokn mikxe
jpukokn ls vk'k;
,sfrgkfld o lS)kafrd mn~xe
jpukokn mikxe dk 'kSf{kd n'kZu
jpukoknh vf/kxe dh fo'ks"krk;sa
fi;kts dk jpukokn
ok;xksVLdh dk jpukokn
jpukokn esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys f'k{k.k vkO;wg
jpukokn vf/kxe dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡
jpukokn vf/kxe & 5 EekWMy
jpukokn esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
3-3 ;kstuk fof/k %&
Hkwfedk
vFkZ
oxhZdj.k
2
vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUr
fo'ks"krk,¡
3-4 'kSf{kd i;ZVu
vFkZ ifjHkk"kk
lS)kafrd vk/kkj
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk fu;kstu
i;ZVuksa dk f'k{k.k esa iz;ksx
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk egRo
lhek;sa ;k nks"k
3-5 vuqdj.k fof/k vkSj ukV~;eapu
3-5-1 vuqdj.k fof/k
lksiku
fo’ks"krk,a
vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k ds mi;ksx
3-5-2 ukV~; eapu
eq[; f'k{k.k fl)kUr
fo'ks"krk;sa
nks"k
lko/kkfu;k¡
3-6 fØ;k ØsfUnzr ;k xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk vuqHkkfod lh[kuk
tkWu Mh-oh ds vuqlkj
xq.k
3-7 O;k[;ku ,oa fopkj foe'kZ fof/k
3-7-1 O;k[;ku fof/k
mi;ksfxrk
3
nks"k
3-7-2 fopkj foe'kZ fof/k :i
xq.k
nks"k
3-8 dgkuh dFku fof/k
vFkZ
xq.k
nks"k
dgkuh lqukrs le; /;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa
3-9 Lej.k j[kus ;ksX; ckrs
3-10 viuh izxfr dh tkap dhft,
3-11 fopkj foe’kZ ,oa Li"Vhdj.k ds fcUnq
3-11-1 fopkj foe’kZ ds fcUnq
3-11-2 Li"Vhdj.k ds fcUnq
3-12 lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
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3-1 izLrkouk %
f’k{kd ds fy, fo"k; oLrq ds Kku ds LkkFk&lkFk f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk Kku gksuk
Hkh vko’;d gSA f’k{k.k fof/k lh[kus esa izsj.kk tkxzr djrh gSA f’k{kd dks viuk
v/;kiu dk;Z djrs le; Nk=ksa dh KkusfUnz;ksa dks tkxzr djds Kku ,oa le> fodkl
djuk pkfg,] ftlls vf/kxe ;k lh[kuk vPNh rjg ls gks ldsA :lks us fØ;k’khyrk]
djds lh[kus dk fl)kar ¼Learning by doing½ eWkfj;k ekaVsljh us Lo;a f’k{kk }kjk
lh[kus ij cy fn;kA Qzkscsy us [ksy }kjk lh[kus dks viuh f’k{kd i)fr dk vk/kkj
cuk;k ,oa vk/kqfud ;qx esa tkWu Mh-oh- us vuqHko }kjk lh[kus ds ¼Learning by doing
experience½ fl)kar dks f’k{k.k fof/k dk vk/kkj cuk;kAEkk/;fed f’k{kk vk;ksx us vius
izfrosnu esa dgk Fkk fd ÞikB~;Øe fdruk Hkh Js"B ,oa oSKkfud cuk;k tk,] tc rd
vPNh f’k{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx vPNs f’k{kd }kjk ugh fd;k tkrk] lc O;FkZ gSAß
NCF-2005 v/;kidksa dks Kku gLrkarfjr djus okys ds :Ik esa nss[krk gS vkSj
bl lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa ckyd Åc ,oa cksfj;r eglwl djrs gSa] tks bl ckr dk
ladsr gS fd dk;Z dks cPpk vc ;kaf=d :Ik ls nksgjk jgk gS vkSj mldk laKkukRed
ewY; [kRe gks x;k gSA lh[kus esa fofo/krk o pqukSfr;ka gksuh pkfg, A lHkh cPps LoHkko
ls gh lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr gksrs gSa A muesa lh[kus dh {kerk gSA vFkZ fudkyuk] vewrZ
lksp dh {kerk fodflr djuk vf/kxe dh izfØ;k ds lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ igyw gaSA cPps
O;fDrxr Lrj ij ,oa nwljksa ls Hkh fofHkUu rjhdksa ls lh[krs gaS& vuqHko ds ek/;e ls]
Lo;a phts cukus ls ]iz;ksx djus ls] i<+us] foe’kZ djus] iwNus] lquus] mlij lkspus o
euu djus ls rFkk xfrfof/k ;k fy[kus ds tfj, vfHkO;Dr djus ls vius fodkl ds
ekxZ esa bUgsa lHkh rjg ds volj feyus pkfg,A
f’k{kk dh xq.koRrk c<k+us ds fy, Kku dks Ldwy ds ckgjh thou ls tksM+uk
pkfg, ,oa i<kbZ jVUr iz.kkyh ls eqDr gks A cPpk Kku dk l`tu djrk gSA cPpksa dh
izd`fr vkSj okrkoj.k ds vuq:i f’k{kd d{kk;h vuqHko dk vk;kstu djsa ftlls lkjs
cPpksa dks volj feys] cPPkk vius vklikl dh nqfu;k dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djrk gS
blfy, izR;sd lk/ku dk mi;ksx bl rjg djuk pkfg, fd cPpksa dks [kqn dks
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vfHkO;Dr djus esa] oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx djus esa] [kkstchu djus esa vkSj LoLFk :i ls
fodflr gksusa ds volj feysa A cPpksa ds vuqHkokas dks bl rjg vk;ksftr djsa ftlls
mUgsa Kku l`ftr djus ds volj feysaA xfrfof/k;kWa f’k{kd dks volj iznku djrh gS
fd os gj cPps ij /;ku ns ldsa A xfrfof/k ds ek/;e ls i<+k;s tkus ls lHkh cPpksa dks
ykHk gksxk A f’k{kd ds }kjk bl izdkj dh f’k{kd fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, fd Nk=
crkbZ x;h fo"k; oLrq dks flQZ nksgjk;sa ugh cfYd muesa lkspus dh :fp mRiUu gk]s
lh[kh gqbZ fo"k; oLrq dks djds ns[kus dk ekSdk feys A mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge
cSafdx O;oLFkk fo"k;oLrq dks ikB ;k fp= ds ek/;e lsa crkrs gS a vxj ge Nk=ksa dks
cSad ys tkdj fo/kkfFkZ;ksa esa ppkZ djus ls muesa cSfdx O;oLFkk laca/kh Kku ds fuekZ.k
esalgk;rk dh tk ldrh gS bl rjg dk lh[kuk jkspd ,oa izHkko’kkyh gksxkA cPpsa
izR;{k vuqHkoksa ls tks lh[krs gS] mls thou esa lekfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSaAlh[kus dh
izfØ;k esa fo|kFkhZ vius Kku dk l`tu Lo;a djrs gSaA cPpksa dks ,sls iz’u iwNus dh
vuqefr nsuk pkfg,] ftuls os Ldwy esa fl[kkbZ tkus okyh phtksa dk laaca/k ckgjh nqfu;k
ls LFkkfir dj ldsaA mUgs ,d gh rjhds ls mRrj jVus vkSj nsus dh ctk, vius 'kCnksa
esa tckc nsus vkSj vius vuqHko crkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk ;s lHkh cPpkas dh
le>fodflr djus esa NksVs fdUrq cgqr egRoiw.kZ dke gSA
mnns’;% bl bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls vki&
isMkxksth O;ogkjokn mikxe ls jpukokn mikxe dh vksj le> fodflr
djasxsA
;kstuk fof/k ds }kjk oxhZdj.k] vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUr ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs
eas ppkZ djsaxsA
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk lS)kafrd vk/kkj] fu;kstu] f'k{k.k esa iz;ksx ,oa egRo
vkfn dh le> fodflr djukA
vuqdj.k fof/k ds lksiku] fo’ks"krk,a] mi;ksx vkSj ukV~;eapu ds eq[;
f'k{k.k fl)kUr] fo'ks"krk;sa ,oa lko/kkfu;ksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh fodflr
djsaxsA
O;k[;ku ,oa fopkj foe'kZ fof/k dh ppkZ dj le> fodflr djsaxsA
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dgkuh dFku fof/k dk vFkZ ,oa xq.k dh le> fodflr djsxsA
3-2 isMkxksth O;ogkjokn mikxe ls jpukokn mikxe dh vksj %&
3-2-1 O;ogkjokn mikxe
FkkuZMkbd dk vf/kxe fl)kar &
FkkuZMkbd us lh[kus dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk gS fd tc dksbZ mn~nhid
(Stimulus)O;fDr ds lkeus fn;k tkrk gS rks mlds izfr og vuqfØ;k
(Response)djrk gSA vuqfØ;k lgh gksus ls mldk laca/k mlh fo'ks"k mn~nhid ds lkFk
gks tkrk gSA bl laca/k dks lh[kuk dgk tkrk gS rFkk blss laaca/kokn dgrs gSaA iz;ksx
esa Hkw[kh fcYyh dks ckWDl esa can dj fn;k tkrk gSA njokts ds ckgj Hkkstu j[k fn;k
tkrk gSA pwWafd fcYyh Hkw[kh Fkh rks og b/kj&m/kj dwnrh gS] uksprh ,oa[klksVrh gSA
bl rjg ds vfu;fer O;ogkj djrh gS vkSj mldk iatk vpkud flVduh ij iM+
tkrk gS vkSj njoktk [kqy tkrk gS vkSj fcYyh Hkkstu dj ysrh gSA igys vf/kd
vfu;fer iz;kl fd;s Fks fdUrq ckn esa vfu;fer iz;kl de gks x;s vkSj fcYyh dks tc
ckWDl esa can fd;k x;k rks mlus rqjUr ckWDl dk njoktk [kksy fy;kAlh[kus dh
fØ;k esa tSls&tSls iz;kl fd;s tkrs gaS] lh[kus dh izfØ;k Lopkfyr ,oa ;kaf=d :i ls
gksrh tkrh gSA
FkkuZMkbd us lh[kus ds rhu fl)karks dk o.kZu fd;k gS &
i) rRijrk dk fu;e(Law of readiness)
ii) vH;kl dk fu;e (Law of exercise)
iii) izHkko dk fu;e (Law of effect)
ikWoyko dk vf/kxe fl)kar
ikWoyko us vius lh[kus ds fl)kar dk vk/kkj vuqca/ku dks ekuk gSA iSoyo ds
lh[kus ds fl)kar dks Dykfldh vuqca/ku fl)kar ;k izfroknh vuqca/ku fl)kar ;k ^Vkbi
,l* vuqca/ku Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Dykfldh vuqca/k esa izfreku dh 'kq:vkr ,d mn~nhid
rFkk blls mRiUu vuqfØ;k ds chp laca/k gksrk gSA iSoyo ds vuqlkj tc dksbZ
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LokHkkfod ,oa mi;qDr mn~nhid dks tho ds lkeus izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rks og mlds
