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BENIGN BREAST DISEASES PROFFESOR.S.FLORET

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Page 1: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

BENIGN BREAST DISEASES

PROFFESOR.S.FLORET   

Page 2: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery
Page 3: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

NORMAL  STRUCTURE

Page 4: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

DEVELOPMENTAL/CONGENITAL

• Polythelia• Polymastia• Athelia• Amastia‐ poland syndrome

• Nipple inversion• Nipple retraction

• NON‐BREAST DISORDERS• Tietze disease• Sebaceous cyst & other skin disorders.• Monder’s disease

Page 5: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

BENIGN DISEASE OF BREAST

• Fibroadenoma• Fibroadenosis‐ ANDI• Duct ectasia• Periductal papilloma• Infective conditions‐Mastitis

‐ Breast abscess‐ Antibioma‐ Retromammary abscess

Trauma – fat necrosis.

Page 6: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

NIPPLE INVERSION 

• Congenital abnormality

• 20% of women

• Bilateral

• Creates problem during breast feeding

• Cosmetic surgery does not yield normal protuberant nipple. 

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NIPPLE  INVERSION

Page 8: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

NIPPLE  RETRACTION

• Nipple retraction is a secondary phenomenon due to

• Duct ectasia‐ bilateral nipple retarction.

• Past surgery

• Carcinoma‐ short history,unilateral,palpablemass.

Page 9: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

NIPPLE  RETRACTION

Page 10: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

ABERRATIONS OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND INVOLUTION (ANDI)

• Breast  : Physiological dynamic structure.

‐ changes seen throught the life.

• They are

‐ developmental & involutional

‐ cyclical & associated with pregnancy        and lactation.

• The above changes are described under ANDI.

Page 11: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

PATHOLOGY

• The five basic pathological features are:

• Cyst formation

• Adenosis:increase in glandular issue

• Fibrosis

• Epitheliosis:proliferation of epithelium lining the ducts & acini.

• Papillomatosis:formation of papillomas due to extensive epithelial hyperplasia.

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ANDI & CARCINOMA

• NO RISK:• Mild hyperplasia• Duct ectasia.• SLIGHT INCREASED RISK(1.5‐2TIMES):• Moderate hyperplasia• Papilloma with fibrovascular core.• MODERATE RISK(4‐5times):• Atypical ductal hyperplasia• Atypical lobular hyperplasia

Page 13: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

Progression to Breast Cancer

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CLINICAL FEATURES

• ANDI presents in various forms including:• Discrete breast lump• Lumpy breast• Nipple discharge• Breast pain(cyclical,noncyclical)• Mastalgia affects upto 70% of women at some point in their life.

• Two‐third of patients affected have cyclical mastalgia & one‐third have non‐cyclical mastalgia.

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INVESTIGATIONS

• FNAC

• Biopsy

• Mammography

• ultrasound

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TREATMENT

• Reassurance itself may suffice for those with lumpy breasts.• CYCLICAL  MASTALGIA : due to hyperestrogenism.

abnormal prolactin secretion also been implicated.

• Initial treatment: assurance.evening primrose oil(gammalinolenic acid).

• Treatment of choice:DanazolBromocriptineTamoxifen(promising drug of choice)

• NON‐CYCLICAL MASTALGIA: difficult to treat.• Search should be made for musculoskeletal cause of pain.• Excising a painful trigger spot in breast  causes occasional relief.

Page 17: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

FIBROADENOMA

• Benign tumor of breast lobule.

• Composed of stromal & epithelial elements.

• AETIOLOGY:

• Occurs in developmental stage of breast.

• Due to oestrogen sensitivity.

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FIBROADENOMA

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PATHOLOGY

• Gross examination: tumor is,‐ 2 to 3cm in size.‐ sharp boundaries‐ cut surface is glistening white.

• Microscopically,there are two types:• Intracanalicular type: stroma compresses the ducts into slit‐like structures.

• Pericanalicular type: stroma just surrounds the ducts without compressing them.

