Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk f'k{k.kjk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg

dkvk/kj i=k

1.3

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk f'k{k.kjk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg

dkvk/kj i=k

1.3

izFke laLdj.ktwu 2009 vk"kk<+ 1931

PD 3T NSY

© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.kifj"kn~] 2009

# 40.00

izdk'ku foHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSjizf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016

}kjk izdkf'kr rFkk caxky vkWiQlSV oDlZ] 335] [ktwj jksM]djksyckx] u;h fnYyh 110 005 }kjk eqfnzrA

lokZf/dkj lqjf{krizdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkkbySDVªkW fudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu%iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA

bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefrosQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkjls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA

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,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQilJh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011-26562708

108, 100 iQhV jksMgksLMsosQjs gsyh ,DlVsasa'kucuk'kadjh III LVstcsaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080-26725740

uothou VªLV HkouMkd?kj uothouvgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079-27541446

lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQilfudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVhdksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033-25530454

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izdk'ku lg;ksx

vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx % isÕ;fV jktkoqQekj

eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % f'ko oqQekj

eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy

eq[; O;kikj izca/d % xkSre xkaxqyh

laiknd % ujs'k ;kno

mRiknu % v#.k fprdkjk

lTtk ,oa vkoj.k'osrk jko

ISBN 978-81-7450-969-7

lkj&la{ksi

Hkk"kk fu;eksa }kjk fu;af=kr laizs"k.k dk ekè;e Hkj ugha gS] cfYd ;g ,d ifj?kVuk gS tks ,d cM+s

Lrj ij gekjh lksp] lÙkk vkSj lerk osQ lanHkZ esa gekjs lkekftd laca/ksa dks fufeZr djrh gSA

ftl rs”kh ls ,d lkekU; f'k'kq eg”k rhu lky rd dh mez esa gh osQoy ,d Hkk"kk esa ugha]

cfYd ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkkf"kd {kerk gkfly dj ysrk gS] mlls ;gh fu"d"kZ fudyrk

gS fd ge laHkor% vius lkFk Hkk"kk&{kerk fy, gh tUe ysrs gSaA lHkh Hkkf"kd fodkl

lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd ekè;e ls gksrs gSa vkSj bl Øe esa izR;sd O;fDr cgqfo/ ^jftLVj*

vfHkO;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk dbZ rjg dh lkekftd var%fØ;kvksa osQ fy, rS;kj gksrk tkrk gSA ;g cM+k

gh 'kkspuh; gS fd gekjs f'k{kk ;kstukdkj o Hkk"kk ;kstukdkj cPps esa varfuZfgr bruh egÙoiw.kZ

laHkkouk dks u”kjvank”k djrs vk, gSaA [kkldj Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgk¡ vfèkdka'k cPps cgqHkkf"kd

laHkkouk osQ lkFk LowQy vkrs gSa] ysfdu LowQy vkuk /hjs&/hjs NksM+ nsrs gSaA cs'kd blosQ dbZ

dkj.k gSa ysfdu buesa ls ,d dkj.k gSμLowQy dh Hkk"kk] muosQ ?kj ,oa iM+ksl dh Hkk"kk ls [kqn

dks tksM+ ugha ikrhA vfèkdka'k cPps LowQy i<+us vkSj fy[kus dh 'kwU; {kerk osQ lkFk osQ Lrj

ij NksM+rs gSa] ;gk¡ rd fd viuh Hkk"kk esa HkhA blosQ fy, dbZ lkekftdμjktuhfrd dkj.k

f”kEesnkj gSa] tks gekjh iwjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks gh [kks[kyk fd, gq, gaSA ysfdu oqQN vU; dkj.k]

tks bl U;wure Lrj rd dh Hkk"kk {kerk rd dks gkfly ugha dj ikus osQ fy, f”kEesnkj gSa] os

gSaμHkk"kk dh lajpuk ,oa izÑfr osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfØ;k dh le> dk

vHkko] [kkldj cgqHkkf"kd lanHkZ esa_ f'k{kk&;kstukdkjksa }kjk iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Kku&fuekZ.k esa Hkk"kk

dh Hkwfedk dks u”kjvank”k djuk_ tkfr] uLy vkSj tsaMj osQ lkFk&lkFk dbZ rjg osQ iwokZxzg Hkk"kk

esa varfuZfgr gksrs gSa] bl ckr osQ izfr mnklhurk] bl iwokZxzg ls eqDr ugha gks ikuk fd Hkk"kk eg”k

dforkvksa] dgkfu;ksa vkSj ys[kksa ls ugha cfYd blls dgha ”;knk dks lekfgr fd, gksrh gSA lkFk

gh ?kj ,oa iM+ksl esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk osQ laKkukRed fodkl esa ;ksxnku dh ckr dks Lohdkj

djus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gks ikuk vkSj bl ckr dks le>us esa vliQy gksuk fd laKku osQ Lrj

ij fodflr Hkk"kk&{kerk vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa vklkuh ls vuwfnr gksrh jgrh gSA ;g fujarj Li"V gks

jgk gS fd tSo fofo/rk osQ :i esa gekjh thoarrk osQ fy, Hkkf"kd fofo/rk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA

gesa ;g yxrk gS fd cPps dks ekr`Hkk"kk esa gh f'k{kk iznku dh tk, vkSj f'k{kdksa dks d{kk

esa cgqHkk"kh okrkoj.k dk egÙke mi;ksx dj ldus dh {kerk iznku dh tk, A gky gh esa vè;;u

'kks/ksa ls cgqHkkf"kd Hkk"kk&{kerk o 'kSf{kd laizkfIr esa Hkh ldkjkRed laca/ dk irk pyk gSA

lkFk gh ;g Hkh irk pyk gS fd cgqHkkf"kdrk ”;knk laKkukRed yphysiu ,oa lkekftd

lfg".kqrk dks Hkh tUe nsrh gSA ”k:jr gS ruko&eqDr okrkoj.k esa O;kid fuos'k lqfuf'pr fd,

tk,¡ vkSj tkfr] jax o tsaMj osQ vkèkkj ij fo|eku iwokZxzgksa dks [kRe fd;k tk,A tc rd

f'k{kk&;kstukdkj iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dh cgqvk;keh laHkkouk dks ugha le>saxs rc rd

lerk] U;k; o tura=k osQ fu/kZfjr y{; LoIu gh cus jgsaxsA vè;k;&10 esa nh xbZ gekjh

flI+kQkfj'kksa dks mijksDr lanHkZ esa vkSj fo|ky; dh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk osQ laca/ esa gekjs izLrkoksa

dk lanHkZ (ifjf'k"V&III) esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

vi

izks- jekdkar vfXugks=kh (vè;{k)Hkk"kkfoKku foHkkxfnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh&110 007

izks- Mh- ih- iVuk;dch&188] ckjkeqaMk dWEiysDlHkqous'oj] mM+hlk

izks- jes'k oqQekj ikaMs;yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh laLÑr fo|kihB'kghn thr flag ekxZu;h fnYyh&110 016

izks- 'kehe guiQhch&114] ”kkfdj ckx] vks[kyk jksMu;h fnYyh&110 025

MkW- viwokZuan125] 'kkgiqj tVu;h fnYyh&110049

MkW- eqoqQy fiz;nf'kZuh199] lg;ksx vikVZesaVe;wj fogkj] I+ksQt-I] fnYyh&110 091

Jh rkjk flag vutku,&110] turk dkWyksuhu;h fnYyh&110 027

MkW- tkfeuh nsoh,osQMfed vkWfI+kQljcksMZ vkWI+kQ lsosaQMjh ,tqosQ'kuxqokgkVh&781 021] vle

MkW- flyosul ysekjsbZ-,l-bZ-,l- Iyl jslhMsalvkbZ-,-osQ-vkbZ] Vksjh dWEiysDl] ÝySV bZ&1dhfVax jksM] f'kykax&793 001es?kky;

Jh ,- vkj- osadVpyifrenzkl bafLVV~;wV vkWI+kQ MsoyiesaV LVMht +79] lsoaQM esu jksM] xkaèkhuxjvn;kj] psUubZ&600 020rfeyukMq

MkW- ih- ih- fxfj/jlsaVªy bafLVV~;wV vkWI+kQ bafM;u ySaXostslekul xaxks=kh ch- ,e- vLirky osQ lkeus]galj jksM] eSlwj&570 006dukZVd

MkW- panz dkar ikVhyMh&5] js.kqdk baDyso] psruk uxj osQ ihNs]uohu Js;kuxj vkSjaxkckn&431 005egkjk"Vª

MkW- ih- c'khjvè;kid] xouZeasV oh- ,p- ,l- LowQyih- vks- ijkoUuk] ok;k fFk:jf”kyk&ekykiqje&676 502] osQjy

Jh izgykn jkW;fou; Hkou'kakfrfuosQru&731 235if'pe caxky

jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewgHkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk f'k{k.k

osQ lnL;ksa osQ uke

vuqokn lg;ksx%1- Jh fot; oqQekj >k] iks- ckWDl&16] egkRek xka/h varjkZ"Vªh; fganh fo'ofo|ky;] vkj-ch-jksM]

iaNyk] o/kZ & 4420012- MkW- ekèkoh oqQekj] izokpd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh3- MkW- dhfrZ diwj] ofj"B izoDrk] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh4- Jh eukst eksgu] ,y-ih&64 Mh-] ihreiqjk] fnYyh&1100885- MkW- jatuk vjksM+k] izokpd] ikB~;p;kZ lewg] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- u;h fnYyh

gekjs lfefr osQ lnL; gekjs osaQnzh; ljksdkj ls tqM+s reke eqíksa osQ ckjs esa ckrphr djus osQ fy,dbZ yksxksa ls feysA mu lcdk uke ;gk¡ ij mYys[k djuk laHko ugha gS blfy, ge mulsfouezrkiwoZd ekI+kQh pkgsaxs ftuosQ uke tkus@vutkus NwV x,A

ge MkW- ,-,y- [kUuk osQ ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus gekjs vkjafHkd izk:i dks i<+us esa vius dbZdherh fnu fn,A ge lsaVªy bafLVV~;wV vkWI+kQ bafM;u ySaXos”k (lh-vkbZ-vkbZ-,y-) eSlwj osQ funs'kdizks- ;w-,u- flag osQ fof'k"V ;ksxnku osQ fy, vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd dbZ dkj.kksa ls osgekjh cSBdksa esa Hkkx ugha ys losQ] ysfdu mUgksaus lh-vkbZ-vkbZ-,y- esa gekjh nwljh cSBd osQ fy,vko';d vkèkkfjd lajpuk eqgS;k djkus esa igy dh rFkk lkFk gh ogha osQ fof'k"V vuqHkoh yksxksadk ,d fof'k"V ny Hkh rS;kj dj fn;k ftlus gekjs lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ij gqbZ cglksa esalg;ksx fd;k vkSj izks- lpnsok rFkk MkW- fxfj/j osQ ekè;e ls egÙoiw.kZ oSpkfjd lg;ksx fn;kA

fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] Hkk"kkfoKku osQ foHkkxkè;{k dks èkU;okn ftUgksaus gekjh dbZ cSBdksaosQ fy, txg nhA MkW- jheyh HkV~Vkpk;Z vkSj MkW- ,p-osQ- nhoku dks fo'ks"k vkHkkj] ftUgksausegÙoiw.kZ izfrfØ;k,¡ O;Dr dha tks ifjf'k"V osQ :i esa blh vk/kj i=k esa ladfyr gSaA

vU; yksx ftuls geus laokn fd;kμ izks- ;equk vkSj czt dp:] izks- dfiy diwj] oqQekj'kgkuh] izks- dfork iatkch] MkW- tkudh jktu] olh vgen] vkse 'kadj.k] vCnqjZTtkd] oh-ijes'oje] jkeÑ".ku] oh- osQ izdklu] fcanq] ltuk lq/hj oqQekj] eksguu eUukt+h] fo|kJh] uezrk]nhIrk] jke fcpkj ikaMs] ,u-vkj- xks;y] c`t Hkw"k.k] ts- ,l- jkgh] txnh'k dkS'ky] MkW- vejhdflag iqUuh] ,p-osQ- 'kekZ] ch- lh- oqQ¡oj] Mh- gqlsu] Mh- ,u- ceZu] vatyh uksjksguk vkSj vU;A

ulhj vCnqy gkfen dks fo'ks"k /U;okn] ftUgksaus jkr&jkr Hkj tkxdj cM+s gh /S;Z vkSjfu"Bk osQ lkFk nLrkos”k dh oMZ izkslsflax dj bls ;g Lo:i fn;kA vfnfr Bkdqj] dkWih ,MhVj]izdk'ku foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks Hkh fo'ks"k /U;okn ftUgksaus bl vk/kj i=k dh dkWih,fMfVax dhA

izks- jketUe 'kekZ (lnL; lfpo)foHkkxkè;{kHkk"kk foHkkx,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] Jh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh&110016

izks- osQ- osQ- feJkHkk"kk foHkkx],u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-Jh vjfoan ekxZu;h fnYyh&110 016

viii

vkeaf=kr lnL;izks- jkts'k lpnsokizks- ,p-vkj- nqvkizks- osQ- ,l- jktJhMkW- tsfuI+kQj cs;jizks- ih-,u-nÙkk c#vkizks- ts-lh- 'kekZ

eks- ul#íhu [kkuMkW- panzk lnk;rMkW- ykypan jkeMkW- laè;k flagizks- ch-,u- iVuk;dMkW- laè;k lkgw

MkW- ih- ohjIiuJh 'kkse'ks[kjMkW- ih-vkj- gfjukFkJh oh-is#eyJh d';i eudksMh] vkSjJh ,u-,p- bVkxh

fo"k;&lwph

lkjμla{ksi ---vjk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg ^Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk f'k{k.k* osQ lnL;ksa osQ uke ...vii1- Hkk"kk dh izÑfr ...1

1-1 Hkwfedk ...11-2 Hkk"kk ladk;1-3 Hkk"kk] fu;e lapkfyr ra=k osQ :i esa ...11-4 ok.kh vkSj ys[ku ...21-5 Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj lkSan;Z'kkL=k ...31-6 Hkk"kk vkSj lekt ...31-7 Hkk"kk] Hkko vkSj vfHkizsj.kk ...41-8 Hkk"kk vkSj vfLerk ...51-9 Hkk"kk vkSj lÙkk ...51-10 Hkk"kk vkSj tsaMj ...61-11 Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lksp ...71-12 f'k{kk] Hkk"kk vkSj f”kEesnkj ukxfjdrk ...7

2- Hkk"kk lh[kuk ...82-1 Hkwfedk ...82-2 fi;kts dk ifjizs{; ...92-3 Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk mn~ns'; ...92-4 oqQN f'k{kk'kkL=kh; izLrko ...11

3- laoS/kfud izko/ku vkSj f=kHkk"kk lw=k ...123-1 Hkwfedk ...123-2 laoSèkkfud izkoèkku ...123-3 f=kHkk"kk lw=k ...133-4 f=kHkk"kk lw=k osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k ...14

4- LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk laca/h vU; eqís ...164-1 Hkwfedk ...164-2 mnwZ ...174-3 vYi] vYila[;d vkSj vkfnoklh Hkk"kk,¡ ...184-4 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk,¡ ...184-5 fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ ...194-6 vU; Hkk"kk,¡ i<+kuk ...20

5- cgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj 'kSf{kd laizkfIr ...205-1 Hkwfedk ...205-2 Hkkjr ,d cgqHkk"kh ns'k osQ :i esa ...205-3 f}Hkkf"kdrkokn vkSj fo}r miyfCèk ...215-4 cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks c<+kok nsus dh ”k:jr ...22

6- fofèk;k¡ ...226-1 Hkwfedk ...226-2 lhek,¡ vkSj lcd ...236-3 mfpr fofèk;ksa dh vksj ...23

7- lkexzh ...247-1 lkexzh osQ izdkj ...247-2 ikB~;iqLrd ...247-3 i`Fkd~ Hkk"kk f'k{k.k cuke laizs"k.kkRed f'k{k.k ...257-4 lkexzh dh izÑfr% vkfèkdkfjd cuke vU; ...257-5 fo"k;oLrq cuke vU; fo"k; ...257-6- lkexzh dk ewY;kadu ...267-7- lkexzh ys[kd dkSu gkas\ ...267-8- ,dhÑr dkS'kyksa dk fodkl ...26

8- f'k{kd ...268-1- Hkwfedk ...268-2- d{kk esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ...278-3- f'k{kdksa dk izf'k{k.k ...278-4- xgu uokpkjh izf'k{k.k dh ”k:jr ...288-5- f'k{kd] 'kksèkkFkhZ osQ :i esa ...28

9- vkdyu ...299-1- Hkwfedk ...299-2- ijh{k.kksa osQ izdkj ...299-3- ijh{k.k rS;kj djuk ...309-4- ijh{k.k osQ fy, fn, tkus okys dk;Z ...30

10- flI+kQkfj'ksa ...31ifjf'k"V I ...34ifjf'k"V II ...48ifjf'k"V III ...50ifjf'k"V IV ...54ifjf'k"V V ...64

x

1

1- Hkk"kk dh izo`Qfr

1-1 Hkwfedk

vfèkdka'k yksx Hkk"kk dks laizs"k.k dk ekè;e ekurs gSaA;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kd] f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{kd] ikB~;iqLrdys[kd] ikB~;p;kZ vfHkdYid (fM”kkbuj) o 'kS{kf.kd;kstukdkj rd dh ;gh èkkj.kk gSA tcfd f'k{kk esa Hkk"kkdh Hkwfedk dks Bhd ls ljkgus osQ fy, gesa lexzrkoknhn`f"Vdks.k viukus dh t:jr gSA gesa blosQ lajpukxr]lkfgfR;d] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] euksoSKkfud ,oalkSan;Z'kkL=kh; Ik{kksa dks egÙo nsrs gq, bls ,d cgq&vk;kehfLFkfr esa j[kdj bldh iM+rky djuh gksxhA lkekU;r%Hkk"kk dks 'kCn&dks'k o dqN fuf'pr okD;xr fu;eksaosQ feJ.k osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS μ tgk¡ ;g èofu;ksa]'kCnksa o okD;ksa osQ Lrj ij [kkl <ax ls fu;af=kr gksrhgSA ;g lp gS] bls udkjk ugha tk ldrkA ysfdu ;grlohj dk ,d gh igyw gS μ Hkys gh bldk Lo:ilkoZHkkSfed gksA

1-2 Hkk"kk ladk;

gesa ;g ekywe gksuk pkfg, fd lHkh cPps rhu lky lsigys gh viuh Hkk"kk osQ ewy rFkk mira=kksa ls vPNhrjg ls ifjfpr gks tkrs gSa μ ftlesa lkekftd lg&lacaèkksaosQ ”k:jh fgLls Hkh 'kkfey gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ (osQoyHkkf"kd gh ugha cfYd laizs"k.k dh n{krk Hkh xzg.k djysrs gSaA) ,d rhu lky osQ cPps ls fdlh Hkh ,slsfo"k; ij vPNh rjg ckrphr dh tk ldrh gS tksmlosQ laKkukRed nk;js osQ vanj vkrk gksA

blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd lkekU;r% ,d cPpk,d lkekU; Hkk"kk;h txr ls laidZ osQ vfrfjDrvar£ufgr Hkk"kk;h {kerk osQ lkFk gh tUe ysrk gS(pkWeLdh 1957] 1965] 1986] 1988] 1993)A gdhdrrks ;g gS fd Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k osQ {ks=k esa dkedjus okys Hkk"kkfonksa osQ fy, vHkh rd ;g ckr ,digsyh cuh gqbZ gS (brus de le; esa txr ls cgqrde laidZ osQ ckotwn) vkf[kj rhu lky dk cPpk

oSQls bl tfVy Hkkf"kd ra=k dk fodkl dj ysrk gS\;g tkudkjh fd O;fDr esa ,d tUetkr Hkkf"kd {kerkgksrh gS nks ”k:jh f'k{kk'kkL=kh; igyw lkeus j[krh gS%i;kZIr volj feys rks cPpk u;h Hkk"kkvksa dks vklkuhls lh[ksxk_ f'k{k.k dk iQksdl O;kdj.k ij u gksdjfo"k;&oLrq ij gksuk pkfg,A

1-3 Hkk"kk] fu;e&lapkfyr ra=k osQ :i esa

Hkk"kk dh lajpuk dk oSKkfud vè;;u djus okysHkk"kkfonksa osQ fy, fdlh Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k dbZ mira=kksals cuk ,d mPp vewrZ ra=k gS ftlosQ dbZ mira=k Hkhgksrs gSaA Lojksa osQ iSVuZ vkSj Loj eku osQ Lrj ij ns[ksarks fo'o dh lHkh Hkk"kk,¡ y; vkSj laxhr ls u”knhdls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA blh izdkj lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa O;atfudvkSj Lojh; èofu;k¡ ,d Øe esa lqfu;ksftr gksrh gSaAvfèkdka'k Hkk"kkvksa dh èofu;k¡ 25&80 rd dh la[;kesa gksrh gSaA muosQ 'kCnksa esa O;atu (dkWUlksusaV) vkSj Lojèofu (oksosQfyd) ,d osQ ckn ,d tSls lh-oh-lh-oh-iSVuZ ik;k x;k gS u fd O;atuksa vkSj Lojksa osQ lewgksa dks,d osQ ckn ,dA mnkgj.k osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh;Hkk"kk ;k vaxzs”kh Hkh rhu ls ”;knk O;atuksa dks 'kCn osQ'kq: esa ugha vkus nsrhA rhu osQ ekeys esa Hkh p;u ijizfrcaèk lk ik;k x;k gSA igyk O;atu osQoy ‘s’ gksldrk gS] nwljk ‘p’, ‘t’ ;k ‘k’ vkSj rhljk ‘y’, ‘r’, ‘l’;k ‘w’ mnkgj.k osQ fy, fganh esa L=kh ;k vaxzs”kh esaμ‘spring’, ‘street’, ‘squash’, ‘screw’ vkfnA 'kCnksa osQLrj ij NksVs 'kCnksa dks cukus osQ rjhosQ] tks 'kCnksa osQ,d lewg dks vFkZ o :i osQ vkèkkj ij 'kCnksa osQ nwljs

;g tkudkjh fd O;fDr esa ,d tUetkr Hkkf"kd{kerk gksrh gS nks f'k{kk'kkL=kh; igyw lkeusj[krh gS% i;kZIr volj feys rks cPpk u;hHkk"kkvksa dks vklkuh ls lh[ksxk_ vkSj f'k{k.k dkiQksdl O;kdj.k ij u gksdj fo"k;&oLrq ijgksuk pkfg,A

2

lewg ls tksM+rs gSa] oDrk dks èkhjs&èkhjs vius 'kCn&dks'kdks foLr`r djus dk volj iznku djrs gaS vkSj mUgsathouHkj bl izfØ;k dks tkjh j[kus osQ dkfcy Hkhcukrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fganh dks gh yhft, fganhesa mu iqfyax cgqopu 'kCnksa dks cukus osQ vius fu;egSa ftuosQ var esa ^vk* vkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,yM+dk osQ rhu cgqopu :i yM+osQ] yM+dksa vkSjyM+dks gSa tks yM+dk osQ Øe'k% drkZdkjd (ukWfeusfVo)]vizèkku dkjd (vkWcfyd) vkSj lacksèku dkjd(oksosQfVo) :i gSaA vc vkidks nwljs ,sls 'kCnksa osQfy,] tks vk* ls [kRe gksrs gSa] osQ cgqopu :i ;kndjus dh t+:jr ugha iM+sxhA blh rjg okD; osQ Lrjij ljy o tfVy okD;ksa osQ vo;oksa osQ chp osQlacaèk fu;eksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr gksrs gSaA mu fu;eksa dhtkudkjh oDrk dks gj jks”k vusd okD; cukus osQdkfcy cukrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ,d vaxzs”kh osQokD; dks ysrs gSaA

She goes to school everyday.bl okD; esa oqQy ik¡p 'kCn gSaaA ;s ik¡p 'kCn

(dqy 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120) okD;ksa dks tUe nsldrs gSaA ysfdu euekus <ax ls 'kCnksa osQ Øe dks ughaj[kk tk ldrkA ;kuh bu 120 okD;ksa esa ls nks ;k rhuokD; gh ekU; gSaA blh rjg ,d vaxzs”kh cksyus okykcPpk oSQls le> ysrk gS fd iwNus okys okD;ksa esa‘wh’ ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCn igys vk,¡xs\ tSlsWhere is my pen? What is your name? bR;kfnA fganhesa ;s fu;e dkI+kQh vyx gSaA fganh esa iz'uokpd okD;esa iz'u iwNus okys 'kCn ogha j[ks tkrs gSa μ tgk¡ mudktokc Hkh txg ys ldrk gSA tSls μ

og ?kj tk jgk gS \ (He is going home.)og dgk¡ tk jgk gS \ (Where is he going?)ge ;gk¡ ikrs gSa fd iz'uokpd okD; esa ftl

txg ij dgk¡* vk;k gS] ogha mldk tokc ?kj* vk;kgSA

fdlh lekt esa foe'kZZ dk Lrj mijksDr fu;eksaosQ vykok dbZ rjg dh Hkkf"kd] lekt'kkL=kh;] èkkfeZdvkSj lkaLo`Qfrd ifjikfV;ksa ls r; gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dh bl

tfVyrk osQ izfr Hkkjr esa izkphu dky ls gh psruk jghgS muls tw>us osQ Hkh egÙoiw.kZ iz;kl gq, gSaA ikf.kfu]dkR;k;u] iratfy] HkrZgfj] rqYdkfIi;kj] panzÑfr] tSusanz]gsepanz vkpk;Z vkSj dbZ vU; dk ;ksxnku dkI+kQhegÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g nqHkkZX; dh ckr gS fd ge Hkkjrh;Kku osQ brus egÙoiw.kZ i{k dks u”kjvankt djrs vk,gSaA ge mEehn djrs gSa fd bl {ks=k dk oSKkfudvè;;u djus vkSj Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k esa bldh f'k{kk'kkL=kh;laHkkoukvksa dh ryk'k osQ fy, laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk dhtk,xhA ikf.kfu osQ ^v"Vkè;k;h* dh rqyuk esa vktdksbZ Hkh vkèkqfud foLr`r O;kdj.k derj gh BgjrkgSA Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa Hkk"kk cksyuk gS (ys[ku ugha)_laKku gS (egt ckrphr dk ekè;e ugha) vkSj ,djpukoknh ra=k gS ek=k izLrqrhdj.k ugha gSA HkrZgfj osQvuqlkj] Hkk"kk ;FkkFkZ dks x<+rh gS (;kuh igys ls ghekStwn fdlh ;FkkFkZ dks egt mn~?kkfVr Hkj ugha djrh)vkSj Kku blh ls izkIr gksrk gS_ fl¼kar fuekZ.k vkSjmPpkj.k (vfHkO;fDr) osQ :i esa ;g ukWu&ikfVZfVo(laiw.kZrkoknh) vkSj ukWu&flDosaflvy (vØfed) gS(dfiy diwj] ilZuy dE;qfuosQ'ku)A Hkk"kk dh ,slhlaiw.kZrkoknh lksp osQ fuf'pr gh egÙoiw.kZ f'k{kk'kkL=kh;fufgrkFkZ lkeus vk ldrs gSaA

1-4 ok.kh vkSj ys[ku

ok.kh vkSj ys[ku esa ewy varj ;g gS fd fyf[kr Hkk"kklpsru Lrj ij ns[kh tkrh gS vkSj dkyc¼ gksrh gS_ge dHkh Hkh bl rd igq¡p ldrs gSaA ok.kh vLFkk;hgksrh gS vkSj fyf[kr Hkk"kk dh rqyuk esa dkI+kQh rs”kh lscnyrh jgrh gSA blfy, fyf[kr dh ,oa ok.kh Hkk"kkosQ chp osQ I+kQoZQ dks ns[kdj gesa vk'p;Z ugha djukpkfg,A Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi osQ chp dksbZ fuf'pr lacaèkugha gksrkA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk vkSj jkseu fyfi osQ chp vFkokfganh ;k laLÑr rFkk nsoukxjh osQ chp dksbZ vya?kuh;lacaèk ugha gksrk gSA njvly] fo'o dh lHkh Hkk"kk,¡FkksM+s ls isQjcny ls ,d gh fyfi esa fy[kh tk ldrhgSa vkSj blh rjg dksbZ ,d Hkk"kk lHkh fyfi;ksa esa fy[khtk ldrh gSA Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi osQ chp bl rjg osQ

3

fj'rs osQ cksèk dk f'k{kk'kkL=kh; egÙo gSA tks f'k{kdbl lacaèk dh tkudkjh j[krs gSa os izk;% cPpksa dhxyfr;ksa osQ izfr viuk #[k cnydj Ik<+kus dh u;hfofèk;k¡ fodflr djrs jgrs gaSA

1-5 Hkk"kk] lkfgR; vkSj lkSan;Z'kkL=k

Hkk"kk osQ dbZ izdk;Z gSa ftudh vksj Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k;kstukdkjksa us eg”k b'kkjk Hkj fd;k gSA Hkk"kk esa iwjslalkj dks lkeus j[kus dk xq.k rks gksrk gh gS ysfdulkFk gh blesa dbZ dYiukijd rRo Hkh ekStwn gksrs gSaAi|] x| vkSj ukVd gekjh Hkkf"kd laosnuk dks èkkjiznku djus osQ lkFk&lkFk gekjs thou osQ lkSan;Zijdigyw dks le`¼ djrs gSa] lkFk gh ;g gekjs i<+us vkSj

fy[kus dh {kerk osQ Lrj dks Hkh Å¡pk mBkrs gSaA Hkk"kk

lkfgR; gkL; foMacuk] dgkuh] iSjksMh vkSj dgkorksa dks

Hkh 'kkfey fd, jgrk gS tks gekjs nSuafnu thou osQ

cgqr cM+s ,oa egÙoiw.kZ fgLls gksrs gSa vkSj dgha ls Hkh

;g ,slh Lok;Ùk bdkbZ ugha gksrh tks lkalkfjd fØ;kdykiksa

ls eqDr gks (gScjekl 1996] 1998] 2001)A

VSxksj osQ 'kkafrfuosQru esa ;g lkekU; lh ckr gks

xbZ Fkh fd fo|kFkhZ VSxksj osQ lkFk gh fdlh ukVd dks

i<+rs] bls caxyk esa vuqokn djrs vkSj fiQj eap ijbls bldh iwjh xfjek osQ lkFk izLrqr dj yksxksa rd

ys tkrsA dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk&f'k{kk uhfr blesa mifLFkrdYiukijd] o.kZukRed] vfèkHkkSfrd vkSj vyadkjijdrRoksa dks u”kjvank”k djrs gq, bls eg”k fdlhlkalkfjd mís'; dh dk;Zflf¼ gsrq ek=k ,d midj.kosQ :i esa ugha ys ldrh (ekDlZ 1844)A euq";lqanjrk dh iz'kalk Hkj djosQ 'kkar ugha jg ldrk]cfYd og mu fu;eksa dks ryk'k djus dh Hkhdk s f'k'k djrk g S tk s lk S an; Zijd igyw dk sfuèkkZfjr@fu;af=kr djrs gSaA Hkk"kk osQ lkSan;Zijd igywdh vuq'kalk fuf'pr gh Hkkf"kd jpukRedrk dh vksjvxzlj djsxh u fd 'kq¼rk cjdjkj j[kus dh f”kndh vksjA lkFk gh ;g izfØ;k fo{kksHk osQ cnys laokno lg;ksx osQ fy, Hkh ifjfLFkfr iSnk djrh gSA vk'kkgS ;g vYila[;d ,oa foyqfIr osQ dxkj ij [kM+hHkk"kk osQ fy, lEekutud joS;k viukus dh ekufldrkdks tUe nsxhA vkf[kj dksbZ Hkh leqnk; viuh ^ok.kh*dks foyqIr gksrs gq, ugha ns[kuk pkgsxkA

1-6 Hkk"kk vkSj lekt

;|fi cPps tUetkr Hkkf"kd {kerk osQ lkFk tUe ysrsgSa rFkkfi Hkk"kkvksa dk lh[k tkuk [kkl lkekftd&lakLÑfrdrFkk jktuhfrd lanHkks± esa gksrk gSA dkSu&lh ckr fdlsvkSj dgk¡ dguh gS] ;g izR;sd cPpk lh[k tkrk gSAHkk"kk vius vki esa gh ifjorZu'khy gksrh gS vkSjvyx&vyx mez osQ lewg }kjk lanHkZ osQ vuqlkjvyx&vyx <ax ls iz;qDr dh tkrh gS (ySckso 1966]1972] VªMfxy 1974] xqaitZ vkSj gkbEl 1972] xqaitZ1974 gScjekl 1970] 1996)A Hkkf"kd O;ogkj esa ;gfofoèkrk fc[kjh gqbZ ugha gS] cfYd ;g Hkk"kk] laizs"k.k]fopkj vkSj Kku osQ ra=kksa dks tksM+rh gSA tSlk fd

cksyh xbZ Hkk"kk dh izÑfr vLFkk;h gksrh gS vkSjfyf[kr Hkk"kk dh rqyuk esa dkI+kQh rs”kh ls cnyrhjgrh gSA blfy, fyf[kr o cksyh tkus okyhHkk"kk osQ chp osQ I+kQdZ dks ns[kdj gesa vk'p;Zugha djuk pkfg,A Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi osQ chp dksbZxgjk lacaèk ugha gksrk---A tks f'k{kd bl ifj?kVukdh tkudkjh j[krs gSa os izk;% xyfr;ksa osQ izfrviuk #[k cnydj Ik<+kus dh u;h fofèk;k¡fodflr djrs jgrs gaSA

Hkk"kk osQ lkSan;Zijd igyw dh vuq'kalk fuf'prgh Hkkf"kd jpukRedrk dh vksj vxzlj djsxh ufd 'kq¼rk cjdjkj j[kus dh f”kn dh vksjA lkFkgh ;g izfØ;k fo{kksHk osQ cnys laokn o lg;ksxosQ fy, Hkh ifjfLFkfr iSnk djrh gSA