izfr ,d LokHkkfod vuqfØ;k djrk gSA
,d Hkw[ks dqRrs dks ,d /ofu fu;af=r iz;ksx'kkyk esa ,d fo'ks"k midj.k ds lkeus
[kM+k fd;k tkrk gSA dqRrs ds lkeus Hkkstu yk;k tkrk Fkk pWawfd dqRrk Hkw[kk Fkk blfy,
Hkkstu ns[kdj mlds eqWag esa ykj vk tkrh gSA dqN iz;klksa ds ckn Hkkstu nsus ds -4 ;k
-5 lsd.M ckn ?kaVh ctk;h tkrh Fkh ;g izfØ;k dqN fnuksa rd nksgjk;h x;h rks ns[kk
x;k fd fcuk Hkkstu vk;s gh ek= ?kaVh dh vkokt ij dqRrs ds eqWag ls ykj fudyuk
'kq: gks x;kA iSoyo ds vuqlkj dqRrk ?k.Vh dh vkokt ij ykj L=ko djuk lh[k
x;kAmuds vuqlkj ?k.Vh dh vkokt ¼mn~nhid½ rFkk ykj ds L=ko vuqfØ;k ds chp
,d lkgp;Z dk;e gks x;k ftls vuqca/ku dgrs gSA
fLduj dk vf/kxe fl)kar &
fLduj us lh[kus ds laca/k eas iz;ksx djds ;g irk yxk;k fd tc dksbZ izsj.kk iznku
dh tkrh rks mlls mRiUu fØ;k'khyrk gh lh[kus ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA fLduj us pwgksa
ij iz;ksx djus ds fy, yhoj okyk ckWDl dk fuekZ.k djok;kA yhoj ij tc pwgs ds
iSj iM+rs rks [kV~ dh /ofu gksrh Fkh vkSj bl vkokt dks lqudj pwgk vkxs c<+rk FkkA
tgkWa mls I;kys eas j[kk Hkkstu izkIr gks tkrk FkkA Hkkstu pwgs ds fy, izcyu dk dke
djrk FkkA pwgk Hkw[kk gksus ij iz.kksfnr (Drived)gksrk vkSj og yhoj nckrkA yhoj
ncus ls [kV~ dh vkokt gksrhA ;g /ofu izfrfØ;k dks vksj etcwr djrhA
fLduj us O;ogkj esa nks izdkj ls Hksn fd;s gaSA izFke tks izfrfØ;k;sa] Kkr
mRrstdksa ds dkj.k gksrh gS] mUgsa mn~nhiu izlwr dgrs gSA nwljs izdkj dh izfrfØ;k,a
fØ;k izlwr dgykrh gSA
3-2-2 O;ogkjokn ls jpukokn dh vksj
FkkuZMkbd ds }kjk lh[kus ds fl)kar esa mn~nhid vuqfØ;k (Stimulus –
Response)s lh[kus dk vk/kkjHkwr fl)kar gSA f'k{k.k esa izsj.k (Motivation)dks egRo
fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;gh mn~nhid gksrk gSA tks fo|kFkhZ ftrus T;knk mn~nhidksa vkSj
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vuqfØ;k;ksa ls laca/k j[ksxk og mruk gh fo}ku gksxkA lh[kus dks ,d KkukRed ,oa
HkkokRed fØ;k dgk gSA FkkuZMkbd us dgk gS fd rRijrk dk fu;e] vH;kl dk fu;e
,oa ifj.kke ;k larks"k dk fu;e lh[kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA FkkuZMkbd dk
lh[kus dk fl)kar iz;kl ,oa =qfV ij cy nsrk gSA blls O;FkZ ds iz;Ruksa ij cy fn;k
tkrk gSA ;g fl/nkar lh[kus dh fof/k crkrk gS ij ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS\ bldk dkj.k
ugha crkrk gSA lh[kus dh fØ;k ;kaf=d izd`fr n'kkZrh gSA
ikWoyko us tks fl)kar fn;k gS] mlds vk/kkj ij vf/kxe ds 'kkjhfjd vk/kkjksa dks
Li"V djus esa lQyrk izkIr ugha gqbZA fl}kar dk iz;ksx izkS<+ksa ds fy, ugha fd;k tk
ldrk Aeuq"; dks ,d ;a= ds :i esa ekudj pyrk gSA vxj mnnhidks dks gVk fn;k
tkrk gS rks ckydksa dh lh[kus dh vuqfdz;k Hkh izHkkoghu gksrh pyh tkrh gSA
fLduj us lfØ; vuqdwfyr vuqfØ;k fl}kar esa lh[kusa gsrq lqfu;af=r
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds l`tu ij cy fn;k gSA ;g o.kZukRed O;ogkj ij vk/kkfjr gSA tc
fdlh Nk= dks fØ;k ds mijkar dksbZ mn~nhiu fn;k tkrk gS] rks ml dk;Z dks rRijrk
ls djus yxrk gSA mn~nhiu ds fcuk lh[kuk ugha gksrk gSA
mi;qZDr lh[kusa ds O;ogkjoknh fl}kar lh[kusa dh ;kaf=d izd`fr lqfu;af=r
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa euq"; dks ,d ;a= ds :i esas ekurk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i gh O;ogkj
okn dk LFkku jpukokn us fy;kA
3-2-3 jpukokn mikxe%&
f'k{k.k dk ikB~;Øe ,oa mldh fof/k;kWa ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSA lHkh fo"k;ksa dk
{ks= fnu&izfrfnu foLr`r gksrk tk jgk gSA blfy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fuf"Ø; fjlhoj
vFkkZr~ fuf"Ø; Jksrk ls lfØ; lh[kus okyk ¼,fDVo yuZj½ cukus dh vko';drk gSA
,sls esa jpukokn mikxe ds iz;ksx ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Kku vtZu ds LFkku ij Kku ds
l`tu ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA ftlls os l`tukRed fpUru ds }kjk xfrfof/k;kWa ,ao
fØ;kdyki djrs gq, lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr gksrs gSaA
ftesyesu] Msfu;y ,oa gkbZM ¼1993½ ds vuqlkj jpukokn lHkh fo"k;ksa esa uohu
fopkjksa dk mn~xe gS] ftlls f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkeus ,slk okrkoj.k cuk ldsa] rkfd
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os Lo;a viuh le> fodflr djmudh jpukRedrk dks ckgj yk ldsa A bl izdkj
jpukokn orZeku f'k{kk dh vko';drk gSA
f'k{kd ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ,d ,slk okrkoj.k rFkk ifjfLFkfr;kWa mRiUu
dh tkrh gSa fd og [ksy&[ksy esa lewg ds lkFk Kku dk l`tu Hk;eqDr okrkoj.k ,oa
Lora=rkiwoZd vius vkidks fo'ks"k O;fDr ekudj djrk gSA vius iwoZ vuqHko dks ml
ifjfLFkfr ls tksM+dj Kku izkIr djrk gSA og xfrfof/k djds Kku dk fuekZ.k djrk
gS] rks mls vkuan dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS vkSj mldk Kku ,oa lh[kuk Le`fr esa LFkk;h gks
tkrk gS vkSj mldk iz;ksx og fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas djrk gSA
jpukokn ls vk'k; &
jpukokn ds vuqlkj f'k{kd dks gh Kku dk izeq[k vk/kkj ugha ekuk tkrk gS]
D;kasfd f'k{kd dk dk;Z fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ekxZn'kZu iznku djuk gSA ftlls cPps Lo;a vius
Kku dk Lo;a l`tu dj ldsA f'k{kd d{kk esa Nk=ksa dh O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dks
le>s fcuk gh lHkh Nk=ksa dks ,d gh fof/k ls rFkk ,d gh rjg dh fo"k;oLrq i<+krk gS
vkSj fo|kFkhZ fuf"Ø; Jksrk ds :i esa d{kk eas cSBs jgrs gSaA fo|kFkhZ dsoy f'k{kd }kjk
fn;s x;s funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djus ds fy, etcwj gksrs gS a] blfy, muds fy, f'k{kk cks>
cu tkrh gS] ftldk mi;ksx os vius thou esa ugha dj ikrs gSaA ;fn fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
muds iwoZ Kku ds ,oa vuqHkoksa ds }kjk Kku dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS rks og Le`fr eas
LFkk;h gks tkrk gSA
NCF - 2005 ds vuqlkj Nk=ksa esa LokHkkfod izo`fRr dk fodkl djuk gS] mUgsa
Kku l`tu djus ds fy, volj iznku djuk rFkk f'k{kd }kjk ekxZn'kZu iznku djuk]
ftlls Nk=ksa esa rdZ'kfDr dk fodkl gksA fo"k;ksa dk Kku] xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr f'k{k.k]
izkstsDV fof/k ,oa jksy Iys vkfn dkS'kyksa dh lgk;rk ls le>k tkrk gS] ftlls Kku
LFkk;h gksrk gSA jpukokn mikxe ls f'k{k.k izfØ;k,Wa] cPpksa ds vuqHkoksa dks d{kk esa ykuk
mudh rdZ djus dh 'kfDr dk fodkl djuk] cPpksa dh ftKklk] mRlqdrk] [kkst djus
dh {kerk] iz'u iwNus dh izo`fRr dks volj nsuk ftlls ckyd dk lokZaxh.k fodkl
lgh fn'kk esa gks ldsA
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,sfrgkfld ,oa lS)kafrd mn~xe &
tkWu Mh-oh- ds vuqlkj Nk=ksa dks lh[kusds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mudk
vf/kxe izkd`frd :i ls gksuk pkfg,A vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr lh[kuk tks okrkoj.k gksrk
gS] mlh ds vuqlkj Kku dk fodkl djrk gSA f'k{kk iwoZ vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gksuk
pkfg, vkSj mu fof/k;ksa }kjk f'k{k.k gksuk pkfg, ftlls os viuh lksp dk nk;jk c<+k
lds] tks fd vf/kxe ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA
eWkfj;k ekaVsljh ds vuqlkj vuqHko vk/kkfjr vf/kxe cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA mudk
ekuuk Fkk fd jpukokn ds }kjk lh[kus dh izfØ;k eas lh/ks :i ls i;kZoj.k ls Kku dk
vftZr djuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vf/kd fo'oluh; ,oa egRoiw.kZ gSA
jpukokn mikxe dk 'kSf{kd n'kZu &
fo|kFkhZ viuk Kku Lo;a vius vuqHko rFkk okrkoj.k }kjk Lo;a l`tu djrk gSA
fo|kFkhZ Hk;jfgr okrkoj.k esa vf/kd vklkuh ls lh[krsgSaA
iqLrd esa tks fo"k;ka'k fn;k tkrk gS] mls okrkoj.k ls tksM+us ij vf/kxe esa
lqfo/kk gksrh gSA
f'k{kd gh Kku dk L=ksr ugha gksrk rFkk fo|kFkhZ d{kk esa [kkyh fnekx esa ugha
vkrk gS] og okrkoj.k vkSj vuqHko ls cgqr lkjk Kku d{kk esa ysdj vkrk gSA
fo|kFkhZ dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa lgHkkfxrk dk ekSdk feyrk gS] rks og :fp ds