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FIBROADENOMA

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FIBROADENOMA‐ cut‐section

bulging,

whirled like

cut‐cabbage.

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• Fibroadenoma is not a premalignant condition.

• Co‐existentence in cancer pts is most often a lobular carcinoma in situ.

• fibroadenoma – bimodal age of occurrence.

• Younger pts – juvenile fibroadenoma.

• fibroadenoma>5cm – Giant fibroadenoma –no malignant potential.

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GIANT FIBROADENOMA‐>5cm

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CLINICAL FEATURES

• Common in 2nd & 3rd decade.

• Firm.

• Extremely mobile –” breast mouse”.

• Lobulated tumor

• 2 to 3cm in size.

• Painless.

• 10% cases – multiple.

• Increasing age – less mobile – due to involution.

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TYPES

• HARD FIBROADENOMA:

• Younger age.

• No malignant potential

• SOFT FIBROADENOMA:

• Older age

• Has malignant potential.

Page 26: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

• DIAGNOSIS:  FNAC

• TREATMENT:

• Women <25yrs – not removed.

• Older women – Excisional biopsy.

• Local recurrence is rare.

• Giant fibroadenoma – enucleation of complete tumor by cosmetic incision.

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PHYLLODES  TUMOR

• Previously termed as cystosarcoma phyllodes.• PATHOLOGY: The tumor is • Circumscribed• Irregular surface with projections(leaf‐like) hence called as phyllodes.• Soft in consistency• Cut surface – brown color,with areas of hemorrhage,necrosis,cystic

change.• Histologically: epithelial & fibrous elements present.• 3  GRADINGS:• BENIGN.• INTERMEDIATE.• MALIGNANT.• Malignant lesions have evidence of sarcoma which is usually liposarcoma

or rhabdomyosarcoma.

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PHYLLODES TUMOR 

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• CLINICAL FEATURES: • Women between 30 – 50yrs.• Tumor – grows‐ large size –usually mobile.• Skin – not infiltrated but stretched out,reddenedwith ulceration due to pressure necrosis.

• TREATMENT:• Excision.• Large tumors – simple mastectomy.• Local recurrence‐ upto 25% ‐ wide local excision.

Page 30: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

BREAST CYST

• Formed due to cystic lobular involution with formation of lobular microcysts which coalesce to form macrocyst.

• Predisposing factor – obstruction to lobular outflow.

• It is a type of ANDI and associated with hyperestrogenism.

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BREAST   CYST

Page 32: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

CYST   ‐ 2 TYPES

• SIMPLE CYST: simple cuboidal epithelium

• Single

• Do not recur.

• No association with cancer.

• APOCRINE CYST: apocrine epithelium

• Tendency to recur.

• Association with cancer.

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• CLINICAL FEATURES:age group of 40‐50 yrs.• Pain – occasionally present.• Solitary & large at time of presentation.• Examination: cysts – smooth surfaced & dark in color – blue domed cysts.

• DIAGNOSIS:Aspiration of cyst fluid‐ pale yellow to black color.

• Mammography & ultrasound to exclude malignancy.

Page 34: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

• TREATMENT:

• Aspiration of cyst till it is impalpable.

• Residual mass after aspiration is an indication for FNAC or biopsy.

• Indications for surgical excision are:

• Blood stained aspirate‐ indicator of intracysticcarcinoma.

• Cyst recurrence after repeated aspiration.

Page 35: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

GALACTOCOELE

• Milk filled cyst – either occurs at time of cessation of lactation or                         frequency of lactation is less.

• Occurs due to obstruction of major lactiferous duct by inspissated milk.

• TREATMENT:• Needle aspiration • Surgery – when cyst cannot be aspirated or gets infected.

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GALACTOCOELE

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DUCT PAPILLOMA

• Papilloma are true polyps‐ arise from epithelium lined ducts in the breast.