4

vkSjksfju (1977) us dgk gS μ ¶Hkk"kk dk vfLrRo ,oafodkl lekt osQ ckgj ugha gks ldrkA Hkk"kk dkfodkl gekjh lkaLÑfrd fojklr vkSj lkekftd fodkldh t+:jrksa ls gh míhIr gksrk gS] ysfdu blosQ foijhrHkh mruk gh lp gS vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk Hkh míhiu djus okysbu dkjdksa dks míhIr djrh gSA ekuo lekt Hkk"kk osQfcuk ugha py ldrk D;ksafd ;g laizs"k.k dk lcls”;knk 'kq¼ vkSj lkoZHkkSfed ekè;e gSA ;g fopkjksa osQfuekZ.k vkSj vfHkO;fDr dks cukus vkSj lapkfjr djus esaHkh ”k:jh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA¸ lkFk gh gesa ;g Hkhè;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd Hkk"kk,¡ ns'k&dkyc¼ tSlh dksbZteh gqbZ ph”ksa ugha gSa cfYd os yxkrkj cnyrh gqbZ]O;ogkjksa dh yphyh O;oLFkk gSa ftUgsa euq"; [kqn dksvkSj vius vklikl osQ txr dks le>us osQ Øe esalh[krk vkSj cnyrk jgrk gSA vdlj Hkk"kkvksa dks rRoksaosQ :i esa fy;k tkrk gS vkSj yksx muosQ ckjs esa :<+lh èkkj.kk,¡ cuk ysrs gSaA gesa Hkk"kk osQ bu nksuksa i{kksa dkè;ku j[kuk gksxkA

1-7 Hkk"kk] Hkko vkSj vfHkizsj.kk

dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk gks] tc lh[kus dh ckr vkrh gS rc tkslh[k jgk gksrk gS mlosQ Hkko@#[k ,oa vfHkizsj.kk dhHkwfedk vge~ gks tkrh gSA blh rjg] f'k{kd vkSjekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod dk joS;k o mudh rjI+kQ lsfeyus okyk izksRlkgu Hkk"kk&lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa egÙoiw.kZ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk lh[kus&fl[kkusdh izfØ;k osQ {ks=k esa 'kksèk djus okyksa us dbZ lkekftdeuksoSKkfud pjksa dh igpku dh gS tks f}rh; Hkk"kklh[kus dh mDr izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA muesals dqN pj ;s gSa% 1- vfHk#fp] 2- cqf¼] 3- vfHko`fÙk;k¡]4- vfHkizsj.kk o bldh rhozrk] 5- lÙkkokn] vkSj 6-ekuotkfr oasQnzoknA ysfdu bu lcesa lcls egÙoiw.kZdkjd gS% vfHko`fr ,oa vfHkizsj.kk vkSj f}rh; Hkk"kklh[ku s oky s o s Q i z fr f'k{kd dk jo S;k oekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod ls feyk izksRlkguA

xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ (1972) osQ vuqlkj fdlh

f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk dks lh[kus okys dh vfHkizsj.kkmldh vfHko`fÙk vkSj bPNk 'kfDr ij fuHkZj djrh gSfd og mu Hkkf"kd vkSj vHkkf"kd fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFkigpkuk tk, tks lkekU;r% y{; Hkk"kk osQ cksyus okysosQ lkFk tqM+h jgrh gSaA muosQ vuqlkj bl izdkj dkizksRlkguijd fn'kk&funsZ'k lekdfyr dgyk,xk ;fndksbZ f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk dks] y{; Hkk"kk osQ cksyusokyksa osQ lkFk thoar laokn LFkkfir djus osQ fy,lh[ksA vU;Fkk ;fn lh[kus dk mís'; jks”kxkj izkIrdjuk gks ;k ,slk gh dksbZ vkSj lkè; gks rks izksRlkgu;kaf=kd dgyk,xkA fu"d"kZr% xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ dgrsgSa fd mDr Hkk"kk lh[kus esa liQyrk de gh feysxh;fn vfHkizsj.kk lekdfyr u gksdj ;kaf=kd gksxhA

Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa y{; Hkk"kk leqnk; rd igq¡pusdk ,d fuf'pr jkLrk ugha gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]vaxzs”kh dks gh ysaA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kh leqnk; osQ ugha gksus osQckotwn 'kgjksa esa vaxzs”kh dk vPNk&[kklk pyu gSAtcfd xzkeh.k vkSj vkfnoklh bykdksa esa vaxzs”kh fons'khHkk"kk osQ :i esa gh yh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQekeys esa y{; ewy Hkk"kh leqnk; rd ig¡qp vis{kkÑr”;knk lqyHk gks ldrh gSA fo'o osQ vusd Hkkxksa esaf}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ lkekftd] euksoSKkfud i{kksa ijcgqr 'kksèk gq, gSaA buesa ls vfèkdka'k 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa us ik;kfd f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk esa n{krk lh[kus okys dhvfHko`fÙk o vfHkiszj.kk ij gh ”;knk fuHkZj djrh gSAysfdu xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ dh ifjdYiukvksa dks lekdfyrvfHkizsj.kk] ;a=kh; vfHkizsj.kk dh rqyuk esa ”;knk egÙoiw.kZgksrh gS] cgqr de lgefr feyh gSA ([kUuk vkSjvfXugks=kh 1982] 84 osQ lfgr) vkSj dbZ 'kksèkkfFkZ;ksa usfn[kyk;k gS fd xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ osQ fl¼kar esaO;kidrk (lkoZHkkSerk) dk vHkko gSA f}rh; Hkk"kk&n{krkosQ fu;kedksa esa mRlkg o vfHko`fÙk gh ugha] cfYd dbZizdkj osQ lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj tulkaf[;dh;dkjd Hkh egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA lkFk gh fofHkUuHkk"kkvksa ij fu;a=k.k] Hkk"kk&iz;ksx dh i¼fr] vaxzs”kh lsifjp; dk Lrj] ifjokj esa vaxzs”kh dk iz;ksx] Ldwy osQ

5

izdkj] leqnk; dk vkdkj] ruko dk Lrj vkfn tSlsdkjd Hkh u”kjvank”k ugha fd, tk ldrs gSaA

1-8 Hkk"kk vkSj vfLerk

;g ckr lkI+kQ gks tkuh pkfg, fd vfHko`fÙk vkSjvfHkizsj.kk 'kwU; esa tUe ugha ysrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh O;fDrvius O;ogkj osQ iSVuZ dks ml leqnk; osQ lanHkZ esa gh<kyrk gS] ftlls og lkehI; LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gS;k eglwl djrk gSA bl Øe esa og laizs"k.kkRed;ksX;rk Hkh fodflr djrk tkrk gS] tks mls vkSipkfjdls vukSipkfjd Hkk"kk dh nqfu;k esa vkokxeu osQ ;ksX;cukrh gS (yh ist vkSj VScqjsV&osQyj 1985_ ySckso1966] 1971)A vDlj ge vfLerkvksa dks ijLijla?k"kZjr ikrs gSaA vYila[;dksa osQ ekeys esa ;g ekeykvkSj Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA [k+kldj jk"Vªh; ofo'o 'kkafr o lkeatL; osQ fy, mudh Hkk"kk vkSjlaLÑfr osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksus dh ”;knk ”k:jr gkstkrh gSA dbZ vè;;uksa (mnkgj.k osQ fy, fiQ'keSu1966] 1978_ nkl xqIrk 1970_ czkl 1974_ xky1979_ fog~Vys 1971_ Mksfjvu 1981_ vfXugks=kh1979_ eq[kthZ 1981_ dwij 1989_ oekZ 1998 vkSjHkh dbZ vU;) ls Kkr gqvk gS fd dSls vYila[;dksals tqM+s eqís Hkk"kk dks cuk, j[kus] ifjiksf"kr djus ;kifjofrZr djus osQ ekeys ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA ;fn geHkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ lanHkZ esa vfLerk osQ iz'u ij ckr djsa(pw¡fd Hkk"kk] vfLerk tfur jktuhfr osQ cks> dks <ksrh

jgh gS) rks ”;knk mfpr gksxk ;fn ge ;g dgsa fd ;grknkRE; LFkkfir djus] dHkh [kRe u gksus okyh] ges'kkviw.kZ] vlekIr vkSj [kqys fljs okyh xfrfofèk;k¡ gSaftlesa etcwju ;k LosPNk ls ge lc layXu gSa

(ckWmeu 2001)A

;fn Hkk"kk fdlh dh igpku dks lgt cukrh gSctk; blosQ tks vfLerk vfLrRo esa mldh [kkst Hkjdjs rks ;g vfLerk&laosQrdksa dh O;oLFkk ns[kus okyhrFkk izrhdksa vkSj ;knksa osQ <sj dks ogu djus okyh ughajg tkrh cfYd bldh Hkwfedk vkSj O;kid gks tkrh gSrc ;g ,slh fLizaxcksMZ gks ldrh gS] tks gekjs fy,vusd laHkkoukvksa dh xgjkbZ esa xksrk yxkus osQ fy,(ykafpax iSM) dk dke djsA

1-9 Hkk"kk vkSj lÙkk

bl okLrfodrk osQ ckotwn fd vewrZ ra=k ;k mira=k osQ:i esa lHkh Hkk"kk,¡ ,dleku gSa] bfrgkl] vFkZ'kkL=k]lekt'kkL=k dh vkSj jktuhfr foKku ftl tfVy rjhosQls Hkk"kk osQ lkFk vUr%fØ;k djrs gSa] os dqN Hkk"kkvksadks vis{kkÑr ”;knk lEekutud n”kkZ ns tkrs gSa vkSjbl rjg lkekftd&jktuhfrd lÙkk ls mudk tqM+kogksrk gSA izk;% vfHktkR; oxZ osQ }kjk iz;qDr dh xbZHkk"kk gh lÙkkoku gksrh gS vkSj ekud dk Hkh n”kkZ izkIrfd, gq, jgrh gSA lHkh O;kdj.k] 'kCndks'k vkSj vU;lanHkZ&lkexzh blh ^ekud* Hkk"kk dks vkèkkj ekudj

---f}rh; Hkk"kk&n{krk esa fu;kedksa esa mRlkg ovfHkofÙk gh ugha] cfYd dbZ izdkj osQ lkekftd]lkaLÑfrd vkSj tulkaf[;dh; dkjd Hkh gSaAlkFk gh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ij fu;a=k.k] Hkk"kk&iz;ksxdh i¼fr] vaxzs”kh esa ifjp; dk Lrj] ifjokjesa vaxzs”kh dk iz;ksx] Ldwy osQ izdkj] leqnk;dk vkdkj] ruko dk Lrj vkfn tSls dkjdHkh u”kjvank”k ugha fd, tk ldrs gSaA

;fn Hkk"kk fdlh dh igpku dks lgt cukrhgS ctk; blosQ tks vfLerk vfLrRo esa mldh[kkst Hkj djs rks ;g vfLerk&laosQrdksa dhO;oLFkk ns[kus okyh rFkk izrhdksa vkSj ;knksa osQ<sj dks ogu djus okyh ugha jg tkrh cfYdbldh Hkwfedk vkSj O;kid gks tkrh gS rc ;g,slh fLizaxcksMZ gks ldrh gS] tks gekjs fy,vusd laHkkoukvksa dh xgjkbZ esa xksrk yxkus osQfy, (ykafpax iSM) dk dke djsA

6

pyrs gSaA ;fn Hkk"kk dks foKku osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[ksa rksHkk"kkvksa osQ chp dksbZ varj ugha gksrk] pkgs og ekud*Hkk"kk gks] 'kq¼ Hkk"kk gks] LFkkuh; cksyh gks vkfnA oSls HkhHkk"kk dks vkehZ vkSj usoh dh cksyh (, Mk;ysDV fon,u vkehZ ,aM usoh) osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSAos ftuosQ ikl lÙkk gksrh gS] lqfoèkkoafpr yksxksa dhHkk"kkvksa osQ ckjs esa :f<+oknh èkkj.kk,¡ cuk ysrs gSaA tSlkfd pSaclZ (2003%277) bafxr djrh gS] ¶cksfy;ksa ijvkèkkfjr :f<+;k¡ mruh gh ?kkrd gSa ftruh Ropk] jax]/eZ ;k ,sls gh fdlh vU; vizekf.kr y{k.k ijvkèkkfjr :f<+;k¡] vkSj mudk Hkh ifj.kke ,d tSlkgksrk gSA¸

fdlh Hkh vU; dkjdksa ls egÙoiw.kZ oslkekftd&jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd dkjd gh gSa tksyksxksa dks f'k{kk] iz'kklu] U;k;ikfydk] ekl&ehfM;k(tulapkj) esa mi;ksx djus osQ fy, jk"Vªh;] jktdh;]lg jktdh; vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ fuèkkZfjr djus dh vksjvxzlj gksrs gSaA lS¼kafrd Lrj ij fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esaoqQN Hkh djuk laHko gS ;gk¡ rd fd ekufodh] lektfoKku o foKku esa mPprj 'kksèkksa esa HkhA blfy, ;gckr lkI+kQ gS fd gkf'k, ij vofLFkr ;k ncs&dqpysrcosQ dh Hkk"kk etcwr ugha gks ldrh ;fn ge muosQleFkZu esa lajpukRed O;oLFkk u djsa tks fofoèk lanHkks±esas muosQ iz;qDr gksus dh xkjaVh gksA ;g Hkh è;ku esaj[kus okyh ckr gS fd ^ekud* ,d fuf'pr fLFkjkadugha gSA lÙkk lacaèkksa osQ cnyrs lehdj.k esa ^ekud*dk Hkh psgjk cnyrk jgrk gS tSls fd xSj czkg~e.krfey czkg~e.k dh txg ys ysrk gS vkSj iq.ks ejkBh]vkèkqfud eqacb;k ejkBh osQ fy, txg NksM+ nsrh gSA

;fn ge Hkkjr esa gqbZ dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifj?kVukvksadks ysa tSlsμlwI+kQh dforkbZ] 1857 dh Økafr] vk”kknhdh yM+kbZ] Hkkjr esa u;s jkT;ksa dk cuuk ;k nfyrlkfgR;] turk dh Hkk"kkvksa esa ge izfrjksèk osQ izcyLojksa dks vdlj lqurs gSaA okLro esa ;fn dqN vioknksadks NksM+ nsa tSls vkSjksfju (1977)] yh (1992)] Øsl(1989)] isQvjDyiQ (1992) vkSj Øsl ,oa gkWt

(1979) vkSj dqN vU; rks ,d rjiQ Hkk"kk dk lÙkko 'kks"k.k osQ lkFk osQ lacaèk vkSj nwljh rjiQ bldkizfrjksèk o tura=k osQ lkFk lacaèk dk tks rkuk&ckuk cukgS bldh iM+rky ugha gks ikbZ gSA

1-10 Hkk"kk vkSj tsaMj

tsaaMj dk eqík vkèkh ugha cfYd iwjh ekuork dk eqíkgSA le; osQ lkFk Hkk"kk us viuh cqukoV esa dbZ rRoksadks lekfgr dj fy;k gS tks tsaMj osQ izfr :f<+;ksa dksyxkrkj iksf"kr djrh vk jgh gSA dbZ vè;;u (dSeju1985] 1995_ ySdkWiQ 1975] 1990_ VSusu 1990_cVyj 1990 vkSj vU;) Hkk"kk vkSj tsaMj osQ lacaèk ijgh osQafnzr gksdj fd, x, gSaA u fli+ZQ fo}kuksa us]cfYd Hkk"kkfonksa us Hkh L=kh Hkk"kk dks ^rqPN* o ^eksfr;ksaosQ gkj* dh miek rks nh gS ftlls dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ ckrlkeus ugha vkrh] fdarq okD;xr o dks'k osQ Lrj ijvfHkO;fDr;ksa esa tsaMj&iwokZxzg >yd tkrs gSaA L=kh&iq#"kosQ chp dhs ckrphr osQ lw{e fo'ys"k.k ls Hkh Kkrgqvk gS fd dSls iq#"k viuh ckr dks yknus osQ fy,Hkkf"kd [ksy [ksyrs gSaA

iqfYayx o L=khfyax osQ ckjs esa cuh&cukbZ èkkj.kk,¡O;ogkj osQ Lrj ij iqufuZfeZr rks gksrh gh gSa vkSj dbZckj 'kk;n vutkus gh gekjh ikB~;iqLrdksa }kjk Hkhlapfjr gksrh jgh gSaA njvly] Kku osQ {ks=k esa ySafxdKku osQ lajpuk osQ Lrj ij HksnHkko osQ dkj.k gkfuvc rs”kh ls Li"V gksrh tk jgh gSA Hkk"kk] vU;O;k[;k,¡ vkSj n`';&foKkiu bl rjg osQ Kku osQfuekZ.k esa osQanzh; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA blfy, Hkk"kk esabl i{k dks vfr xaHkhjrkiwoZd ysus dh t:jr gSA ;gckr vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ gS fd ikB~;iqLrd ys[kdvkSj f'k{kd bl rF; dks Lohdkj djsa fd fuf"Ø; ogs; le>h tkuh okyh Hkwfedk,¡] ftuls fL=k;ksa dksLoHkkor% tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk jgk gS] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd:i ls fufeZr gSa vkSj bUgsa ftruh tYnh gks lds u"Vdjus dh t:jr gSA fL=k;ksa dh vkok”k dks iwjh xfjekosQ lkFk gekjh ikB~;iqLrdksa o f'k{k.k&i¼fr esa txgnh tk,A

7

1-11 Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lksp

cgqr yacs le; ls Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj lksp osQ chp osQlacaèk dk {ks=k lekt'kkfL=k;ksa] ekuo&foKkfu;ksa vkSjHkk"kkfonksa osQ fy, xaHkhj vè;;u dk fo"k; jgk gSAbl ckr esa rfud Hkh 'kd dh xqatkb'k ugha fd fofoèkHkafxekvksa] deZdkaMksa vkSj ijk&Hkkf"kd vo;oksa dksvarfuZfgr fd, gksus osQ ckotwn Hkk"kk lkaLo`Qfrd lapkjvk Sj l aKkukRed lajpuk dk e q[; lz k sr g SAlkekftd&O;ogkj osQ Hkkf"kd o lkaLÑfrd iSVuZ (uewus)vopsru Lrj ij xzg.k fd, tkrs gSa vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs osgekjh vfLerk dk fgLlk cu tkrs gSaA Hkk"kk dh cgqyrkvkSj lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk dk bl lanHkZ esa vR;aregÙo gSA

Hkk"kk vkSj lksp osQ chp dk lacaèk cgqr tfVy gSvkSj ;g Hkk"kkfonksa] euksoSKkfudksa vkSj laKku&oSKkfudksaosQ fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh osQ :i esa fo|eku jgk gSAlkfij&gksiZQ ladYiuk tksfd ,d etcwr èkkj.kk gS] osQvuqlkj gekjh lksp iw.kZr% Hkkf"kd ra=k ls gh fufeZrgksrh gS% ^^izR;sd Hkk"kk dh i`"BHkwfe esa vofLFkrHkkf"kd&O;oLFkk gh èkkj.kkvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dks x<+rhgS rFkk O;fDr osQ ekufld fØ;kdyki osQ fy, funs Z'kudk dk;Z djrh gS** (gksiQ Z] oSQjk sy esa m¼`r&1956% 212&214)A gekjs txr dk tks cksèk gesa gksrk gS mlsfuèkkZfjr djus okys laKkukRed] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrdiSVuZ eq[;r% ml Hkk"kk dh lajpuk }kjk fufeZr] lwf=krvkSj ;gk¡ rd fd funsZf'kr gksrs gSa] ftl Hkk"kk dks gecksyrs gSaA lkfij&gksiZQ dh ladYiuk ls ge lgefr j[ksa;k uk j[ksa] ysfdu bl rF; ls badkj ugha fd;k tk

ldrk gS fd Hkk"kk vkSj lksp ijLij ,d&nwljs dksifjiksf"kr djrs gSaA ,d rjiQ ;fn Hkk"kk gekjhfopkj&izfØ;k dks O;ofLFkr djrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ;g gesa eqDr Hkh djrh gS vkSj gesa Kku o dYiuk dhvu[kksth nqfu;k esa ys tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSjlaLÑfr osQ ekeys esa ge lkekU;r% ,d Hkkf"kd]lekt Hkkf"kd vkSj laLÑfr osQ rkus&ckus (eSfVªDl) dkslk>k djrs gSa vkSj bl eSfVªDl dh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esavfHkO;fDr fuf'pr gh Hkkf"kd o lkaLÑfrd O;oLFkknksuksa osQ laoèkZu dh vksj ys tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa vaxzs”khHkh bl eSfVªDl dk fgLlk curh tk jgh gS gkyk¡fd ;gvHkh vkaf'kd rkSj ij gh gS ysfdu vdlj dgrs gSafd vkus okys fnuksa esa ;g Hkkjr osQ laiw.kZ Hkkf"kd vkSjlkaLÑfrd [k”kkus (eSfVªDl) dk vge fgLlk gksus tkjgh gSA

1-12 f'k{kk] Hkk"kk vkSj f”kEesnkj ukxfjdrk

;wusLdks osQ vuqlkj] ¶lekt fdl izdkj f'k{kk osQmís';ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] blosQ izdk'k esa ghxq.koÙkk dks ns[kk tkuk pkfg,¸ f'k{kk dk mís'; gS ;glqfuf'pr djuk fd lHkh cPps f”kEesnkj ukxfjdrk osQfuokZg gsrq laKku osQ fy, vko';d Kku] dkS'ky ,oaewY; gkfly djsa] rFkk ;g Hkh ns[kuk fd mudk mfprlaKkukRed fodkl gks] ¶lkFk gh muesa jpukRed oHkkoukRed o`f¼ dks ifjiksf"kr djuk] fdlh Hkh leqnk;osQ izfr fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ foHksn dk fojksèk djuk]nwljs 'kCnksa esa ,d lerkewyd lekt osQ fuekZ.k dhfn'kk esa ;ksxnku nsuk**(;wusLdks 2004)A vkt osQ;q¼&mUeknh ekgkSy esa ftEesnkj ukxfjdrk dh HkwfedkosQ egÙo dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA

ftEesnkjh dk eryc gS ,d fodflr le>nkjh

;g ckr vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ gS fd ikB~;iqLrdys[kd vkSj f'k{kd bl rF; dks Lohdkj djsa fdfuf"Ø; o gs; le>h tkuh okyh Hkwfedk,¡]ftuls fL=k;ksa dks LoHkkor% tksM+dj ns[kk tkrkjgk gS] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd :i ls fufeZr gSavkSj bUgsa ftruh tYnh gks lds u"V djus dht:jr gSA

,d rjiQ ;fn Hkk"kk gekjh fopkj&izfØ;k dksO;ofLFkr djrh gS rks nwljh rjiQ ;g gesa eqDrHkh djrh gS vkSj gesa Kku o dYiuk dhvu[kksth nqfu;k esa ys tkrh gSA

8

dh {kerk D;ksafd le>nkjh lkekftd izdk;Z dk ewyHkwrvk;ke gS (gScjekl 1998)A ckr osQoy ;g ugha gSfd vius ifjos'k dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, blsle>uk gSA cfYd vkt ”k:jh gS bls fu;af=kr djusokys fl¼karksa dks tkusa vkSj Lo;a dks l{ke cuk,¡ rkfdge O;fDrxr ,oa lkewfgd Lrj ij nwljksa osQ lkFk esyls jg losaQ tks gels ^vusd ekeyksa esa vyx gks ldrsgSa] ysfdu ;g vyxko rqyukRedrk osQ cnys vkuannk;dvuqHko gksA*

Ldwyh f'k{kk dks ,slh txg osQ :i esa igpkukx;k gS& tgk¡ ^foHksn esa vkuan* ysus osQ rjhdksa dkslh[kk tk ldrk gS (g~;weu MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ] ;w-,u-Mh-ih-2004)A tgk¡ rd lkoZHkkSe {kerkvksa dks ifjHkkf"krdjus dk loky gS ;g blesa rc 'kkfey gksrh gSa tclkekftd izdk;Z vkSj vkilh le>cw> dks izkIr djusosQ fy, vUr%fØ;k gksrh gSA dbZ fo}ku] ;kstukdkjvkSj nk'kZfud blh dks djus essa O;Lr jgrs gSaA gScjekldgrs gSa fd laizs"k.kkRed {kerk ijLij le> dks izkIrdjus osQ fy, ”k:jh gSA laizs"k.k] Hkk"kk dk vfregÙoiw.kZ izdk;Z gS D;ksafd muesa fugk;r gh O;fDrxrLrj dh vfHkO;fDr osQ nk;js esa vke lgefr ;klkoZHkkSe le> dh vksj mUeq[k gksus dh laHkkouk,¡ ekStwngksrh gSa (gScjekl&2000)A okLro esa ;fn Hkfo"; esaHkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrosaQ] f'k{kdksa dk izf'k{k.k vkSj d{kkesa laokn bl izi=k esa izLrqr fd, x, lq>koksa dks è;kuesa j[krs gq, cgqHkkf"kd Lisl esa ifjdfYir fd, tk,¡rks Hkk"kk cPpksa dks osQoy f'kf{kr gh ugha cfYdf”kEesnkj ukxfjd cuus gsrq Hkh vxzlj djsxhA

2- Hkk"kk lh[kuk

2-1 Hkwfedk

tSlkfd geus igys dgk fd ;g ckr jgL; gh cuh gqbZgS fd vkf[kj vR;ar de mez osQ ckotwn cPpk tfVyHkkf"kd O;oLFkk dks dSls le> ysrk gSA dbZ cPps rhu;k pkj o"kZ osQ gksrs&gksrs u osQoy ,d] cfYd nks ;k

rhu Hkk"kkvksa dk èkhjs&èkhjs izokg esa iz;ksx djuk lh[ktkrs gSaA ;gh ugha] os fn, x, lanHkZ esa Hkh mi;qDrHkk"kk dk bLrseky djrs gSaA bldk vFkZ gS os viusHkkf"kd ra=kksa dks vyx j[kus dh {kerk rks xzg.k djyssrs gSa ysfdu lkFk gh os bUgsa feykuk Hkh tkurs gSa tCkos feykus dh bPNk djrs gSaA blesa ,d rjI+kQ rksO;ogkjoknh gSa tSls iSoykso vkSj fLduj_ muosQ vuqlkjvH;kl] udy o jVus ls Hkk"kk dh {kerk izkIr gksrhgSA ;g rks pkWELdh (1959) dh ^fjO;w vkWI+kQ fLdulZocZy fcgsfo;j* gS ftlus O;ogkjokn dh cqfu;kn dksgh fgyk dj j[k fn;kA pkWELdh us rdZ nsrs gq, dgkfd Hkkf"kd {kerk tUetkr gh gksrh gS] ojuk Hkkf"kdO;oLFkk dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k laHko gh ugha gksldrhA exj fi;kts (1962] 1983 dbZ vU;ksa esa ls)bugsYMj vkSj fi;kts (1958) vkSj O;ksxksRLdh(1978]1986) tSls euksoSKkfudksa us bu nksuksa gh vfroknhn`f"Vdks.kksa osQ chp dk jkLrk pqukA tgk¡ O;ogkjokfn;ksaosQ fy, efLr"d ,d ^dksjh LysV* tSlk Fkk] ogk¡laKkukRed #[k j[kus okyksa (pkWELdh vkfn) osQ fy,Hkk"kk ekuo&efLr"d esa igys ls gh fo|eku Fkh]lkoZHkkSe O;kdj.k osQ :i esa cquh gqbZA fi;kts osQvuqlkj Hkk"kk vU; laKkukRed ra=kk s a dh Hkk ¡frifjos'k osQ lkFk var%fØ;k osQ ekè;e ls gh fodflrgksrh gSA

nwljh vksj O;ksxksRLdh osQ vuqlkj] cPps dh Hkk"kklekt osQ lkFk laidZ dk gh ifj.kke gS] lkFk gh cPpkviuh Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQ nkSjku nks rjg dh cksyhcksyrk gS% igyh vkReosQafnzr vkSj nwljh lkekftdAvkReksUeq[k Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls og [kqn ls laokndjrk gS] tcfd lkekftd Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls og 'ks"klkjh nqfu;k ls laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA ;gk¡ è;ku nsusdh ckr ;g gS fd fi;kts vkSj O;ksxksRLdh nksuksa usokLro esa cPpksa osQ lkFk dke fd;k Fkk vkSj muosQlaKkukRed fodkl dh izfØ;k dks cM+h gh lw{erk lsfo'ysf"kr djrs gq, vius fl¼kar fodflr fd, FksAmnkgj.k osQ fy,] O;ksxksRLdh us ;g ns[kk fd NksVs cPpsu osQoy Lo;a dk lkekftd :i ls jfpr Hkk"kk ra=k

9

fodflr dj ysrs gSaa cfYd dkiQh tfVy iwoZ ys[kura=k HkhA le; osQ lkFk mUgsa ”k:jr gksrh gSa tfVyokfpd ra=k fodflr djus dh rkfd os fo'o osQ lkFkvUr%fozQ;k djus gsrq viuk [k”kkuk tksM+ losaQA

2-2 fi;kts dk ifjizs{;

tc Hkh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k ij ckr gks rks ogk¡pkWELdh dh ekufld èkkj.kk dk cgqr izHkko fn[kykbZiM+rk gS] ysfdu f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fi;kts lokZfèkdizHkkodkjh lkfcr gq,A lHkh cPps laKkukRed fodklosQ iwoZ&vkWijs'kuy] daØhV vkWijs'kuy vkSj iQkWeZyvkWijs'kuy pj.kksa ls xqtjrs gSaA bl èkkj.kk us laiw.kZf'k{kk'kkL=kh; foe'kZ ij egÙoiw.kZ izHkko MkykA ysfdu;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd f'k{kkfon~ vkSj Hkk"kk fo'ks"kKpkWELdh dh voèkkj.kk dk Hkjiwj bLrseky ugha djik,A pkWELdh osQ vuqlkj] Hkk"kk lh[ks tkus osQ Øe esa]oSKkfud iM+rky Hkh lkFk&lkFk pyrh jgrh gSA elyuvk¡dM+kas dk voyksdu] oxhZdj.k] ladYiuk&fuekZ.k omudk lR;kiu vFkok vlR;rk vkSj bl èkkj.kk dkf'k{kk 'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fy;k tkldrk FkkA fi;kts tUetkr Hkkf"kd {kerk okyh ladYiukls lger ugha gq,A muosQ fuekZ.koknh n`f"Vdks.k osQvuqlkj lHkh Kku&ra=k lsaljh eksVj esdSfuT+e osQ ekè;els fufeZr gksrs gSa ftles a cPpk vkRelkrhdj.k vkSjlek;kstu osQ ekè;e ls dbZ :ijs[kk,¡ (schematas)cukrk tkrk gSA

2-3 Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk mís';

pw¡fd cPps vPNh [k+klh fodflr Hkkf"kd O;oLFkk osQlkFk gh LowQy vkrs gSa] blfy, bls è;ku esa j[krs gq,gh LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ mís'; r; fd,tkus pkfg,A lcls egÙoiw.kZ y{; cPps dks bl izdkjls lk{kj cukuk gS fd cPpk le>us osQ lkFk i<+us ofy[kus dh {kerk gkfly dj losQA lkFk gh f}Hkkf"kdrkvkSj ijkHkkf"kd psruk dks c<+kok nsuk gekjk iz;kl gksukpkfg,A lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fouezrk o uE;rk dh{kerk fodflr djuk t+:jh gS rkfd os lHkh izdkj dhfLFkfr;ksa esa lfg".kqrk o vkRelEeku osQ lkFk laoknLFkkfir djus dh {kerk izkIr dj ldsaA

;|fi Hkk"kk&foKkuh fl¼kUrksa vkSj vkuqizk;ksfxdHkk"kk foKku dh var%fØ;k us dbZ rjg dh f'k{k.ki¼fr;ksa o lkexzh dks tUe fn;k] ysfdu Hkk"kk dhd{kk,¡ vHkh Hkh cksfj;r Hkjh o mckÅ cuh gqbZ gSa vkSjO;ogkjoknh <k¡ps dk gh vuqlj.k dj jgh gaSA os Hkk"kk,¡ftuls cPpk ifjfpr gksrk gS ;kuh ftuosQ lkFk Ldwyesa izos'k djrk gS muesa fo'ks"k izxfr ugha dj ikrk]f}rh; Hkk"kk (tSls vaxzs”kh) osQ ekeys esa 6 ls 10 lkyrd yxkrkj i<+k, tkus osQ ckotwn cPps vkèkkjHkwrvkjafHkd Lrj dh n{krk Hkh gkfly ugha dj ikrs vkSj'kkL=kh; vFkok fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa osQ ekeys esa rks osQoydqN pquh gqbZ ph”kksa dk jV~Vk ekjus dk pyu tkjh gSA,slk ugha gS fd bu ckrksa ij vè;;u ugha gq, gSaAt+:jr gS ge fof'k"V lanHkks± dks le>sa] fiQj oqQNmís'; r; djsa vkSj muosQ vuqlkj mi;qDr rjhosQ olkexzh fodflr djsaA

cgqr yacs le; ls ge Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ mís'; dks;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd f'k{kkfon~ vkSj Hkk"kk fo'ks"kKpkWELdh dh voèkkj.kk dk Hkjiwj bLrseky ughadj ik,A pkWELdh osQ vuqlkj] Hkk"kk lh[ks tkus osQØe esa] oSKkfud iM+rky Hkh lkFk&lkFk pyrhjgrh gSA elyu vk¡dM+kas dk voyksdu] oxhZdj.k]ladYiuk&fuekZ.k o mudks vlR; fl¼ djukAbldk f'k{kk'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkufy;k tk ldrk FkkA

f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSj ijkHkkf"kd psruk dks c<+kok nsukgekjk iz;kl gksuk pkfg,A lkFk gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa esafouezrk o uE;rk dh {kerk fodflr djukt+:jh gS rkfd os lHkh izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esalfg".kqrk o vkRelEeku osQ lkFk laokn LFkkfirdjus dh {kerk izkIr dj ldsaA