lkFk lh[krk gSA
jpukoknh vf/kxe dh fo'ks"krk,Wa &
1- lh[kus ds fy, iqLrdh; Kku dks ckgjh thou ls tksM+uk pkfg,A
2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo"k; oLrq fl[kkus ls igys ml fo"k;oLrq dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds iwoZ
vuqHko ls lEc) djds crkuk pkfg,A
3- f'k{kd dk;Z ,slh fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls cPps fuf"Ø;
Jksrk u jgdj vfirq cPps vf/kd lfØ; jgsA
11
4- f'k{kk cky dsfUnzr gksuk pkfg,A
5- d{kk dk okrkoj.k iztkrkaf=d gksuk pkfg,A lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks leku volj
izkIr gksA
6- Nk=ksa dks muds iwoZ vuqHkoksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy, izsfjr ,oa izksRlkfgr djuk
pkfg,A
7- xfrfof/k ds vuqlkj cSBus dh O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA
8- cPps Lo;a gh Kku dk fuekZ.k djrs gS tks muds fo|ky; esa ;k fo|ky; ds
ckgj izkIr vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
9- cPps fofHkUu izdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj fØ;kdykiksa esa fØ;k'khy gksdj tqM+s jgrs
gaSA
tkWu fi;kts dk jpukokn &
tkWu fi;kts ¼1896&1980½ ds vuqlkj vf/kxe dh vfHkizsj.kk gsrq vko';drk
okrkoj.k ls lek;kstu gSA yxkrkj var%fØ;k ekStwnk Ldhekl] vkRelkrhdj.k]
lek;kstu ,oa lkE; u;s vf/kxe dks tUe nsrs gSaA fi;kts us eukoSKkfud fodkl ds
fy, pkj voLFkkvksa dks Li"V fd;k gS&
1- bfUnz;tfur xked voLFkk ¼2 o"kZ dh vk;q rd½& bl voLFkk esa ckyd viuss
pkjksa vksj ds okrkoj.k dks viuh KkusfUnz;ksa ds vuqHko ds ek/;e ls gh tkurs
gSaA
2- iwoZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼2 o"kZ ls 7 o"kZ dh vk;q ds e/;½ & bl voLFkk esa
ckyd esa izR;; fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k izkjaHk gks tkrh gSA
3- ewrZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼7 o"kZ ls 11 o"kZ dh vk;q ds e/;½ & bl voLFkk esa
cPpksa dk fpUru vf/kd Øec) ,oa rdZlaxr gksuk izkjaHk gks tkrk gSA
4- vewrZ lafØ;kRed voLFkk ¼11 o"kZ ls 15 o"kZ dh vk;q ds e/;½ & bl voLFkk esa
la'ys"k.k] fo'ys"k.k] fu;ehdj.k rFkk lw{e fl)karks dh LFkkiuk laca/kh mPp
ekufld {kerkvksa dk leqfpr fodkl gks tkrk gSA
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fi;kts dk fl)kar [kkst ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftlds vuqlkj cPpksa dks mfpr
okrkoj.k miyC/k djkuk pkfg,A ftlls vf/kxe vFkZiw.kZ gks lds vkSj cPpksa dh viuh
{kerk ds vuqlkj Kku fufeZr djus dh Lora=rk nh tkuh pkfg,A muds vuqlkj
jpukoknh d{kk eas fo|kFkhZ dks izeq[k ekurs gq, mUgsa vyx&vyx xfrfof/k;kWa djus dk
volj iznku djuk pkfg,] ftlls os viuh le> ds vuqlkj Kku fufeZr dj ldsaA
ok;xksV~Ldh dk jpukokn ¼1896&1934½
ok;xksVLdh dk jpukoknh fl)kar lkekftd jpukokn ds uke ls izfl) gSA budk
ekuuk Fkk fd vf/kxe ,oa fodkl ,d lkFk ?kfVr gksrk gSA ftlls cPpksa dk
laKkukRed fodkl lekthdj.k ,oa f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa gksrk gSA cPpksa dks izR;{khdj.k]
/;ku vkSj mudh ;knnk'r dh {kerk muds laKkukRed midj.kksa ds }kjk ifjofrZr
gksrh gSA ;s laKkukRed midj.k laLd`fr ds }kjk tSls bfrgkl] lekt] ijEijk;sa] Hkk"kk,Wa
vkSj /keZ gksrs gSaA cPpk igys lkekftd okrkoj.k ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS] mlds i'pkr~
baVjilZuy ysoy ij vkSj mlds i'pkr~ mudksvkRelkr dj] vuqHko izkIr djrk gSA
'kq:vkrh vkSj u;s vuqHko cPps dks izHkkfor djrs gS] ftlls os ckn esa u;s fopkjksa dks
lqxerk ls fufeZr dj ysrs gSaA pwWafd buds jpukokn dh lkFkZdrk laLd`fr ,oa lekt ds
lUnHkZ esa gS] blfy, budk jpukokn lkekftd jpukokn dgykrk gSA buds vuqlkj
jpukoknh vf/kxe okrkoj.k fo|kFkhZ dks ,df=r djus rFkk izfrfØ;k djus dks
vfHkizsfjr djrk gSA bl izdkj dh lewg f'k{kk] xyr tkudkjh ,oa xyr iwokZuqeku
vkfn dks ?kVkus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
jpukokn esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys f'k{k.k vkO;wg &
1- czwuj dk laizR;; miyfC/k izfreku &
;g izfreku Qsje czwuj ,oa mlds lg;ksfx;ksa ds fpUru ,oa vuqla/kku dk
ifj.kke gSA gekjk ifjos'k vR;Ur tfVy ,oa fofo/krk rFkk ifspnxh ls Hkjk gqvk gSA
bl fofo/krk vkSj ifspnxh esa ge dsoy vius vki dks blfy, lek;ksftr dj ik jgsa
gSa] D;ksafd ge oLrqvksa dks igpkuus] muesa Hksn djus] mudk oxhZdj.k djus vkSj lacaf/kr
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laizR;;ksa dk fuekZ.k djus dh {kerk j[krs gaS] lEizR;; rhu rF;ksa ls cuk gqvk gksrk gS
& mnkgj.k] xq.k vkSj xq.k/keZA
dulsIV esfiax&blds }kjk fopkjksa dk esi cuk;k tkrk gS] tks fd iw.kZ ladYiukvksa dks
lh[kus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
izkstsDV fof/k &blesa Lo;a djds lh[krs gSA
xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr vf/kxe &blesa lewg esa dk;Z djok;k tkrk gS] ftlls fo|kFkhZ
lfØ; jgrs gSa rFkk mudh :fp cuh jgrh gSA
iwNrkN vk/kkfjr vf/kxe &cPpksa dh izd`fr ftKklq gksrh gS] ftlesa ftKklk dh r`fIr
gsrq os iz’u iwNrs gSa] ftlls mudk vf/kxe gksrk gSA
jpukokn vf/kxe dh ifjfLFkfr;kWa &
1- voyksdu &fo|kFkhZ izkFkfed L=ksr lkexzh dk voyksdu djrs gSa] tks fd muds
izkd`frd lanHkZ ls tqM+h gksrh gSA
2- lanHkhZdj.k &os vius fo’ys"k.k dks ikB ls feykrs gSaA
3- laKkukRed f’k{kkFkZu &f’k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSa] ftlls os lgh
rjhds ls voyksdu dj ldsa rFkk izkIr dh tkudkjh dh O;k[;k vkSj mldk
fo’ys"k.k dj ldsaA
4- lg;ksx &fo|kFkhZ lewg cukdj d{kk eas vH;kl djrs gSa vkSj f’k{kd mudh blesa
lgk;rk djrs gSaA
5- fuoZpu l`tu &fo|kFkhZ fo’ys"k.k djrs gS rFkk viuh ifjdYiuk dks izekf.kr
djus ds fy, izek.k izLrqr djrs gSaA
6- cgqfo| O;k[;k &fo|kFkhZ fo"k; lacaf/kr fofHkUu O;k[;k,Wa izLrqr djrs gSaA vius
fo’ys"k.k ls vius rdZ dh j{kk djrs gSaA
7- cgqfo| vfHkO;fDr;kWa &bl izfØ;k eas vkxs ihNs tkrs gq, vkSj gj lanHkZ dks
tksM+us ds lkFk fo|kFkhZ ;g ns[krs gSa fd bleas lkekU; fl)kar ;g gS fd os tks
Hkh dj jgs gSa] og O;Dr gks jgk gSA
14
jpukokn vf/kxe & 5 E ekWMy%&
5. E ekWMYk jkstj ck;dh ds }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k] ftlesa 5 E f’k{k.k vf/kxe
izfØ;k ds ikap pj.kksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA tks fuEufyf[kr gSa &
1- Engage & O;Lr djuk
2- Explore & [kkst djuk
3- Explain & O;k[;k djuk
4- Elaborate & foLrkj djuk
5- Evaluate & ewY;kadu djuk
xfrfof/k %&
fo"k;ak’k%& oU; tho laj{k.k &
1. Stage I (Engage) O;Lr djuk& fofHkUu oU; izkf.k;ksa dh vkoktsa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
lqukbZ tk,xha A Nk= bu vkoktkas dks lqudj thoksa dks igpkusaxs bl xfrfof/k esa
f’k{kd Nk=ksa dks fofHkUu izdkj ds uewus rFkk ¶ys’k dkMZ iznku djsxk ftlls fd
Nk= budk voyksdu djsaxs A
2. Stage II (Explore)[kkst djuk& bl pj.k esa d{kk ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
vyx&vyx lewgksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k tk,xk A izR;sd lewg dks fn, x,
¶ys’k dkMZ esa tho ds fo"k; esa dqN okD;ksa ds }kjk o.kZu djuk gksxk A fdUrq
mDr tho dk uke ugha crkuk gksxk rFkk vxyk lewg mDr tho dks igpkudj
mldk uke crk,xkA bl xfrfof/k ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk thoksa ds fo"k; esa
fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkfj;kW iznku dh tk,xh A
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds }kjk iwNs x, iz’u &
iz’u- 1- dkSu lk oU; tho taxy dk jktk dgykrk gS \
iz’u- 2- fdl i’kq ds ikl lwaM gksrh gS \
iz’u- 3- Hkwfe ij ik, tkus okyk lcls cM+k tkuoj dkSu lk gS \
15
iz’u- 4- dkSu lk i’kq lokZf/kd mNy&dwn djrk gS \
iz’u -5- fdl oU; tho ds 'kjhj ij lQssn ,oa dkyh /kkfj;kWa ikbZ tkrh gS\
5- Stage III (Explain)O;k[;k djuk& bl voLFkk esa f’k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fofHkUu
lewgksa esa izLrqfrdj.k dk volj iznku djrk gS A bl xfrfof/k esa fof|kfFkZ;ksa
dks oU; thoksa ds fofHkUu eq[kkSVs iguk, tk;asxsa rFkk [kkn~; J`a[kyk dks izLrqr
djus gsrq fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Åu dk mi;ksx lgk;d lkexzh ds :i esa djus fn;k