• Solitary papilloma located in subareolar region.• Multiple papilloma – peripherally located – increased 

tendency to develop carcinoma.• Histologically – core of fibrovascular tissue covered by 

epithelium – areas of necrosis & infarction.• Epithelial hyperplasia – responsible for malignant change.• Presents with nipple discharge or lump.• Commonest cause of bloody discharge and should be 

differentiated from ca breast.

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INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA

Page 39: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA

Single.

Sub‐areolar.

Less  malignant potential.

Page 40: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

• INVESTIGATION:• FNAC done for lump.• Cytology of bloody discharge• Mammagraphy• Ductography identifies offending duct‐insensitive.• TREATMENT:• Surgical excision.• Offending duct probed‐ circumareolar incision made‐ probe identified‐ duct excision‐ sent for histopathology.

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DUCT ECTASIA

• Type of ANDI occurs due to ductal involution.• Perimenopausal age group.• Dilation of large periareolar ducts.• PATHOLOGY:• Ducts filled with periductal infiltration of thick green or creamy secretion with periductal infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells.

• Discharge: bilateral‐multifocal‐ thick – varying colors.• Intraductal ulceration‐ bloody,unifocal discharge from nipple.

• Periductal ulceration‐mass below nipple.

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DUCT ECTASIA

Page 43: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

• The exact mechanism of ductal dilatation is not known but possibly due to:

• Primary periareolar inflammation leading to ductaldilation.

• Obstruction of the ducts with dilation.• Management:Reassurance & antibiotics for suppuration.

• Needle aspiration• Incision & drainage• Repeated episode of infection – total duct excision under antibiotic cover.

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TRAUMATIC FAT NECROSIS

• Not a premalignant condition.

• Preceded by history of trauma to the breast.

• Histology :granular histiocytes surrounding cyst containing free lipid.

• Importance lies in differentiating it from ca breast.

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MONDOR’S DISEASE

• Is characterized by thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins adjacent to the breast.

• Precipitated by surgical procedures,infection, repetitive  movements of upper extremity.

• Lateral thoracic vein & thoracoepigastric veins are most commonly affected.

• Benign• Painful• Examination: tender firm cords in the direction of veins.• DIAGNOSIS:• Biopsy – if there is mass adjacent to affected veins.• TREATMENT:Analgesic & local hot compresses.• Resolution within 2‐6weeks• Refractory cases – ligature above & below the site of involvement.

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MONDOR’S DISEASE

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BREAST ABSCESS

• Two types:

• Lactational breast abscess

• Non‐Lactational breast abscess

Page 48: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

LACTATIONAL BREAST ABSCESS

• Occurs either at commencement of feeding orduring the period of weaning,when breast is engorged due to residual breast milk.

• Cracked nipple – entry of infective organism‐ usually staphylococcus aureus.

• Presents – breast discomfort followed by pain & fever.• Signs of acute inflammation – if untreated – abscess formation.• On aspiration‐ pus not found‐ systemic 

antibiotics(flucloxacillin,cloxacillin) for 10 days needed.• Tetracycline,chloramphenicol & ciprofloxacin‐ contraindicated.• If pus is aspirated‐ incision & drainage done.• Suppression of lactation required – bromocriptine 2.5mg/d for 

14days.

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PREDISPOSING FACTOR‐ Cracked   nipple.

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BREAST ABSCESS

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BREAST ABSCESS

Page 52: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

BREAST ABSCESS

Page 53: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

INCISION & DRAINAGE 

• Done when pt does not respond to 2 to 3days of antibiotics.

• Incision made at site of maximum tenderness – radial or transverse.

• Counterdrainage advised when abscess is deep.

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NON‐LACTATIONAL BREAST ABSCESS

• Complication of duct ectasia‐ tends to recur.

• Seen in periareolar region.

• Bacteroides, anerobic streptococci & enterococci. Administration of cloxacillin&metronidazole.

• Incision & drainage – avoided if possible. 