10

ykus esa leFkZ gksuk pkfg,A mlosQ [k”kkus esavfHkO;fDr osQ dbZ rjhosQ gksus pkfg, ftUgsaog pqu losQA mls bl ;ksX; Hkh gksuk pkfg,fd og rkfoZQd] fo'ys"k.kkRed rFkk jpukRed<ax ls ifjppkZ esa 'kkfey gks losQA

(?k) lqlaxr ys[ku % ys[ku ,d ;kaf=kd dkS'kyugha gSA blesa fofHkUu lac¼ ;qfDr;k¡ vFkkZr~rRlacaèkh fo"k;ksa osQ }kjk ml fo"k; dks la;ksftrdjus ,oa i;k;Zokph bR;kfn osQ iz;ksx }kjkfopkjksa dks lqlaxr <ax ls la;ksftr djus dh;ksX;rk osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kdj.k] 'kCn&Kku]fo"k;] fojke&fpg~uksa bR;kfn ij i;kZIr fu;a=k.kbR;kfn dkS'ky lfEefyr gSA f'k{kkFkhZ dksvius fopkj lgt ,oa O;ofLFkr <ax lsizdV djus dk vkRefo'okl fodflr djukpkfg,A fo|kFkhZ dks vius fy, fo"k; dkp;u djus] fopkjksa dks O;ofLFkr djus vkSjJksrk&cksèk dh n`f"V ls fy[kus osQ fy,izksRlkfgr ,oa izf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A;g osQoy rHkh laHko gS ;fn mldk ys[ku,d izfØ;k osQ :i esa fn[kkbZ ns u fd ,dmRikn osQ :i esaA mls fofHkUu mís';ksa lsvkSj fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas vukSipkfjd lsiw.kZr% vkSipkfjd :i rd ys[ku dk iz;ksxdjuk vkuk pkfg,A

(Ä) fofHkUu jftLVjksa ij fu;a=k.k % Hkk"kk dkiz;ksx dHkh Hkh ,d rjg ls ugha gksrk gSAblosQ vla[; izdkj] vFkZ Hksn ,oa jax gksrs gSatks fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQvuqlkj gksrs gaSA fofHkUu Loj Lrjksa (jftLVjksa)osQ :i esa tkuh tkus okyh fofHkUurk,¡] ,dfo|kFkhZ osQ 'kCn@okD; HkaMkj dk ,d va'kgksuk pkfg,A fo|ky; osQ fo"k;ksa osQ vfrfjDrfo|kFkhZ dks fofHkUu iz;kstuksa tSls& laxhr][ksydwn] fI+kQYe] ckxokuh] fuek.kZ dk;Z]

egt lquus&cksyus&i<+us&fy[kus (,l-,y-vkj-MCY;w-) osQen~nsutj ns[krs jgs gSaA gky gh esa geus laizs"k.kdkS'kyksa] mPpkj.k fofoèkrk vkSj Loj izf'k{k.k] vkfnosQ ckjs esa xaHkhjrk ls ckr djuk 'kq: fd;k gSA bu{kerkvksa ;k oqQ'kyrkvksa ij vfrfjDr iQksdl dk cM+kgh uqdlku gqvk gSA bl vk/kj i=k esa ;|fi ge blh<k¡ps osQ rgr mís';ksa ij ckr djsaxs] ysfdu ge Hkk"kkn{krk osQ ekeys esa ”;knk lexzrkoknh n`f"Vdks.k viukusdh odkyr Hkh djrs gSaA vkf[kj tc ge cksy jgs gksrsgSa rHkh lqu Hkh jgs gksrs gSa vkSj tc ge fy[k jgs gksrsgSa rHkh i<+ Hkh jgs gksrs gSaA lkFk gh dbZ ifjfLFkfr;k¡,slh gksrh gSa (tSls fe=k feytqy dj ukVd i<+ jgsgksrs gaS vkSj blosQ fy, oqQN uksV djrs gSa) ftlesagekjh Hkk"kk {kerk osQ lHkh igyw vkSj laKkukRed;ksX;rk,¡ ,d lkFk dke dj jgh gksrh gSaA gekjs dqNy{; bl izdkj gSa%(d) tks oqQN og lqurh gS mls le>us dh

n{krk % ,d f'k{kkFkhZ dks tks dqN dgk x;kgS mls le>us osQ fy, mlesa oDrk dh vksjls vkus okys fofHkUu xSj 'kkfCnd laosQrkas dksxzg.k djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A mleas xSj'kkfCnd laosQrksa osQ }kjk lqudj vkSj le>djlacaèk tksM+us vkSj vuqeku yxkus dh oqQ'kyrkgksuh pkfg,A

([k) le> osQ lkFk iBu dh ;ksX;rk gksuhpkfg, u fd ek=k fMdksMhdj.k dh % mlsfofHkUu O;kdj.k lEer] vFkZxr vkSj fyfilaosQrksa osQ iz;ksx }kjk vkjsf[kr rjhosQ ls lacafèkrfo"k;oLrq ls iBu dh vknr fodflr djuhpkfg, rFkk vius fiNys Kku osQ lkFk tksM+djfu"d"kks± }kjk vFkZ fuekZ.k osQ ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,Amls iBu osQ fy, vkRefo'okl fodflrdjuk pkfg, rFkk foospukRed n`f"Vdks.k osQlkFk i<+rs le; iz'u Hkh lkeus j[kus pkfg,A

(x) lgt vfHkO;fDr % mls fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksaeas vius laizs"k.kkRed dkS'kyksa dks iz;ksx esa

11

ikddyk bR;kfn esa iz;ksx dh tkus okyhfofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dks le>us vkSj muosQ iz;ksxesa Hkh n{k gksuk pkfg,A

(p) Hkk"kk dk oSKkfud vè;;u % Hkk"kk dhd{kk esa fofHkUu f'k{k.k rduhfd;k¡ viukbZtkuh pkfg,A djk, tkus okys dk;Z blizdkj ls gksus pkfg, fd mlls cPpk oSKkfudizfØ;k osQ reke vo;oksa tSls& vk¡dM+ksa dkladyu] vk¡dM+kas dk voyksdu vkSj mudhlekurkvksa vkSj fofHkUurkvksa osQ vkèkkj ijmudk oxhZdj.k ,oa ifjdYiuk djus] bR;kfnosQ vuqlkj vxzlj gksA bl izdkj cPps dhlaKkukRed ;ksX;rkvksa dks fodflr djus esaHkk"kk foKku osQ ;s midj.k egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkuns ldrs gaSA blls O;kdj.k osQ ekud fu;eksadks csgrj <ax ls lh[kk tk losQxkA rFkkfi;g izfØ;k cgqHkk"kh; d{kkvksa esa fo'ks"k :ils izHkkoh gSA

(N) l`tukRedrk % Hkk"kk dh d{kk esa ,d fo|kFkhZdks viuh dYiuk vkSj l`tukRedrk fodflrdjus osQ fy, i;kZIr LFkku feyuk pkfg,Ad{kk dk yksdkpkj vkSj f'k{kd&fo|kFkhZ lacaèkcPps esa vkRefo'okl fodflr djrk gS ftllsikB~;lkexzh osQ vknku&iznku vkSj xfrfofèk;ksaesa fcuk vojksèk osQ nksuksa gh l`tukRedrk dkiz;ksx djrs gSaA

(t) laosnu'khyrk % Hkk"kk dh d{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksadks gekjh le`¼ laLÑfr fodflr djus ,oaledkyhu thou osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa ls voxrdjokus osQ csgrj volj miyCèk gksrs gSaAHkk"kk dh d{kk vkSj ikB~;lkexzh ls fo|kfFkZ;ksadks vius bnZ&fxnZ yksxksa ,oa jk"Vª osQ izfrlaosnu'khy cuus osQ vfèkd volj Hkh izkIrgksrs gSaA

2-4 dqN f'k{kk'kkL=kh; izLrko

Hkk"kk vtZu ij ledkyhu 'kksèk us f'k{kkFkhZ dks Hkk"kkf'k{k.k osQ osQanz eas j[kk gSA ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd,d f'k{kkFkhZ ,d Hkk"kk osQ O;kdj.k dks lgt fufeZrdjus esa rHkh l{ke gksxk ;fn mls fpark jfgr ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa cksèkxE; lkexzh miyCèk djokbZ tk,A tSlk fdØk"ksu (1985) us lq>ko fn;k] fuos'k osQoy rHkhxzkg~; cusaxs ;fn vfHkofÙk;k¡ ldkjkRed gksa vkSj vfHkizsj.kklqn`<+ gksA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd dqN ekeyksa esatgk¡ vaxzs”kh ,d fons'kh Hkk"kk gksus osQ ckotwn O;kdj.kewY;ksa ij f'k{kkFkhZ osQ psru eu dks tkx:d djus esaoqQN lhek rd lgk;d gksrh gSA Øk"ksu us crk;k gS fdcPps oSQls vius dk;Z esa lqèkkj yk ldrs gaS tc mUgsai;kZIr Lora=krk nh tkrh gS vkSj os D;k fy[krs gSa blslaikfnr djus osQ fy, le; fn;k tkrk gSA laKkukRed

---,d f'k{kkFkhZ ,d Hkk"kk osQ O;kdj.k dks lgtfufeZr djus esa rHkh l{ke gksxk ;fn mls fparkjfgr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cksèkxE; lkexzh miyCèkdjokbZ tk,A tSlk fd Øk"ksu (1985) us lq>kofn;k] fuos'k osQoy rHkh xzkg~; cusaxs ;fn vfHkofÙk;k¡ldkjkRed gksa vkSj vfHkizsj.kk lqn`<+ gksA

^gekjs tekus esa cPpksa dh f'k{kk esa izf'kdk ,dvR;fèkd jksekapd vuqHko gSA blus fofHkUu#fp;ksa vkSj i`"BHkwfe osQ fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dks,d lkFk bdV~Bk fd;k--- ftu fopkjksa dksmUgksaus vkxs c<+k;k os fo'o esa izxfr'khyf'k{kk'kkL=k osQ ewy rRoksa osQ :i esa ekU; gSa]tSls oS;fDrd vf}rh;rk] y?kq lewg fØ;kdyki]d{kk dk;kZ±s esa fo|ky; osQ ckgj osQ vuqHkodh izklafxdrkA*

Ñ".k dqekj

12

o`f¼ osQ vis{kko`Qr O;ofLFkr Lrj ij fn;k x;k cyHkk"kk f'k{kdksa dks vfèkxe izfØ;k esa foo`Qfr;ksa dklekèkku fd, tkus dh vis{kk lqO;ofLFkr Lrj ij=kqfV;ksa dks ns[kus gsrq izksRlkfgr djrk gSA

fi;kts dk ifjos'k osQ lkFk vuqfØ;k ij cy nsukle`¼ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ egÙo ij izdk'kMkyrk gSA O;ksxksRLdh dh fudVLFk fodkl osQ {ks=k dhèkkj.kk us Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ cky&osQafnzr n`f"Vdks.k dksvkxs c<+k;k gSA vc ;g Li"V gksrk tk jgk gS fd d{kkO;oLFkk esa tgk¡ rd laHko gks Hkk"kk vfèkxe dhizkÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ jph tkuh pkfg,A ,dyO; dk^izf'k{k.k* iz;ksx (1964) vFkZ ij fo'ks"k tksj nsus osQfl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr Fkk u fd Hkk"kk osQ :i ijA^[kq'kh&[kq'kh* fdrkcsa fganh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k osQ bfrgkl esa,d ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk gSA

3- laoSèkkfud izkoèkku vkSj f=kHkk"kk lw=k

3-1 Hkwfedk

bl vè;k; esa ge Hkk"kk osQ lacaèk esa Hkkjrh; lafoèkkuosQ izkoèkkuksa vkSj f=kHkk"kk lw=k ij ckr djsaxsA gekjsfopkj ls f=kHkk"kk lw=k dks dk;kZfUor djrs le; jkT;osQ Hkhrj vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp yphysiu dks rj”khg nsuhpkfg,A

3-2 laoSèkkfud izkoèkku

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ l=kgosa Hkkx esa /kjk 343 ls 351rd rFkk 8oha vuqlwph esa Hkk"kkvksa osQ eqíksa dks lfEefyrfd;k x;k gSA èkkjk 343 (1) osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjr dhjktHkk"kk nsoukxjh fyfi esa fganh gksxh¸ lkFk gh fganhosQ fodkl osQ fy, dqN fn'kk&funsZ'k Hkh fn, x, gSa%^^fganh Hkk"kk dk bl rjg fodkl vkSj izksRlkgu fn;ktk, rkfd ;g Hkkjr dh lkekfld laLÑfr osQ lHkhrRoksa dks vfHkO;fDr iznku dj ldus okyk ekè;e culosQA** (èkkjk 351)

;gk¡ xkSjryc gS fd fganh gekjh jktHkk"kk gS]lafoèkku dh èkkjk 343 (2) osQ vuqlkj lHkh dk;kZy;hdk;ks± osQ laiknu gsrq vaxzs”kh dks ianzg o"kks± rd iz;ksxdjus dh ckr dh xbZ gSA ysfdu] 1965 rd vkrs&vkrsfganh o vk;Z&opZLo osQ [krjs dks Hkk¡irs gq, nf{k.kHkkjr esa O;kid Lrj ij naxs i+Qlkn gq,A blls irkpyk fd vaxzs”kh dks jktHkk"kk;h in ls iw.kZr% R;kxuklaHko ugha gksxkA 1965 esa bls lgk;d dk;kZy;h Hkk"kkdk n”kkZ feykA lafoèkku esa bl ckr dk Hkh izkoèkku gSfd mPp U;k;ky;] loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj laln osQvfèkfu;e dh Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh gh jgsxhA lkFk gh LakfoèkkuizR;sd ukxfjd dks viuh Hkk"kk esa jkT; dks lacksfèkrdjus dk vfèkdkj iznku djrk gSA èkkjk 350 , (lkrosala'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1956) esa] izkFkfed Lrj dh f'k{kkosQ fy, Hkkf"kd vYila[;d leqnk; osQ cPpksa dksmudh ekr`Hkk"kk esa iBu&ikBu dh ckr dh xbZ gSA ge;gk¡ bl ckr dh vksj Hkh è;ku nsaxs fd 8oha vuqlwphdk 'kh"kZd ^Hkk"kk,¡* gSA blosQ [kqysiu dk lcwr gS fdfiNys ipkl o"kks± esa blesa 'kkfey Hkk"kkvksa dh la[;kpkSng ls ckbZl gks xbZA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kktks ns'k esa dgha Hkh iz;qDr gks jgh gS oSèkkfud :i ls8oha vuqlwph dk Hkkx gks ldrh gSA

Hkk"kkvksa dh cgqyrk vkSj dbZ egÙoiw.kZ dk;ks± esavaxzs”kh dh c<+rh tk jgh mi;ksfxrk us lkfcr dj fn;kgS fd cgqHkk"kh lekt esa Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djkusokyh vkSj turkaf=kd O;oLFkk osQ cus jgus osQ fy,Hkk"kk osQ ekeys esa dksbZ lhèkk&ljy lekèkku izLrqr ughafd;k tk ldrkA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh vofèk osQnkSjku iz;qDr vaxzs”kh us bruk yack liQj r; dj fy;k

fganh gekjh jktHkk"kk gS] lafoèkku izR;sd ukxfjddks viuh Hkk"kk esa jkT; dks lacksfèkr djus dkvfèkdkj iznku djrk gS] Hkkf"kd vYila[;dleqnk; osQ cPpksa dks mudh ekr`Hkk"kk esaiBu&ikBu dh ckr dh xbZ gSA

13

gS fd blls vkrh vkSifuosf'kdrk dh xaèk vc [kRe gksxbZ gS vkSj blfy, blosQ izfr izfrfØ;koknh #[k Hkhrs”kh ls yqIr gksrs x, gSaA vc jks”kxkj osQ volj iznkudjkus ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij laidZ Hkk"kk osQ :i esac<+ jgs blosQ iz;ksx us bldh egÙkk dks vkSj c<+k fn;kgSA nwljh rji+Q] ns'k osQ 'kS{kf.kd vkSj lÙkk lajpuk esavusd vYila[;d o vkfnoklh Hkk"kk,¡ viuh izcynkosnkjh osQ lkFk 'kkfey gksus osQ fy, mHkjdj lkeusvk jgh gSaA lkFk gh jk"Vªh; Lrj ij laidZ Hkk"kk osQ :iesa fganh Hkh yxkrkj iSQy jgh gSA

3-3 f=kHkk"kk lw=k

blesa gesa dksbZ vpjt ugha gksuk pkfg, fd 1961 esafofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ eq[;eaf=k;ksa dh cSBd esa loZlEefrls f=kHkk"kk lw=k mHkj dj vk;kA Jhèkj (1989 % 22)osQ vuqlkj] lkewfgd vfLerk osQ fgrksa (ekr`Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj{ks=kh; Hkk"kk,¡)] jk"Vªh; LokfHkeku vkSj ,drk (fganh)rFkk iz'kkldh; lqfoèkk o rduhdh mUufr (vaxzs”kh)dks lek;ksftr djus osQ mís'; ls dksBkjh deh'ku(1964&66) }kjk f=kHkk"kk lw=k esa lqèkkj yk;k x;kAtSlk fd iVuk;d (1986) dgrs gSa] f=kHkk"kk lw=k eg”k,d j.kuhfr gS u fd jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk uhfrA bl uhfr dks,sls dbZ eqíksa o {ks=kksa dk [k;ky djuk gksxk tks Lakfoèkkuesa vkSj f=kHkk"kk lw=k nksuksa esa NwV x, gksaA f'k{kk esa Hkk"kkdh tfVyrk Ldwy Lrj ij Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gS(pkVZ&ifj'k"V&III)A ifjf'k"V esa fn, x, pkVZ Hkkjrh;jkT;ksa esa Hkkf"kd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk dks js[kkafdrdjrs gSaA ;s pkVZ iQksdl lewg osQ lnL;ksa }kjk cuk,x, FksA budk vk/kj Fkkμ lacaf/r jkT;ksa eas fo|ky;hf'k{kk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.kA ;s pkVZ Hkkjrh; jkT;ksaesa Hkk"kk;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh fofo/rk iznf'kZr djrs gSaA

blh ifjfLFkfr dh tfVyrk dks 1968 osQ f=kHkk"kklw=k us idM+us dh dksf'k'k dh gSA 1986 esa jk"Vªh;f'k{kk uhfr us bl ckr ij fiQj ”kksj Mkyk vkSj gebldk la'kksf/r :i 1992 dh dk;Zdkjh ;kstuk esans[krs gS aA 1986 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (ns[ks a

www.education.nic.in/NatPol.asp) us 1968 dh f'k{kkuhfr esa fn, x, Hkk"kk lacaèkh izLrkoksa dk leFkZu fd;kFkkA ¶1968 dh jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (www. languageinindia.

com) esa Hkk"kk osQ fodkl osQ iz'u ij xgu :i lsfopkj fd;k x;kA blosQ }kjk lq>k, x, izLrkoksa lsfLFkfr esa lq/kj ugha yk;k tk ldk vkSj ;s vkt Hkhmrus gh izklafxd gSa ftrus igys FksA bl rjg dhfLFkfr dbZ tfVy eqíksa ij è;ku ugha nsrh gS vkSj ;gèkkj.kk cuk ysrh gS fd 1960 ls Hkk"kkvksa osQ {ks=k esaoqQN ugha gqvkA ;gk¡ rd fd 1968 dh uhfr dk Bhdls fØ;kUo;u Hkh ugha gqvkA 1968 dh uhfr osQvuqlkj%

LowQy esa igyh Hkk"kk tks i<+kbZ tk, og ekr`Hkk"kkgks ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kkf}rh; Hkk"kkμ fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa f}rh; Hkk"kk dksbZ Hkh

vU; vk/qfud Hkk"kk gks ;k vaxzs”kh] vkSjμ xSj fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa f}rh; Hkk"kk fganh ;k

vaxzs”kh gksxhAr`rh; Hkk"kkμ fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa rhljh Hkk"kk vaxsz”kh gksxh

;k ,d vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk tks f}rh;Hkk"kk osQ :i eas u i<+h tk jgh gksA

μ xSj fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa rhljh Hkk"kk vaxzs”khgksxh ;k ,d vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk tksf}rh; Hkk"kk osQ :i eas u i<+h tk jgh gksA

;g lq>ko fn;k x;k Fkk fd izkFkfed Lrj ijvuqns'ku dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk gh gksuh pkfg, rFkk jkT;ljdkjksa dks bl lw=k dks viukus osQ lkFk&lkFk blsxaHkhjrkiwoZd dk;kZfUor djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,ftlesa fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esals eq[; :i ls ,d nf{k.kh Hkk"kk gks] fganh vkSj vaxzs”khosQ vfrfjDr vkSj x+Sj fganh Hkk"kh jkT;ksa esa fganh gksAfo'ofo|ky; rFkk dkWyst Lrj ij Hkh fganh vkSj@;kvaxzs”kh osQ mi;qDr ikB~;Øe miyCèk gksus pkfg, rkfd

14

bu Hkk"kkvksa esa fo|kFkhZ vius Lrj osQ fglkc ls oqQ'kyrkgkfly dj losaQA

f=kHkk"kk lw=k Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ fy, dksbZ y{; ;klhek fuèkkZfjr ugha djrk gS] cfYd ;g rks ml ;k=kkdk izLFkku fcanq ek=k gS ftlesa yxkrkj iSQyrs gq, Kkudh [kkst vkSj ns'k dh HkkoukRed ,drk dh ryk'k gSA

bl rjg viuh ewy Hkkouk esa f=kHkk"kk lw=k fganhHkk"kh jkT;ksa osQ fy, fganh] vaxzs”kh vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa([k+kldj nf{k.k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk) dk] vkSj fganhrj jkT;ksaosQ fy, {ks=kh; Hkk"kk] fganh o vaxzs”kh dk izkoèkkuizLrkfor djrk gSA ysfdu blosQ izfr izfrc¼rk ls”;knk bldk vfrØe.k djrs gq, gh ik;k x;k gSAfganh jkT; fganh] vaxzs”kh o laLo`Qr rFkk xSj fganh jkT;[k+kldj rfeyukMq f}Hkk"kh lw=k ;kuh rfey vkSj vaxzs”khls dke pykrs gSa A rFkkfi cgqr lkjs jkT; f=kHkk"kh lw=kdks viuk, gq, gSa tSls mM+hlk] if'pe caxky] egkjk"VªvkSj oqQN vU; jkT;A

3-4 f=kHkk"kk lw=k osQ xq.k ,oa nks"k

f=kHkk"kk lw=k dks ,d j.kuhfr osQ :Ik esa viuk, tkus lsLFkkuh;] 'kkL=kh; vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa osQ vè;;u osQfy, fLFkfr rS;kj gqbZ gSA lkFk gh ekr`Hkk"kk vè;;u osQfy, Hkh ,d fLFkfr cuh gSA jkT; bl f=kHkk"kk lw=k osQckgj tkdj fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks f'k{k.k esa 'kkfey djusosQ fy, Lora=k FksA laLÑr dks 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk osQ :i esafy;k tk ldrk FkkA bls vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ:Ik esa Hkh f=kHkk"kk lw=k dks vfrØfer fd, fcuk fy;ktk ldrk FkkA 1953 ls tc ;wusLdks us ?kks"k.kk dh fdcPps dh f'k{kk dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk ls csgrj vkSj dksbZHkk"kk ugha gks ldrh rc reke lewg viuh&viuhHkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk fnykus o lafoèkku dh vkBoha lwphesa 'kkfey djus osQ fy, mB [kM+s gq,A tc rd f=kHkk"kklw=k dh ewy Hkkouk ls NsM+NkM+ u fd;k tk,] u;hHkk"kk,¡ i<+us ij dksbZ vadq'k ugha gSA

izkFkfed f'k{kk nks Hkk"kkvksa esa gksuh pkfg,A bls

bl rjg Øfed foLrkj nsuk pkfg, fd ckn esa ;glesfdr cgq&Hkk"kh; :Ik ys losQA Ldwy dk lclsigyk nkf;Ro curk gS & ?kj dh Hkk"kk ls Ldwy dhHkk"kk dks tksM+ukA mlosQ ckn] ,d ;k mlls vfèkdHkk"kk dks tksM+ fn;k tk, rkfd cPpk igyh Hkk"kk dksfcuk NksM+s vU; Hkk"kk esa vklkuh ls igq¡p losQA bllslHkh Hkk"kk,¡ ijLij iwjd gks ldrh gSaA

ifjf'k"V III esa] vki ik¡p vkn'kZ pkVZ* (rkfydk,¡)ik,¡xs ftUgsa fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ izfrHkkfx;ksa us rS;kj fd;kgS vkSj ,d pkVZ gekjs xzqi us izLrkfor fd;k gSAoLrqr% iQksdl xzqi osQ pkVZ esa ,d izdkj dh lgefr&lhns[kh tk ldrh gSA bu Ng pkVkZs± esa dbZ egÙoiw.kZlekurk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSa elyu izkFkfed f'k{kkdk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk gksuh pkfg,] vaxzs”kh vfuok;Zfo"k; osQ :i esa i<+k;h tkuh pkfg,] fganh ;k rksvfuok;Z ;k ,sfPNd fo"k; osQ :i esa Ik<+k;h tkuhpkfg,] 'kkL=kh; o fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa dks Ldwyh&ikB~;p;kZesa txg feyuh pkfg,A

ifjf'k"V III esa izLrkfor jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dkpkVZ gekjs ns'k esa lkekftd o oS;fDrd Lrj ijLohÑr gks jgs cgqHkk"kh; lanHkZ dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,fodflr fd;k x;k gSA bl lanHkZ dks ge ekr`Hkk"kk osQ:i esa&?kj] xyh] iM+ksl] nksLrksa vkSj lxs&lacafèk;ksa osQchp cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa dks ysrs gSa_ {ks=kh; Hkk"kktks jkT; Lrj ij ”;knk cksyh tkrh gks ;k fiQjvYila[;dksa osQ ekeys esa jkT; osQ ckgj_ vkSj jkT;Hkk"kk osQ :i esa ml Hkk"kk dks ysrs gSa tks jkT; Lrj ijekU; jktHkk"kk osQ :i esa LohÑr gksrh gSA ;s lHkhfganh dks vkWfI+kQf'k;y ,oa laidZ Hkk"kk vkSj vaxzs”kh dkslgk;d vkWfI+kQf'k;y o varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj osQ laioZQ Hkk"kkosQ :i esa è;ku esa j[krs gq, gh ifjHkkf"kr dh xbZa gSaAblh lanHkZ esa ge ;g lq>ko nsrs gSa%(d) fo|ky; Lrj ij fo'ks"kdj izkFkfed Lrj dh

f'k{kk esa vuqns'kksa dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk gh gksuhpkfg,A 1986 esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ }kjk Hkk"kk

15

osQ vè;;u osQ fy, xfBr lfefr us lq>kofn;k Fkk fd vkjafHkd f'k{kk esa ekè;e osQ :iesa ekr`Hkk"kk gh iz;qDr gksuh pkfg,A Hkkjrh;lanHkZ esa ;g vR;ar vko';d gks tkrk gS]D;ksafd &

i) ;g yksxksa dks jk"Vªh; iqufuZekZ.k esa Hkkxhnkjh osQ;ksX; cukrh gSA

ii) egt dqN vfHktkR; dh fxjÝ+ r ls Kku dks eqDrdjrh gSA

iii) ;g ijLij lg;ksxh o ijLij fuHkZj lekt osQfuekZ.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA

iv) vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa dks viuk er j[kus dkvolj iznku djrh gS vkSj blfy, tura=k dkscsgrj lqj{kk vkèkkj nsus esa dkjxj fl¼ gksrh gSA

v) lwpuk osQ foosQanzhdj.k dh jkg [kksyrh gS vkSjfu;af=kr ehfM;k dh txg Lora=k ehfM;k osQ fodklesa lg;ksxh dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA lkFk gh vfèkdls vfèkd yksxksa dks f'k{kk ,oa O;fDrRo fodklosQ fy, Hkh volj iznku djrh gSA;wusLdks osQ 'kS{kf.kd vkèkkj i=k (2003) osQ

vuqlkj vkjafHkd f'k{k.k osQ fy, ekr`Hkk"kk vR;arvko';d gS vkSj bls tgk¡ rd cjdjkj j[kk tk losQ]j[kk tkuk pkfg,A oqQN vè;;uksa (tSls lgxy 1983)us fn[kyk;k gS fd tks cPps ekr`Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e lsf'k{kk izkIr djrs gSa os Hkkf"kd ;k fo}rk osQ Lrj ijvaxzs”kh ekè;e ls i<+ jgs leku Lrj osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dhrqyuk esa dgha ls Hkh de ugha BgjrsA 15&17 o"kZ osQchp osQ 78 cPpksa ij fd, x, 'kksèk osQ ckn xqIrk(1995) dk dguk gS fd vkjafHkd voLFkk esa nks o"kks±rd ekr`Hkk"kk dk ekè;e osQ :i esa bLrseky] cPpksa esaekr`Hkk"kk o f}rh; Hkk"kk esa ”;knk vPNh n{krk mRiUudjrk gSA

ekè;e Hkk"kk osQ :i esa ekr`Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx] ?kjesa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk vkSj LowQy esa cksyh tkus okyhHkk"kk osQ chp osQ varj dh otg ls Hkkf"kd vkSjlkaLo`Qfrd I+kQklys dks feVk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ lanHkZ osQ

fy, fcanq vYila[;d Hkk"kk ;k cgqla[;d Hkk"kk gksldrh gSA vkpk;Z (1984) osQ vuqlkj vkjafHkd Lrjij gh 26 izfr'kr cPps Ldwy tkuk NksM+ nsrs gSaA bldhotg gS& f'k{kk esa fnypLih dk u gksuk ftlosQ fy,eq[; :i ls f”kEesnkj gS] Hkk"kk esa lkaLo`Qfrd fo"k;&oLrqdk vHkkoA dkj.k Hkk"kk ^laLÑfr dk ,d vo;o ek=kugha cfYd ^laLÑfr dh laokgd* Hkh gksrh gSA ?kj dhHkk"kk ls Ldwy dh Hkk"kk dh vksj c<+uk vPNh rjg gksldrk gS ;fn ekr`Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk ekè;e gksA

dksbZ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk (jkT; Lrjh;) ml jkT; osQlHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekr`Hkk"kk gks ;g t+:jh ughaA ;ghckr ,d d{kk osQ lkFk Hkh gSA vyx&vyx cksyhcksyus okys ,d gh d{kk esa gks ldrs gSa tgk¡ ?kksf"kr{ks=kh; Hkk"kk cksyus okyk buesa ls dksbZ ugha gksA gkyk¡fddksBkjh vk;ksx osQ vuqlkj] ^vYila[;d leqnk; osQcPpksa dks Hkh lafoèkku osQ rgr vfèkdkj izkIr gSa----- fd os viuh cksyh esa--- vkjafHkd f'k{kk izkIr djsa*rFkkfi bl lacaèk esas vYila[;d dh Hkk"kkvksa ij ,dLi"V ;kstuk cukus dh t+:jr gSA

ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk ls d{kk esa i<+kbZ dks le`¼djus esa lqfoèkk gksxh] f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vfèkdkfèkdizfrHkkfxrk gksxh vkSj csgrj ifj.kke fudysaxsAbl mís'; ds fy, i;kZIr lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèkdjokbZ tk,¡A lHkh esa ekr`Hkk"kk eas f'k{kk ds izfrldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k lqfuf'pr fd;k tk, rkfdf'k{kkFkhZ og ekè;e viukus esa ladksp u djsftlesa og vklkuh ls le> ldsA

1988 vkSj 2000 dh jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh:ijs[kkvksa esa ;g izLrko fn;k x;k gS fd Ldwyh f'k{kkosQ nkSjku lHkh Lrjksa ij ;k de ls de vkjafHkd Lrjrd f'k{kk dk ekè;e ekrHkk"kk ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kk gksukpkfg,* (,u-lh-,iQ-,l-bZ- 2000)A ysfdu ;gk¡ ekrHkk"kkvkSj {ks=kh; Hkk"kk osQ chp osQ varj dh xaHkhj leL;kdks u”kjvank”k dj fn;k x;k gSA bl izsQeodZ esa dgk

16

x;k gS fd ;fn {ks=kh; Hkk"kk fo|kFkhZ dh ekr`Hkk"kk ughagS rks mldh izFke nks lky rd dh f'k{kk ekr`Hkk"kk osQekè;e ls gks ldrh gSA rhljh d{kk vkSj mlosQ cknls {ks=kh; Hkk"kk dks ekè;e Hkk"kk osQ :i esa viuk;k tkldrk gS* (,u-lh-,iQ-,l-bZ- 2000)A f'k{kkfonksa vkSjf'k{kk&;kstukdkjksa osQ fy, ;g tkuuk vR;ar ”k:jh gSfd LowwQy esa vkus okys cPps vius ?kj ;k vkliklcksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk (viuh ekr`Hkk"kk) esa ikjaxr gksldrs gSa tks ?kksf"kr jktHkk"kk] vuqlwfpr Hkk"kk ;k {ks=kh;Hkk"kk ls fHkUu gksA f'k{kkeaf=k;ksa osQ lEesyu (1949) esaloZlEefr ls Lohdkjk x;k fd vYila[;d cksyh osQcPps dks viuh cksyh esa f'k{kk izkIr djus dk laoSèkkfudvfèkdkj gS&;fn ,slk os pkgsa] vkSj ^;fn 40 cPpksa dhd{kk esa mudh la[;k de ls de 10 gks* (dksBkjhvk;ksx)A {ks=kh; Hkk"kk bl voLFkk esa ugha vkuh pkfg,ftlls d{kk esa cPpksa osQ chp vPNk laokn vkSj vPNhlgHkkfxrk gksxh] blosQ vkSj vPNs ifj.kke lkeus vkldrs gSaA bl mís'; ds fy, i;kZIr lqfoèkk,¡ miyC/djkus ds lHkh iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A ;g d{kk easvknku&iznku dh izfØ;k dks vkSj vfèkd le`¼ cukusesa enn djsxh vkSj ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk izkIr djus osQizfr pkjksa vksj ldkjkRed okrkoj.k rS;kj gksuk pkfg,rkfd fo|kFkhZ dks ml ekè;e dks lquus esa dksbZ fgpdu gks ftlesa og vklkuh ls lh[k ldrk gksA f>axju(2005) osQ vuqlkj yxHkx 12 izfr'kr cPps f'k{kkizkIr djus ls oafpr jg tkrs gSa D;kasfd mUgsa viuhekr`Hkk"kk esa izkFkfed f'k{kk dh lqfoèkk izkIr ugha gksrhA;s cPps fofoèk Jsf.k;ksa ls vkrs gSa elyu vuqlwfprtutkfr;ksa osQ cPps ftudh Hkk"kk esa mudh viuhcksyh lqukbZ nsrh gS] izoklh ekrk&firk osQ cPps vkSjflaèkh] d'ehjh] Mksxjh vkSj dksad.kh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ cksyusokys cPpsA rFkkfi budh cksfy;ksa esa ikB~;iqLrosQa rS;kjdjus esa vR;ar lkoèkkuh cjruh pkfg,] tks eg”kvaxzs”kh dk ?kfV;k vuqokn Hkj u gksA ;gh ,d rjhdkgS ftlls ge rs”kh ls yqIr gks jgh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj LFkkuh;Kku&i¼fr;ksa dks cpk ldrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh bUgha