tk,xk A f’k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks [kkn~; Ja[kyk ds fo"k; esa crk,saxs fd oU; tho
[kkn~; J`a[kyk dk D;k egRo gS] rFkk ;g D;ksa vko’;d gSa\
iz’u fu/kkZj.k &
iz’u- 1- [kkn~; J`a[kyk D;k gS \
iz’u- 2- oU; tho laj{k.k D;ksa vko’;d gS \
iz’u- 3- [kkn~; Ja`[kyk esa mRiknd dkSu gS \
iz’u- 4- [kkn~; J`a[kyk esa izkFkfed] f}rh;d ,oa r`rh;d miHkksDrk dkSu gaS\
bl xfrfof/k ds i’pkr~ f’k{kd Nk=ksa dks ikfjfLFkfrd ra= ds fo"k; esa crk,saxs
rFkk oU; tho laj{k.k D;ksa vko’;d gS \ ;g Hkh Nk=ksa dks f’k{kd ds }kjk crk;k
tk,xk A
6- Stage IV (Eloborate)foLrkj djuk& bl pj.k esa f’k{kd Nk=ksa dks oU; tho
laj{k.k ds fo"k; esa foLrkjiwoZd crk,saxs A oU; tho izkf.k;ksa dh lqj{kk ,oa egRo
Hkh bl pj.k esa Nk=ksa dks crk;k tk,xk A
7- Stage V(Evaluation)ewY;kadu djuk& f’k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk lh[ks x, dkS’kyksa
dk xq.kkRed ewY;kadu djsxk A ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k izR;sd voLFkk ds lkFk Hkh
pysxh rFkk bl voLFkk ds lkFk Hkh pysxh] bl pj.k esa f’k{kd cPpksa ls
izLrqrhdj.k djokdj rFkk iz’u iwNdj ewY;kadu djsxk rFkk ;g Hkh ijh{k.k
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djsxk fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa us oU; izk.kh laj{k.k fo"k; ds lanHkZ esa lgh <ax ls lh[kk gS
rFkk mUgs bl fo"k;ka’k ls lacaf/kr dksbZ Hkzkafr rks ugha gS A
jpukokn esa f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk &jpukokn esa f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk ,d ekxZn’kZd
ds :i esa lqfo/kk iznkrk ds :i esa] Kku ds Hk.Mkj ds :i esa fo"k; fo’ks"kK ds
:i esa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk djus okys ds :i esa] izHkko’kkyh O;fDrRo okys ds
:i esa] iz’u iwNus ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy,] u;s Kku
miyC/k djkus esa] leL;k lek/kku djus okyk gksuk pkfg,Av/;kid Nk=ksa ds
fy, ,slh vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu djrs gSa] tgk¡ cPpksa dks voyksdu djus]
[kkstchu djus] iz’u djus] vuqHko ysus vkSj fofHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa ds izfr viuh
le> cukus ds volj feyrs gSaA v/;kid lh[kus dk volj iznku djrs gSa vkSj
lh[kus dh fn’kk nsrs gSaA
3-3 ;kstuk fof/k (Project method)
Hkwfedk &
;kstukfof/k dk lcls igys iz;ksx O;olkf;d {ks= esa fd;k x;kA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
bldk iz;ksx loZizFke vesfjdk ds dksyafc;k fo'ofo|ky; ds izksQslj tkWu Mh-oh- vkSj muds
f'k"; fdyiSfVªd ds }kjk fd;k x;kA 1918 esa fdyisfVªd us bldk tkWu Mh-oh- ds
la;kstuokn ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr djds fuf’pr :i iznku fd;k A
;kstuk fof/k dk vFkZ &
;kstuk fof/k ls rkRi;Z ml fof/k ls gS] ftlesa fdlh dk;Z ds mn~ns’; dks lkeus
j[kdj tc mls iw.kZ fu;ksftr <ax ls lEiUu fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd mn~ns’; dh izkfIr
gks ldsA
;ksde o lsEilu us vuqlkj izkstsDV LokHkkfod okrkoj.k esa fd;s tkus okys dk;Z
dh ,d cM+h bdkbZ ds :i esa gksrh gSA ftlesa fdlh leL;k dk iw.kZ :i ls lek/kku
djus dk iz;kl ;kstukc) rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj ;kstuk
fof/k fuEufyf[kr gS %&
17
1- fdyissfVªd ds vuqlkj ^^izkstsDV lkekftd okrkoj.k esa iw.kZ layXurk ls fd;k
tkus okyk mn~ns';iw.kZ dk;Z gSA**
2- LVhosUlu ds vuqlkj ^^izkstsDV ,d leL;kRed dk;Z gS] ftldk lek/kku mlds
izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa jgrs gq, gh fd;k tkrk gSA**
3- ikdZj ds vuqlkj ^^izkstsDV dk;Z dh ,d bdkbZ gS] ftlesa Nk=ksa dks dk;Z dh
;kstuk vkSj lEiUurk ds fy, mRrjnk;h cuk;k tkrk gSA**
;kstukvksa dk oxhZdj.k &
Jh MCY;w- ,oa fdyiSfVªd us ;kstukvksa dks fuEufyf[kr pkj oxksZ a esa ckWaVk gSaA&
1- jpukRed mRiknukRed
2- miHkksxkRed ;k dykRed
3- leL;kRed
4- vH;klkRed
;kstuk i)fr ds vk/kkjHkwr fl)kar % &
fØ;k'khyrk dk fl)kar&bl i)fr esa Nk=ksa dks viuh fØ;kvksa }kjk Kku izkIr djus ds
fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
okLrfodrk dk fl)kar&bl i)fr esa mu ;kstukvksa dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS] ftldk
thou dh okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ?kfu"B laca/k gksrk gSA
Lora=rk dk fl)kar &ckyd viuh ;kstukvksa dk Lo;a pquko djrs gSa ,oa muds
dk;kZUo;u fof/k;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA
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lksn~ns';rk dk fl)kar&blesa ckyd mn~ns';iw.kZ fØ;kvksa dks djrk gSA
mi;ksfxrk dk fl)kar&blesa os gh ;kstuk,Wa pquh tkrh gS] tks ckyd dh LFkkuh;
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj ldus esa leFkZ gksrh gSaA
;kstuk i)fr dh fo'ks"krk,Wa &
1- bl i)fr dk egRoiw.kZ xq.k ;g gS fd ;g Nk=ksa dks vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij
lh[kus dk volj iznku djrh gSA os Lo;a dk;Z djds vius vuqHko ls lh[krs gSaA
^fØ;k }kjk lh[kks^ ;g dsUnzh; fl)kar gSA
2- ;g i)fr fuf"Ø; jgdj Kku izkIr djus ds i{k esa ugha jgrh gSA ;g i)fr
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Lora= :i ls fpUru] euu rFkk dk;Z djus dk volj nsrh gSA
3- jVus ls izkIr fd;k Kku LFkk;h ugha gksrk gSA vr% bl i)fr esa jVus dh fof/k dks
egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gSA jVus dh vis{kk lkspus rFkk dk;Z djus dh izo`fRr dks cy
fn;k tkrk gSA
4- ;g i)fr ikB~;Øe ds fo"k;ksa esa ijLij rFkk mudk thou ls laca/k LFkkfir djrh
gSA
5- ;g i)fr Je dks egRo nsrh gSA Jfedksa ds izfr vknjHkko j[kuk fl[kkrh gSA
6- bl i)fr esa izkstsDV dks okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa LokHkkfod :i ls iwjk fd;k tkrk
gSA thou ls lacaf/kr gks tkus ij ckyd dh :fp ml dk;Z esa tkxzr gks tkrh gSA
7- ;g i)fr yksdrkaf=d gS] D;ksafd blesa Nk=ksa dks viuh :fp ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus
dh Lora=rk gSA ckyd vius mRrjnkf;Ro dks le>rs gSa] lg;ksx ls dk;Z djrs gSaA
19
3-4 'kSf{kd i;ZVu
(Educational excursion or field trips)
izks- jsu us bl fof/k dk fodkl fd;kA f'k{k.k dh fof/k;ksa esa 'kSf{kd i;ZVu fof/k ,d
egRoiw.kZ fof/k gSA bl fof/k }kjk f'k{k.k dk mn~ns'; mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiUu djuk gS]
ftuesa Nk= Lo;a lh[kus dk vuqHko dj ldsaA d{kk f'k{k.k dh vU; fof/k;ksa esa Nk= dsoy
'kkfCnd Kku dks izkIr djus gsrq Jo.k bfUnz;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] vr% Nk=ksa dh Lej.k'kfDr
,oa dYiuk 'kfDr dks vf/kd dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA ,sls Kku dks Nk= Hkwy tkrs gSa D;ksafd
d{kk f'k{k.k esa fo"k;oLrq dk okLrfod Kku izkIr ugha gks ikrk ysfdu 'kSf{kd i;ZVu fof/k esa
Nk=ksa dks fo"k;oLrq dk okLrfod Kku ml LFky ij tkdj djk;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ;fn
Nk=ksa dks rktegy dk Kku vkxjk ys tkdj djk;k tk;s rks mUgsa okLrfod Kku gksxkA bl
fof/k dks vf/kd izHkko'kkyh ekuk tkrk gS] bls 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dgrs gSaA bl fof/k dk mi;ksx
bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy fo"k;ksa ,oa vU;fo"k;ksadk v/;;u djkus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk &
^^izks- jsu us fo|ky; i;ZVu izfof/k dk fodkl fd;k] ftlds }kjk Hkwxksy
izkd`frd v/;;u bfrgkl rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa dk f'k{k.k okLrfod :i esa fd;k tk
ldrk gSA bl fof/k }kjk ,d [kqys rFkk Lora= okrkoj.k esa Nk= dks yk;k tkrk gS]
ftlls lkekftd izf'k{k.k dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA**
'kSf{kd i;ZVu fof/k ds lS)kfUrd vk/kkj fuEufyf[kr gaS &
1- ;g fof/k euksoSKkfud fl)karks ij vk/kkfjr gSA
2- blesa bfUnz;ksa }kjk Kku ls Nk=ksa dks lh[kus esa lqxerk jgrh gSA
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3- ;g lkekftd fl)karks ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g Nk=ksa esa lg;ksxkRed Hkkouk dk
fodkldjrh gSA
4- ;g fof/k Nk=ksa esa fujh{k.k 'kfDr] dYiuk 'kfDr rFkk vUos"k.k {kerkvksa dk