Page 55: BENIGN BREAST DISEASES - SRM University BREAST DISEASES… · • Congenital abnormality • 20% of women • Bilateral • Creates problem during breast feeding • Cosmetic surgery

NIPPLE DISCHARGE

• Suspicion of breast carcinoma which is rarely associated.• May or may not be associated with lump.• CAUSES OF BREAST DISCHARGE:• PHYSIOLOGICAL:‐ during pregnancy‐ reassured.• DUCT ECTASIA:‐ discharge‐multifocal‐bilateral‐ varying colors.• DUCT PAPILLOMA:‐serous,serosanguinous or frankly blood‐stained.• GALACTORRHOEA:‐milky discharge‐

hyperprolactinaemia,menarche,menopause,drugs(haloperidol,metoclopramide,methyldopa).

• CARCINOMA:‐usually from single duct‐ serous or blood‐stained.• CYSTS• IDIOPATHIC:‐10% cases

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TYPES OF NIPPLE DISCHARGE

• SEROUS DISCHARGE:• Duct papilloma• Mammary dysplasia• BLACK/GREEN DISCHARGE(altered blood):• Duct ectasia• BLOOD STAINED DISCHARGE:• Duct papilloma• Duct carcinoma• Duct ectasia• MILKY DISCHARGE:• Galactorrhoea• Endocrine disorders(pituitary adenoma,cushing’s

syndrome,TCA’s,verapamil).

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INVESTIGATIONS

• Mammography

• Ductography

• Cytology of discharge

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TREATMENT OF NIPPLE DISCHARGE

• 1.Nipple discharge with lump: remove the lump.• 2. Nipple discharge without lump:• Discharge from one duct only‐ perform microdochectomy(remove affected duct by passing a probe into it).

• Discharge from more than one duct‐ check the discharge for haemoglobin

‐ if positive in women over 40 yrs‐ cone excision of major ducts.

‐ if negative or positive in  pts less than 40yrs‐policy is to observe.

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GYNAECOMASTIA

• Presence of female type of mammary gland in the male.

‐Not a disease.

‐Enlargement of male breast is common.

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GYNAECOMASTIA

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• PHYSIOLOGIC GYNAECOMASTIA: during three phases of life.

NEONATAL PERIOD – action of placental estrogenon neonatal breast parenchyma.

ADOLESCENCE PERIOD‐ Excess of estrogen withrelation to testosterone.

SENESENCE PERIOD‐ increase of estrogenrelation to testosterone.

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• 1.Estrogen excess state

• 2.Androgen deficient state

• 3.Drug related

• 4.Systemic disease with idiopathic mechanism.

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PATHOLOGY

• There is combined increase in glandular & stromal element.• There is regular distribution of each element throught

enlarged breast.• The ductal structure of the male breast enlarge,elongate & 

branch out with ensheathing connective tissue.• ADOLESCENCE GYNAECOMASTIA:• Often unilateral.• Typically between age of 12 to 15yrs.• SENESCENT GYNAECOMASTIA:• Usually bilateral.

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• Gynaecomastia do not predispose to cancer.

• By contrast,

• Hypoandrogenic state of 

‐ primary testicular failure.

‐ klinfelter’s syndrome

Is associated with high risk of breast cancer. 

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CLINICAL FEATURES

• Dominant non‐tender mass.

• Local area of firmness

• Irregularity

• Asymmetric

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CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION

I. Mild engorgement withOUT skin reduntancy

II. Moderate engorgement withOUT skin reduntancy

III. Moderate engorgement with skin reduntancy

IV. Marked engorgement with skin reduntancy& ptosis similar to female breast.  

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INVESTIGATION

• USG• Mammography• To differentiate‐ indistinguishable or ill‐defined fatty tissue from male breast lesion& soft tissue structure.

• TREATMENT: Treat the cause.• Due to drugs‐ stop the drugs.• Syndromes‐ treat the primary cause.• Idiopathic‐ physiological‐ assurance below the age of 18.

• Bigger size‐ surgery‐ websters

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