Hkk"kkvksa esa u, Kku osQ l`tu osQ fy, Hkh txg cukldrs gSa vU;Fkk mudh laLÑfr vkSj yksxksa rd igq¡pukdfBu gksxkA (ns[ksa iVuk;d 1986 v)([k) LowQyh f'k{kk osQ ekè;fed ;k mPprj Lrj ij

f'k{kk dk ekè;e] èkhjs&èkhjs {ks=kh; Hkk"kk ;k jkT;Lrjh; Hkk"kk ;k fganh ;k vaxzs”kh gks ldrk gSA

(x) gekjs vuqlkj izkFkfed f'k{kk eq[;r% Hkk"kk&f'k{kkgS] blfy, ekr`Hkk"kk ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kk Hkh vfuok;Zfo"k;ksa osQ :i esa i<+kbZ tkuh pkfg,A

(?k) euq"; Hkk"kkvksa dks lh[kus dh vlhe {kerkj[krk gS] [k+kldj tc og de mez dk gksAvaxzs”kh Hkh izkFkfed Lrj ij i<+kbZ tk ldrh gS;fn i;kZIr lqfoèkk miyCèk gksA eg”k oqQNlkyksa dh vaxzs”kh dh f'k{kk dks tksM+ nsus Hkj lsoqQN ugha gksus okyk gSA ge t+ksj Mkydj dgukpkgrs gSa fd vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ cgqHkkf"kd lanHkZesa gh cqukoV fy, gksuh pkfg,A lkekU; er osQfoijhr] Hkk"kk,¡ ,d nwljs osQ lkFk gh fodkldjrh gSA

(M-) ;g ”kkfgj gS fd rhu Hkk"kk,¡ f=kHkk"kk lw=k esaU;wure gaSA ;g bl lw=k dh Åijh lhek ugha gSAlaLÑr dks vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ :i esai<+k tkuk pkfg, tgk¡ bldh izÑfr 'kkL=kh;laLÑr ls cgqr vyx gksuh pkfg,A

(p) 'kkL=kh; vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ viuh&viuh rjgls i<+h tkuh pkfg,A ;s O;kdj.kh; tfVyrk dhu;h laHkkoukvksa dks tUe nsrh gSa] os ijaijkvksa]laLÑfr;ksa vkSj yksxksa tksfd vU;Fkk igq¡p osQckgj gSa] rd igq¡pus esa enn djrh gSA

4- LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk lacaèkh vU; eqís

4-1 Hkwfedk

Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k lacaèkh dk;ZØeksa dks cgqHkk"kh lanHkZ esans[kus dh t+:jr gSA cgqHkkf"kdrk ,d izkÑfrd ifj?kVukgS ftldk laKkukRed yphysiu vkSj fo}r miyfCèk

17

osQ lkFk ldkjkRed lacaèk gksrk gSA t+:jr bl ckr dhgS fd ikB~;p;kZ fuekZrk] ikB~;iqLrd fy[kus okysf'k{kd vkSj ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod cgqHkkf"kdrk dhegÙkk dks le>sa rkfd os cPpksa dks vius bnZ fxnZekStwn lkaLÑfrd vkSj Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk osQ izfr lqxzkgh(lsaflVkbt+) cuk,¡] vkSj mUgsa vius fodkl osQ lalkèkuosQ :i esa iz;qDr djus osQ izfr izksRlkfgr djsaA

Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ij ;kstuk cukus okys bl ckr ijlger gSa fd f}Hkkf"kdrk iwjh LowwQyh f'k{kk osQ nkSjkucuk, j[kh tk,A blfy,] ;g t+:jh gS fd cPps osQfy, tks Hkk"kk,¡ vU;* dh Js.kh esa vk ldrh gSa] muosQfof'k"V lanHkks± o vk;keksa dks] vè;;u vkSj vfèkxeosQ fy, vko';d f'k{kk'kkL=kh;&i¼fr fodflr djusosQ nkSjku è;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A

ge ikB~;p;kZ fuekZrkvksa] ikB~;iqLrd fy[kus okyksa]f'k{kdksa vkSj ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkodksa dk è;ku vYila[;dksao vkfnokfl;ksa }kjk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa vkSjfoyqfIr osQ dxkj ij [kM+h Hkk"kkvksa dh vksj è;kufnykuk pkgrs gSaA ;s Hkk"kk,¡ gekjh le`¼ lkaLo`Qfrdijaijkvksa vkSj Kku O;oLFkk dk [k”kkuk gS vkSj gesa mUgsathoar j[kus dk gj laHko iz;kl djuk pkfg,A fo|ky;hikB~;p;kZ esa buosQ fy, izkoèkku j[kdj gh ge bldk;Z dks laiUu dj ldrs gSaA fo'ks"k rjthg mnwZ dks nhxbZ gS] bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;g Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esafof'k"V LFkku j[krh gS] D;ksafd ;g HkkSxksfyd {ks=k&vkèkkfjrHkk"kk ugha gS ftls ogk¡ osQ yksx cpkus osQ fy, la?k"kZdjrsA ;g fdlh jkT; dh Hkk"kk ugha gSA geus 'kkL=kh;Hkk"kkvksa] [k+kldj laLo`Qr dks lh[kus dh ”k:jr ij Hkhbl [kaM esa ckr dh gSA lkFk gh Hkkjrh; f'k{kk&O;oLFkkesa fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa dks viukus dh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA blstkjh j[kus dh ge iqj”kksj odkyr djrs gSaA

4-2 mnwZ

Hkk"kk oSKkfudksa osQ vuqlkj mnwZ vkSj fganh osQ chp dksbZvkèkkjHkwr varj ugha gSA nksuksa dh okD; lajpuk,¡,d&lh gSaA lkFk gh I+kQksuksykWth] ekI+kQksZykWth vkSj ysfDldu

Lrj ij nksuksa esa cgqr oqQN lk>k gSA ;g rks fiNysipkl o"kks± osQ nkSjku fganh dks laLo`Qr vkSj mnwZ dksvjch@iQkjlh osQ jax esa j¡xus dh ,slh dksf'k'k pyh dhvkt ;s nksuksa gh ,d js[kk osQ nks Nksjksa ij igq¡pdj jgx, gSaA tgk¡ ;s ikjLifjd :i ls vcks/kRed gks x, gSa]eq[;r% ysfDldu esa varj osQ dkj.kA tcfd lkaosQfrdvkSj lkekftd&jktuhfrd Lrj ij fganqLrkuh osQ bunksuksa gh :iksa dk vR;fèkd egÙo gSA fganh osQ lkFknsoukxjh fyfi vkSj mnwZ osQ lkFk vjch@iQkjlh fyfidks bl rjg ls tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk gS fd ge lksp ghugha ldrs fd bUgsa vkSj vU; rjhdksa ls Hkh fy[kk tkldrk gSA ;g cM+s nq%[k dh ckr gS fd gekjh vkusokyh ihf<+;k¡ vjch iQkjlh fyfi ls nwj gksrh tk jghgSa vkSj bl Øe esa Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh vfHkUu èkjksgj]tks buosQ lkFk lkfgfR;d vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd ijaijk osQ:i esa tqM+h gqbZ gS] Hkh gels NwVrh tk jgh gSA gesaHkjld iz;Ru djuk pkfg, fd bl rjg dk lkekftd#>ku iSnk gks ftlesa lajpuk osQ Lrj ij ,dleku bunksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dks nksuksa gh fyfi;ksa esa iz;qDr fd, tkusdk pyu 'kq: gks losQA bldh 'kq#vkr ge ,slhlkekU; #fp dh fdrkcksa dks fy[kdj dj ldrs gSaftuesa nksuksa gh fyfi;ksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gksA lkFk ghd{kk 3 ls 5 rd nksuksa fyfi;ksa dk ifjp; djkus okyhvH;kl iqfLrdk,¡ Hkh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSa (bllq>ko osQ fy, ge oSQfyiQksfuZ;k fo'ofo|ky;] ykWl,atsYl osQ MkW- Kku egktu osQ vkHkkjh gSa)A

8oha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey dh xbZ fganh lfgr lHkhHkk"kk,¡ mu jkT;ksa esa vYila[;d Hkk"kk gh gks tkrh gS]

mnwZ vkSj fganh dh okD; lajpuk ,d gh gksrh gSlkFk gh i+QksuksykWth] eki+QksZykWth vkSj ysfDldu osQLrj ij nksuksa esa cgqr dqN lk>k gS--- fiQj Hkh,sfrgkfld dkj.kksa ls fganqLrkuh osQ bu nksuksaizdkjksa dk dkI+kQh egÙo gS--- vkSj vkt gesamudh vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djusdh t+:jr gS---

18

ftu jkT;ksa dh ;s eq[; Hkk"kk,¡ gSaA vkt ftl rjg lslkekftd Lrj ij iyk;u tkjh gS mlls izR;sd jkT;vkSj f”kyk cgqHkkf"kd gksrk tk jgk gSA ,sls esa lafoèkkudh ewy Hkkouk dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, vYila[;dHkk"kkvksa osQ fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj ij uhfr&fuèkkZj.k dht+:jr gSA

mnwZ (flaèkh osQ lkFk) vius vki esa vosQyh Hkk"kkgS tks ns'kHkj esa cksyh tkrh gS] ysfdu fdlh Hkh jkT; esa;g cgqla[;d Hkk"kk ugha gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ftl rjgbl ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh ”k:jr eglwl dh tk jghgS] ml rjg dh ckr jkT; Lrj ij ugha ns[kh tkrhA jkT;Lrj ij ;g Hkh vU; vYila[;d Hkk"kk dh rjg dhfLFkfr esa vk tkrh gSA bldh leL;k Hkh mlh jk"Vªh;Lrj osQ uhfr fuèkkZj.k osQ rgr lqy> ldrh gS] èkeZfujis{kf'k{kk dh ikB~;p;kZ esa mnwZ dks mldk mfpr LFkku fnykusosQ fy, lkoZtfud uhfr;kas dk ewY;kadu vkSj mnwZ dhfLFkfr dk vuqoh{k.k] ftlesa izkFkfed ls ysdj ofj"Bekè;fed Lrj rd mnwZ ekè;e ls f'k{k.k vkSj mnwZf'k{k.k osQ fy, miyCèk lqfoèkkvksa dk vkdyu djuk Hkh'kkfey gS] ls ,d mi;qDr dk;Zuhfr fodflr djus osQlrr iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A

fdlh Hkh {ks=k ;k leqnk; osQ 'kS{kf.kd fiNM+siudks nwj djus osQ fy, t+:jh gS fd bls ”;knk ls ”;knkvkèkqfud f'k{kk eqgS;k gks] Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ;g dkejkT; osQ ftEes vkrk gSA jkT; ljdkjksa dks izR;sd Hkk"kkdks f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa i;kZIr vkSj t+:jh txg nsuhpkfg,] tks Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa jgus okyksa dhHkk"kk gksA [k+kldj mnwZ lHkh ljdkjh vkSj ljdkj }kjklgk;rk izkIr Ldwyksa rFkk ekU;rk izkIr f'k{kk cksMZ lstqMs+ fo|ky;ksa esa izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{k.k osQ ekè;eosQ :i esa viukbZ tkuh pkfg,A muosQ fy, tks blsviuh ekr`Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA

4-3 vYi] vYila[;d vkSj vkfnoklh Hkk"kk,¡

vYi] vYila[;d vkSj vkfnoklh Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyusokys izk;% viuh Hkk"kk ls oafpr dj fn, tkus osQ f'kdkj

gksrs gSaA tcfd geas ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tku ysuk pkfg, fdvaxzs”kh lfgr bl ns'k dh izeq[k Hkk"kk,¡] buosQ lkFkjgdj gh iQy&iQwy ldrh gSa u fd budh dher ijA;g èkkj.kk fd ,d Hkk"kk dk fodkl nwljh Hkk"kk osQfodkl esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gS] blls ge mEehn djldrs gSa fd Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk okys vkfnoklh bykdksa osQekeys esa dqN Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl 'ks"k Hkk"kkvksa dks cyiznku dj ldrk gS] lkFk gh budks cksyus okyksa dkslpsru :i ls bl vksj #[+k djus osQ fy, izsfjr HkhA

;g izys[k blfy, mEehn djrk gS fd ,slk le;vk,xk] tc egt cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk,¡ (vfyf[kr)LowQyksa esa txg ik,¡xh vkSj viuk vyx o.kZ&foU;kl]O;kdj.k vkSj 'kCndks'k fodflr djsaxhA Hkys gh buosQekud :Ik vuqifLFkr gksa] os lkfgfR;d m|e osQ fy,miyCèk vkS”kkj cu losQaxh] tks Lora=k vfHkO;fDr dkslHkh vk;keksa esa fodflr gksus dk volj nsrk gS vkSjizR;sd Hkk"kk esa Kku osQ vkèkkj dks etcwr djrk gSA

;g m|e vkSj vkxs c<+dj] lHkh Lrjksa dh f'k{kkvkSj tulapkj esa bu Hkk"kkvksa dks u;h rjg dh laizs"k.kdkjhHkwfedk,¡ o izdk;Z lkSaidj] bu Hkk"kkvksa dh fLFkfr dksÅ¡pk mBkus osQ fy, mUeq[k gksuk pkfg,A

cgqr lkjh Hkk"kk,¡ [krjs esa gSaA cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dkscuk, j[kus osQ gekjs nkoksa osQ ckotwn dqN Hkk"kk,¡okLro esa Hkkjrh;&Hkkf"kd eap ls xk;c gks xbZA ,dHkk"kk dks [kksus dk vFkZ gS&blosQ lkFk lac¼ iwjh dhiwjh lkfgfR;d o lkaLo`Qfrd ijaijk dk u"V gksukA

4-4 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk,¡

vkt dh lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd laLFkk,¡ vrhr lsjks'kuh ikrh gSa vkSj Dykfldy Hkk"kk,¡ muosQ okgu dk

,d Hkk"kk dk fodkl nwljh Hkk"kk osQ fodkl esaHkh lgk;d gksrk gS] blls ge mEehn dj ldrsgSa fd Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk okys vkfnoklh bykdksa osQekeys esa dqN Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl 'ks"k Hkk"kkvksadks cy iznku dj ldrk gSA

19

dke djrh gSaA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk cgqr lkjh'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ izfr ges'kk ls gh mnkj jgh gSftlesa rfey] ySfVu] vjch vkSj laLÑr 'kkfey gSaAysfdu laLÑr dks ”;knk xaHkhjrk ls ysus dh t+:jr gS]tSlk fd tokgjyky usg: (1949) us dgk Fkk fdμlaLÑr Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k [k”kkukgS vkSj os ;g Hkh fo'okl djrs Fks fd Hkkjr dhckSf¼drk rc rd cuh jgsxh tc rd ;s gekjs Hkkjrh;yksxksa osQ thou dks izHkkfor djrs jgsaxsA

Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk ra=k osQ tura=khdj.k ls muyksxksa dks Hkh laLÑr i<+us dk volj feyk] tks o"kks± lsblls nwj j[ks x, Fks A laLÑr dh Hkkf"kd] lkSan;kZRedvkSj oSpkfjd ijaijk us vkèkqfud fo'o osQ fy, u,f{kfrtksa dks [kksykA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ikf.kfu (izfl¼laLÑr oS;kdjf.kd) vkSj ^oaQI;wVs'kuy fyaXxqbfLVDl*osQ chp ,d etcwr baVjisQl [kkstk tk ldrk gSA

LkaLÑr dks i<+us osQ lkFk tks leL;k tqM+h Fkh og;g gS fd bls deZdkaMksa dh ;k uSfrd ewY;ksa dksiSQykus okyh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk jgk] bllsblds lkSan;ZcksèkkRed i{k vkSj fofoèk lkfgR; Hkhu”kjvank”k gksrs jgsA v|ru 'kksèkksa us ,slh dbZ nch gqbZvkok”kksa dks lkeus izLrqr fd;kA blus laLÑr Hkk"kk dhdbZ ijaijkvksa dk Hksn [kksyk vkSj mUgsa lanHkZ iznkufd;k A laLÑr iBu&ikBu osQ f'k{kk'kkL=k esa bldkcM+k xaHkhj izHkko iM+sxkA vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk (,e-vkbZ- ,y-) osQ :i esa vc ;g laHko gks x;k gS fdge vius ikjaifjd ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ ys[kdksa dks euklosaQ fd vc osQoy 'kkL=kh; laLÑr esa gh ugha cfYdvke ckrphr osQ :i esa Hkh laLÑr esa og fy[ksa] tksfo|kFkhZ thou esas izklafxd gksA

4-5 fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡

;gk¡ ekr`Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx mu Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, fd;k x;kgS ftUgsa cPpk Ldwy vkus ls igys lh[krk gSA blesaa?kj] iM+ksl ,oa lkfFk;ksa dh Hkk"kk 'kkfey gSA f}rh;Hkk"kk mls dgk x;k gS ftls cPpk Ldwy esa lh[krk gS]ysfdu tks mlosQ ifjos'k dk gh Hkkx gS & ifjos'k tksO;kid gksus dh o”kg ls rkRdkfyd ugha gksrkA

ysfdu os Hkk"kk,¡ tks d{kkvksa esa i<+kbZ tkrh gSa]vkSj tgk¡ mudks cksyus okys] lh[kus okyksa osQ lkFk ugksa vkSj vtuch gksa rks mUgsa fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ dgk tkldrk gSA ekr`Hkk"kkvksa vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQflok; gekjh ikB~;p;kZ esa fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ :i esateZu o iaszQp dks Hkh txg nh xbZ gSA izR;sd u;h Hkk"kktxr osQ ckjs esa u;h tkudkjh nsrh gS vkSj lh[kus okysosQ laKkukRed fodkl esa lgk;d gksrh gSA ,d psddgkor gS ^izR;sd u;h Hkk"kk tks rqe lh[krs gks rqEgkjsesa u;h vkRek dks tksM+rh gSA*

laLÑr dks deZ&dkaMksa dh ;k uSfrd ewY;ksa dksiSQykus okyh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk jgk]blls blds lkSan;ZcksèkkRed i{k vkSj fofo/lkfgR; Hkh u”kjvank”k gksrs jgsA gky osQ 'kksèkksa usmPp laLÑfr dh vfHkO;fDr;ksa osQ uhps ncs gq,Lojksa dh mPp fdLekas dks lkeus izLrqr fd;kA

pw¡fd fons'kh Hkk"kk] lh[kus okys osQ ifjfprokrkoj.k esa miyCèk ugha gksrh] blfy, blosQfy, ekr`Hkk"kk o f}rh; Hkk"kk dks i<+kus osQ fy,fodflr rjhdkas ls fHkUu j.kuhfr dh ”k:jriM+rh gSA ;g laHko gS fd O;kdj.k dks i<+kusij è;ku èkhjs&èkhjs ”;knk osaQfnzr gksrk tk,]tSls&tSls ge igyh Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk dhvksj c<+s vkSj varr% fons'kh Hkk"kk dh vksjA

pw¡fd fons'kh Hkk"kk] lh[kus okys osQ ifjfpr okrkoj.kesa miyCèk ugha gksrh] blfy, blosQ fy, ekr`Hkk"kk of}rh; Hkk"kk dkss i<+kus osQ fy, fodflr rjhdksa lsfHkUu j.kuhfr dh t+:jr iM+sxhA izFke Hkk"kk ls fons'khHkk"kk dh ;k=kk esa ;g laHko gS fd O;kdj.k dks i<+kusij è;ku èkhjs&èkhjs ”;knk osQafnzr gksrk tk,A ysfdu ,slkns[kk x;k gS fd fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ ekeys esa Hkh iqLrosQai<+uk gh ”;knk ykHkizn gqvk gSA tSlk fd fofHkUu pkVks±(ifjf'k"V&3) ls Li"V gS fd fons'kh Hkk"kk ekè;fed;k mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij gh ifjfpr djkuh pkfg,A

20

pw¡fd dkWXuhfVoyh ,MoakLM ySaXost izksfI+kQf'k,a'kh(laKkukRed rkSj ij mPp Hkk"kk {kerk) ,d Hkk"kk lsnwljh Hkk"kk esa :ikarfjr gks ldrh gS] blfy, ;ghmfpr gS fd fons'kh Hkk"kk rHkh fl[kkbZ tk, tc lh[kusokys us laaKkukRed ifjiDork dk ,d fuf'pr LrjvkSj ,d ;k nks Hkk"kkvksa esa lkFkZd {kerk Lrj izkIr djfy;k gksA

4-6 vU; Hkk"kk,¡ i<+kuk

vU; Hkk"kkvksa dks fo"k; osQ :i esa i<+kus vkSj mUgsaf'k{k.k dk ekè;e cukus osQ ekeys esa gesa è;ku j[kukgksxk fd lh[kus okyk tks Hkk"kk iz;qDr djrk gS mllsbldh Hkkf"kd fofoèkrk ftruh ”;knk gksxh] lh[kusokys dks mruh gh dfBukbZ gksxhA fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa osQlaLÑrhdj.k osQ ekeyksa esa ge ;gh ikrs gSaA ikB~;iqLrdesa Ñf=ke rjhosQ ls Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gh lkèkkj.k Lrj ijlh[kus okyksa osQ fy, eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa,d cgqr gh izHkko'kkyh f'k{kk 'kkL=kh; vH;kl gSμKkrls vKkr dh vksj tkukA nqHkkZX; ls ge izkphu lsvkèkqfud dh vksj tk jgs gSaA

5- cgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj 'kSf{kd laizkfIr

5-1 Hkwfedk

cgqHkkf"kdrkokn Hkkjrh; vfLerk dk vfHkUu vax gSA;gk¡ rd fd nwj&njk”k fLFkr xk¡o esa rFkkdfFkr ^,dHkk"kk* cksyus okyk ,d ,sls 'kkfCnd HkaMkj (verbalrepertoire) dks fu;af=kr djrk gS] tks mlesa dbZ rjgdh laoknkRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus dh;ksX;rk iznku djrk gSA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; Hkkf"kd olkekftd Hkkf"kd eSfVªDl esa Hkkjrh; Hkkf"kd Lojksadh cgqyrk ,d nwljs ls ijLij laokn djrh gS] tksfd dbZ rjg osQ lk>s Hkkf"kd o lkekftd Hkkf"kd[kkfl;rksa ij [kM+h gksrh gSA nwljh rjiQ] gky osQdbZ vè;uksa us fn[kyk;k gS fd f}Hkkf"kdrk dklaKkukRed fodkl o fo}r~&miyfCèk ls xgjkldkjkRed lacaèk gSA

5-2 Hkkjr ,d cgqHkk"kh ns'k osQ :i esa

Hkkjr ,d cgqHkk"kh ns'k gS& ;g ,d tkuh ekuh ckr gSA1971 dh tux.kuk ftls bl ekeys esa lcls ”;knkvkfèkdkfjd ekuk tk ldrk gS] us gekjs ns'k esa dqy1652 Hkk"kkvksa dh igpku dh tks ik¡p fofHkUuHkk"kk&ifjokjksa osQ rgr vkrs gSaA fiazV ehfM;k esa 87 ls”;knk Hkk"kk,¡ iz;qDr gksrh gSa] jsfM;ks esa 71 Hkk"kk,¡ vkSjiz'kklu osQ Lrj ij 13 fofHkUu Hkk"kk,¡ iz;qDr gksrh gSaAysfdu cM+s nq%[k dh ckr gS fd osQoy 47 Hkk"kk,¡ ghLdwyksa esa iBu&ikBu osQ ekè;e osQ :i esa iz;ksx dhtkrh gSaA ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd bl vk/kj i=k osQ ckn”;knk ls ”;knk ekr`Hkk"kk,¡ Ldwyksa esa ekè;e osQ :i esaiz;qDr dh tk,¡xhA bruh fofoèkrk osQ ckotwn dbZHkkf"kd o lkaLo`Qfrd rRo Hkkjr dks ,d gh Hkkf"kd,oa lkekftd Hkkf"kd {ks=k osQ :i esa ck¡èkrs gSaA O;qRifÙkosQ vkèkkj ij dki+Qh vyx o HkkSxksfyd n`f"Vdks.k lsfoHkkftr Hkk"kkvksa esa laLo`Qfr dk lkekU; O;kdj.k ik;kx;k gS] tks Hkk"kk osQ }kjk gh O;Dr gksrk gSA iafMr(1969] 72] 88)] iVuk;d (1981] 1986] 1986v] 1990)] JhokLro (1979] 88)] nqvk (1985)vkSj [kwcpankuh (1983] 88) us Hkkjrh; cgqHkkf"kdrkoknij xaHkhj dke fd, gSaA iafMr us fn[kyk;k gS fd dSlsHkkf"kd O;ogkj dh fofoèkrk & cgqHkkf"kd lektksa esalaizs"k.k] dks ckfèkr djus osQ ctk; lgk;rk gh iznkudjrh gSA

cgqHkkf"kdrkokn ij gq, vè;;uksa ls Li"V gqvk gSfd gekjh f'k{kk&O;oLFkk dks bls nckus osQ ctk; cuk,j[kus vkSj izksRlkfgr djus dk Hkjiwj iz;kl djukpkfg, (ns[ksa ØgkWy 1992] gsiQ vkSj lg;ksxh 1995vkSj vU;)A iVuk;d (1981) us fn[kyk;k gS fdoSQls gekjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk us gekjs lekt dh lclscM+h [kkfl;r&cgqHkkf"kdrkokn ls feyrs vk jgs i+Qk;nksadks nckus@det+ksj djus dk dke fd;k gSA ^vciNrk, gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksr* okyhfLFkfr ls cpuk gks rks rRdky gekjh f'k{kk&O;oLFkk osQ;kstukdkjksa dks f'k{kk esa Hkk"kk dh mDr [kkfl;r (dh

21

egÙkk dks le>rs gq,) dks osaQæh; LFkku nsus dhigydneh djuh gksxhA

tSlk fd bZfyp (1981) us dgk gS fd gesagkf'k, ij vofLFkr] vkfnoklh vkSj foyqIrizk; Hkk"kkvksadks cpkus vkSj muosQ l'kDrhdj.k dk Hkjiwj iz;kldjuk gksxkA bl lacèk esa ldkjkRed iz;kl djus dhvko';drk gS A gesa ml ?kM+h osQ fy, bartkj ughadjuk pkfg, tc bu Hkk"kkvksa dks iz;ksx djus okys yksxvkdj gels dgsa fd gekjh Hkk"kkvksa dks Hkh thforjgus dk vfèkdkj gSA bZfyp osQ vuqlkj ge vkfnoklhHkk"kkvksa dks yxHkx foyqIr gks tkus dh ifjfLFkfr dksmRiUu djus osQ fy, yk[kksa MkWyj [kpZ djrs gSa vkSjfiQj ckn esa dqN jkf'k dk fuos'k djrs gSa & mUgsa^vk'p;Z ;k xoZ dh oLrq* ?kksf"kr djus esaA iVuk;d(1981) us t+ksj nsdj dgk gS fd ;fn ge pkgrs gSafd ,slk tura=k iuis ftlesa lHkh dh Hkkxhnkjh laHkogks losQ rks gesa izR;sd cPps dks mldh Hkk"kk esa lquukgksxkA

bl lanHkZ esa f=kHkk"kk&lw=k dks ns[kk tkuk pkfg,ftls dbZ f'k{kk vk;ksxksa us ykxw djus dh fli+Qkfj'k dhA;g nq[kn ckr gS fd ns'k Hkj esa dgha bl lw=k dkslPph yxu ls ykxw djus osQ iz;kl ugha fn[kkbZ nsrsAblfy, geus vkèkkj i=k esa bl ckr dks ckj&ckjnqgjk;k gS fd f=kHkk"kk&lw=k dks dk;kZfUor djus osQ fy,dM+s fu;eksa osQ ctk; cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks cuk, j[kuso bls thoarrk iznku djus dk iz;kl fdlh HkhHkk"kk&;kstuk dk osQanz gksuk pkfg,A

;w-,l- esa us'kuy ,slksfl,'ku vkWi+Q ckbfyaxqvy,tqosQ'ku us Li"V fd;k gS fd f}&Hkk"kh; f'k{k.k osQdbZ i+Qk;ns ns[kus dks feys gSaA elyu vdknfedmiyfCèk esa lqèkkj] LowQy NksM+us okys cPpksa dh la[;kesa deh] f'k{kk esa lkeqnkf;d layXurk esa of¼] fo|kfFkZ;ksadh vuqifLFkfr esa fxjkoV vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ vkRelEekuesa o`f¼ (gSdqrk 1986)

5-3 f}Hkkf"kdrkokn vkSj fo}r~ miyfCèk

cgqr le; rd ;g fo'okl fd;k tkrk jgk fdf}Hkkf"kdrk dk laKkukRed o`f¼ vkSj 'kSf{kd laizkfIrij udkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gS (tSls & tslilZu1922] lk;j 1923 vkSj vU; us dgk)A lk;j(1923) us fn[kyk;k gS fd 7&14 o"kZ dh vk;q ds oscPps tks nksuksa Hkk"kk,¡ & osYl ,oa vaaxzs”kh & cksyrs gSadk ,d Hkk"kk cksyus okys vius gh lgikBh dh rqyukesa vkbZ- D;w- (cqf¼yfCèk) Lrj de gksrk gSA

nwljh rjI+kQ] gky esa oqQN vè;;uksa (tSls ihyvkSj ySacVZ 1962] xkMZuj vkSj ySacVZ 1972] dfealvkSj Losu 1986 vkSj vU;) us nkok fd;k gS fdf}Hkkf"kdrk] laKkukRed yphysiu o fo}r~ miyfCèk esaldkjkRed fj'rk gSA nks Hkk"kk cksyus okys cPps uosQoy vU; Hkk"kkvksa ij vPNk fu;a=k.k j[krs gSa] cfYdvdknfed Lrj ij Hkh os ”;knk jpukRedrk fn[kkrsgSa] lkFk gh muesa ”;knk lkekftd lfg".kqrk Hkh ikbZ xbZ

nks Hkk"kk cksyus okys cPps u dsoy vU; Hkk"kkvksaij vPNk fu;a=k.k j[krs gSa] cfYd 'kSf{kd Lrj ijHkh os ”;knk jpukRed gksrs gaS] lkFk gh muesa”;knk lkekftdrk vkSj lfg".kqrk Hkh ikbZ xbZ gSAHkkf"kd [+k”kkus dh O;kid O;oLFkk ij fu;a=k.kmUgsa fofoèk izdkj dh ,oa fofoèk Lrj dh lkekftdifjfLFkfr;ksa ls oqQ'kyrkiwoZd tw>us esa lgk;dgksrk gSA lkFk gh bl ckr osQ iDosQ lcwr feys gSafd f}Hkk"kh cPps fofoèk lksp esa ”;knk vPNkizn'kZu djrs gSaA

---;fn ge pkgrs gSa fd ,slk tura=k iuis ftlesalHkh dh Hkkxhnkjh laHko gks lds rks gesa izR;sdcPps dks mldh Hkk"kk esa lquuk gksxk--- f=kHkk"kk&lw=kdks dk;kZfUor djus osQ fy, dM+s fu;eksa osQctk; cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks cuk, j[kus o blsthoarrk iznku djus dk iz;kl fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk;kstukdk osQanz gksuk pkfg,A

22

gSaA Hkkf"kd [k”kkus dh O;kid O;oLFkk ij mudk fu;a=k.kmUgsa fofoèk izdkj dh ,oa fofoèk Lrj dh lkekftdifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ”;knk vPNh rjg tw>us esa lgk;d gksrsgSaA lkFk gh bl ckr osQ iDosQ lcwr feys gSa fdf}Hkk"kh; cPps fofoèk lksp esa ”;knk vPNk izn'kZudjrs gSaA blfy, LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa f}Hkkf"kdrk dksizksRlkfgr djus dh ”k:jr gSA gesa ;g ekywe gksukpkfg, fd fofoèk Hkkf"kd oqQ'kyrk,¡ vopsru Lrj ijvklkuh ls ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljs Hkk"kk esa :ikarfjr gkstkrh gSa vkSj blosQ fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ vfrfjDriz;kl dh ”k:jr ugha gksrhA dfeal (1976] 81) vkSjdfeal o Losu (1986) us vkèkkjHkwr varoSZ;fDrdHkkf"kd oqQ'kyrk (csfld baVjilZuy dE;qfuosQ'ku fLdYl& ch-vkbZ-lh-,l-) vkSj laKkukRed Lrj ij mPpHkk"kk n{krk (dkWxfufVo ,MokaLM ySaXost izksfI+kQfl;salhμlh-, -,y-ih-) osQ chp varj fd;k gSA ch-vkbZ-lh-,l- osQlkFk tks Hkkf"kd {kerk tqM+h gS & og laKku osQ Lrj ijvxzkg~; vkSj lanHkks± dh fofoèkrk okyh ifjfLFkfr esa&vPNsizn'kZu osQ lacaèk dkS'kyksa dks 'kkfey djkrh gSA lkfFk;ksaosQ lkFk cksyh tkus okyh u”knhdh Hkk"kk ch-vkbZ-lh-,l- dh ifjfèk esa vkrh gSA