fodkl djus esa lgk;d gSA
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk fu;kstu &
blds fy, fuEu lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k gksrk gS &
1- 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk mn~ns'; fu/kkZj.kA
2- ml O;oLFkk dk p;u ftlds }kjk 'kSf{kd mn~ns'; dh izkfIr gks ldsA
3- i;ZVu dh fuf'pr :i ls O;oLFkk djuk blds fy, v/kksfyf[kr ckrksa dk fu/kkZj.k &
1- frfFk] 2- le;] 3- Nk= la[;k] 4- funsZ'kd dkSu gksxk] 5- i;ZVu ds mn~sn'; dk
fu/kkZj.k] 6 vkfFkZd O;oLFkkA
4- Hkze.k gsrq ;krk;kr ,oa Bgjus dh O;oLFkk djukA
funsZ'ku i= (Guide Sheet)'kSf{kd Hkze.k ij tkus ls igys funsZ'ku i= dh tkWap
djkuh pkfg,A funsZ'ku i= esa mu laLFkkvksa ,oa LFkyksa dh lwph gksrh gS] ftUgsa Nk= ns[k pqds
gSaA funsZ'ku i= ,d pkVZ ds :i esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ftls Nk= fp= ds :i esa vius
ikl j[k ldrs gSa vFkok QksVksa [khapdj Hkh j[kk tk ldrk gSA
i;ZVuksa dk f'k{k.k esa iz;ksx &
'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dk fu;kstu rFkk fØ;kUo;u bl izdkj gksuk pkfg, fd 'kSf{kd
mn~ns'; dh izkfIr gks ldsA 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz;ksx djus ls igys ikWap
lksikukas dk vuqdj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
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1- Nk=ksa dks rS;kj djukA
2- 'kSf{kd i;ZVu dh O;oLFkk djukA
3- i;ZVu dk vuqdj.kA
4- Nk=ksa dk ijh{k.kA
5- f'k{k.k dh leh{kkA
'kSf{kd i;ZVu dk egRo &
1- f'k{k.k dkss jkspd o cks/kxE; cuk;k tkrk gSA
2- Nk=ksa dks izR;{k vuqHko ,oa okLrfod vuqHko }kjk Kku djk;k tkrk gSA
3- 'kSf{kd i;ZVu }kjk KkukRed ,oa HkkokRed ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
4- HkkSxksfyd ifjn`'; tSls vkS|ksfxd feysa ,oa xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dks ns[kus ls nSfud
mi;ksxh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
lhek,Wa ;k nks"k &
1- ;g ,d eWagxh fof/k gSA
2- vkfFkZd n`f"V ls detksj Nk= bldk ykHk ugha ys ldrsA
3- bl fof/k esa Nk= Hkze.k dks ,d euksjatu ds :i esa ysrs gSa] vr% okafNr 'kSf{kd
mn~ns'; dh izkfIr ugha gks ikrhA
xfrfof/k 1&
cPpksa dHkh vki 'kSf{kd i;ZVu ij fdlh ,sfrgkfld LFkku ij x, gksaxsA
vki fuEu fyf[kr fcUnqvksa ij mldk o.kZu dhft, &
1- LFkkiuk o"kZ ,oa LFkkiuk fdl 'kkld }kjk dh xbZ \
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2- LFkkiR; 'kSyh &
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3- ml LFkku dh tyok;q &
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4- d`f"k ,oa m|ksx dh fLFkfr &
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5- ogka ds fuokfl;ksa dh laLd`fr &
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6- ogka ds fuokfl;ksa ds jgu&lgu dk Lrj &
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7- [kku&iku ,oa os’kHkw"kk &
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8- LFkkuh; Hkk"kk &
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9- ,sfrgkfld LFky dk 'kSf{kd egRo &
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3-5 vuqdj.k fof/k vkSj ukV~;eapu
(Simulation method and role play)
f'k{k.k eas jVus vkSj jVkus dh vis{kk fØ;kdyki ukVdeapu ds }kjk Nk=kssa dk izHkkoh
<ax ls lokZaxh.k fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA Nk= f'k{kd dk vuqdj.k djds lh[krs gSaA
O;k[;ku fof/k vFkok ekSf[kd ikBu dh vis{kk fØ;kRed vFkok f'k{kd vuqdj.k }kjk Nk=
vklkuh ls lh[krs gSaA
3-5-1 vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k fof/k %&
vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k fof/k dk fodkl la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds dksyfEc;k fo’o
fo|ky; esaa gqvk A dqd 'kSad us f’k{kd izf’k{k.k iz.kkyh ds fy, bldk fodkl fd;kA
bldk iz;ksx Nk=k/;kidksa ds f’k{k.k dkS’ky ds izf’k{k.k ds fy, fd;k x;k A d{kk esa
f’k{k.k djkus ds iwoZ vuqdj.kh; f’k{kd dk vH;kl djk;k tkrk g S A blesa Nk=k/;kid
f’k{kd ,oa Nk= nksukas dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gaS A bl f’k{k.k iz.kkyh esa ,d Nk=k/;kid
f’k{kd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS vkSj vU; Nk=k/;kid fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk vnk djrs gS a
blfy, bl f’k{k.k iz.kkyh dks ukVdh; vFkok Hkwfedk vnk djus okyh i zfof/k Hkh ekuk
tkrk gS A blesa f’k{k.k dk;Z 10 ls 15 fefuV rd gksrk gSA 'kSf{kd y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq
gh vuqdj.k fof/k dks loZekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gS] ftlls Nk= vius f'k{kd dk vuqdj.k
djrs gq, ijEijkvksa dk Kku] lkekftd Kku] O;ogkfjd Kku] ekuo ewY;ksa dk Kku] /keZ
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fujis{krk dk Kku] jk"Vªh; ,drk dk Kku] ekuo ewY;ksa ds fodkl dk Kku] vius f'k{kd dk
vuqdj.k dj gh lh[krk gSA
1- Adamds vuqlkj] vuqdj.k fof/k Nk= ds lkekftd vkSj O;ogkfjd Lrj dks
izksRlkfgrdjrh gSA
2- Robert Fildds vuqlkj] Nk= dh lkekftd] euksoSKkfud] 'kSf{kd ,oa nk'kZfud f'k{kk
esa vuqdj.k fof/k cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSaA
vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k fof/k ds lksiku &
blds fofHkUu lksiku fuEu fyf[kr gSa&
1- izFke lksiku& blesa f’k{kd dk dk;Z]Øe ls Nk=k/;kidksa dks lkSaik tkrk gS vkSj
dqN Nk=ksa dks fujh{kd dk dk;Z lkSaik tkrk gS rFkk 'ks"k Nk= dh Hkwfedk vnk
djrs gSa A
2- f}rh; lksiku& blesa ftl f’k{k.k dkS’ky dk vH;kl djkuk gS] ml f’k{k.k
dkS’ky dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
3- r`rh; lksiku& f’k{k.k dk vkjEHk rFkk lekiu djus ds fy, dk; ZØe dh
:ijs[kk fuf’pr dh tkrh gS A
4- prqFkZ lksiku& f’k{kd O;ogkj dh fdz;kvksa dks ekius ds fy, fof/k;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k
fd;k tkrk gS A
5- iape lksiku& vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k dk vH;kl djk;k tkrk g S] ,oa blds ckn esa
i`"B &iks"k.k (feedback)iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
6- "k"Ve~ lksiku& blesa ,d f’k{k.k fof/k ds iw.kZ gksus ij nwljh f’k{k.k fof/k vFkok
dkS’ky dk vH;kl djok;k tkrk gS A
vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k dh fo’ks"krk,Wa &
vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k dh fuEufyf[kr fo’ks"krk,Wa gS&
1- ;g f’k{k.k izf’k{k.k dh egRoiw.kZ ,oa mi;ksxh fof/k gS A
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2- bl fof/k ds }kjk Nk=k/;kid dks Lo;a ds f’k{k.k dkS’ky dks fodflr djus
dh {kerk izkIr gksrh gS A
3- bl izfof/k dks vuqla/kku esa iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gS A
4- blls Nk=k/;kidksa dk f’k{k.k izHkko’kkyh gksrk gS A
5- d{kk esa tkus ls iwoZ ;g fof/k Nk=k/;kidksa dks f’k{k.k vH;kl ds volj
iznku djrh gS A
6- bl fof/k ds }kjk Nk=k/;kidksa dks i`"Biks"k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gS] tks f’k{k.k
esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk vnk djrk gS A
vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k ds mi;ksx &
vuqdj.kh; f’k{k.k dk mi;ksx fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS%&
1- f’k{k.k dkS’kyksa dh fofHkUu {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gS A
2- Nk=k/;kidksa esa d{kk f’k{k.k ds fy, lkekU; O;ogkj dks fodflr fd;k tkrk
gSA
3- d{kk f’k{k.k dks de le; esa izLrqr djus esa lgk;d gS A
4- rdZ iw.kZ <ax ls dFku djus rFkk izn’kZu dh {kerkvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSA
5- Øec) :i esa ikB~;oLrq dks fodflr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
3-5-2 ukV~; eapu ;k Hkwfedk fuokZg (Role Play) :-
f'k{k.k esa bl izfof/k dk iz;ksx vk/kqfudre gSA lkekftd v/;;u ds f'k{k.k esa
bl izfof/k dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, volj dh vf/kdrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, egkjkuh
y{ehckbZ dh ohjrk] egkjk.kk izrki ,oa f'kokth ds thou dh ?kVuk;sa] laln dh cSBd
dh dk;Zokgh] vLi`';rk fuokj.k] LokLF; ds fu;eksa] ns'k ds ohj ckyd ,oa ohj 'kghnksa
dh xkFkk,Wa vkfn dk ukVd eapu djds Nk=ksa esa f'k{kk izkIr djus ds vf/kd volj izkIr
gksrs gSaA blds iz;ksx ls Nk=ksa dks ikB dh lw{erk ls foospuk gks tkrh gSA blds }kjk
ckydksa esa tks ladksph ,oa yTtk'khyrk dh izo`fRr ik;h tkrh gS] de gks tkrh gSaA
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ckyd cksyus dh dyk lh[k ysrs gSaA lkekftd v/;;u esa bl izfof/k ds iz;ksx ds fy,
fuEufyf[kr izeq[k rF;ksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gS &
1- bl jhfr dk iz;ksx vfHku; dyk esa ikjaxr f'k{kd dks gh djuk pkfg,A
2- ukVd esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, lHkh Nk=ksa dks leku volj iznku fd;s tkus
pkfg,A
3- lHkh Nk=ksa dks bl fØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A
4- ftl fo"k;oLrq dk d{kk esa vfHku; djkuk gS] ml fo"k;oLrq dks laokn ds :i
esa ifjofrZr djkuk pkfg,A blls Nk=ksa dks fo"k;oLrq vklkuh ls le> esa vk
tk;sxhA
ukVdh; fof/k esa eq[; f'k{k.k fl)kar &
1- ;g fof/k euksfoKku ds fl)karks ij vk/kkfjr gSA
2- blds }kjk Nk=ksa dks Kku [ksy :i esa fn;k tkrk gSA
3- blesa Nk= tc vfHku; djrs gSa] rks fo"k;oLrq dks djds lh[krs gSa rFkk n'kZd
:i esa cSBs Nk= fo"k;oLrq dks ljyrk ls xzg.k djrs gSa]ftlls efLr"d esa LFkk;h
izHkko iM+rk gSA
4- fo"k;oLrq ewrZ :i esa izLrqr dh tkrh gS] ftlls le>uk vkSj mls Lej.k esa
j[kuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
5- blesa lh[kus ds vuqHko HkkokRed vuqHkoksa ds lkFk KkukRed vuqHko Hkh iznku
fd;s tkrs gSaA
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fo'ks"krk,Wa &
1- ukVd Nk=ksa dks vf/kd :fpdj yxrk gSa] D;ksafd fo"k;oLrq ewrZ :i esa izLrqr
dh tkrh gSA
2- bl fof/k ls Nk=ksa dh fujh{k.k {kerk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
3- bl fof/k ls KkusfUnz;kWa vf/kd lfØ; gksrh gS rFkk lh[kuk vf/kd izHkko'kkyh
gksrk gSA
4- bl fof/k esa ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ,oa rF;ksa dks lgtrk ,oa ljyrk ls le>k tk
ldrk gSA
5- bl fof/k ls ftu egkiq:"kksa ds pfj= dk vfHku; gksrk gSA mudh tks fo'ks"krk,Wa
gksrh gS] Nk= muds okLrfod :i dk vuqHko djrs gSa rks mUgsa lkekU;hdj.k ugha
djuk iM+rk gSA
6- Nk=ksa dh dykRed] lkSUn;kZRed :fp dk fodkl gksrk gSA
7- Nk= egku iq:"kksa ds thou ls f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gSa] blhfy, mudk pkfjf=d
,oa uSfrd fodkl gksrk gSA
8- Nk=ksa esa lkekftdrk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
9- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lewg esa dk;Z djus dh Hkkouk vkrh gSA blls Nk=ksa esa ijLij
lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
10- blesa Nk=ksa esa vfHkO;fDr {kerk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
11- bl fof/k esa vf/kxe fØ;k }kjk lEikfnr gksrk gS] blls ,dkxzrk 'kfDr vkrh
gSA
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12- bl fof/k ls jk"Vªh; ,drk esa o`f) djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
13- Nk=ksa dh HkkokRed izo`fRr dk fodkl gksrk gSA
nks"k &
1- fo|ky;ksa esa le; vHkko gksus ds dkj.k ukVdh; fof/k dk iz;ksx djuk ljy
ugha gksrk gSA
2- bl fof/k esa le; ,oa /ku dk O;; vf/kd gksrk gSA
3- ukVdksa dk vkdkj cM+k gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:i Nk=ksa dks laokn ;kn djuk dfBu
gks tkrk gSA
4- bl fof/k esa izdj.k ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA Nk=ksa ds ekufld Lrj dk
/;ku ugha j[kk tkrk gSA
5- ukVd esa dqN gh Nk=ksa dks vfHku; djus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA og lfØ; jgrs
gSa ckdh lHkh Nk=ksa esa fuf"Ø;rk jgrh gSA
6- ukVdh; fof/k ds fy, f'k{kd esa fo'ks"k xq.kksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tSls
mRlkg] vfHku; dyk esa ikjaxr ,oa usr̀Ro dh Hkkouk ftudk lk/kkj.kr% f'k{kdksa
esa vHkko gksrk gSA
7- Nk=ksa dks ekrk&firk ukVd esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, euk dj nsrs gSaA
ukVd fof/k ds iz;ksx esa lko/kkfu;kW &
1- fo|ky; ;k d{kk esa gh ukVd dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
2- ukVd djus ls iwoZ f'k{kd dks Nk=ksa dks ukVd dk vH;kl djkuk pkfg,A
3- fo"k; oLrq dh 'kq)rk ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
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xfrfof/k 2&
vki viuh lkekftd v/;;u dh ikB~;iqLrd esa fn;s x, fdlh fo"k;ka’k dk ukV~;
eapu dhft, vkSj fuEu fyf[kr fcUnqvksa ij o.kZu dhft, %&
1- bl ukVd esa ik= dkSu&dkSu ls gSa \
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2- ukVd ik=ksa dh Hkwfedk fdu&fdu Nk=&Nk=kvkas us dh muds uke fyf[k, &
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3- ukVd esa dsUnzh; ik= ¼uk;d&ukf;dk½ dkSu&dkSu gaS\
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4- ukVd dh dFkk oLrq &
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5- ik=ksa dk pfj= fp=.k &
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6- os’k&Hkw"kk &
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7- ukVd dh 'kSyh &
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8- ukVd fdl leL;k ij vk/kkfjr gS \
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9- ukVd ls feyus okyh f’k{kk &
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3-6 fØ;k dsfUnzr ;k xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk vuqHkkfod lh[kuk %
(Experimential Learningthrough activities)
fØ;k dsfUnzr ;k xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr lh[kuk esa fØ;k ;k dk;Z dks vk/kkj cuk;k
tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr Mh-oh- us tks f'k{kk vius iz;ksxkRed fo|ky; esa dk;kZfUor dh
mls fo"k; ;k vUroZLrq ij vk/kkfjr djus ds LFkku ij mlesa ckydksa dh pkj izeq[k
izo`fRr;ksa dks vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds volj iznku fd;s x;sA ;s pkj izo`fRr;kWa vFkok izsj.kk,Wa Fkh
&
1- lkekftd (Social)
2- l`tukRed (Creative)
3- [kkst ,oa iz;ksxkRed (Inventive)
4- vfHkO;fDrtU; vFkok dykRed (Expressive or arlistic)
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tkWu Mh-ch- ds vuqlkj Kku fØ;k dk ifj.kke gS] u fd mldk ekxZn'kZdA
mudk dguk gS fd fØ;k vFkok dk;Z gh Kku ds L=ksr gSaA fØ;k vuqHko ls iwoZ gksrh
gS] vr% vuqHko] Kku ,oa vf/kxe lHkh fØ;k ds ifj.kke gaSA os Kku ,oa vuqHko esa dksbZ
fo'ks"k vUrj ugha ekurs gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd Kku vuqHko ls izkIr gksrk gS rFkk
vuqHko fØ;kvksa }kjk gksrk gSA fØ;k dsfUnzr lh[kus esa ckydksa ds fy, ,sls dk;ksZa dk
vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS] ftudk dqN lkekftd ewY; gks rFkk tks ckydksa ds lokZaxh.k
fodkl esa lgk;d gksaA bu dk;ksZ dk pquko f'k{kd vkSj Nk=ksa ds ijLij lg;ksx ls
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk blesa Nk=ksas dh :fp;ksa ,oa vko';drkvksa dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk tkrk
gSA Mh-oh- ds vuqlkj ckydksa dks ,sls dk;ksZ }kjk f'k{kk nsuk pkfg,] ftlls Hkfo"; esa
lektksi;ksxh dk;Z djus ds ;ksX; cu ldsaA
fØ;k dsfUnzr ;k xfrfof/k vk/kkfjr lh[kus ds xq.k &
1- ckydksa dh vko';drkvksa ,oa :fp;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k Nk= fØ;kvksa
}kjk lh[kuk ilan djrs gSaA
2- fØ;k djds lh[kuk vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
3- blesa thou dh u;h fLFkfr;ksa esa vf/kxe ds mi;ksx dh iw.kZ laHkkouk,Wa gksrh gSaA
4- fofHkUu izdkj dh lkexzh ,oa midj.k d{kk esa miyC/k jgrs gSa] rks Nk= mudk
mi;ksx djds lh[krs gSa A
5- blesa f'k{kk ds vf/kd foLr`r {ks=ksa dks lekfgr djuk laHko gksrk gSA
6- blesaa bfUnz;ksa dk izf'k{k.k gksrk gSA ftlls vf/kxe izHkkoh gksrk gSA
7- jVus ds LFkku ij fØ;k }kjk lh[kus ij le> fodflr gksrh gSA
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8- Nk= tc fØ;k }kjk lh[krs gSa rks muesa jpukRed izo`fRr;ksaa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
9- cPps rjg&rjg dh xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj fØ;kdykiksa esa lfdz; gksdj tqMsa jgrs gasSA