,slk yxrk gS fd ch-vkbZ-lh-,l- Lrj dh {kerkgkfly djus osQ fy, izR;sd Hkk"kk esa u, fljs lslh[kuk iM+rk gksxkA ysfdu Hkkjr tSls cgqHkk"kh lektesa ;g {kerk LoHkkor% vius vki fodflr gksrh tkrhgSA lh-,-,y- Lrj dh {kerk dh t+:jr mPp laKkukRedLrj okyh ifjfLFkfr esa iM+rh gSA bls izf'k{k.k }kjk ghfodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fnfdlh ekè;fed Lrj osQ cPps ls fdlh ,sls fo"k; ijfy[kus dks dgk tk, ftlosQ ckjs esa og ugha tkurk gks;k fdlh lekpkj i=k osQ laikndh; dks i<+dj mldhvkykspuk djus dks dgk tk, rks mls viuh lh-,-,y-ih- {kerk dk bLrseky djuk iM+ ldrk gS vkSj ;s{kerk,¡ tSlk fd geus dgk gS & ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljhHkk"kk esa :ikarfjr gksrh jgrh gSaA

5-4 cgqHkkf"kdrkokn dks c<+kok nsus dh ”k:jr

Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa lkekftd lkSgknZzrk rHkh laHko gS tcyksx ,d nwljs dh Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr dks lEeku nsaAbl izdkj dk lEeku Kku osQ fcuk laHko ugha gSAvKkurk Hk;] ?k`.kk vkSj vlfg".kqrk dks tUe nsrh gSvkSj jk"Vªh; vfLerk dh v[kaMrk osQ jkLrs esa jksM+svVdkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA izR;sd jkT; esa ,d opZLoizkIr Hkk"kk osQ lkFk gh uLyxr (leqnk;xr) #[k ofu"Bk dk iuiuk LokHkkfod gSA ;g yksxksa vkSj fopkjksaosQ Lora=k vkokxeu dks rks jksdrk gh gS] lkFk ghjpukRed] uokpkj vkfn dks nckrk gS vkSj lekt osQvkèkqfudhdj.k dks oqQan dj nsrk gSA vc tcfd geikrs gSa fd cgqHkkf"kdrk] laKkukRed fodkl o 'kS{kf.kdlaizkfIr osQ chp ldkjkRed tqM+ko gS & rks ;g vR;art+:jh gS fd LowQyksa esa cgqHkk"kh f'k{k.k dks izksRlkfgrfd;k tk,A

6- fofèk;k¡

6-1 Hkwfedk

Hkk"kk vkSj lh[kus (Hkkf"kd vkSj vfèkxe) ls lacafèkrfl¼karksa us le; osQ lkFk&lkFk bruh lkjs fofèk;k¡mRiUu dh gSa fd vk'p;Z gksrk gS ckr pkgs ekr`Hkk"kklh[kus dh gks ;k nwljh Hkk"kk ;k fiQj fons'kh Hkk"kklh[kus dhA buesa ls vfèkdrj fofèk;ksa dk fodklf}rh; Hkk"kk dks lh[kus osQ lanHkZ esa gh gqvkA gekjkljksdkj ;gk¡ ekr`Hkk"kk] f}rh; ;k r`rh; Hkk"kk Hkj lsugha] cfYd 'kkL=kh; vkSj fons'kh Hkk"kk i<+kus ls Hkh gS]og Hkh fofHkUu lanHkks± esaA tks fofèk;k¡ fodflr gqbZ gSamuesa ls izeq[k gSa& ikjaifjd O;kdj.k vuqokn fofèk]izR;{k rjhdk] vkWfM;ks&fyaxqvy ,izksp] dE;qfuosQfVo,izk sp (ckrphr&vkèkkfjr laiz s"k.kkRed fofèk)]oaQI;wVj&,MsM ySaXost Vhfpax (lh-,-,y-Vh)] dWE;qfuVhySaXost yfu±x (lh-,y-,y-)] lkbysaV os] ltsLVksisfM;kvkSj VksVy iQhftdy fjLikal (Vh-ih-vkj-) vkSjf}rh;&Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr Øk"ksu dk ekWfuVj

23

o 'kweSu ,dYpjs'ku ekWMyksa ls fodflr gq, rjhosQ(mnkgj.k osQ fy, ns[ksaμukxjkt 1996] fyfVyoqM1981] czefiQV 1980] czefiQV ,oa tkWulu 1979],aFkksuh 1972)

6-2 lhek,¡ vkSj lcd

mijksDr crkb± xbZ lHkh fofèk;ksa osQ vius&vius xq.k,oa nks"k gSaA gesa ;g ckr è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, fdbuesa ls izR;sd dk] fl¼kar o O;ogkj osQ Lrj ij [kkl,sfrgkfld lanHkZ esa vkSj [kkl ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQØe esa] fodkl gqvkA O;kdj.k&vuqokn (xzkej&Vªkalys'ku)rjhdk O;ogkjoknh& euksfoKku vkSj lajpukoknh Hkk"kkfoKku osQ rgr vkSifuosf'kd rkdrksa dh ”k:jr iwjkdjus osQ Øe esa tUek vkSj iuikA oqQN Hkh gks] ;grjhdk gesa ;g ”k:j crkrk gS fd oSQls ,d lkfgfR;dHkk"kk lh[kus osQ fy, osQoy fo"k;&oLrq rFkk iw.kZrkfy, gq, ikB ij gksuk pkfg,A ;fn vkt ge bl fofèkdks viuk,¡ rks bls dbZ Lrjksa ij lqèkkjuk rks iM+sxk gh]lkFk gh gesa lhèks] vWkfM;ks&fyaxqvy vkSj dE;qfuosQfVo,izksp (laizs"k.kkRed fofèk)] ls lh[ks ikBksa dks è;ku esaj[kuk iM+sxk] rkfd lh[ks tk jgs Hkk"kk osQ ^LiksosQu*(okd~) okyk i{k NwV u tk,A lkbysaV os] ltsLVksisfM;kvkSj Vh-ih-vkj- tSls rjhosQ fof'k"V ”k:jrksa dks iwjkdjus osQ fy, fodflr gq, FksA 'kksèkksa ls irk pyrk gSfd Vh-ih-vkj- Hkk"kk lh[kus dh vkjafHkd voLFkk esadkI+kQh liQy gks ldrh gS] [k+kldj lh[kus okys dhfgpd nwj djus osQ fy,A

6-3 mfpr fofèk;ksa dh vksj

blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha fd izR;sd f'k{kd lkekftd&euksoSKkfud] Hkkf"kd vkSj d{kk dh fofoèkrk osQ vuqlkji<+kus dk viuk fof'k"V rjhdk fodflr dj ysrk gSAu;h ikB~;p;kZ dks f'k{kd osQ l'kDrhdj.k ij è;kunsuk gksxk] rkfd og d{kk esa vius Lrj ij igydnehdj losQ A oqQN eq[; ckrsa ftu ij xkSj djuk t+:jhgS] fuEufyf[kr gSa

(d) lh[kus okyk% i<+kus dk dksbZ Hkh rjhdk gks]f'k{kkFkhZ dks dksjh LysV ugha le>uk pkfg,A mlsiBu&ikBu izfØ;k osQ osaQnz esa gksuk pkfg,Amldh laKkukRed lkeF;Z o vfHk#fp;ksa dksxkSj djus osQ mijkar f'k{kd dks i<+kus osQ mfprrjhosQ ij dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

([k) #[k% f'k{kd osQ fy, lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ izfrldkjkRed #[k viukuk ”k:jh gSA tkfr] jax]èkeZ ;k tsaMj osQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ HksnHkko fd,fcuk O;ogkj ls cPps iBu&ikBu osQ izfr mRlkfgrgksaxs vkSj lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa c<+&p<+djfgLlk ysaxsA lkFk gh] f'k{kd dk vPNk O;ogkjcPps esa ruko@fpark osQ Lrj dks Hkh c<+us ughansrk] tks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa ckèkd gksrk gSA

(x) buiqV % Øk"ksu (1981] 1982) dks è;ku esaj[krs gq, ge lykg nsaxs fd buiqV ”;knkle`¼)] jkspd o pqukSrhiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,] lkFkgh ,sls fo"k; osQ bnZ&fxnZ cquk gksuk pkfg, tkscPpksa osQ lewg esa lkFk&lkFk lh[kus dh izo`fÙkdks c<+kok nsA vkèkqfud rduhd bl ekeys esaennxkj lkfcr gks ldrh gSA

(?k) cgqHkkf"kdrk ,d lalkèku osQ :i esa % tSlkfd geus bl vkèkkj i=k esa dgk gS] d{kk esaekStwn cgqHkkf"kdrk dk Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ fy,vPNs IysViQkWeZ osQ :i esa mi;ksx gks ldrk gSAcPpksa osQ lg;ksx ls d{kkvksa esa cgqHkkf"kdrkoknizkIr djus dk ,d lqxzkgh fo'ys"k.k f'k{kdksa vkSjf'k{k.k esa cgqHkkf"kdrk osQ izfr tkx:drk mRiUudjus esa lgk;d gksxkA bl fo"k; esa vuqokn ,dvR;fèkd l'kDr ekè;e fl¼ gks ldrk gSA

(Ä) tsaMj vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ eqn~ns% ;g t+:jh gSfd Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ vkèkqfud rjhosQ cPpksa dks

f'k{kd dks èkhjs&èkhjs cPps dh laKkukRed {kerkvkSj #fp;ksa dks tkuus dh ”k:jr gksxh rkfdblosQ vuqlkj gh og vius Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQrjhdksa dks cny losQA

24

tsaMj vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ izfr tkx:d djsaA bueqn~nksa dks lkoèkkuh osQ lkFk] vkSj dksey olaosnu'khy f'k{k.k&i¼fr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls lkeusyk;k tkuk pkfg,A

(p) ewY;kadu% ewY;kadu dks iBu&ikBu dk ghfgLlk gksuk pkfg, A tSls gh ge lkekU;d{kk&izfØ;k dks ijh{kk ;k tk¡p osQ fy, jksdrsgSa] fo|kFkhZ esa ruko iSnk gksrk gS] os fpafrr jgusyxrs gSa vkSj mUgsa iqu% lkekU; ewM esa vkus esaeqf'dy gksrh gSA

7- lkexzh

7-1 lkexzh osQ izdkj

dksbZ Hkh ^pht* tks Hkk"kk lh[kus esa lgk;d gks] lkexzhdgh tk ldrh gSA os Hkkf"kd] n';] JO; ;k dkbusLFksfVdgks ldrs gSa] ;k fizaV] izn'kZu ;k fMlIys osQ ekè;e lsizLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSa] ;k oSQlsV] lhMh-&jkse] Mh-oh-Mh- vFkok baVjusV osQ ekè;e lsA os lwpukijd]iz;ksxijd] m|rijd (bfyflVSfVo) vkSj [kkstijdgks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd os +Øe'k% Hkk"kk osQ ckjs lwpuk nsrsgSa] Hkk"kk ls ifjp; djkrs gSa] Hkk"kk&iz;ksx djus dksm|r djrs gSa vkSj Hkk"kk&iz;ksx osQ {ks=k esa vUos"k.kdjkrs gSa (VkWefyulkWu 2001% 66)A

7-2 ikB~;iqLrd

fdlh Hkh d{kk osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh ikB~;iqLrd vkn'kZugha gks ldrhA ;g f'k{kd dk nkf;Ro gS fd oglh[kus okys vkSj lkexzh osQ chp larqyu cuk, j[ksvkSj blosQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd mlesa lkexzh osQ fuekZ.kls ysdj miyCèk lkexzh rd dks cPpksa osQ Lrj osQvuq:i <kyus dh {kerk gksA izR;sd f'k{kd lkexzh dkfuekZ.k dj ldrk gS vkSj blfy, mls ikB~;iqLrd osQvfrfjDr vko';d lkexzh cukuh pkfg,A

ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ i{k esa jk; nsus okyksa dk dgukgS fd ;g ,d rjg dh laxfr ,oa Øfedrk fy, gksrh

gS vkSj fo|kFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd nksuksa osQ fy, ,d fuèkkZfjrle;&lhek osQ Hkhrj jgrs gq, ,d y{; izLrqr djrhgSA tcfd dbZ 'kksèkdrkZvksa dk ekuuk gS fd lHkh dh”k:jrsa ,d gh rjg dh ugha gksrh] ikB~;iqLrosaQ bufofoèkrkvksa dks u”kjvank”k dj ,dleku ikB~;Øe dkstcju yknrh gSa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks viuh rjI+kQ ls fdlhHkh rjg dk fu.kZ; ysus osQ vfèkdkj dks Nhurh gSa(vkWyjkbZV 1981% fyfVytkWu 1992% gfpalu vkSjVksjsl 1994)A ;g cM+s nq%[k dh ckr gS fd Hkk"kk dhikB~;iqLrd ”;knk jkspd o pqukSrh&Hkjh gksus osQ ctk;lkekU;r% ÅckÅ ,oa tM+rk fy, gksrh gSA izkFkfedLrj vkSj mlls iwoZ dh Hkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrosaQ [kkldj”;knk xaHkhjrk o laosnuk ls fy[kus dh ”k:jr gSA bUgsalanHkZijd Lrj ij le`¼ vkSj lh[kus okys dhjpukRedrk dks mfpr pqukSrh nsus okyk gksuk pkfg,Abuesa osQoy dfork,¡ o dgkfu;k¡ ugha] cfYd foèkkvksa,oa fo"k;ksa osQ ,d cM+s iQyd dks gksuk pkfg,A lkFkgh ,sls vH;kl&iz'u Hkh gksus pkfg, ftuesa vR;arlw{e voyksdu o fo'ys"k.k dh t+:jr iM+s vkSj tksvarr% ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr osQ lkSan;Zijdla'ys"k.k dh vksj vxzlj djsA mnkgj.k] uD'ks ofMtkbu ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ vfHkUu vax gksrs gSaA pyu;g gS fd ikB~;iqLrdksa dks fy[k fy, tkus osQ cknfp=kdkjksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA ifj.kke gksrk gS fo"k;&oLrqvkSj fp=k@mnkgj.kksa osQ chp dksbZ esy gh ugha ik;ktkrkA gksuk ;g pkfg, fd ikB~;iqLrd ys[kdksa] uD'ks@[+kkdkcukus okys is'ksojksa vkSj fp=k izLrqr djus okyksa dks 'kq:ls gh ,d lkFk dke djuk pkfg, vkSj bl xqzi esa ls,d NksVs ls ny dks ikB~;iqLrd mRiknu osQ lkFk tqM+tkuk pkfg,A lcls foèoald gS fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esaikB~;iqLrd rS;kj djus osQ ckn nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa mlhfo"k; osQ fy, mDr ikB~;iqLrd dks vuwfnr djukAoLrqr% Hkk"kk] lksp vkSj laLo`Qfr osQ chp osQ ftl lacaèkdks ge mn~?kkfVr djuk pkg jgs gSa] og okLro esa ,de”kkd lk gh gSA

lHkh izdkj osQ rduhdh iz;klksa osQ ckotwn Hkh

25

ge tkurs gSa fd oLrqr% lkèkkj.k cPps osQ fy, lh[kusosQ lzksr osQ :i esa ikB~;iqLrd gh izeq[k lzksr cuhjgasxhA blfy, ;g ”k:jh gS fd bls cgqr gh è;ku lscuk;k tk,A ikB~;iqLrd&fuekZ.k dh izfozQ;k esa fo|kFkhZvkSj vè;kid osQ lkFk yxkrkj tk¡p (trialling) gksrhjguh pkfg,A izfriqf"V (Feedback) dh O;oLFkk fodflrdj ge ikB~;iqLrdksa esa yxkrkj lqèkkj yk ldrs gSaA

7-3 i`Fko~Q Hkk"kk f'k{k.k cuke laçs"k.kkRed f'k{k.k

vfèkdka'k ikB~;iqLrosaQ Hkk"kk&ek=k dks lh[kus o vH;kldjus ij oasQfnzr gksrh gSa A vfèkdrj ikB~;iqLrosaQ mlvfèkxe dk vuqlj.k djrh gSa ftlesa f'k{k.k vkèkkfjrvkèkkj:i osQ fy, laizs"k.kkRed f'k{k.k dks lfEefyrfd;k x;k gSA ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd Hkk"kk osQØfed ysfdu i`Fko~Q i{kksa dks lh[kdj fo|kFkhZ dkvkRefo'okl tkxsxk vkSj mUufr dk cksèk gksxkA ysfduos ikB~;iqLrd ys[kd tks ozQk"ksu (1982] 1988)vkfn tSls 'kksèkdrkZvksa osQ fl¼karksa ls izHkkfor gSa] us,slh lkefxz;k¡ fufeZr dh gSa ftudk mís'; laizs"k.kkRedfØ;kdykiksa tSls& cgl] ifj;kstuk] [ksy] Lok¡x vkSjukVd vkfn osQ ekè;e ls laokn {kerk osQ vukSipkfjdvfHkxzg.k dks lg~; cukuk (ns[k s a yk MksmLls1983_ Dyhisy 1984)A

oqQN 'kksèkdrkZ vH;kl ;k ikB osQ vkèkkj ij Hkk"kkdh vuqHkwfr ij cy nsrs gSa (ns[ksa ts- fofyl 1996)]rks dqN vuqHko osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk osQ izfr tkx:drkijddk;Zdykiksa ij Hkh cy nsrs gSaA (VkWefyulkWu 1994)A

7-4 lkexzh dh izÑfr % vkfèkdkfjd cuke vU;

lkexzh dh izÑfr dSlh gks] bl ij fiNys dqN le;ls fopkj gksus yxk gSA vfèkdka'k iqLrosQa tks lh[kus osQfy, rS;kj dh tkrh gSa mu mnkgj.kksa dk iz;ksx djrhgSa] tks fdlh [kkl le; esa i<+k, tk jgs fo"k;&oLrqosQ Hkkf"kd i{k ij osaQfnzr gksrs gSaA pqus x, mnkgj.kizk;% NksVs vkSj vklku cuk, tkrs gSa ftldh cgqrdher pqdkuh iM+rh gSA izpqjrk ;k 'kCn ckgqY; tksfd

fdlh Hkh izkÑfrd Hkk"kk dk tqM+k gqvk fgLlk gksrk gS]og mlls nwj gks tkrh gS vkSj ikB~; Ñf=ke] vFkZghuvkSj tfVy gks tkrk gSA

blosQ 'kksèkdrkZvksa us bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fdizkekf.kd lkexzh izksRlkgu dk dke djrh gSaA (cSdksuvkSj fiQueSu 1990_ oqQvks 1993) bl izkekf.kdlkexzh dh dV~Vjrk dh vkykspuk djrs gSaA ge ;glq>ko nsrs gSa fd ikB~;iqLrd ys[kdksa dks vfèkdkfèkdikBksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A mUgsa muls f[kyokM+ ughadjuk pkfg,A ;fn mUgsa yxrk gS fd cnyko ”k:jh gSrks igys ys[kd dh LohÑfr ysuh pkfg,A tgk¡ rdvH;klksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa dh ckr gS ikB~;iqLrdys[kd ogk¡ fuf'pr :i ls uokpkjh vkSj jpukRedHkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA

7-5 fo"k;oLrq cuke vU; fo"k;

;|fi fdlh :i esa fu;a=k.k (lsalj) djuk oakfNr

gks ldrk gS] vfèkdrj 'kksèkdrkZ ;g ekurs gSa fd

f'k{kkfFkZ;ks a dks fo"k;oLrq ;k fo"k; crk fn, tkus

pkfg, blls izsfjr gksdj mUgsa lh[kus esa lqfoèkk

gksxhA lkexzh dks f'k{kkfFkZ;ks a dks lkekftd :i ls

laosnu'khy cukus okyk gksuk pkfg, rkfd os u'kk]

tsaMj] ,M~l] fookgiwoZ lacaèkks a] fgalk] jktuhfr bR;kfn

eqn~nks a osQ izfr viuh izfrfØ;k,¡ O;Dr dj losaQA

bl izdkj lkexzh èkhjs&èkhjs LFkkuh; laLÑfr;ksa lsfudVorhZ laLÑfr;ksa vkSj mlosQ ckn fo'o laLo`Qfr;ksaesa cny tk,xhA

tks dksbZ lh[kus okyksa dks Hkk"kk ls vFkZiw.kZ ifjp;djkuk pkgrs gSa] os mu vk/kfjd ikB~;iqLrdksa dkspqurs gSa] tks nSuafnu thou esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk dks izLrqrdjrs gaSA ;s iqLrosaQ ”k:jh ugha fd [k+kldj Hkk"kk&f'k{k.kosQ fy, rS;kj dh xbZ gksaA

26

vuqHko crkrs gSa fd vR;fèkd izHkko'kkyh lkexzhdk;Z'kkykvks a es a rS;kj gksrh gS ftues a f'k{kd]f'k{kd&izf'k{kd vkSj fo'ofo|ky; osQ f'k{kkfon~ ,dlkFk dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj fu;fer vkèkkj ij d{kkvksa esaviuh lkexzh dk ijh{k.k djrs gSaA

7-8 ,dhÑr dkS'kyksas dk fodkl

;fn ge nSfud thou esa vius pkjksa vksj ns[ksa rks geeglwl djrs gSa fd ge ,d lkFk gh dbZ dkS'kyksa dkbLrseky djrs gSa u fd vyx&vyxA

vr% f'k{kdksa dk drZO; gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dkslh[kh gqbZ Hkk"kk esa ^laizs"k.kkRed :i ls l{ke* cuk,AikB~;iqLrosQa gekjs nSfud thou osQ dk;ks± osQ fu"iknudh fLFkfr ij osQafnzr gksuh pkfg, blls Hkk"kk dkS'kyksadk izkÑfrd lfEeyu gks ldrk gSA pw¡fd ,dhÑrdkS'ky lkexzh cPpksa dks vkfèkdkfjd vkSj okLrfoddk;ks± esa yxk, j[ksxh ,slh laHkkouk gS] blls mudkvfHkizsj.k Lrj c<+sxkA os ,d ewykèkj eglwl djsaxs fdblosQ ihNs mUgsa D;k djus osQ fy, dgk tk jgk gS(eSdMksuks?kk vkSj 'kWk 1993] 2003&04)A

8- f'k{kd

8-1 Hkwfedk

d{kk ,slh txg gS tgk¡ fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kd vkSj ikB osQchp dbZ rjg osQ tfVy Lrjksa ij laokn gksrk gS vkSj

7-6 lkexzh dk ewY;kadu

dksbZ Hkh lkexzh lnSo vkSj izR;sd osQ fy, mi;ksxh ughagSA fdlh Hkh lkexzh osQ ewY;kadu ls iwoZ ekunaMksa dhigpku fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA gky gh esa f'k{kdksadh lgk;rk osQ fy, muosQ }kjk iz;qDr lkexzh ij dk;Zvuqlaèkku lapkfyr djus (,t vkSj fjpMZ 1993_ tkWyhvkSj cksfyFkks 1998) rFkk iwoZ&iz;ksx esa iz;ksx djus]iz;ksx osQ nkSjku iz;ksx djus vkSj ckn osQ iz;ksx osQewY;akdu djus esa iz;qDr lkèkuksa dks fodflr djus osQiz;kl fd, x,A bfyl 1984] 1996] 1998)A okLroesa] egÙoiw.kZ ;g gS fd u;h lkexzh dks rS;kj djus osQfy, yxkrkj ekxZnf'kZdkvksa dks le¼ fd;k tk,A mnkgj.kosQ fy,] ;g yxkrkj Li"V gksuk pkfg, fd ikB~;iqLrdksadks u osQoy fofHkUu fo"k;oLrqvksa osQ fy, vfirqfofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, LFkku miyCèk djokuk pkfg,Afo'ks"k:i ls Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa ge eglwl djrs gSa fdf'k{kdksa vkSj lh[kus okyksa osQ fy, Hkk"kk ikB~;iqLrdksa esagekjh Hkk"kk;h vkSj lkaLoQfrd fojklr dh fofHkUurk vkSjlef¼ dks izLrqr djus osQ iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,AblosQ lkFk gh fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh Hkk"kkvksa osQ ikBlfEefyr djus osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr dk Hkk"kk;h uD'kkmiyCèk djokuk vR;fèkd egÙoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA

7-7 lkexzh ys[kd dkSu gksa \

lkexzh ys[kd f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kd&izf'k{kd gks ldrsgSa tks f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj vkdka{kkvksa osQlaidZ esa gSaA lh[kus dh lkexzh dks fofoèkrk esa izLrqrdjus osQ fy, egkfo|ky;ksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQHkk"kk f'k{kdksa] Hkk"kkfonksa vkSj uokpkjh xSj ljdkjhlaxBuksa dks bu f'k{kdksa dks lg;ksx iznku djuk pkfg,A;g vlkekU; ugha gS fd f'k{kdksa vkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa }kjkla;qDr :i ls rS;kj lkexzh muosQ fy, rFkk twfu;jd{kkvksa osQ fy, lh[kus dh lkexzh cu tk,xhA okLroesa LFkkuh; 'kCndks"k] if=kdk,¡] yksddFkk,¡ vkSj xhr]ekuo tkfr osQ o`Ùkkar] o`Ùkfp=k bR;kfn d{kkvksa esavknku&iznku ds izHkko'kkyh :i cu tkrs gaSA gekjs

---ikB~;iqLrdksa dks u osQoy fofHkUu fo"k;&oLrqvksaosQ fy, LFkku miyCèk djokuk pkfg, vfirqfofoèk Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, Hkh--- f'k{kdksa vkSj izf'k{kdksa}kjk la;qDr :i ls rS;kj dh xbZ lkexzh muosQfy, rFkk twfu;j d{kkvksa osQ fy, lh[kus dhlkexzh cu tkrh gSA okLro esa LFkkuh; 'kCndks"k]if=kdk,¡] yksddFkk,¡ vkSj xhr] ekuo tkfr osQoÙkkar] orfp=k bR;kfn d{kkvksa esa vknku&iznku dkizHkko'kkyh :i cu tkrs gSaA

27

bl laokn esa f'k{kd egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSavkSj fuHkkus dh t+:jr Hkh gSA gekjs vuqlkjis'ksoj&izf'kf{kr vkSj lkekftd :i ls laosnu'khyf'k{kdksa dk dksbZ fodYi ugha gks ldrkA osaQnz ljdkjo jkT; ljdkjksa dh rji+Q ls f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeosQ fy, vfr xaHkhjrkiw.kZ ;kstukvksa ij lkspuk o veydjuk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gS rkfd izR;sd f'k{kd viusLrj ij gh 'kksèk vkfn osQ fy, Hkh igy dj losQA gesabl rjg dk <k¡pk fodflr djuk gksxk rkfd d{kk esaf'k{kd tks oqQN i<+krk gS og 'kS{kf.kd Kku dk lkekU;fgLlk gks losQ (jkWcVZ~l 1995)A

8-2 d{kk esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk

Hkk"kk i<+kus okys f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dh egÙkk dhxaHkhjrk blh ckr ls ”kkfgj gks tkrh gS fd ,d rks Hkk"kkiwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa fo|eku gksrh gS vkSj nwljs] Hkk"kkKku]lkekftd lacaèkksa dks dbZ Lrjksa ij etcwr djrk gSftldk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA ge vius vafre fo'ys"k.k ls;g tkurs gSa fd f'k{kd osQ ikl r;'kqnk vkns'k&izi=kgksrk gS vkSj og eg”k izfrfufèkRo iznku djus okykvfèkdkjh gS tks vius dks var£ojksèkksa esa Mkys fcukviuh Hkwfedk ij iqufoZpkj ugha dj ldrk (ns[ksacksfMZ;w 1993) rFkkfi] ge bl ckr ls lger vkSjlqfoK gSa fd lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh izfØ;k ,d Lrjij d{kk esa gh 'kq: gksuh pkfg, (vfXugks=kh 1995)A

8-3 f'k{kdksa dk izf'k{k.k

gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk dk;ZØe yxHkxfujk'kktud fLFkfr esa gSA ch-,M- osQ iqjkus gks pqosQ ,dlky osQ izksxzke vkt osQ nkSj esa d{kkvksa esa feyus okyhtfVy pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dksrS;kj ugha dj ikrsA buosQ fodYiksa tSls ^f'k{kkdehZ* usrks bl is'ks dks vkSj uhps fxjk fn;kA ;fn vkfnoklh&f'k{kkdh ckr djsa rks ge ifjfLFkfr dks vkSj ”;knk [kjkcikrs gSaA Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k dk 8 izfr'krvkfnoklh gSa (ns[ksa 1991 dh Hkkjr dh tux.kuk dk

fooj.k (www.censusindia.net/scst.html)A izfr'kr osQfglkc ls ;s de izdV gksrs gSa ysfdu okLro esa]rqyuk dh tk, rks ;g vkLVªsfy;k dh tula[;k ls”;knk gS (1991 dh Hkkjrh; tux.kuk esa Hkkjr dhvkfnoklh tula[;k 67]758]380 Fkh vkSj mlh lkyfd vkLVªsfy;k dh tux.kuk esa vkLVªsfy;k dh tula[;k17]288]044 Fkh)A mM+hlk tSls jkT; dh dqy tula[;kdk 24 izfr'kr vkfnoklh gh gSaA mM+hlk esa dqy 62vkfnoklh lewg gSa ysfdu vkt osQoy 22 Hkk"kk,¡gh cph jg xbZ gS a]tks fd foyqfIr osQ dxkj ij[kM+h gS aA ckdh Hkk"kk,¡ eq[;èkkjk es a lekfgr gksxb± (mM+hlk osQ laca/ esa fooj.k osQ fy, ns[ksaμwww.languageinindia.com2005/smitasinhaorisa1.html)A

lkekU;r% vkfnoklh bykdksa osQ Ldwyksa osQ f'k{kdfo|kfFkZ;ksa ;k muosQ vfHkHkkodksa dh Hkk"kkvksa ls vutkugksrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] mM+hlk esa rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ijizfrcaèk gS fd os vius ?kj dh Hkk"kk dk Ldwyh le;lqcg 10 cts ls 4%30 'kke rd osQ fy, iz;ksx u djsaAdqN ,slh gh fLFkfr mÙkj& iwoZ vkSj fnYyh esa Hkh gSA

dbZ vè;;uksa ls Kkr gqvk gS fd vkfnoklhLowwQyksa esa 5oha esa Hkh fo|kFkhZ ikB~;iqLrd osQ fdlh HkhokD; dks i<+us esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA v{kjksa dh igpkuvkSj 'kCn fuekZ.k esa mUgsa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA f'k{kdksa osQfy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkk"kk dks tkuuk egÙoiw.kZ ugha ekuktkrk gS ,sls esa fo'ks"k rjhosQ fodflr djus dh ”k:jrgS] tks ?kj] iM+ksl o LowQy dh Hkk"kk osQ chp iqy dkdke dj losaQA vfèkdka'kr% d{kkvksa esa f'k{kd vkSjfo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ chp dk laokn ,d gh fn'kk (ou os) esagksrk gS ftlesa f'k{kd cksyrk gS] fo|kFkhZ lqurs gSa]

Hkk"kk f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk bl gn rd gks fd Hkk"kkikB~;p;kZ dh lhekvksa esa c¡èkh u jgdj LoNan gksvkSj tfVy rjhdksa ls Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fofoèk izdkjls lkekftd lacaèkksa dks vkSj etcwr cuk,] oLrqr%;g cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA

28

fo|kFkhZ le> jgs gSa fd ugha blls dksbZ eryc ughagksrkA cgqHkkf"kdrk vkSj laKkukRed fodkl dks c<+koknsus osQ fy, ftldh odkyr ge bl vk/kj i=k osQekè;e ls dj jgs gSa blesa ;g vfuok;Z djuk gksxk fdf'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkk"kk ls voxr gksaA

dksbZ mEehn dj ldrk gS fd f'k{kd&izf'k{k.kdk;ZØe ,d 'kksèk&vè;;u osQ vfHkdYiu esa oqQNewy rF;ksa ij cy nsxk tks uewus] lkexzh] vk¡dM+ksa osQvkèkkj ij fu"d"kZ] fo'ys"k.k vkSj ek=kkRed o xq.kkRedvk¡dM+ksa osQ ^Vªk;aXyw;s'ku* ij è;ku nsxkA d{kkvksa osQekeys esa cPpksa dh osQl LVMh ij fo'ks"k ”kksj dht+:jr gSA bl rjg dk izf'k{k.k lHkh fo"k;ksa ij ykxwgksxkA

8-4 xgu uokpkjh izf'k{k.k dh t+:jr

gekjh d{kkvksa esa vkt Hkh f'k{kd vkSj ikB~;iqLrdosQafnzr Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k i¼fr fo|eku gS ftlesa f'k{kddks Kku dk loksZifj vfèkdkjh ekuk tkrk gS vkSj tgk¡lh[kuk eq[;r% cus cuk, iSVuZ dk vH;kl] djus vkSjjVus osQ ekè;e ls gksrk gSA ge mEehn djrs gSa fd u,f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa dks Hkk"kk dh izÑfr]

lajpuk o mlosQ izdk;Z osQ izfr] Hkk"kk&lh[kus oifjorZu dh izfØ;k osQ izfr tkx:d djasxs vkSj mUgsa,sls rjhosQ [kkstus dh fn'kk esa c<+us dks izsfjr djsaxs tkscgqHkk"kh&d{kk osQ fy, mfpr gksaA dbZ laLFkkvksa vkSjO;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ,l-Vh-,-,e-ih- (lkbafVfiQdF;ksjh ,aM esFkM izkstsDV bu n ;w-,l-) [kkl dj gksaMkvkSj vks* uhy (1993)] LizksV (1984)] jk"Vªh; Hkk"kkifj;kstuk (1992)] vfXugks=kh (1992] 95) osQ vè;;uksaus fn[kyk;k gS fd oSQls f'k{kd ,d lkFk cgqHkk"kh d{kkesa 'kksèkkFkhZ o cPps esa Hkkf"kd laKkukRed fodkl esalgk;d dh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA

8-5 f'k{kd] 'kksèkkFkhZ osQ :i esa

ikB~;iqLrd o ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k esa f'k{kdksa osQ 'kksèk dhegÙkk dks xaHkhjrk ls ysus dh ”k:jr gSA cPpksa vkSjmuosQ ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod osQ fopkjksa osQ ckjs esaf'k{kdksa osQ ekè;e ls gh csgrj :i esa tkudkjh feyldrh gSA ;fn ge vius f'k{kdksa dks lHkh Hkkf"kdLrjksa tSls& èofu] 'kCn] okD;] foe'kZ vkfn osQ izfrlaosnu'khy voyksdu djus osQ fy, izsfjr djsa] rksfuLlansg ge muosQ ekè;e ls izkIr tkudkjh osQ cyij ”;knk izHkko'kkyh ikB~;Øe] ikB~;iqLrd o vU;ikB~;lkexzh rFkk lgk;d f'k{k.k lkexzh fodflr djikus esa liQy gks ldrs gSaA

bl ckr ls dksbZ badkj ugha dj ldrk fdf'k{kd] og Hkh Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa dkI+kQh lqfoèkkoafprekgkSy esa dke djrs gSaA vius lkekU; f'k{k.k dk;Z osQvykok mu ij nwljs dk;Z Hkh ykn fn, tkrs gSa ftlosQfy, mUgsa dksbZ vfrfjDr Hkqxrku ugha fd;k tkrkA mUgsadbZ ckj d{kk NksM+dj ,slk Hkh djus dks etcwj fd;ktkrk gS elyu pquko esa] lk{kjrk vfHk;ku esa] ifjokjfu;kstu] tux.kuk vkfn esaA

LowQyksa dh fLFkfr Hkh dbZ txg ,slh n;uh; gSfd fuEure Lrj ij Bhd ls i<+k ikuk laHko ugha gksrkrFkkfi] osQoy f'k{kd gh gS tks cPpksa dks cksyus esa LojosQ mrkj&p<+ko] rhozrk rFkk èkhesiu osQ izfr tkx:ddj ldrk gSA ,dek=k ogh gS tks cPpksa dks i| dh

u;s vè;kid&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa dks Hkk"kkdh izÑfr] ljapuk vkSj izdk;ks±] Hkkf"kd laizkfIrrFkk Hkkf"kd ifjorZuksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy cuk,¡xsrFkk mUgsa ,slh dk;Zuhfr;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ djsaxs ftllsos cgqHkk"kh d{kk esa fLFkfr osQ vuq:i lalkèkufodflr dj ldsaA cPpksa vkSj muds vfHkHkkodksadh okLrfod vkok”k f'k{kdksa dh ,tsalh osQekè;e ls lquh tk,xhA ;fn ge vius f'k{kdksadks lHkh Hkkf"kd Lrjksa tSls èofu] 'kCn] okD;]izksfDr vkfn osQ izfr laosnu'khy vkSj izs{kd cuusosQ fy, izf'kf{kr dj ldrs gSa rks bleas dksbZlansg ugha fd ges vfèkdkfèkd izHkko'kkyh vkSjpqukSrhiw.kZ ikB~;iqLrdsa vkSj f'k{kd&lgk;d lkexzhrS;kj djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A

29

y; vkSj x| dh le> osQ izfr lpsru dj ldrk gSAblfy, mls bl rjg izf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfdog LowQy eas izos'k dj jgs cPps esa ekStwn fo'kkyHkkf"kd o laKkukRed {kerk osQ izfr lpsr gks losQAHkk"kk osQ ekeys esa ;g lp gS fd izR;sd cPpk viuhHkk"kk dks Bhd ls cksy ysrk gSA ,d lpsr f'k{kd dks;g Kku gksuk pkfg, fd dSls cPps dh viuh Hkk"kk oLowQy esa iz;qDr gksus okyh Hkk"kk osQ chp iqy cuk;ktk,A mls ekywe gksuk pkfg, fd ^ekud* dh Js.khizkIr Hkk"kk] bZ'oj dh Hkk"kk ugha gS ;k 'kwU; esa ughatUeh gS] cfYd og lkekftd 'kfDr;ksa }kjk l`ftr gSAfdlh [kkl le; esa] [kkl lkekftd lajpuk esa dksbZHkh Hkk"kk ^ekud Hkk"kk* dk ntkZ ikus dh {kerk j[krhgSA ,d izf'kf{kr f'k{kd gh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izfØ;k esacPps }kjk dh tk jgh xyfr;ksa dks mlosQ Lrj osQfglkc ls ns[k ikus osQ dkfcy gks losQxkA

9- vkdyu

9-1 Hkwfedk

vkdyu iBu&ikBu izfØ;k dk vfHkUu fgLlk gSAorZeku vafre ijh{kkfHkeq[kh izfØ;k mPp Lrjh; rukoksadks tUe nsrh gSA gky osQ o"kks± esa Xoha ;k XIIoha osQijh{kk&ifj.kkeksa osQ mijkar ;k ijh{kk osQ igys ghfo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk vkRegR;k osQ iz;kl osQ ekeyksa esa rs”khls o`f¼ gksrh ikbZ xbZ gSA dbZ vè;;uksa (gkjfoV~t]gkjfoV~t vkSj dksi 1986_ LVsucxZ vkSj gkjfoV~t1986] vCnqy gehn 2005) ls Hkh ;g ckr [kqydjlkeus vkbZ gS fd ijh{kkvksa osQ Hk; ls mRiUu ruko]muosQ izn'kZu dks udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSAblfy, vkdyu fofèk;ksa dks ÅckÅ o Hk; iSnk djusosQ LFkku ij ”;knk ls ”;knk pqukSrhiw.kZ o etsnkj cukusosQ fy, tYn gh igydneh dh t+:jr gSA cksypkyls ysdj vU; dbZ Hkkf"kd dkS'kyksa (i<+uk] fy[kuk]cksyuk] lquuk) ij vusd vè;;u o 'kksèk vkfn(mnkgj.k osQ fy, ns[ksa] ,YMjlu 1979_ cSpeSu1989_ Msfol 1990_ vksyj 1983_ oSysV 1967_

gSfjl 1969_ LiksYLdh 1978] gSfjlu 1980] foaQ'k(1974&88) gq, gSa vkSj ge mudk ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA

tSlk fd ;s vè;;u crkrs gSa] ewY;kadu ,dlrr pyus okyh izfØ;k gS vkSj bldk mís'; gS&lh[kusokys dh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk vkSj ,d:irk dh le> dkvkdyu] bls fofHkUu lanHkks± esa mi;ksx djus dh {kerkvkSj blosQ lkSan;Zijd igyw dks ij[k ldus dh {kerkdk Hkh vkdyuA blls gesa lh[kus okys dh okLrfodfLFkfr dk irk pyrk gS vkSj mldh fLFkfr@Lrj dkscsgrj cukus osQ fy, le; ij mfpr gLr{ksi djus osQfy, vko';d igy djus dk Hkh b'kkjk feyrk gSA

lh[kus okys dk ewY;kadu Hkkf"kd Kku vkSjlaizs"k.kkRed dkS'kyksa nksuksa osQ Lrjksa ij gksuk pkfg,Alh[kus okys dk ewY;kadu [kqn mlosQ lanHkZ esa vkSjmlosQ lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk j[kdj fd;k tkuk pkfg,ftlosQ fy, dbZ rjg dh tk¡p dh tk ldrh gSSA [kqys;k can iz'u] cgqoSdfYid fo+QLe osQ iz'u ;k ;w¡ gheupkgs lcdA lewg dk;Z vkSj izkstsDV vkfn osQ vkèkkjij Hkh fo|kFkhZ dh izxfr ewY;kadu osQ u;s rjhosQ 'kq:fd, tk ldrs gSaA

9-2 ijh{k.kksa osQ izdkj

ijh{k.kksa dk vFkZ gS& Kku] {kerk o izn'kZu dk fdlhHkh fofèk ls ekiuA Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ ekeys esa tk¡p dksd{kk&dk;Z osQ gh foLrkj osQ :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,]tks lh[kus okys o fl[kkus okys nksuksa osQ fy, mi;ksxhlwpuk,¡ iznku djus esa lgk;d gkas vkSj ftudk mi;ksxi<+kus osQ rjhosQ vkSj lkexzh dks fodflr djus gsrqfd;k tk losQAv) vfHk#fp ijh{k.k% fo|kFkhZ esa f}rh;@fons'kh

Hkk"kk lh[kus dh {kerk gS ;k ugha vFkok blizdkj dh dksbZ laHkkouk gS ;k ugha & bldhtk¡p bl ijh{k.k osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA blls osfo|kFkhZ pqudj lkeus yk, tk ldrs gSa tks mDrHkk"kk lh[kus osQ dkfcy gksaA

c) dlkSVh&lanfHkZr ijh{k.k% bl ijh{k.k dk mís';fuf'pr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ [kkl fo"k;&oLrq ls

30

lacafèkr gksrk gSA funkukRed vkSj miyfCèkijdtk¡p bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA funkukRed tk¡p lsirk pyrk gS fd ikB~;Øe osQ fdlh fof'k"Vigyw osQ Kku esa fo|kFkhZ dh D;k fLFkfr gS\mlus fdruk lh[kk gS\ ;g dkslZ dh fdlhbdkbZ dh lekfIr osQ mijkar fy;k tkrk gSAmiyfCèkijd tk¡p esa fo|kFkhZ dh vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksadh rqyuk esa tks fLFkfr gksrh gS mldh tk¡p dhtkrh gSA bl tk¡p dk mís'; ;g tkuuk gksrkgS fd tks y{; ?kksf"kr fd, x, Fks] mUgsa dgk¡rd izkIr fd;k tk ldkA

l) ekud lanfHkZr ijh{k.k% ;g ijh{k.k XykscyHkk"kk ;ksX;rk dh tk¡p gSA vfèkdka'k jks”kxkj vkSjn{krk lacaèkh tk¡p blh rjg dh gksrh gSaA bldkmís'; gS& fo|kFkhZ us tks dqN lh[kk mls ogdgk¡ rd okLrfod fLFkfr esa dk;kZfUor djusosQ dkfcy gS vkSj D;k og fof'k"V ;ksX;rkvksaosQ lanHkZ esa ,d ekud Lrj rd igq¡p ldkA

;s ijh{k.k oLrqfu"B ;k o.kZukRed gks ldrs gSaAoLrqfu"B ijh{k.k esa vadu ;kaf=kd <ax ls fd;k tkldrk gSA muesa cgq&oSdfYid] :ikarj.k ij vkèkkfjr]vèkwjs okD;ksa dks iwjk djus] lgh@xyr] tksM+s feykusvkfn tSls iz'u vkrs gSaA o.kZukRed ijh{k.k osQ ekeysesa ijh{kd osQ futh I+kSQlys dk egÙo gksrk gS vkSjvadu ”;knk dfBu o le; ysus okyk gksrk gSA ;fnijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k ”;knk gks rks bl rjg dh tk¡plaHko ugha gSA

9-3 ijh{k.k rS;kj djuk

dksbZ Hkh ijh{k.k rS;kj djus dh izfØ;k] ;gk¡ rd fdd{kk osQ Hkhrj dh Hkh] eq[;r% rhu pj.kksa esa laikfnrgksrh gS% 1- vfHkdYi] 2- lapkyu] vkSj 3- ijh{k.k dkiz'kkluA

vfHkdYi rS;kj djus dh voLFkk esa iz'uksa dkfooj.k] igpku vkSj pquko 'kkfey gksrk gSA

lapkyu (vkWijs'ku) dh voLFkk esa ijh{k.k esa

iz;qDr fd, tkus okys fofoèk dk;ks± osQ fo'ks"k fooj.krS;kj fd, tkrs gSa] lkFk gh ,d [k+kdk Hkh rS;kj fd;ktkrk gS tks fd ;g crkrk gS fd okLrfod ijh{k.k dk:i nsus osQ fy, tk¡p dSls dh tk,xhA

blesa okLrfod ijh{kk lacèkh dk;Z] fyf[krvuqns'k] vkSj vadu dh fØ;kfofèk;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey gksrhgSaA dk;kZUo;u dh voLFkk esa ijh{k.k fy;k tkrk gS]lwpuk,¡ ,d=k dh tkrh gSa rFkk vadksa dk fo'ys"k.kfd;k tkrk gSA

ijh{k.k dk fodkl f'k{kd dks ijh{k.k dhmi;ksfxrk dks xkSj ls ns[kus@iM+rky djus dk voljiznku djrk gSA fodkl dh ;g izfØ;k vuqfØ;kRedgksuh pkfg,A ;g ckn esa tk¡p&iz'uksa osQ iqufoZpkj vkSjmUgsa nksgjkus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrh gSA lkFk gh vadudh i¼fr dks Hkh fufeZr o fodflr djus esa ;gennxkj lkfcr gksrh gSA

9-4 ijh{k.k osQ fy, fn, tkus okys dk;Z

ijh{k.k dk;Z dbZ rjg osQ gks ldrs gSa – vuqRikndijh{k.k dk;Z (Dykst ijh{k.k djuk] Jqrys[ku] vuqokn]uksV ysuk] la;kstu] vkfn)_ mRiknu ijh{k.k dk;Z(tksM+k feykuk] cgqoSdfYid] Øec¼ djuk vkfn) lsysdj iksVZiQksfyvks&vkdyu (,d [kkl vofèk esa fo|kFkhZ}kjk fd, x, ltukRed dk;Z) rdA Hkk"kk dk iksVZiQksfy;ksizi=kksa dk laxfBr o Øec¼ laxzg gks ldrk gS ftlsfo|kFkhZ us [kkl le; osQ njE;ku esa fd;k gks] vkSj mlsO;ofLFkr <ax ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blsekud ijh{k.k&i¼fr;ksa osQ fodYi osQ :i esa ns[kktkrk gSA blls fo|kFkhZ esa lh[kus osQ izfr nkf;Rocksèkiuirk gSA

Hkkf"kd ewY;kadu osQ vkèkqfud rjhosQ ;g lq>krs

ewY;kadu ,d lrr izfØ;k gS--- bldk izkFkfedmís'; izfofèk] lkexzh] f'k{kd] izf'k{k.k vkSjd{kk esa dk;Z fu"iknu esa lqèkkj osQ fy, izfriqf"VizkIr djuk gS---

31

gSa fd fofoDr fcanqvkas vkSj lekdyukRed ijh{k.kksa dklarqfyr lewg cukuk mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA lekdyukRedijh{k.k tSlh can izfØ;k (Dyks”M izksflM~;ksj) tksxsLVkYV (lexzko`Qfr)euksfoKku ij vkèkkfjr gks] lHkhLrjksa ij fofoèk :iksa esa l`tukRed <ax ls <kyk tkldrk gSA (dksgsu 1980)A blh izdkj ls] fo'ks"kdjcgqHkk"kh d{kk esa] vuqokn dks fofHkUu izdkj ls iz;qDrfd;k tk ldrk gSA

10 flI+kQkfj'ksa

fd, x, reke laoknksa o cglksa osQ mijkar fu"d"kZr%ge fuEufyf[kr fli+Qkfj'ksa izLrqr dj jgs gSa %1- izkFkfed&Lrj dh f'k{kk eq[;r% Hkk"kk&f'k{kk gSA

vkjafHkd Lrj osQ xf.kr] lekt ,oa ifjos'k dkKku Hkh ekr`Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls lcls vPNs <axls o vklkuh ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA izkFkfedLowwQy esa f'k{k.k dk ekè;e lh[kus okys dhHkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk gh gksuh pkfg,] ftldk vk/kjfu'p; gh os vkuqHkfod] Hkkf"kd o laKkukRedlzksr gksus pkfg, ftUgsa cPpk vius lkFk ysdjLowQy esa izos'k djrk gSA ckn dh LowQyh&f'k{kkesa f'k{k.k dk ekè;e ekr`Hkk"kk ;k {ks=kh; Hkk"kkgksuk pkfg,A ysfdu osQanzh; o uoksn; fo|ky;ksaesa] tgk¡ fganh vkSj vaxzst+h dk iz;ksx igyh d{kkls gh gksus yxrk gS] ogk¡ bUgsa cjdjkj j[kk tkldrk gSA bu fo|ky;ksa ls ckgj vkus okysfo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izR;sd jkT; esa de&ls&de,d f}Hkk"kh; (fganh&vaxzs”kh) dkWyst ”k:j gksukpkfg,A

2- tgk ¡ ;k sX;rk izkIr f'k{kd vkSj i;k ZIrvolajpukRed (baizQkLVªDpjy) lqfo/k,¡ miyC/gksa ogk¡ izkFkfed Lrj ls gh vaxzst+h i<+kbZ tkldrh gS] ysfdu izFke ,d&nks lky rd iQksdleq[;r% ekSf[kd] JO; oqQ'kyrk] lkekU;dks'kxrenksa ;k nSuafnu ckrphr ij gh gksukpkfg,A vaxzs”kh dh d{kk esa cPpksa dks mudh

viuh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djus ls ugha jksdukpkfg, vkSj f'k{k.k ,slh ikB~;iqLrd ij fuHkZjgksuk pkfg, tks cPps osQ le> osQ Lrj dk gksA;fn ;ksX;&izf'kf{kr f'k{kd miyC/ ugha gS rksvaxzst+h izkFkfed Lrj osQ ckn gh ykbZ tkuhpkfg,] vkSj mls bl rjg ls i<+k;k tk, fdf'k{kkFkhZ mu cPpksa osQ Lrj rd tYnh ls tYnhigq¡p losQ] ftUgksaus vaxzs”kh dh i<+kbZ izkFkfedLrj ls gh 'kq: dj nh FkhA

3- ?kj esa cksyh tkus okyh] nksLrksa osQ chp o iM+ksldh Hkk"kkvksa rFkk Ldwy esa iz;qDr dh tkus okyhHkk"kk osQ chp osQ i+Qklys dks ikVus dk Hkjiwjiz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vaxzst+h ekè;e LowQyksaesa Hkh ekr`Hkk"kk dk ,d ekè;e osQ :i esa iz;ksxgksuk pkfg, vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ dks ,d ekè;e lsnwljs ekè;e esa tkus dh NwV gksuh pkfg,A

4- ekr`Hkk"kk@{ks=kh; Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx f'k{kk osQ lHkhmPp Lrjksa rd tkjh jguk pkfg, D;ksafd ekrHkk"kk;k vklikl dh Hkk"kk esa mPp&n{krk dk Lrjcsgrj laKkukRed fodkl varoS Z;fDrdlaokn&oqQ'kyrk o lS¼kafrd&Li"Vrk dks c<+koknsus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

5- iwjh Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ nkSjku f}Hkkf"kdrk dkscuk, j[kuk pkfg,] dkj.k f}Hkkf"kdrk vkSjfo}r~ (LdkWykfLVd) miyfC/;ksa dk xgjkldkjkRed laca/ ik;k x;k gS A Hkk"kk(vksa) esamPp&Lrjh; n{krk izkfIr osQ fcuk xf.kr] lektfoKku vkSj foKku esa le> vkSj miyfC/ osQLrj dk fodkl laHko ugha gSA

6- ikB~;p;kZ&fuekZrkvksa] ikB~;iqLrd&ys[kdksa vkSjf'k{kd dks fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa vkSj fo"k;ksa osQ chplaidZ&lw=k (usVodZ) LFkkfir djus dk Hkjiwjiz;kl djuk pkfg,A ikB~;p;kZ osQ iwjs iVy esaiz;qDr gksus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ij è;ku osQafnzr djukt+:jh gS] D;ksafd Hkk"kk&n{krk esa mPp Lrj dhdq'kyrk ,d Hkk"kk ls nwljh Hkk"kk esa vklkuh ls

32

LFkkukarfjr gks tkrh gSA fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esaHkk"kk&n{krk osQ Lrj vkSj fo"k; osQ :i esaiz;qDr Hkk"kk osQ Lrj osQ chp laxfr gksuhpkfg,A

7- NBh&d{kk ls laLÑr crkSj vk/qfud Hkkjrh;Hkk"kk osQ :i esas i<+kbZ tkuh 'kq: dj nh tkuhpkfg,] ysfdu 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ ekeys esa(laLo`Qr] rfey ;k ySfVu) ;g Hkk"kk ekè;fed;k mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij de ls de nks o"kks±rd] jkspd o pqukSrhiw.kZ rjhosQ ls i<+k;h tkuhpkfg,A

8- tgk¡ rd laHko gks losQ fons'kh Hkk"kk mPpekè;fed Lrj ij nks o"kks± rd i<+kbZ tkuhpkfg,A

9- fof/;k¡] lkexzh] d{kk esa viukbZ xbZ dk;Zuhfr;k¡vkSj ewY;kadu izfØ;k bl rjg dh gksuh pkfg,tks bl ckr dks lqfuf'pr djsa fd cPps LowQyNksM+rs oDr fganh@{ks=kh; Hkk"kk vkSj vaxzs”kh esamPp&n{krk izkIr dj pqosQ gksaA

10- fganh vkSj vaxs”kh osQ f'k{kdksa dks {ks=kh; Hkk"kkdk Kku gksuk ”k:jh gS] rkfd f'k{kkFkhZ dhlfØ; lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr dh tk losQAvkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ nwljh Hkk"kk osQ Kku dhlaHkkouk de gks] ogk¡ ml {ks=k dh Hkk"kk tkuusokys f'k{kdksa dks 'kkfey djuk vR;ar ”k:jhgSA

11- jkspd o pqukSrhiw.kZ ikB~;iqLrosaQ vkSj vU; iqLrosaQtks 'kSyh] fo"k; o vfHkO;fDr osQ O;kid {ks=kdks lesVs gksa] dk fuekZ.k vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gS]lkFk gh ,sls f'k{kdksa dks eqgS;k djokuk pkfg,tks fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa mPp n{krk izkIr gksaA

12- Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ ekeys esa laiw.kZrkoknh (gksfyfLVd)#[k viukus dh t+:jr gSA fofo/ lanHkks± esaHkk"kk iz;ksx ij vk/kfjr ikB~;iqLrdksa dks f'k{k.kdk vk/kj cukuk pkfg,A

13- f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh xq.koÙkk dks

lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ,slslaLFkku [kksys tk,¡ tgk¡ Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k osQ fy,dq'ky izf'k{kd rS;kj fd, tk losaaQA lkFk ghmu xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ls laidZ ”k:jh gSftUgksaus Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa vfHkuo iz;ksxfd, gksaA

14- jkT; osQ Hkhrj vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp f'k{kk esaHkk"kk osQ foosQanzhdj.k gsrq 'kh?kz gh dne mBkusdh ”k:jr gSA bldh 'kq#vkr ewy vkRek lsNsM+&NkM+ fd, fcuk f=kHkk"kk&lw=k dks dk;ZkfUordjus osQ ekeys esa yphykiu cjrrs gq, dh tkldrh gSA

15- cgqHkk"kh d{kk,¡ tks fd Hkkjr esa lkekU;r%cgqrk;r esa gksrh gS] mUgsa f'k{kk esa vojks/ osQctk;] lalk/u osQ rkSj ij gh ns[kk tkukpkfg,A f'k{kdksa dks d{kkvksa dks egt i<+kusdh txg ugha cfYd lh[kus dh txg osQ :iesa Hkh ysuk pkfg,A cgqHkk"kh o cgqHkk"kh&lkaLoQfrdd{kk,¡ Hkkf"kd o lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk osQ izfrldkjkRed izo`fr mRiUu djus esa lgk;d fl¼gks ldrh gSaA

16- vYila[;dksa vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa dh Hkk"kkvksa dkscpkus] cuk, j[kus o fodflr djus dk Hkjiwjiz;kl ”k:jh gS tks rs”kh ls gks jgs lkekftdifjorZuksa o HkweaMyhdj.k dh otg ls u"V gksusosQ dxkj ij gSa vkSj u"V gksus dh fn'kk esamUeq[k gks jgh gSaA

17- /kfeZd] lkaLo`Qfrd o lkekftd iwokZxzgksa dkslekIr djus dh ftEesnkjh iwjs f'k{kk&ra=k dh gS]ysfdu Hkk"kk d{kk,¡ blesa egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkk ldrh gSa] blfy, foe'kk±s dks ftEesnkjkukrkSj ij ysus dh fn'kk esa lkexzh&fuekZrkvksa dksizksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

18- gekjs Kku dk vf/dka'k fgLlk tsaMj osQ izfriwokZxzgksa ls xzLr gS vkSj bls lapfjr o iqufuZfeZrdjus dk dke Hkk"kk gh djrh gSA ;fn ge

33

pkgrs gSa fd okLrfod tura=k dk LoIu iwjk gkslosQ rks ySafxd iwokZxzgksa dks lekIr djus dkHkjiwj iz;kl djuk gksxkA

19- ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k u LoHkko esaa lkfofèkdgksuh pkfg, vkSj u gh mlesa eg”k O;kdj.k oLFkkuh; iBu cks/ ij cy gksA ;g ,d lrrizfØ;k gksuh pkfg, vkSj blesa lHkh mijksDrflI+kQkfj'ksa fn[kkbZ nsuh pkfg,] ftlesa 'kkfey gksaHkkf"kd fofoèkrk osQ os igyw tks fofHkUUkvfHkO;fDr;ksa vkSj 'kSfy;ksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA lkFkgh os laizs"k.kkRed dk;Z tks iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esafufgr gksrs gSaA

20- dbZ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ lh[kus dk Lrj lkekU; lsvyx gks ldrk gS ('kkjhfjd ;k ekuflddkj.kksa dh otg ls)A os lkekU; lkekftdvar%fØ;k osQ ekè;e ls ewyHkwr Hkk"kk&dkS'kyizkIr dj ldrs gSa] mUgsa daI;wVj lh[kus esa HkhFkksM+h dfBukbZ gks ldrh gSA blfy, mPp&n{krkizkIr djus osQ fy, vk/qfud rduhd o fof'k"V:i ls vfHkdfYir lkexzh rd mudh fo'ks"kigq¡p lqfuf'pr djkbZ tkuh pkfg,A

21- ge t+ksj Mkydj dguk pkgrs gSa fd ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- vkSj blh rjg dh vU; laLFkk,¡] elyulh-vkbZ-vkbZ-,y-] eSlwj dks ,d lkFk feydjHkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k dk vkWuykbu izksxzke*'kq: djuk pkfg,A lkFk gh mi;ksxh o jkspdnwjn'kZu dk;ZØe cuk, tk ldrs gS a tks

Hkk"kk&lh[kus o ijk&Hkkf"kd psruk dks mRiUudjus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksaA

22- p¡wfd iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dh Hkwfedk dhegÙkk dh igpku vc gksus yxh gS blfy,lHkh f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k vfHkuohdj.kdkslZ (vksfj,aVs'ku dkslZ) vfuok;Z dj nsukpkfg,] tks Hkk"kk dh izo`Qfr] lajpuk o izdk;Zij osaQfnzr gks] lkFk gh tks f'k{kdksa esa f'k{kkFkhZ oHkk"kk nksuksa osQ fodkl osQ izfr nkf;Rocksèk mRiUudjsA

23- i<+us dh vknr dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy,;g ”k:jh gS fd izR;sd LowwQy esa vPNs iqLrdky;gksa] tgk¡ cPpksa osQ vius ikB~;Øe osQ vykokvU; lkexzh i<+us o fy[kus osQ izfr Hkh izsfjrfd;k tk losQA

24- vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk i<+kus osQ ekeys esa ;g è;ku j[kukegÙoiw.kZ gksxk fd lanHkZ ik'pkR; (vifjfpr)(fons'kh) u gks] cfYd LFkkuh; ifjizs{;&le¼ gksaA

25- Hkk"kk&lh[kus o fl[kkus osQ rjhdksa osQ {ks=k esaNksVh&NksVh 'kks/ ifj;kstukvksa dks c<+kok fn;ktkuk pkfg,A

26- Hkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrdksa vkSj foKku@lekt foKkuesa iz;qDr Hkk"kk osQ chp osQ I+kQklys dks ikVuk ;kmuosQ chp lacaèk LFkkfir djuk vR;ar ”k:jhgSA dbZ f'k{kkFkhZ oSKkfud o lkekftd foKkudh /kj.kkvksa dks Hkk"kk;h leL;k dh otg lsgh ugha le> ikrs gSaA

34

ifjf'k"V IxzaFk lwph

vCnqy gehn] ,u- 2005] flfj;u LVwMsaV~l izkWfiQfl;alh bu bafXy'k % , lks'ky lkbdksykWftdy ilZissfDVo]vizdkf'kr] ih,p- Mh- dk 'kks/izca/] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1979] izkslsl vkWI+kQ ,flfeys'ku% , lksf'k;ks&fyfXaofLVd LVMh vkWI+kQ fl[k fpYMªsu bu yhM~l]vizdkf'kr] Mh- fiQy dk 'kks/izac/] U;w;kdZ fo'ofo|ky;A

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1988] ^,jlZ ,t yfu±x LVªsVth”k*] bafM;u tuZy vkWI+kQ vIykW;M fyafXofLVDl 14-1%1&14

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1992] ^bafM;k % eYVhfyaxqq,y ilZisfDVo*] ukbZtsy] Vh- }kjk laikfnr] MseksoszQfVdyh Lihfdax%baVjus'kuy ilZisfDVo vkWu ySaXost Iykfuax] nf{k.k vizQhdk] lkWYV fjoj % jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ifj;kstukA

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1995] ^VhplZ* isl bu n Dykl:e*] nh ySaXost dWfjoqQye % Mk;ukfeDl vkWI+kQ psat([kaM%1)μ baVjus'kuy lsfeukj dk fjiksVZ] gSnjkckn% lh vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y-A

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,-,y- 1994 (laikndx.k)] lsoaQM ySaXost ,Dohft'ku% lksf'k;ks&dYPkjy ,aMfyafXofLVd vkLIksDV~l vkWi+Q bafXy'k bu bafM;k (vkj-,-,y-1)] u;h fnYYkh% lst ifCyosQ'kalA

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- [kUuk] ,- ,y- 1995 (laikndx.k)] bafXy'k ySaXost Vhfpax bu bafM;k % b';w”k ,aM bUuksos'kal (vkj-,- ,y-2)] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyosQ'kalA

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- vkSj [kUuk] ,- ,y- 1997] ¶lks'ky lkbdksykWftdy ilZisfDVo vkWu lsdaM ySaXost yfu±x%, fozQfVd¸ flag] vkj- (laiknd) osQ xzkej] ySaXost ,aM lkslk;Vh] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyosQ'kalA

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj eq[kthZ ,- 1982] ¶iszfMDVlZ vkWi+Q ,fpoesaV bu bafXy'k Vsalsl % ,lksf'k;ks& lkbdksykWftdy LVMh¸] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWi+Q ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl 8-2% 89&105

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,-,y- vkSj eq[kthZ] ,- 1983] oSfj,'kal bu n ;wt vkWi+Q Vaslsl bu bafXy'k % ,lksf'k;ksfyafXofLVd ilZisfDVo] u;h fnYyh% vkbZ-lh-,l-,l-vkj-

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj ,l-'kqDyk 1964] izf'kdk] u;h fnYyh% jRuk lkxjA

vfXugks=kh-] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj lpnso] vkbZ- (laikndx.k)] lks'ky lkbdksykWftdy ilZisfDVo~l bulsdaM ySaXost yfu±x (vkj-,-,y-4)] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyosQ'kalA

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- vkSj lat; oqQekj 2001] (laikndx.k)] Hkk"kk] cksyh vkSj lekt% ,d var%laokn] u;h fnYyh%ns'kdkyA

vxzoky] ih- vkSj lat; oqQekj 2000 (laikndx.k)] fganh u;h pky esa <yh] u;h fnYyh% ns'kdkyA

,YMjlu] ts-lh- 1979] n Dyks”k izksflM~;ksj ,asM izksfiQfl;salh bu bafXy'k ,t , iQkWjsu ySaXost-] Vh-bZ-,l-vks-,y-=kSekfld 13] 2%219&28

,YMjlu] ts-lh- vkSj cjSVk] , (laikndx.k) 1992] bosY;w,fVax lsdaM ySaXost ,tqosQ'ku] oSQafczt % dSafczt;wfuoflZVh iszlA

35

,YMjlu] ts- lh-] dkiQkWe] lh- vkSj okWy] Mh- 1995] ySaXost VsLV daLVªD'ku ,aM boSY;w,'ku] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt;wfuoflZVh izslA

vkWyjkbV] Mh- vkSj csyh] osQ- ,e- 1991] iQksdl vkWu n ySaXost Dykl:e] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

vkWyjkbV] vkj- ,y- 1981] ^OgkV Mw oh okaV Vhfpax eSVsfj;Yl iQkWj\ bZ- ,y- Vh- 36-1% 5&18

,UMjlu] vkj- MCY;w- (laikfnr)] 1981] U;w Mkbesa'kal bu lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku fjlpZ] jkWyh] ekl% U;wcjhgkmlA

,aFkksuh] bZ- ,e- 1972] ^,izksp] esFkM ,aM VsDuhd* ,ysu vkSj oSaQicSy }kjk laikfnr] 1972 osQ Vhfpax bafXy'k ,t, lsdaM ySaXost] VkVk eSdxzkW fgyA

vjksM+k] th- ,y- 1995] pkbYM&lsaVMZ ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj yfu±x fonkmV cMsZu] xqM+xk¡o % o`Q".kk ifCyf'kax daiuhA

,Vfda'lu] ,e- 1982] ,DlIysus'akl bu n LVMh vkWi+Q pkbYM ySaXost MsoyiesaV] oSaQfczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