:lks us dgk gS ^^vius Nk= dks ’kCn Kku u nks] tgka rd gks lds fØ;k }kjk
i<+kvksa iqLrdh; Kku de ls de nksAizd`froknh f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa LokuqHko }kjk lh[kus
vkSj djds lh[kus ij cy fn;k gSA
xfrfof/k 3&
vki ^fØ;k dsfUnzr xfrfof/k }kjk vkuqHkkfod lh[kuk*blds fy, vki ,d
;kstuk cukb;s A
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3-7 O;k[;ku ,oa fopkj foe'kZ fof/k %&
(Lecture cum discussion method)
vk/kqfud ;qx esa ckydsfUnzr f'k{k.k i)fr esa ;g fof/k mPp Lrj dh d{kkvksa esa
vf/kd yksdfiz; gSaA bl i)fr esa f'k{kd loZizFke fdlh fo"k; oLrq dks leL;kRed <+ax
ls izLrqr djrk gS] rkfd Nk=ksa dk /;ku fo"k;oLrq dh vksj dsfUnzr gksA mlds ckn
f'k{kd Nk=ksa ls iz'u iwNrk gS rFkk iz'uksa ds ek/;e ls og fo"k; oLrq dh O;k[;k djrk
gS] lkFk gh mlds lEcU/k esa Nk=ksa ls vius fopkj izLrqr djus ds fy, dgrk gS]
izksRlkfgr djrk gS vFkkZr~ bl fof/k esa f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu esa Nk=ksa }kjk fopkj&foe'kZ
dj fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igqWapk tkrk gSA
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3-7-1 O;k[;ku fof/k %&
O;k[;ku fof/k dk mi;ksx izkphu dky esa fd;k tkrk FkkA orZeku le; esa
fo|ky;ksa esa Hkh bl fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA O;k[;ku fof/k esa Hkk"k.k }kjk
f'k{k.k iznku djukAbl fof/k dk iz;ksx ek/;fed d{kkvksa ,oa mPprj ek/;fed d{kkvksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k esa f'k{kd foLr`r O;k[;k djds rF;ksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dks
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le>krk gSA izxfr'khy fopkj/kkjk ds leFkZdksa dk dguk gS fd blesa
Nk= fuf"Ø; Jksrk cuk jgrk gS] ysfdu ;g iw.kZr% lR; ugha gSA vxj f'k{kd fo"k;oLrq
dks rS;kjh ds lkFk jkspd <ax ls Nk=ksa ds le{k izLrqr djrk gS] chp&chp esa Nk=ksa ls
iz'u iwNrk gS rks Nk= lfØ; cus jgrs gSaA lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k ds fy, ;g fof/k
mi;ksxh gSA f'k{kd izLrqr izdj.k dks Nk=ksa ds lkeus izHkko'kkyh <ax ls izLrqr djrs gSa]
ftlls mUgsa lHkh ckrsa vPNh rjg ls le> esa vk tk;sA
O;k[;ku fof/k dh mi;ksfxrk &
1- O;k[;ku fof/k ds }kjk f'k{k.k dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, f'k{kd ,oa f'k{kkFkhZ
esa lEidZ LFkkfir gksuk vko';d gSA f'k{kd tc Hkk"k.k nsrk gS rks mldh
vkokt] HkkoHkafxek] 'kkjhfjd lapkyu ls Nk=ksa ls lEidZ gks tkrk gSA
2- blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lquus ds dkS'ky dk fodkl gksrk gSA
3- O;k[;ku fof/k vo/kkj.kkvksa dks Li"V djus dh egRoiw.kZ fof/k gSA
4- O;k[;ku fof/k ls Nk=ksa dh le; vkSj 'kfDr dh cpr gksrh gSA
5- orZeku le; esa izkstsDV fof/k] leL;k f'k{k.k fof/k ds lQy fØ;kfUor djus ds
fy, O;k[;ku fof/k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
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6- f'k{kd tc viuk Hkk"k.k rS;kj djrk gS] rks og cgqr iqLrdksa dk lgkjk ysrk
gSA ftlls og mu iqLrdksa dk Hkk"k.k esa mYys[k djrk gSA izfrHkk'kkyh fo|kFkhZ
mu iqLrdksa dk v/;;u dj viusKku esa o`f) djrs gSaA
O;k[;ku fof/k ds nks"k&
1- O;k[;ku fof/k ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ fuf"Ø; Jksrk cu tkrs gSaA
2- f'k{kd ds }kjk Hkk"k.k dh rS;kjh vPNh u gksus ds dkj.k okLrfod fo"k; ls gV
tkrs gSa vkSj vuko';d ckrksa dks lekfgr djrs gSaA
3- fo|kFkhZ Kku vtZu ds fy, f'k{kd ij fuHkZj gks tkrs gSa] D;ksafd og f'k{kd ds
}kjk fn;s x;s Kku ls larq"V gks tkrs gSaA
4- O;k[;ku fof/k ds fy, f'k{kd }kjk v/;;u rFkk vH;kl dh vko';drk ds lkFk
Hkk"k.k dyk esa ikjaxr gksus dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj lHkh v/;kid blesa
fuiq.k ugha gksrs gSaA
5- cPpksa esa ges’kk cksfj;r vkSj v:fp dk Hkko O;kIr jgrk gSaA
6- bl fof/k esa cPpksa dh Hkkxhnkjh cgqr de gksrh gSaA
7- v/;kid }kjk crk;s x;s rF;ksa dks ;kn djrs gSaA
8- v/;kid ds O;k[;ku ds le; cPps flQZ Jo.k fØ;k djrs gSa A
xfrfof/k 4%&
fdlh ,d f’k{kd ds O;k[;ku dk voyksdu djsa rFkk fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ds
vk/kkj ij fooj.k nsa &
35
1- Hkk"kk 'kSyh dh jkspdrk &
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2- Nk=ksa dh lgHkkfxrk &
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3- f'k{kd dks fo"k; oLrq dk Kku &
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4- O;k[;ku dh izHkko’khyrk %&
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5- O;k[;ku ds i'pkr~ Nk=ksa esa le> dk fodkl &
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3-7-2 fopkj foe’kZ fof/k
(Discussion method)
36
fo|kFkhZ dks fuf"Ø; cuus ds LFkku ij lfØ; cukus ds fy, fØ;kRed f'k{kd
fof/k;ksa esa fopkj foe’kZ fof/k gSA fopkj foe’kZ fof/k lkekftd v/;;u ds v/;kiu esa
egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSaA blesa f'k{kd vkSj Nk= vkil esa fopkj foe'kZ ,oa rdZ fordZ
ds }kjk lkekftd v/;;u dh fo"k;oLrq ,oa leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrs gSa rFkk tks
Hkh 'kadk,Wa gksrh gSa] mudk gy djds lek/kku rd igqWaprs gSaA fopkj foe’kZ ,d 'kSf{kd
lkewfgd fØ;k gSA ftlesa f'k{kd rFkk Nk= lg;ksxh :i ls fdlh leL;k ;k izdj.k
ij ckrphr djrs gSaA
xq.k &
1- ;g i)fr fo|kfFkZ;ksa esas LoLFk izfr;ksfxrk dk fodkl djrh gSA
2- bl fof/k ds }kjk jVus dh izo`fRr dk var gksrk gS] D;ksafd fopkj foe’kZ ds }kjk
tks Kku Nk=ksa dks izkIr gksrk gS] og mudh le> ,oa ekufld fØ;kvksa }kjk
gksrk gSA
3- fopkj foe’kZ i)fr esa fo"k; dk pquko igys ls djuk iM+rk gSA
4- fopkj foe’kZ fof/k ds }kjk Nk=ksa esa rdZ djus dh {kerk fodflr gksrh gSA
5- fopkj foe’kZ ds }kjk Lora=rkiwoZd i<+us dh izo`fRr dk fodkl gksrk gSA
6- Nk=ksa dh fpUru djus dh {kerk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
7- ;g fof/k lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ds volj iznku dj Nk=ksa dh lfØ;rk
esa o`f) djrh gSA
8- blls vkykspukRed fpUrufodflr gksrk gSA
37
9- bl fof/k esa Nk=ksa ds }kjk viuksa fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr lqO;ofLFkr :i ls dh
tkrh gSA
nks"k &
1- fopkj foe’kZ i)fr ds }kjk Nk=ksa dks iwjs ikB~;Øe dk f'k{k.k iznku ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
2- fopkj foe’kZ fof/k esa Nk=ksas ds }kjk rdZ de fn;s tkrs gSa] dqrdksZ dk T;knk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ifj.kkeLo:i le; u"V gksrk gSA
3- fopkj foe’kZ fof/k esa dqN Nk= lgHkkfxrk djrs gSa] lHkh Nk= Hkkx ugha ysrs gSaA
4- fopkj foe’kZ fof/k esa tks Nk= ladksph izo`fRr ds gksrs gSa] og Hkkx ugha ysrs gSaA
5- fopkj foe’kZ fof/k mPp d{kkvksa ds fy, mi;qDr gSA
3-8 dgkuh dFku fof/k (Story Telling Method) :-
vFkZ &
dgkuh dFku fof/k lkekftd v/;;u f'k{k.k dh ,d egRoiw.kZ fof/k gSA blds
ek/;e ls f'k{kd Nk=ksa dk /;ku viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gSA bl fof/k }kjk Nk=ksa ds
eu esa dYiuk ,oa dkSrwgy tkx`r gksrk gSA ;g fof/k eukoSKkfud fof/k gS] blds }kjk
ckydksa esa uSlfxZd 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds fy,
ikB~; oLrq dks ljy ,oa jkspd cukus esa leFkZ gksrk gS] vr% Nk=ksa dks egkiq:"kksa] lekt
lq/kkjdksa] ys[kdksa] lUrksa] vUos"kdksa ,oa oSKkfudksa dh dgkfu;kWa lqukuh pkfg,A
dgkuh dFku fof/k ds xq.k &
38
1- bl fof/k }kjk Nk=ksa dks ljyrk ls Kku iznku fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd
ckydksa esa dkSrwgy rFkk dYiukfiz;rk vf/kd gksrh gSA
2- bl fof/k esa Nk= vius vkarfjd Hkkoksa dks izdkf'kr djus dk volj izkIr djrs
gSaA
3- bl fof/k }kjk Nk=ksa esa dYiuk] Lej.k ,oa fpUru 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl fd;k
tkrk gSA
4- blds }kjk Nk=ksa esa mRre ukxfjd ,oa lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5- dgkuh dks Øekuqlkj lqukuk pkfg,A
6- dgkuh dh fo"k;oLrq dks Nk=ksa ds lkekftd thou dh okLrfodrk ls lacaf/kr
gksuk pkfg,A
7- dgkuh dks mn~ns';iw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A
8- dgkuh ekSf[kd :i ls lqukuh pkfg,A chp&chp esa iz'u Hkh djrs jguk pkfg,
rkfd Nk= :fp ,oa /;ku ls lqusa ,oa Kku izkIr djsaA
9- 'kkar okrkoj.k esa Nk=ksa dh ekufld fLFkfr ds vuqlkj dgkuh lqukuh pkfg,A
10- f'k{kd dks Li"V vkSj izHkko'kkyh 'kSyh esa dgkuh dks lqukuk pkfg,A
11- dgkuh vFkZiw.kZ rFkk okLrfod gksuh pkfg,A
12- f'k{kd dks vfHku; dyk dk Hkh Kku gksuk pkfg,A
13- f'k{kd dks Nk=ksa dk lg;ksx ysdj dgkuh lqukuk pkfg,A
14- f'k{kd dks dgkuh lqukus ds mn~ns'; dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
39
15- dgkuh lqukrs le; fo"k;oLrq dks cks/kxE; cukus ds fy, lgk;d lkexzh dk
iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
16- dgkuh vf/kd yEch ugha gksuk pkfg, vkSj fo"k; ls lacaf/kr gksuk pkfg,A
dgkuh dFku fof/k ds nks"k &
1- ;g fof/k cM+h d{kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh ugha gSA
2- dgkuh dFku 'kSyh ls jfgr f'k{kd }kjk bldk iz;ksx bldks vizHkkoh ,oa
gkL;in cukus esa lgk;d gSA
3- dgkuh dh fuf"Ø;rk Nk=ksa dks fuf"Ø; Jksrk cukrh gSA
4- dgkuh esa dYiuk dh vf/kdrk jgrh gS] blls cPpksa esa vfo'oluh;rk dk Hkko
mRiUu djrh gSA
dgkuh lqukrs le; fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, &
1- Nk=ksa dh vk;q ds vuqlkj dgkuh dk p;u djuk pkfg,A
2- dgkuh laf{kIr ,oa ljy gksuh pkfg,A
3- dgkuh dh fo"k;oLrq ij mldk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg,A
4- dgkuh dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh ,oa fo"k;oLrq Nk=ksa ds ekufld Lrj ,oa :fp ds vuqlkj
gksuh pkfg,A
5- dgkuh dgus dk <ax :fpdj] LokHkkfod rFkk Hkkoiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A
6- dgkuh jkspd ,oa izHkkoiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A dgkuh mn~~ns';iw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A
40
dgkuh dFku izfof/k izkjafHkd d{kkvksa ds fy, cgqr mi;ksxh gksrh gSA izkjafHkd
d{kkvksa ds Nk=ksa dk ekufld Lrj bruk de fodflr gksrk gS fd mUgsa f'k{k.k dh tks
nwljh izfof/k;kWa mldh bruh le> fodflr ugha djrh ftruh fd dgkuh ds }kjk gksrh
gSA ;fn dgkfu;kWa mn~ns';iw.kZ gksrh gS vkSj f'k{kd muds }kjk lacaf/kr rF;ksa dks Li"V
djrk gS] rks ;g cgqr ykHkdkjh gksrk gSA
fdlh fo"k; ds lw{e ,oa tfVy va'kks dks dgkuh ds ek/;e ls lqcks/k cuk;k
tkrk gSA ckyd tks Kku dgkuh ds }kjk izkIr djrk gS] mls vkRelkr djus esa lgtrk
,oa ljyrk gksrh gSA lkekftd foKkuksa esa ;g fof/k cgqr vf/kd iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
ÅWaph d{kkvksa esa Hkh bl fof/k dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA tks f'k{kd vius fo"k; ds vPNs
Kkrk gksrs gSa] og dgkuh ds :i esa fo"k;oLrq dks izLrqr djus esa leFkZ gksrs gSaA dgkuh
ds ek/;e ls tfVy va'kks dks ljy :i esa izLrqr djds Nk=ksa dks fo"k;oLrq vklkuh ls
le> esa vk ldrh gSA
xfrfof/k 5&
vki viuh d{kk esa dgkuh dFku fof/k ls fdlh fo"k;ka’k dk v/;;u djk,Waa rFkk
fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ij viuk vfHker nsa &
1- dgkuh dh fo"k;&oLrq Nk=ksa dh vk;q vuqlkj gS ;k ugha \
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41
2- f’k{kd dk fo"k; oLrq ij vf/kdkj &
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3- Hkk"kk 'kSyh &
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4- dgkuh :fpdj gS vFkok ugha \
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5- dgkuh lqukus dk rjhdk &
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6- dgkuh dh izHkko’khyrk &
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7- dgkuh dk f’k{k.k egRo &
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42
3-9 Lej.k j[kus ;ksX; ckrs %&
f'k{kk 'kkL=h; fof/k esa O;ogkjokn esa FkkuZMkbd dk laca/kokn fl)kar iSoyko dk
Dykfldy vuqca/ku fl)kar ,oa fLduj dk lfØ; vuqdwfyr vuqfØ;k fl)kar
gSA
jpukokn eas Kku vtZu ds LFkku ij Kku l`tu ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA fo|kFkhZ
[ksy&[ksy esa Hk;eqDr okrkoj.k esa Lora=rkiwoZd ml ifjfLFkfr dks iwoZ vuqHko ls
tksM+dj Kku izkIr djrk gSA tc og xfrfof/k ds ek/;e ls Kku dk fuekZ.k
djrk gS rks mls vkuan dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS vkSj vuqHko izkIr djrk gSA vius
vuqHkoksa dks Ldwyh Kku ds lkFk tksM+ dj vkSj mldk iz;ksx og fofHkUu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa djrk gSA
;kstuk fof/k ls rkRi;Z ml fof/k ls gS] ftlesa fdlh dk;Z ds mn~ns'; dks lkeus
j[kdj tc mls iw.kZ fu;ksftr <ax ls lEiUu fd;k tkrk gS rkfd mn~ns'; dh
izkfIr gks ldsA
'kSf{kd i;ZVu esa f'k{k.k dks jkspd ,oa cks/kxE; cuk;k tkrk gSA Nk=ksa dks izR;{k
vuqHko ,oa okLrfod vuqHko }kjk Kku djk;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k }kjk f'k{k.k
dk mn~ns'; mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiUu djuk gS ftlesa Nk= Lo;a ,oa izR;{k
lh[kus dk vuqHko dj ldsA
ukV~; eapu fof/k esa Nk= tc vfHku; djrs gSa] rks fo"k;oLrq dks ukVd djds
lh[krs gSa rFkk n'kZd :i esa cSBs fo|kFkhZ Hkh fo"k;oLrq ljyrk ls le> ldrs
gSaA fo"k; oLrq ewrZ :i eas izLrqr dh tkrh gS] bldk efLr"d esa LFkk;h izHkko
gksrk gSA
fØ;k dsfUnzr lh[kuk dk;Z dks ;k fØ;k dks vk/kkj cuk;k tkrk gSA Mh-oh- ds
vuqlkj ckydksa dks ,slk dk;ksZ }kjk f'k{kk nsuk pkfg,] ftlls Hkfo"; esa
lektksi;ksxh dk;Z djus ds ;ksX; cu ldsA
43
O;k[;ku fof/k eas f'k{kd tc fo"k;oLrq dks rS;kjh ds lkFk jkspd ,oa izHkko'kkyh
<ax ls Nk=ksa ds le{k j[krk gS rks Nk=ksa dks fo"k;oLrq vPNh rjg ls le> esa
vk tkrh gSA
okn&fookn fof/k esa f’k{kd vkSj Nk= vkil esa fopkj foe’kZ ,oa rdZ fordZ ds
}kjk lkekftd vk/;;u dh fo"k;oLrq] leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrs gSa rFkk
tks Hkh 'kadk;s gksrh gSa] mudk gy djds lek/kku rd igqaprs gSaA
dgkuh dFku fof/k }kjk f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds fy, ikB~; oLrq dks ljy ,oa jkspd
cukus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA dgkuh ljy laf{kIr ,oa Nk=ksa dh vk;q ds vuqlkj gksuh
pkfg,A
3-10 viuh izxfr dh tkWap dhft, &
iz-1 jpukokn ls D;k vk'k; gS\ jpukokn esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V
dhft,\
iz-2 ;kstuk fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,Wa crkb;s\
iz-3 'kSf{kd i;ZVu ds egRo dks Li"V dhft,\
iz-4 ukV~; eapu ds nks"kksa dks crkb;s\
iz-5 fØ;k djds lh[kuk ds xq.kksa dks Li"V dhft,\
iz-6 okn&fookn fof/k dks le>kb;s\
iz-7 dgkuh lqukrs le; fdu ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,\
3-11 fopkj foe'kZ ,oa Li"Vhdj.k ds fcUnq &
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds i'pkr~ vki dqN fcUnqvksa ij ppkZ djuk pkgsaxs rFkk vU;
fcUnqvksa ij Li"Vhdj.k pkgsaxsA mu fcUnqvksa dks fu;r LFkku ij fy[ks &
44
3-11-1 fopkj foe'kZ fcUnq &
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3-11-2- Li"Vhdj.k ds fcUnq &
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45
3-12 lUnHkZ xazFk lwph &
Sharma, Rameshwarlal, and Verma Rampal Singh (2001), Teaching of social
studies, Vinod Pustak Mandir, Agra-2
Saxena, N.R. and Mishra B.K., Mohanty. The teaching of social studies, Surya
Publication, Meerut
NCERT,¼2005½] us'kuy dsfjdqye QzseodZ QkWj Vhpj ,twds'ku] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd
vuqla/kku vkSj izf’k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhA
NCERT¼2009½- us'kuy dsfjdqye ÝseodZ QkWj Vhpj ,twds'ku] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd
vuqla/kku vkSj izf’k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhA
gUQh] ,e-,- ,oa ,l-,- ¼2007½] vf/kxedRrkZ dk fodkl ,oa f'k{k.k vf/kxe
izfØ;k] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk&2
'kekZ] ch-,y- ,oa ekgs'ojh] ch-ds- ¼2007½] lkekftd v/;;u dk f'k{k.k] fou;
j[kstk] C/o vkj- yky cqd fMiks] fu;j jktdh; b.Vj dkWyst] csxe fczt jksM]
esjB
R;kxh] xqjljunkl ¼2010½] lkekftd v/;;u dk f'k{k.k] vxzoky ifCyds'ku]
T;ksfr Cykd] vkxjk&2
'kekZ] vkj-,- ,oa prqosZnh] f'k[kk ¼2012½] lkekftd foKku dk f'k{k.k] fou;
j[kstk C/o vkj- yky cqd fMiks] fudV jktdh; b.Vj dkWyst] csxe fczt jksM]
esjB