,jksfju] oh- 1977] ^vkWu n lCtsDV eSVj vkWi+Q lks'ky&fyafXofLVDl*] xsjklhEkksjk] ,y- (laiknd)] F;ksjhfVdyvkWLisDV~l vkWi+Q fyafXofLVDl] ekLdks% ;w- ,l- ,l- vkj- ,osQMeh vWki+Q lkablA

ckW[keSu] ,y- 1989] ^nh MsoyiesaV ,saM ;wt vkWi+Q ozQkbVsfj;u&jsiQjsaLM VsLV vkWi+Q ySaXost izksxzke boSY;q,'ku*]tkWulu] vkj- osQ- }kjk laiknu] nh lsdaM ySaXost dWfjoqQye] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl] i`"B la[;k 242&58

ckW[keSu] ,y- ,iQ- vkSj ikWej] ,- ,l- 1996] ySaXost VsfLVax bu izSfDVl] vkWDliQksMZ] vkWDliQksMZ % ;wfuoflZVhizslA

csdj] lh- 1988] dh bL;wl bu ckbfyaxq,fy”e ,aM ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku] DysoMu% eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA

csdj] lh- 1993] iQkmaMs'kal vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,y ,tqds'ku] DysoMu% eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA

csdj] lh- 2001] iQkmaMs'kal vWki+Q ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku ,aM ckbfyaxq,fy”e] DysoMu% ckbfyaxq,y eSVlZA

ceczksg] ih- 1994] fleqys'kal bu bafXy'k Vhfpax] cfda?ke% vksisu ;wfuoflZVh izslA

ckmeSu] tsM- 2001] nh bafMfotq,VsM lkslk;Vh-] oSaQfczt % ikWfyVh iszlA

cs;j] ts- 1986] ,- lksf'k;ksfyafXofLVd baosfLVxs'ku vkWi+Q n bafXy'k LiksosQu ckbZ n ,aXyks bafM;al bu eSlwj flVh-eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

chmeSaV] ,e- 1996] nh Vhfpax vkWi+Q jhfMax fLdYl bu lsoaQM iQkWjsu ySaXost] irjkl % nh gsysfud vksisu;wfuoflZVh

ck;yLVksd] bZ- 1978] ¶, F;ksjhfVdy ekWMy vkWi+Q lsdaM yaSXost yfu±x¸] ySaXost yfuZx] 28%69%83

Cywe] ch- ,l- 1956] VsDlksukWeh vkWi+Q ,tqosQ'kuy vkWCtsfDVOl] [kaM & A % dkWxfufVo Mksesu] U;w;kdZ % eSdk;A

cksfM;w] ih- 1978 vkSj 1993] ^OgkV VkWfdax ehal]* yh izQkadkbl vkSotMZ gqbZ 41%4&20]51&57

czkl] ih- 1974] ySaXost] jsfytu ,aM ikWfyfVDl bu ukFkZ bafM;k] dSafczt% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

czs[r] vkj- Mh- vkSj buxksYM] lh- MCY;w- 1988] VSfiax , us'kuy fjlkslZ% gfjVst ySaXostsl bu n ;wukbVsM LVsV~l]bZ-vkj-vkbZ-lh- fDy;fjax gkml vkWu ySaXostsl ,aM fyaxq,fLVDl] okf'kaxVu] Mh-lhA

36

czkmu] Mh- ,p- 1980] fizafliYl vkWi+Q ySaXosst yfu±x ,aM Vhfpax] U;w tlhZ% isazfVl gkWy] badA

czkmu] osQ- 1984] fyaxq,fLVd VqMs] LkiQkWd % iQksaVkukA

czkmu] ts- Mh- 1996] VsfLVax bu yaSXost izksxzkEl] yanu% izsafVl gkWyA

czefiQV] lh- 1984] dE;qfuosQfVo eSFkkWMksykWth bu ySaXost Vhfpax] dSafczt % dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

czefiQV] lh- ts- vkSj tkWulu- osQ- 1979] nh dE;qfudsfVo ,izksp Vw ySaXost Vhfpax bZ-,y-ch-,l@vkWDliQksMZ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

czefiQV] lh- ts- 1980] izkWCyEl ,saM fizafliYl vkWi+Q bafXy'k ySaXost Vhfpax] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuo£lVhizslA

ck;je] ,e- 1997] Msosyfiax baVjdYpjy dE;qfudsfVo daihVasl bu iQkWjsu ySaXost Vhfpax% oWQfjoqQye Iykfuax ,saMikWfylh] fjiksVZ vkWi+Q odZ'kki 13 xzst% bZ- lh- ,e- ,y-A

cVyj] ts- 1990] tsaMj Vªcy% iQsfefu”e ,aM n lcotZu vkWi+Q vkbZMsafVVh] U;w;kdZ % :VystA

oSQeju] Mh- 1985] I+ksQfefu”e ,aM fyaxq,fLVd F;ksjh] U;w;kdZ% laasV ekfVZu izslA

osQukys] ,e- vkSj Losu 1980] ^F;kjsfVdy ck;l vkWi+Q dE;qfudsfVo ,izkspsl~ Vw lsoQaM&ySaXost Vhfpax ,asM VsfLVax*],IykW;M fyaxq,fLVDl 1%1&47

dSjksy] ts- ch- 1956 (laiknd)] ySaXost] FkkWV ,aM fj;fyVh% lsysDVsM jkbfVaXl vkWi+Q csatkfeu yhgksiZQ] U;w;kdZ%tkWu foys ,saM lalA

lSuu] ts- vkSj tsuslh] ,iQ- (laiknd) 2001] VsªsaM~l bu ckbfyaxqy ,Dohth'ku] tkWu csatkfealA

pkWELdh] ,u- 1957] fluVsfDVd LVªDplZ] nh gsx% ekSVsu da-A

pkWELdh] ,u- 1959] fjO;w vkWi+Q fLdulZ ocZy fcgsfo;j- ySaXostsl 35-1-26&58

pkWELdh] ,u- 1972] ySaXost ,aM ekbaM ] U;w;koZQ% gkjdksVZ czkl tksokuksfopA

pkWELdh] ,u- 1996] ikWolZ ,aM izksLisDV~l% fji+QysD'akl vkWu g~;weu uspj ,aM n lks'ky vkMZj] fnYyh% ekè;ecqDlA

pkWELdh] ,u- 1965] vkLisDV~l vkWi+Q n F;ksjh vkWWi+Q fluVsDl] dSafczt % ,e- vkbZ- Vh- iszlA

pkWELdh] ,u- 1986] ukWyst vkWi+Q ySaXost] U;w;kdZ % izkxjA

pkWELdh] ,u- 1988] ySaXost ,aM izkWCyEl vkWi+Q ukWyst] oSaQfczt] ekl% ,e- vkbZ- Vh-A

psjh'kksoQl] ts- bZ- 1990] nh jksy vkWi+Q F;ksjht vkWi+Q ySaXost ,aM ySaXost yfuZx bu n izh&lfoZl] bu&lfoZl] Vªsfuax],tqosQ'ku ,asM MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q ySaXost VhplZ] ih,p- Mh-] 'kks/ izca/] LowQy vkWi+Q bafXy'k] ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q Mjge]baXySaMA

psjh'kksoQl] ,u- bZ- 1988] yuZj uhM~l ,aM flyscl fMtkbu] ,e- ,- dk 'kksèk izca/] LowQy vkWi+Q bafXy'k];wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q Mjge] baXySaMA

37

psjh'kksoQl] ,u- bZ- 1991] yuZlZ ,os;jusl vkWI-kQ ns;j yfu±x] tsEl] lh- vkSj xSjsV~l] ih] }kjk laikfnr iqLrdySaXost ,os;jusl bu n Dykl:e] yanu% ykaxeSuA

dksgu] ,- 1980] VsfLVax ySaXost ,fCyVh bu n Dykl:e] jkSyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkmlA

dksgu] ,- Mh- 1975] , lksf'k;ksfyafXofLVd ,izksp Vw ckbfyaxq,y ,tqds'ku] jkSyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkml ifCyosQ'kuA

dkWeu ;wjksfi;u ÚseodZ vkWi+Q jsiQjsal iQkWj ySaXost 2001] yfu±x] Vhfpax] ,lslesaV dkmafly vkWi+Q ;wjksi - oSaQfczt%oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

owQij] vkj] ,y- 1889] ySaXost Iykfuax ,aM lks'ky psat] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

dkWMZj] ih- 1967] ¶flfXufiQdsa'k vkWi+Q yuZlZ ,jlZ ] baVjus'kuy fjO;w vkWi+Q ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl 5% 162&169

dkmafly vkWi+Q ;wjksi] 1985] yfu±x ,aM Vhfpax ekWMuZ ySaXostst iQkWj dE;qfuosQ'ku] LVªsV~lcxZ] izkstsDV la-12

ozQkiQksMZ] ts- 1991] ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku% fgLVjh] ikWafyfVDl] F;ksjh ,aM izSfDVl] ykWl ,aftYl% ckbfyaxq,y,tqosQ'ku lhjhtA

ozQgkWy] ,u- 1992 (laiknd)] MseksozsQfVdyh Lihfdax] osQiVkmu% jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ifj;kstukA

fozQLVy] Mh- 1887] nh oSaQfczt bulkbDyksihfM;k vkWi+Q ySaXost] oSaQfczt % oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

dfeal] ts- vkSj Msuslh] ,e- 1990] gfjVst ySaXostst % nh MsoyiesaV ,aM fMuk;y vkWi+Q dukMk] t fyafXofLVdfjlkslZ] vkWoj LdwYl@vkWojlsYiQl~ ,saM xkjkekSaM iszl- VksjksaVksA

dfeal] ts- 1976] nh baÝyq,al vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fyT+e vkWu dkWxfufVo xzksFk% , flaFksfll vkWi+Q fjlpZ iQkbafMaXl ,saM,DlIysusVjh gkbiksfFkfll] odZ isilZ vkWu ckbfyaxq,fyT+e 9%1&43

dfeal] ts- 1981 ch] ^nh jksy vkWi+Q izkbejh ySaXost MsoyiesaV bu izkseksfVax ,tqosQ'kuy lDlsl iWQkj ySXaostekbukfjVh LVwMsaV~l]* dSfyiQks£u;k LVsV fMikVZesaV vWki+Q ,tqosQ'ku esa LowQfyax ,aM ySaXost ekbukfjVh LVwMsaV~l% ,F;ksjhfVdy izsQeodZ] ykl ,aftYl% boSY;w,'ku] fMlhfeus'ku ,saM ,lslesaV lsaVjA

dfeal]ts- 1984] ckbfyaxq,fyT+e ,aM Lis'ky ,tqds'ku% b';wt bu ,lslesaV ,aM isMkWxkWth] DysoMu % eYVhfayaXoq,yeSVlZA

dfeal] ts- 2001] usxksf'k,fVax vkbMssafVVht % ,tqds'ku iQkWj baikWojesaV bu , MkbolZ lkslk;Vh] vkasVkfj;ks] lh-,%oSQfyiQksfuZ;k ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj ckbfyaXoq,y ,tqosQ'kuA

dfeal] ts- vkSj Lokbu] ,e- 1986] ckbfyaxq,fy”e bu ,tqosQ'ku] yanu% ykaxeSuA

nklxqIrk] ts- 1970] ySaXost dufÝyDV ,saM us'kuy MsoyiesaV % xqzi IkWkfyfVDl ,saM us'kuy ySaXost ikWfylh bubafM;k] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

nklokuh]lh- ts- vkSj ijpkuh] ,l- 1993] lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd losZ vkWi+Q bafM;u fla/h] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ-,y-A

Msfol] ,- 1990] fizafliYl vkWi+Q ySaXost VsfLaVx] yanu csfly CySdoSyA

Msfol] ,- 1980] fizafliYl vkWi+Q ySaaXost VsfLaVx] vkWDliQksMZ% ijxkekWu iszlA

38

Msyhfx;kuh] ,- vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh 2001] ^nh iQLVZ ckydu flaiksft;e vkWu dYpjy vaMjLVSa Mx Fkzw bZ- ,iQ-,y-* fcztb';w 7

Msyksj] ts- 1996] yfu±x% n Vsªtj fofnu- isfjl % ;wusLdksA

nsodh] ,y- 1990] ,u ,uksVsVsM fccfy;ksxzkiQh vkWu ckbfyaxq,fy”e] ckbfyaxq,y ,tqds'ku ,aM ehfM;e vkWi+QbaLVªD'ku] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

Mksfj;u] ,u- lh- 1981] ySaXost MsFk] fiQykMsfYIkQ;k % ;wfuoflZZVh vWki+Q isaflyokfu;k iszlA

Mfxy] ih- vkSj ukWV] vkj- 1988] nh izkbejh ySaXost cqd] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

nqvk] ,p- vkj- 1985] ySaXost Iykfuax bu bafM;k] fnYyh% gjuke ifCy'klZA

nqvk] ,p- vkj- 1986] ySaXost ;wt] ,V~VhV;wM~l ,saM vkbMsafVVh vekax fyafXofLVd ekWbukfjVh”k] eSlwj% lh vkbZ-vkbZ- ,y-A

nÙkk] c#vk] ih- ,u- (laiknd) 1999] ySaXosts”k vkWi+Q n ukFkZμbZLV] eSlwj % lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

,t] ts- 1989] feLVsDl ,saM djsD'ku] yanu% ykaxeSuA

,t] ts- vkSj fjpMZ~l] osQ- 1993 (laiknd)] VhplZ Msoyi Vhpj fjlpZ isilZ bu Dykl:e fjlpZ ,aM VhpjMsoyiesaV] yanu% gsuheSuA

,MoM~lZ] oh- 1998] nh ikWoj vkWi+Q cScsy % Vhfpax ,aM yfu±x bu eYVhfyaXoq,y Dykl:e] LVksd&vkWu&VªsaV% VªasFkecqdA

,MoM~lZ] oh- vkSj okWdj] ,l- 1995] fcfYMax fczt~l% eYVhfyaxq,y fjlkslsZl iQkWj fpYMªsu] DysoMu %eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA

,MoM~Zl] oh- 1998] eYVhfyafXofy”e bu n bafXy'k Lihfdax oYMZ] vkWDliQksMZ% CySdosyA

,fyl] vkj- 1985] vaMjLVSafMax lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku- vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

isQ;jDykW?k] ,u- 1992 (laiknd)] fozQfVdy ySaXost ,os;jusl] gkjyks% ykaxeSuA

fiQ'keSu] ts- ,- 1978 (laiknd)] ,Mokalsl bu n LVMh vkWi+Q lkslkbVy eYVhfyaxq,fyT+e] n gsx ekmVuA

fiQ'keSu] ts- ,- 1966] ySaXost ykW;YVh bu n ;wukbVsM LVsV~l- nh gsx% ekmVuA

iQkmyj] vkj- vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh (laiknd) 1979] ySaXost ,aM daVªksy] yanu% :VystA

izsaQoQucxZ&xkflZ;k] ,- 1999- ^izksokbfMax LVwMssaV jkbVlZ fon izh&VsDLV iQhMcSd* bZ- ,y- Vh- 53-2%101&106

izQheSu] vkj- 1998] ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku ,aM lks'ky psat] DysoMu% eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA

xky] ,l- 1979] ySaXost f'kÝV% lks'ky MhVjfeusaV~l vkWi+Q fyfXofLVd psat bu ckbfyaxq,y vkfLVª;k] U;w;kdZ%,osQMfed iszlA

xkMZuj] ,p- 1993] eYVhiy baVsyhtsal% n F;ksjh bu iSzfDVl] U;w;kWdZ% csfld cqDlA

xkMZuj] vkj- lh- 1977] lks'ky iQSDVlZ bu lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku ,aM ckbfyaxq,fyVh] dwal] MCY;w- ,p-]

39

Vsyj] Mh- ,e- vkSj Vaªscys] ,e- ,- (laiknd)] nh bafMfotq,y ySaXost ,saM lkslk;Vh bu dukMk] vksVkok% n dukMkdkSaflyA

xkMZuj] vkj-lh- 1985] lks'ky lkbdksykWth ,saM lsoaQM ySaXost yfu±x% nh jksy vkWi+Q ,V~VhV~;wM~l ,aM eksfVos'ku]yanu% ,MoMZ vkuZYMA

xkMZuj] vkj- lh- 1988] nh lksf'k;ks&,tqds'kuy ekWMy vkWi+Q lsdaM ySaXost&yfu±x% ,tai'kal] iQkbafMaXl,aM b';wt] ySaXost yafuZx 38%101&126

xkMZuj] vkj- lh- vkSj ySacVZ] MCY;w- bZ- 1972] ,V~VhV~;wM~l ,aM eksfVos'ku bu lsoaQM ySaXost yfu±x] jkSyheklkpqlV~l % U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZA

fxfj/j] ih- ih- 1992] , dsl xzkej vkWi+Q dUuM+] eSlwj % lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,yA

xkWoj] vkj-] fiQfyIl]Mh- vkSj okYVlZ] ,l- 1995] Vhfpax iSzfDVl gSaMcqd] vkWDliQksMZ% gsuheSuA

xzaqMh] ih- 1993] U;wtisilZ] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

xqgk] vkj- 2005] fganh vxsaLV bafM;k] n fgUnw esa u;h fnYyh esa 16 tuojh 2005

xaitZ] ts- ts- vkSj gkbEl] Mh- ,p- 1972 (laiknd)] Mk;jsD'ku bu lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd% n bFkuksxzki+Qh vkWi+QdE;qfuosQ'ku] U;w;kdZ] gksYV% fjusgkVZ vkSj foalVuA

xqIrk] ,- 1995] ehfM;e vkWi+Q baLVªD'ku bu , ckbfyaxq,y daVsDLV] vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- [kUUkk] ,- ,y- }kjklaikfnr vkj ,- ,y- 4 u;h fnYYkh% lst ifCyosQ'kal] 201&211

xqIrk] vkj- ,l- 1994 lsysfDVax jhfMax eSVsfj;Yl% le dh dalhMjs'kal- vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- vkSj [kUuk] ,- ,y-1994 (laikndx.k)] lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku] u;h fnYYkh% lst ifCyds'kaLkA

gScjekl] ts- 1998] vkWu n izkxeSfVDl vWki+Q dE;qfuosQ'ku] oSaQfczt] ekl% ,e- vkbZ- Vh- iszlA

gScjekl] ts- 1998] nh fiQykWfLiQdy fMldkslZ vkWi+Q ekWMfuZVh] oSQafczt] ekl% ,e- vkbZ- Vh- isszlA

goqqQrk] osQ- 1986] fejj vWki+Q ySaXost% nh fMcsV vkWu ckbfyaxq,fy”e] U;w;kdZ% csfld cqDlA

gSyhMs] ,e- ,- osQ- vkSj glu] vkj- 1976] dksgs'ku bu bafXy'k] yanu % ykaxeSuA

gSyhMs] ,e- ,- osQ- 1975] yfu±x gkm Vw ehu] yanu% ,MoMZ vkuZYMA

gkjej] ts- 1995] nh iSzfDVl vkWi+Q bafXy'k ySaXost Vhfpax] yanu% ykaxeSuA

gSfjl] Mh-ih- 1969] VsfLVax bafXy'k ,Tk , lsoaQM ySaXost] U;w;koZQ% eSdxzk fgyA

gSfjlu] ,- 1983] ,- ySaXost VsfLVax gSaMcqd] yanu% eSdfeyuA

gSx] osQ- vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh 1995 (laikndx.k)] eYVhfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku iQkWj lkmFk vizQhdk] tksgkalcxZ% gSfueSuA

fgy] th- 1998] ,MokaLM lkbdksykWth Fkzw Mk;xzkEl] vkWDliQkWMZ jhfotu xkbM~l % , ysoy lkbdksykWth] vkWDliQksMZ%vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

gkjfoV~t] bZ- osQ-] gkjfoV~t] ,e- ch- vkSj dksi] ts- 1986] ¶iQkWjsu ySaXost Dykl:e ,uDlkbVh¸] nh eWkMuZySaXost tuZy 70% 125&132

40

gkml] ,l- 1997] ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw Vhfpax bafXy'k Vw fpYMªsu] U;w;kdZ% fjpeksaM ifCyf'kaxA

g;wt] ,- 1989] VsfLVax iQkWj ySaXost VhplZ] oSQafczt% oSQafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

gfpalu] Vh- vkSj Vksjsl] bZ- 1994] nh VsDLVcqd ,t ,u ,tsaV vkWi+Q psat] bZ-,y-Vh- tuZy 48%315&328

gkbySaaM] osQ- 1990] izksokbZfMax izksMfDVo iQhMcSd] bZ-,y-Vh- 4-4-4

bZfyp] vkbZ- 1981] ¶VkSV enj ySaXost ,aM oukZdqyj Vax¸] iVuk;d Mh- ih- 1981 esa eYVhfyaxq,fyTe ,aM enjVax ,tqosQ'ku] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

bVkxh] ,u- ,p- vkSj flag ,l- osQ- (laikndx.k) 2002] fyafXofLVd ySaMLdsfiax bu bafM;k] eSlwj% lsaVªybafLVV~;wV vkWi+Q bafM;u ySaXostl ,aM egkRek xka/h varjjk"Vªh; fganh fo'ofo|ky;A

bVkxh] ,u- ,p- (laiknd) 1994] LisfV;y vkWLisDV~l vkWi+Q ySaXostl] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

bZfyp] vkbZ- 1981] izhisQl Vw iVuk;d] 1981] eYVhfyaxq,fy”e ,aM enj Vax ,tqosQ'ku] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVhizslA

tslilZu] vks- 1922] ySaXost% bV~l uspj] MsoyiesaV ,aM vkWfjftu] U;w;kdZ% MCY;w- MCY;w- ukVZuA

f>axju] Mh- 2005] ySaXost fMl,MokaVst% nh yfu±x pSysatl bu izkbejh ,tqosQ'ku] u;h fnYyh% ,- ih- ,p-ifCyf'kax dkWjiksjs'kuA

tksal] osQ- 1988] baVj,fDVo yfu±x bosaV~l% , xkbM iQkWj iSQflfyVsVlZ] yanu% dhxu istA

fddZ] vkj- 1987] yfu±x bu ,D'ku&,fDVfoVht+ iQkWj ilZuy ,aM xzqi MsoyiesaV] vkWDliQksMZ% csfly CySdosyfyfeVsMA

[kUuk] ,- ,y- 1983] , LVMh vkWi+Q le yuZj osfj,oYl bu yfu±x bafXy'k ,t , lsdaM ySaXost] ih,p- Mh-'kks/ izcaèk] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA

[kUUkk] ,- ,y- vkSj vfXugks=kh] vkj-osQ- 1982] ¶ySaXost ,fpoesaV ,aM le lks'ky lkbdksykWftdy oSfj,oYl¸]lh- vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y- cqysfVu 18-1 vkSj 2%41&51

[kUuk- ,- ,y- vkSj vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 1984] ¶le iszfMDVlZ vWki+Q Lihp fLdYl% , lksf'k;ks&lkbdksykWftdyLVMh¸] baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWi+Q MªfofM;u fyafXofLVd~l 13-2% 229&51

[kwcpankuh] ,y- ,e- 1983] Iywjy ySaXostl] Iywjy dYplZ] bZLV] osLV lsaVj] ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q gokbZA

[kwcpankuh] ,y- ,e- 1988] ySaXost bu , Iywjy lkslk;Vh] fnYyh% eksrhyky cukjlhnkl vkSj f'keyk vkbZ- vkbZ-,- ,l-A

fdaVLp] MCY;w- 1974] nh fjiztsaVs'ku vkWi+Q ehfuax bu eSeksjh] fgYlMsy] ,u- ts% vyZckWeA

fdaVLp] MCY;w- 1988] ^nh jksy vkWi+Q ukWyst bu fMLkdkslZ dafizgsalu % , daLVªD'ku&baVhxzs'ku ekWMsy*]lkbdkWyksftdy fjO;w] 95%163&82

ozQk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1981] lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohft'ku ,aM yfu±x] vkWDliQksMZ% ixkZekWu iszlA

Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1982] fizafliYl ,aM izSfDVl bu lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku] vkWDliQksMZ% ixkZekWu iszlA

41

Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1985] nh buiqV gkbiksfFkfll] vkWDliQksMZ % ixkZekWu iszlA

Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1988] lsdaM ySaXost ,Dohth'ku ,aM lsoaQM ySaXost yfu±x] iszafVl gkWy baVjus'kuy (;w- osQ-)fyfeVsMA

Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- 1976] iQkWeZy ,aM buiQkWeZy buok;juesaV~l bu ySaXost ,Dohth'ku ,saM ySaXost yfu±x] Vh- bZ- ,l-vks- ,y- =kSekfld 10%157&168

ozsQ'k] th- 1976 (laiknd)] gSyhMs% flLVe ,aM iaQD'ku bu ySaXost] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

ozsQ'k] th- 1986] fyafXofLVd izkslsl bu lksf'k;ks&dYpjy iSzfDVl] vkWDliQkWMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

Økmt] ,e- ,- 1992] dE;qfudsfVo bafXy'k] yanu% ekLdh feyj ykaxeSuA

dqekj] osQ- 2001] LowQy dh fganh] iVuk% jktdeyA

oqQekj] osQ] 2001] isztqMhl ,saM izkbM% LowQy fgLVjht+ vWki+Q nh izQhMe LVªxy] u;h fnYyh% okbfdax@isafXouA

ysckso] MCY;w- 1966] nh lks'ky LVªsfVfiQosQ'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k bu U;w;WkdZ flVh] okf'kaxVu Mh- lh- % lsaVj iQkWj ,IykW;MfyafXofLVDlA

ysckso] MCY;w-] 1971] ^nh uks'ku vkWi+Q ¶flLVe¸ bu fØ;ksy LVMh”k* gkbEl] Mh- ,p- 1976 (la-) esafiMxkbukbts'ku ,saM fØ;ksykbts'ku vkWi+Q ySaXos”k] oSaQfczt% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

ysckso] MCY;w- 1972] lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd iSVuZ~l] fiQykMsfYiQ;k% ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q isaflyokfu;k iszlA

ykMks] vkj- 1957] fyafXofLVDl ,ozQWkl dYplZ] fef'kxu % ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q fef'kxu iszlA

ysdkWiQ] vkj- 1975] ySaXost ,aM oqeSal Iysl] U;w;kdZ% gkiZj ,aM jksA

ysdkWiQ] vkj- 1990] VkWfdax ikoj % nh ikWfyfVDl vkWi+Q ySaXost bu vkWoj ykbo~l] U;w;WkdZ% csfldA

yky] ,l- ,e- 1986] duots±l ,saM ySaXost f'kÝ+V bu , fyafXofLVd ekWbukWfjVh % , lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd LVMhvkWi+Q rfey~l bu caxyksj flVh] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

yklZuμizQheSu] Mh- 1986] VsfDuDl ,saM fiazfliYl bu ySaXost Vhfpax] vkWDliQksMZ % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

yh] Mh- 1992] dEihfVax fMldkslsZl] yanu% yakxeSuA

yh] ist] vkj- ch- vkSj rkcqjsV] dhyj] ,- 1985] ,DV~l vkWi+Q vkbZMsafVVh] dSafczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

fyV~ytkWu] ,- 1992] OgkbZ vkj bZ- ,y- Vh- eSVsfj;y~l n os ns vkj] vizdkf'kr] ih,p- Mh- 'kks/izca/] yadkLVj;wfuoflZVhA

fyV~ytkWu] th- (1992)] ^'kSVfjax n lkbysal*] izksi+sQ'kuy baosLVj] ebZ] i`- la- 20 &22

fyV~ytkWu] ,- 1999] ^ySaXost yfu±x VkWLDl ,asM ,tqosQ'ku*] bafXy'k Vhfpax izksisQ'kuy 10

fyV~yoqM] MCY;w- 1981] dE;qfudsfVo ySaXost Vhfpax] dSafczt % dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

ykax] th- 1996] iQaD'kuy bafXy'k xzkej] oSaQfczt % oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

eSdukejk] ts- (laiknd)1977] ySaXost yfu±x ,asM FkkWV] U;w;kWdZ % ,osQMfed iszlA

42

eSdy?kfyu] ch- 1987] F;ksjht vkWi+Q lsdaM ySaXost yfuZx] yanu% ,MoMZ vkuZYMA

ekykekg&FkkWel] ,- 1987] Dykl:e baVjsD'ku] vkWDliQksMZ % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

efYydktqZu] ch- 1993] ,- fMLkfozQfIVo ,ukfyfll vkWi+Q ;sjkok] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

eSdMksuk?k] ts- vkSj 'kkW]lh- 1993] eSVsfj;y~l ,aM eSFkM~l bu bZ- ,y- Vh % , VhplZ xkbM] vkWDliQksMZ %CySdoSyA

eSMxkbl] ih- vkSj ekyMsjst+] ,- 1966] pasftax ilZisfDVo bu Vhpj ,tqds'ku] vkWDliQkWMZ% gsSuheSuA

feykuksfod] ,e-] 1995] ;w- lh- ,y- bZ- ,l- LVMht+ bu ySaXost VsfLVax] [kaM 1]2]3]4] oSaQfczt% dSafczt;wfuoflZVh isszlA

f'k{kk ea=kky;] f'k{kk vk;ksx ¶dksBkjh deh'ku¸ 1964 &1966] f'k{kk ,oa jk"Vªh; fodkl] f'k{kk ea=kky;] Hkkjrljdkj 1966

yfu±x fonkmV cMsZu] jk"Vªh; lykgdkj lfefr dh fjiksVZ] f'k{kk vf/fu;e] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] f'k{kkfoHkkx vDrwcj] 2004

us'kuy ikWfylh vkWu ,tqosQ'ku] 1986] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] f'k{kk foHkkx] u;h fnYyhA

iatkc LowQy ,tqosQ'ku cksMZ oSQysaMj] [kaM II 2002 ,osQMfed jsxqys'akl] ,l- ,- ,l- uxj % eksgkyh ifCy'klZA

feJk] ch- th- vkSj ,p- vkj- nqvk 1980] ySaXost ;wt bu fgekpy izns'k] eSlwj % lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

eksgarh] vthr osQ- 1994] ckbfyaxq,fyT+e bu , eYVhfyaxq,y lkslkbVh% lkbdks&lks'ky ,saM isMkxkWftdybaIyhosQ'kal] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

eksfuvkiYyh] ,e- ,e- vkSj ,l- vkj- izg~ykn vkSj oh- 'kf'koqQekj] 1983] bafXy'k iQkWj ,MYV~l vkbZ-] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ-vkbZ- ,y-A

eq[kthZ] ,- 1981] ySaXost eSaVsusal ,saM ySaXost f'kÝV ,eax n iatkcht ,aM caxkyht+ bu fnYyh] fnYYkh % ckgjhifCyosQ'kalA

eq[kthZ] ,u-] iVuk;d] ch- ,u- vkSj vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- 2000] fn vkfdZVsDpj vkWi+Q ySaXost] fnYyh% vkWDliQksMZ;wfuoflZVh izslA

eiQhZ] Vh- 1992] E;wftd ,aM lkax] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

ukxjkt] th- 1996] bafXy'k ySaZXost Vhfpax] dydrk% vksfj,aV ykaxeSuA

,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh- 2001] us'kuy dWfjdqye iszQeodZ iQkWj Ldwy ,tqds'ku (iqu% eqfnzr laLdj.k) flracj]2001] ,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh-] u;h fnYyhA

ujflEgk jko] osQ- oh- oh- ,y- vkSj osQ- ih- vkpk;Z] 1992] , fccfy;ksxzkiQh vkWi+Q ySaXost Vhfpax vkV~lZ % LVMhtMu bu bafM;u ;wfuoflZVh ,aM fjlpZ bafLVV~;w'kal] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

ukjk;.k] osQ- 2004] vDdk% , MkW;ykx vkWu oqesu Fkzw fFk;sVj bu bafM;k (Ng lh-Mh- lfgr)] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ-vkbZ- ,y-A

43

usg:] ts- ^iQkeZ n IkaQD'ku vkWi+Q ySaXost*] us'kuy gsjkYM] 13 i+Qjojh] 1949] xksiky] ,l- vkSj vk;axj] ,- 2003(laiknd) esa nh b'ksafl;y jkbfVaXl vkWi+Q ts- usg:] vkWDli+QksMZ% vkWDli+QksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

uwuku] Mh- 1988] flyscl fMtkbu] vkWDliQksMZ % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izslA

uwuku] Mh- 1988] nh yuZj lsaVMZ dWfjoqQye&, LVMh bu lsdaM ySaXost Vhfpax] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

uwuku] Mh- 1989] vaMjLVSfMax ySaXost Dykl:El] izsaszfVl gkWyA

uwuku] Mh- 1991] ySaXost Vhfpax eSFkksMksykWth] yanu % iSzafVl gkWyA

uwVkWy] lh- 1996] Vhfpax jhfMax fLdYl bu iQkWjsu ySaZXost] vkWDliQksMZ % gSuheSuA

vksyj] ts- MCY;w- vkSj tksat] ts- 1994] Dykst ,aM dksgsjasl] Økucjh] ,u- ts% ,lksfl;sVsM ;wfuoflZVh izslA

vksyj] ts- MCY;w- twfu;j 1979] ySaXost VsLV~l ,V LowQy] yanu% yakxeSuA

vksyj] tkWu- MCY;w- (twfu;j) 1983] b';wt bu ySaXost VsfLVax fjlpZ] jkSyh% U;wcjh gkml ifCy'klZ] bad-A

iafMr] ih- ch- 1969] ^^dkSeasV~l vkWu ts- ts- xaitZl isij% gkm oSQu oh fMlozQkbo ,saM estj n fcgsfo;j vkWi+Qckbfyaxq,y xzqIl\¸ dSyh] ,y- th- (laiknd) esa] fMlfØI'ku] ,saM estjesaV vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fyT+e] VksjaVks%;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q VksjaVks iszl- i`- la- 255&256

iafMr] ih- ch- 1972] bafM;k ,t , lksf'k;ks&fyaxq,fLVd ,fj;k] iwuk% iwuk fo'ofo|ky;A

iafMr] ih- ch- 1988] ^VwokM~Zl , xzkej vkWi+Q oSfj,'ku*] [kwcpankuh] ,y- ,e- 1988 (laiknd) esa] ySaXost bu, Iywjy lkslk;Vh] fnYyh% eksrhyky cukjlhnkl vkSj f'keyk vkbZ- vkbZ- ,- ,l-A

ikikdaLVsVhfu;w] ,- 1988] ,Iyk;M fyafXofLVDl % ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw n yfu±x ,saM Vhfpax vkWi+Q n iQkWjsu ySaXost]vaxzs”kh foHkkx% ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q ,FksalA

ikikbiQFkfe;w&ykbVjk] ,l- 1981] dE;wfudsfVax ,saM yfu±x LVªsVtht bu bafXy'k ,t+ , iQkWjsu ySaXost fon jsiQjsalVw n xzhd yuZj vkWi+Q bafXy'k] ih,p- Mh- 'kks/ izca/] bafLVV~;wV vkWi+Q ,tqosQ'ku] ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q yanuA

iVuk;d] Mh- ih- 1981] eYVhfyaxq,fyTe ,aM enj&Vax ,tqosQ'ku] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

iVuk;d] Mh- ih- 1986] LVMh vkWi+Q ySaXostst] , fjiksVZ] u;h fnYyh% ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-VhA

ihy] bZ- vkSj ySacVZ] MCY;w] bZ- 1962] ^nh fjys'ku vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fy”e Vw baVsfytsal*] lkbZdksykWftdy eksuksxzkÝ+l76

jktJh] osQ- ,l- 1986] ,u bFkuks fyafXofLVd losZ vkWiQ /kjkoh] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

jfLdu] oh- vkSj okbtj] vkbZ- 1987] ySaXost ,aM jkbfVax% ,Iyhds'ku vkWi+Q fyafXofLVDl Vw jsgVksfjd ,saMdaiksth'ku]

ukWjoqM] ,u-ts-% ,cySDl ifCyf'kax dkWjiksj'kuA

fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- (laiknd) 1978] vaMjLVSafaMax lsadM ,aM iWQkjsu ySaXost yfu±x% b';wt ,aM ,izkspsl] jkSyh] ekl%U;wcjh gkmlA fjpM~lZ] ts-] IysV] ts- vkSj oscj] ,p- 1985] ykaxeSu fMD'kujh vkWi+Q ,Iyk;M fyafXofLVDl] yanu%ykaxeSuA

44

fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- 1990] nh ySaXost Vhfpax eSfVªDl] oSaQfczt % oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- vkSj jkstlZ] Vh- ,l- 1981] ,izkspst ,aM eSFkWM~l bu ySaXost Vhfpax] ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q gokbZ]euksvk% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

jkscVZ] ts- 1995] ^lsYiQ&MkbjsDVsM Dykl:e baDok;jh ckbZ VhplZ % ukWu csfufiQV~l] ,u ,lslesaV vkWi+QfozQfVflT+e] ,saM baIyhosQ'kal iQkWj Vhpj&fjlpZj ,fDVfoVh*] nh ySaXost dWfjoqQye% Mk;ukfeDl vkWi+Q psat([kaM&1)] fjiksVZ vkWi+Q n baVjus'kuy lsfeukj] lh- vkbZ- bZ- ,iQ- ,y-A

lpnsok] vkj-] 2001] ySaXost ,tqosQ'ku bu ukxkySaM % lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd Mkbesa'ku] u;h fnYyh % jhtsalhifCyosQ'kalA

lk;j] Mh- 1924] nh bIkSQDV vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fy”e vkWu baVsfytsal] fczfV'k tuZy vkWi+Q lkbdksykWth 14%25&38

lgxy] ,- 1983] ^^, lksf'k;ks&fyafXofLVd LVMh vkWi+Q n LiksosQu bafXy'k vkWi+Q n fnYyh bykbV ,e- fiQy dk'kks/ izcU/ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA

laxy] vkj-] csanzs] ,l- ,e- vkSj flag ;w- ,u- 2004] fjlsaV ,Mokalsl bu uspqjy ySaXost izkslsflax] eSlwj- lh- vkbZ-vkbZ- ,y-A

'kqeku] ts- 1978 ,] nh fitbukbts'ku izkslsl] jkSyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkmlA

LØkbouj] ts- 1994] yfu±x Vhfpax] vkWDliQksMZ % gSuheuA

lsfeukj] 2000] jhfMtk;fuax dWfjoqQYkk% fo'ks"k vad la[;k 493] u;h fnYyh % jkses'kjkt VªLVA

'kekZ] ih- th- vkSj oqQekj] ,l- 1977 (laiknd)] bafM;u ckbZfyaxq,fYkT-e] vkxjk% osaQnzh; fganh laLFkkuA

'kekZ] vkj- vkSj bZ- vUukeykbZ 2003] bafM;u Mk;Liksjk % bu lpZ vkWi+Q vkbZMsafVVh] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

';keyk] osQ- lh- 1991] Lihp ,aM ySaXost fcgsfo;j vkWi+Q n lsjsczy ikyflM] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

flag] vkj- 1997 (laiknd)] xzkej] ySaXost ,aM lkslk;Vh] u;h fnYyh% lst ifCyosQ'aklA

flag] ;w- ,u- vkSj efu:Ttqeku] 1983] Mk;Xyksfl;k bu caxykns'k ,aM ySaXost Iykfuax- dksydkrk% KkuHkkjrhA

Ldruc&daxkl] Vh- vkSj dfeal] ts- 1988 (laiknd)] ckbfyaXkq,y ,tqds'ku % izQWke 'kSe Vw LVªxy] DysoMu%eYVhfyaxq,y eSVlZA

LisMh] MCY;w- vkSj ek'kZy] osQ 1994] ^ykbV] ukWV ghV] vkWu vks-ch-bZ-* nh vesfjdu LowQy cksMZ tuZy 18%29%33

LiksYLdh] ch- 1978] ,izkspst Vw ySaXost VsfLVax] vkjfyaxVu] ok % lsaVj iQkWj ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDlA

LizksV] vkj- 1984] , lkbafVfiQd dWfjoqQye bu fyafXofLVDl iQkWj ;wt bu lsoaQMjh LowQYl] ,e- vkbZ- Vh% ,e-,l-A

Jh/j] osQ- osQ- 1989] bafXy'k bu bafM;u ckbfyaxq,fy”e] u;h fnYyh % euksgjA

JhokLro] vkj- ,u- 1979] ySaXost ewoesaV vxsaLV fganh ,t ,u vkWfiQf'k;y ySaXost] vUukeykbZ] bZ] 1979(laiknd) esa] ySaXost ewoesaV~l bu bafM;k] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

45

JhokLro] vkj- ,u- 1988] lkslkbVy ckbfyaxq,fy”e ,saM ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku% , LVMh vkWi+Q n bafM;uflpq,'ku] ikWyLVu] lh- (laiknd)] baVjus'ky gSaMcqd vkWi+Q ckbfyaxq,fy”e ,saM ckbfyaxq,y ,tqosQ'ku] U;w;koZQ%xzhuoqM izslA

JhokLro] vkj- ,u- 1984 (laiknd)] Hkk"kk'kkL=k osQ lw=k/kj] u;h fnYyh% us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkmlA

LVhucxZ] ,i+Q- ,l- vkSj gkjfoV~t] bZ- osQ- 1986] nh bi+sQDV vkWi+Q baM~;wLM ,uDtbVh vkWu n MsuksVsfVo ,aMbaVjizsfVo daVsV vkWi+Q lsoaQM ySaXost Lihp] Vh- bZ- ,l- vks- ,y- =kSekfld] 20%131&136

LVuZ] ,p- ,p- 1983] ia+QMkesaVy oaQlsIV~l vkWi+Q ySaXost Vhfpax] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszl

LVCcl] ,e- 1980] ySaXost ,aM fyVjslh% n lksf'k;ks fyafXofLVDl vkWi+Q jhfMax ,aM jkbfVax] yanu% jkSyh ,aM dhxuikWyA

lqcS;k] ih- 2004] ,u baVªksMD'ku Vw boSY;w,'ku VfeZuksykWth] lh-vkbZ-vkbZ-,y- % eSlwjA

lqcS;k] ih- (laiknd) 2005] VsLV vkWi+Q ySaXost izksfi+Qfl;alh % fganh ] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

VSuj] vkj- vkSj xzhu] lh- 1998] VkLd~l iQkWj Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] yanu% ykaxeSuA

frokjh] ch- ,u-] prqosZnh] ,e- vkSj flag] ch- 1972 (laikndx.k)] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk foKku dh Hkwfedk] fnYyh %us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkmlA

fFk:eykbZ] ,e- ,l- vkSj ,l- th- xk;=kh] 1991] Lihp vkWi+Q n fg;fjax bais;MZ] eSlwj% lh- vkbZ- vkbZ- ,y-A

FkkWEilu] vkbZ- 1998] ckbfyafxq,fy”e % le vkWLisDV~l vkWi+Q ckbfyafxq,y fpYMªasl dE;qfuosQ'ku fMiQhdYVht+fon jsiQjsal Vw iQLVZ ySaXost eSaVsusal ,saM lsOkaQM ySaXost baizwoesaV] ,e- ,- dk 'kks/izca/] LowQy vkWi+Q bafXy'k];wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q Mjge] baXySaMA

FkksuZcjh] ,l- 1999] gkm Vw Vhp xzkej] yanu % ykaxeSuA

VkWefyalu] ch- 1998 ,] eSVsfj;Yl MsoyiesaV IkWQkj ySaXost Vhfpax] oaSQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izslA

VkWefyalu] ch- 2001] ^eSVsfj;Yl MsoyiesaV* dkVZj] vkj- vkSj uwuku] Mh- (laikndx.k) esa] dSafczt xkbM VwVhfpax bafXy'k Vw LihdlZ vkWi+Q vnj ySaXostsl] dSafczt% dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

VkWelu] ,- ts- vkSj ekfVZusV] ,- oh- 1991] , iSzfDVdy bafXy'k xzkej] vkWDliQksMZ% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

VªMfxy] ih- 1974] nh lks'ky fMiQjsafl;s'ku vkWi+Q bafXy'k bu ukWjfop] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

Vwªcsu] ,p-Vh- vkSj ckusZV&fetjkgh] Lkh- 1979 (laiknd)] ckbfyaxq,y eYVhdYpjy ,tqosQ'ku ,saM n izksis+Q'kuy]jkSyh] ekl% U;wcjh gkml ifCyosQ'kalA

;w- ,u- Mh-ih- ,- 2004] g~;weu MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ] u;h fnYyh] vkWDliQksMZ % vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

;wusLdks] 1953] nh ;wt vkWi+Q oukZoqQyj ySaXost bu ,tqosQ'ku] isfjl% ;wusLdksA

;wusLdks] 2003] ,tqosQ'ku bu , eYVhfyaxq,y oYMZ] ;wusLdks ,tqds'ku iksft'ku isij] isfjlA

;wusLdks] 2004] ,tqds'ku iQkWj vkWy % nh DokfyVh baijsfVo] bZ- ,iQ- ,- Xykscy ekWfuVfjax fjiksVZ] isfjlA

46

vi'kj] ts- 1968] ¶iQksj ,DlifjesaV~l vkWu n fjys'ku fcVohu iQWkjsu ySaXost Vhfpax ,aM yfu±x-¸ ySaXost yfu±x18%111&124

mj] ih- 1996] , dkslZ bu ySaXost Vhfpax] oSaQfczt% oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

oSysVh] jscsdk] ,e- 1967] ekWMuZ ySaXost VsfLVax] U;w;kWoZQ% gkjdksVZ] czkl ,aM oYMZ] bad-A

oa|ksikè;k;] ih- osQ- vkSj vkj- osQ- vfXugks=kh 2000 (laikndx.k)]Hkk"kk% cgqHkkf"krk vkSj fganh] fnYyh% f'kykys[kA

oku ,Yl] Vh- 1984] ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl ,saM n yfu±x ,aM Vhfpax vkWiQ iQkWjsu ySaXostsl] yanu% ,MoMZvkuZYMA

oekZ] ,e- osQ- 1998 (laiknd)] lksf'k;ks fyafXofLVDl] ySaXost ,saM lkslkbVh- u;h fnYyh % lst ifCyosQ'kalA

O;ksxksRldh] ,y- ,l- 1978] ekbaM bu lkslk;Vh% nh MsoyiesaV vkWi+Q gk;j lkbdksykWftdy izkslsl] oSaQfczt] ekWl%gkoZM ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

okWdj] ,l- 1984] yfu±x F;ksjh ,saM fcgsfo;j ekWfMfiQosQ'ku] yanu% esFkuA

oh] ,y- 2000 (laiknd)] nh ckbfyaxq,y jhMj] yanu% :VystA

os;j] lh- vkSj jkWcV~lZ ts- 1994] boSY;w,'ku bu bZ- ,y- Vh-] CySdosyA

os;j] lh- ts- 1990] dE;qfudsfVo ySaXost VsfLaVx] U;wtlhZ % izsafVl gkWy jhtsaVA

oslczkWM] lh- 2002] ,EcyEl vkWi+Q IyqjfyT+e% dYpjy fMiQjsalsl ,aM n LVsV] fizalVu] U;wtlhZ % fiazlVu;wfuoflZVh iszlA

osLV] vkj- 1999] ,lslesaV bu ySaXost yfu±x- ;wfuoflZVh vkWi+Q eSupsLVj fMLVsal yfuaZx izksxzke&,e- bZ- Mh- bubZ-,y-Vh-A

fOgVys] MCY;w- ,p- 1971 (laiknd)] ySaXost ;wt ,aM lks'ky psat % izWkCYkEl fon eYVhfyafXo,fyT+e fon Lis'kyjsiQjsal Vw bLVuZ vizQhdk] yanu% vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh iszlA

fOgVuh] ,u- 1987] ^,MhVksfj;y* bZ- ,y- Vh- 41-2% i`- 81

foMkslu] ,p- th- 1984] nh balsfVo oSY;w vkWi+Q F;ksjh bu Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku] bZ- ,y- Vh- 38-2%86&90

foYl] ts- 1981] Vhfpax bafXy'k Fkzw bafXy'k] yanu% ykaxeSuA

foYl] ts- 1998] ^VkWLd&csLM yfu±x] bafXy'k Vhfpax izksisQ'kuy 9

foYl] ts- vkSj foYl] Mh- 1989] nh dkWfyal dkWfcYM bafXy'k dkslZ] ysoy III] cfeZ?ake% dkWfyal dkWfcYMA

foYl] ts- vkSj foYl Mh- 1996] pSysat ,aM psast bu ySaXost Vhfpax% vkWDliQksMZ % gSuheuA

foVtaslVkbu] ,y- 1998] fiQykWfLiQdy fjekDlZ] vkWDliQksMZ% csfly CySdosyA

tehy] oh- 1985] jsLiksafMax Vw LVwMsaV jkbfVax] Vh- bZ- ,l- vks- ,y- =kSekfld] 19-1

bl osclkbV dks t:j ns[ksa %

http//www.languageindia.com

47

oqQN i=k&if=kdk,¡

lsfeukj (vad la[;k 493@2000 esa o`Q".k oqQekj] in~ek ,e- lkjaxikf.k] jksfgr /udj] eksgEen rkfyc] lk/uk lDlsuk] ,- vkj- oS'oh] 'kksHkk flUgk] v#.kk jRue] xhrk ch- ukafclu osQ lg;ksx osQ lkFk iqu%vfHkdfYirikB~;ppkZ% u;h fnYyh] Hkkjr dh ,d laf{kIr vkSj pqfuank lanHkZ xzaFk lwphA

lanHkZ] ,dyO; (fganh)] gks'kaxkckn] HkkjrA

foe'kZ] fnxarj (fganh) t;iqj ] HkkjrA

daVsaiksjsjh ,tqosQ'ku Mk;ykWx] csaxyq#] HkkjrA

Ïksr] ,dyO; (fganh)] Hkksiky] HkkjrA

baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWi+Q nzfofM;u fyafXofLVDl] fr#ouariqje] HkkjrA

lkmFk ,f'k;u ySaXost fjO;w] u;h fnYyh] HkkjrA

bafM;u tuZy vkWi+Q ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl] fnYyh] HkkjrA

bafM;u fyafXofLVDl] iq.ks] HkkjrA

cqfu;knh f'k{kk (fganh)] mn;iqj] HkkjrA

baVjus'kuy fjO;w vkWi+Q ,IykW;M fyafXofLVDl] U;w;kWdZ] vesfjdkA

YkSaXost yfu±x] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA

lsoaQM ySaXost] ,Dohth'ku fjlpZ] csMiQksMZ'kk;j] baXySaMA

ySaXost] dksyafc;k] vesfjdkA

fyafXofLVd baDok;jh] U;w;koZQ] vesfjdkA

ySaXost bu lkslk;Vh] U;w;koZQ] vesfjdkA

baVjus'kuy tuZy vkWi+Q n lksf'k;ksykWth vkWi+Q ySaXost] U;w;koZQ] vesfjdkA

bZ- ,y- Vh- tuZy] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA

ekWMuZ ySaXost tuZy] eSfMlu] vesfjdkA

tuZy vkWi+Q jhfMax] U;w;WkoZQ] vesfjdkA

pkbYM MsoyiesaV] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA

fczfV'k tuZy vkWi+Q ,tqosQ'kuy LVMht] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA

tuZy vkWi+Q ocZy yfu±x ,aM ocZy fcgsfo;j] U;w;koZQ] vesfjdkA

dkWfXu'ku] Dys;j] vk;jySaMA

fczfV'k tuZy vkWi+Q lksf'k;ksykWth vWki+Q ,tqosQ'ku] vkWDliQksMZ] baXySaMA

,IykW;M lkbdks&fyafXofLVDl] dSafczt] baXySaMA

48

ifjf'k"V II

oxhZo`Qr xzaFklwphcgqHkkf"krk vkSj cgqHkk"kh f'k{kk

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- (1992)_ csdj] lh- (1988] 1993] 2001)_ ckmeSu] t+SM (2001)_ czs[+r] vkj-Mh- vkSjbuxksYM] lh- MCY;w- (1988)_ lsuu] ts- vkSj tsuslh] ,iQ- (2001)_ dksgu] ,- Mh- (1975)_ ØkiQksMZ] ts-(1991)_ ØgkWy] ,u- (1992)_ dfeal] ts- vkSj Msuslh] ,e- (1990)_ dfeal ] ts- (1976] 1984] 2001)_dfeal] ts- vkSj Losu] ,e] (1986)_ ,MoMZ~l] oh- (1998)_ ,MoM~Zl] oh- vkSj okWdj] ,l- (1995)_ izQheSu]vkj- (1998)_ xkMZuj] vkj- lh- (1977)_ gowQrk] osQ- (1986)_ gsx] osQ- vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh (1995)_dkVlk;Vh] ,y- (1983)_ [kwcpankuh] ,y- ,e- (1983)_ iafMr] ih- ch- (1969)_ iVuk;d] Mh-ih- (1981)_'kekZ] ih- th- vkSj oqQekj] ,l- (1977)_ LdVuc&daxkl] Vh- vkSj dfeal ts- (1988)_ Jh/j] osQ- osQ- (1989)_JhokLro] vkj-,u- (1988)_ Vªwcsu] ,p-Vh- vkSj ckusZV&fetjkgh] lh- (1979)_ vkSj oh] ,y- (2000)_ cs;j(1986)_ nsodh (1990)_ eksgarh (1994)_ 'kekZ vkSj vUukeykbZ (2003)_ yky (1986)_ jktJh(1986)_feJk vkSj nqvk (1980)_ nqvk(1986)_ nRrk&c#vk(1999)A

f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ lh[kuk

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj lpnso] vkbZ- (1998)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk ,- ,y- (1994)_vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk_ ,- ,y- (1994)_ ,aMjlu] vkj- MCY;w- (1981)_ ck;yLVkWd] bZ- (1978)_ czkmu]Mh- ,p- (1980)_ dkWMZj] ih- (1967)_ ,fyl] vkj- (1985)_ xkMZuj] vkj- lh- (1988]1985)_ xkMZuj vkj-lh- vkSj ySacVZ] MCY;w- bZ- (1972)_ gkWjfoV~t] bZ- osQ-] gkWjfoV~t] ,e- ch- vkSj dksi] ts- (1986)_ Øk"ksu] ,l-Mh- (1976]1981]1982]1985)_ eSdukWejk] ts- (1977)_ eSdy?kyhu] ch- (1987)_ iikdalsVsaVhfu;w] ,-(1988)_ fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- (1978)_ okUk ,Yl] Vh- (1984)_ O;ksxksRldh] ,y- ,l- (1978)_ jnjiQksMZa] MCY;w-(1987) vkSj okWdj] ,l- (1984)A

f}rh;@fons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ i<+kuk

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- (1994]1999)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj-osQ- (1988)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSjeq[kthZ ,- (1982]1998)_ vkWyjkbV] vkj-,y-](1981)_ ,ysu vkSj oSaQicSy (1972)_ chekSaV] ,e- (1996)_czkmu] Mh- ,p- (1980)_ czefiQV] lh- (1984]1980)_ czefiQV] lh- ts- vkSj tkWulu] osQ- (1979)_ osQukys],e- vkSj Losu (1980)_ ,”k] ts- (1989)_ ,”k] ts- vkSj fjpM~lZ] osQ- (1993)_ xkWoj] vkj-] fiQfyIl] Mh- vkSjokYVlZ] ,l- (1995)_ gkjej] ts- (1995)_ gkWifdal] Mh- (1993)_ gkml] ,l- (1997)_ Økmt] ,e- ,-(1992)_ yklZu&izQheSu] Mh- (1986)_ fyV~yoqM] MCY;w- (1981)_ ekyekg&FkkWel] ,] (1987)_ eSdMksuk?k] ts-vkSj 'kkW] lh- (1993)_ esMxkbt] ih- vkSj ekyMsjst+] ,- (1966)_ ukxjkt] th- (1996)_ uwuku]Mh- (1988]1991)_uVkWy] lh- (1996)_ fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- (1990)_ fjpM~lZ] ts- lh- vkSj jks”klZ] Vh-,l- (1981)_ LØkbouj] ts-(1994)_ LVuZ] ,p-,p- (1983)_ Vsuj] vkj-vkSj xzhu lh- (1998)_ FkksuZcjh] ,l- (1999)_ VkWeyhulu] ch-(1988)_ mj] osQ- (1996)_ foYl] ts- (1981)_ vkSj foYl] ts- vkSj foYl] Mh- (1996)A

49

Hkk"kk ijh{k.k

,YMjlu] ts-lh-] dkWyiQkWe] lh- vkSj oky]Mh-(1995)_ ,YMjlu] ts- lh- vkSj cjsVk] ,- (1992)_ cSdge] ,y-(1989)_ cSdge] ,y- ,iQ- vkSj ikWej] ,- ,l-(1996)_ czkmu] ts- Mh- (1996)_ dSjksy] ch- (1980)]dkssgsu],- (1980)_ Msfol] ,- (1990)_ gSfjl] Mh- ih- (1969)_ gSfjlu] ,- (1983)_ gSfuax] th- (1987)_g~;wt] ,- (1989)_ feykuksfod- ,e- (1995)_ vksyj] ts- MCY;w (twfu;j) (1979]1983)_ LiksYLdh] ch-(1978)_ cSysVh] fjcsdk] ,e- (1967)_ oh;j]lh-ts- (1990)_ vkSj oh;j] lh vkSj jkWcVZ~l] ts- (1994)_ lqcS;k(2004)_ lqcS;k (laiknu) 2005A

Hkk"kk ikB~;p;kZ

ck;je],e- (1997)_ uwuku] Mh- (1980]1988)_ LizksV] vkj- (1984)_ cuZl],- vkSj gwM] ,l- (1994)_ cVZu]ts- vkSj uwuku] Mh- (1988&91)_ vkWyjkbV] Mh- vkSj cSyh] osQ- ,e- (1991)_ vkWylu]ts- (1980)_ LVsugkml],y- (1975)_ gqMk] ,u- (1992)_ tkWulu] vkj- osQ- (1989)_ ,Iiy] ,e- (1990)_ OgkbV] vkj-(1988)_osQaMfyUk] lh- ,u- (1983) vkSj euckbZ] ts- (1984)_ bVkxh vkSj muosQ lg;ksxh (1994)A

lkekU; Hkk"kk foKku

vfpalu] ts- (1983)_ vdekft;u] ,- vkSj gSuh] ,iQ- MCY;w- (1975)_ cSjh ,e- (1975)_ CyweiQhYM] ,y-(1933)_ pkWELdh] ,u- (1957]1959]1963]1964]1967]1968]1970]1980]1991]1995)_ pkWELdh] ,u- vkSjdkV~t] ts- (1975)_ DykoZQ] ,p- ,p- vkSj DykWdZ] bZ- oh- (1997)_ dwd] oh- ts- vkSj U;wlu],e- (1996)_Mh- lkSlqjs] ,iQ- (1916)_ iQksMksj] ts- vkSj dkV~t] ts- (1964)_ xzhuoxZ] th- ,p- (1978)_ gSyhMs] ,e-,-osQ-(1973]1975)_ gMlu (1980)_ tsLilZu] vks] (1922)_ twl] ,e- (1957)_ dkV~t] ts- vkSj ikssLVy] ,e- ih-(1964)_ oszQl] th- (1976)_ ysuhcxZ] bZ- (1967)_ yk;al]ts- (1972]1977]1981)_ jsMiQksMZ] ,- (1990) vkSjjkWfcal] vkj- ,p- (1967]1989)A

cPpksa dh f'k{kk vkSj fodkl

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- (1992)_ vjksM+k] th- ,y- (1995)_ ,Vfdalu] ,e- (1982)_ csu- ch- lh- (1975)_dktMsu] lh- (1981)_ dfeal] ts- (1983ch-)_ ,iLVhu] ,u- (1977)_ izQheSu] vkj- (1998)_ gSx] osQ- ,oamuosQ lg;ksxh (1995)_ fyaMiQkslZ] ts- MCY;w- (1980)_ eksfM;kuks] ,u- (1968)_ iVuk;d] Mh- ih- (1981)_ikWyLVksu] lh- (1988)_ fjosjk] lh- (1984) Losu] ,e- vkSj okSax fiQyekSj] ,y- (1984)_ Vªwck] ,p-] xqFkksjh] th-ih- vkSj vkS osQ- ,p-(1981) vkSj O;ksxksRldh ,y- ,l- (1962)_ ukjk;.k (2004) ';keyk(1991)] fFk:eykbZ]vkSj xk;=kh (1991)A

Hkk"kk lh[kusokys

vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ- (1979]1988)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj- osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- (1982]1994]1995)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj-osQ-] [kUuk] ,- ,y- vkSj eq[kthZ] ,- (1982]1983)_ vfXugks=kh] vkj-osQ-] [kUuk ,- ,y- vkSj lpnso] vkbZ-(1998)_ psjh'kksoQl] ,u- bZ- (1991)_ dkMZj] ih- (1967)_ ,t ts- (1989)_ xkMZuj] vkj- lh- (1985]1988)_xkMZuj] vkj- lh- vkSj ySacVZ] MCY;w] bZ- (1972)_ gkjfoV~t] bZ-osQ-] gkjfoV~t] ,e- ch- vkSj dksi] ts-(1986)_[kUUkk] ,- ,y- (1983)_ Øk"ksu] ,l- Mh- (1976]1981]1982]1985)_ uwuku]Mh- (1988)A

50

ifjf'k"V IIIjkT;&okj ^f'k{kk esa vkn'kZ Hkk"kk* dh rkfydk,¡

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % i- caxky

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rfydk % jktLFkku

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh@{ks=kh; Hkk"kk ;k X XvYila[;dksa dh Hkk"kk

II ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X XIII ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X XIV ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X XV ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X XVI ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk] vaxzs”kh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk@'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk@fons'kh vfuok;Z ugha ,sfPNd

VII ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

VIII ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

IX ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

X ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

XI vaxzs”kh ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

XII vaxzs”kh ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk fganh X X XII ekr`Hkk"kk fganh X X XIII ekr`Hkk"kk fganh X X XIV ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X X XV ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X X XVI ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X laLÑr XVII ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X laLÑr XVIII ekr`Hkk"kk fganh $ vaxzs”kh X laLÑr XIX ekr`Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh fganh fganh ;k laLÑr izsaQp@teZu

X ekr`Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh fganh fganh ;k laLÑr ¸

XI vaxzs”kh vaxzs”kh fganh X ¸

XII vaxzs”kh vaxzs”kh fganh X ¸

51

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk fganh vkSj vaxzs”kh X X XII ¸ ¸ X X XIII ¸ ¸ X X XIV ¸ ¸ X X XV ¸ ¸ X X XVI fganh vaxzs”kh mnwZ laLÑr@vjch XVII ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ XVIII ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ XIX ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ Ýsap

X ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

XI vaxzs”kh ¸ X X XXII ¸ ¸ X X X

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % mÙkj izns'k

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk jkT;&Lrjh; Hkk"kk (ey;kye)@ eqfLye fo|kfFkZ;ksa X X

{ks=k&Lrjh; Hkk"kk (rfey] dUuM+) osQ fy, vjch

II ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ X X

III ekr`Hkk"kk ekSf[kd vaxzs”kh ¸ X X

IV ekr`Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh ¸ X X

V ekr`Hkk"kk jkT;&Lrjh;@{ks=k&Lrjh; ,fPNd 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk,¡ X X

$ vaxzs”kh $ fganh (vjch] mnwZ] laLdr] vaxzs”kh)

VI ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ X X

VII ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ ¸ X X

VIII ekr`Hkk"kk ;k vaxzs”kh ¸ ¸ X X

IX ¸ ¸ ¸ X X

X ¸ ¸ ¸ X X

XI ¸ jkT;&Lrjh;@{ks=k&Lrjh; mi&,sfPNd % dksbZ X X

$ vaxzs”kh Hkh vU; Hkkjrh;

Hkk"kk ;k fons'kh Hkk"kk

XII ¸ ¸ ¸ X X

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % osQjy

52

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % dukZVd

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk {ks=kh; Hkk"kk X X XII ¸ ¸ X X XIII ¸ ¸ X X XIV ¸ ¸ X X XV {ks=kh; Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh laLÑr X XVI ¸ ¸ laLÑr X XVII ¸ ¸ laLÑr X XVIII vaxzs”kh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk laLdr@fganh@ X X

vU; {ks=kh; Hkk"kk

IX ¸ ¸ ¸ X XX ¸ ¸ ¸ X XXI ¸ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk@fganh ¸ X XXII ¸ ¸ ¸ X X

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kk vkSj vaxzs”kh X X X

II ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X XIII ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X XIV ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X XV ekr`Hkk"kk ¸ X X XVI {ks=kh;@jk"Vªh; fganh$vaxzs”kh$vU; laLÑr (,e- vkbZ- ,y- X

Hkk"kk Hkk"kk ({ks=kh; dks NksM+dj) osQ :i esa) (,sfPNd)

VII X '' ¸ '' ''

VIII ¸ ¸ ¸ X X

IX ¸ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk $ vaxzs”kh ¸ X XX ¸ ¸ ¸ laLd`r] rfey] X

ySfVu (vfuok;Z)

XI ¸ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk osQ flok vaxzs”kh (,sfPNd) laLd`r (,sfPNd) ,sfPNd

dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk

XII ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

fo|ky; esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vkn'kZ rkfydk % mÙkj Hkkjr

(ekSf[kd nwljh rd)

53

jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg

LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ fy, izLrkfor O;oLFkk

ekr`Hkk"kk& ekr`Hkk"kk ls gekjk eryc gS os Hkk"kk,¡ tks ?kj esa cksyh tkrh gSa] iM+ksl esa] lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk vkSj lxs&lacafèk;ksa

osQ chp cksyh tkrh gSaA

{ks=kh; Hkk"kk,¡& os Hkk"kk,¡ tks izR;sd jkT; osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa cksyh tkrh gSa] Hkys gh mUgsa jkT; }kjk ekU;rk nh xbZ gks

;k ughaA

jkT; Hkk"kk& jkT; Hkk"kk@Hkk"kk,¡ ftuesa 'kkfey gSa jkT; }kjk ekU;rk izkIr Hkk"kk,¡A

vyx&vyx jkT;ksa ij vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa mÙkh.kZ gksus ds ekud fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA

d{kk ekè;e vfuok;Z fo"k; ,sfPNd fo"k; 'kkL=kh; fons'kh

I ekr`Hkk"kk,¡ ekr`Hkk"kk,¡@{ks=kh;@

jkT;&Lrjh; Hkk"kk,¡

II ¸ ¸

III ¸ ¸

IV ¸ ¸

V ¸

(izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ nkSjku dHkh Hkh

vaxsz”kh dks ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS)

VI ekr`Hkk"kk,¡@ 1- ekr`Hkk"kk,¡@ {ks=kh; Hkk"kk,¡ vk/qfud Hkkjrh;

{ks=kh; Hkk"kk,¡@ jkT;&Lrjh; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkk"kk

jkT; Hkk"kk,¡ 2- fganh (izFke Lrj ij ugha i<+kbZ ftlesa laLÑr

xbZ gks) Hkh 'kkfey

3- vaxzs”kh

VII ¸ ¸ ¸

VIII ¸ ¸ ¸

IX ekr`Hkk"kk,¡@{ks=kh;@ ¸ laLÑr@vjch@

jkT;&Lrjh; Hkk"kk,¡@ i+Qkjlh@rfey@

fganh@vaxzs”kh ySfVu

X ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸

XI ¸ dksbZ Hkh ,d Hkk"kk&ekr`Hkk"kk@{ks=kh;@ ¸ dksbZ Hkh fons'kh

jkT; Lrjh;@ Hkk"kk

XII ¸ fganh@vaxzs”kh ¸

54

ifjf'k"V IV

jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dh cSBd osQ nkSjku izkIr lEefr;k¡

MkW- ,l- jk/ko`Q".ku~

dbZ fopkjdksa dk er gS fd vkt dbZ laLo`Qfr;k¡ foyqfIr osQ dxkj ij [kM+h gSa ;k foyqIr gks jgh gSa] Bhd mlhizdkj ftl izdkj dbZ tho&tarqA lkaLo`Qfrd fofo/rk osQ dbZ lwpd gSa ftlesa /eZ Hkh ,d gS] ysfdu fo'o dhlaLo`Qfr;ksa dh fLFkfr dks le>us dk loZJs"B lwpd mldh Hkk"kk dh fLFkfr gksrh gSA oqQN Hkk"kk,¡ foLrkj ik jghgSaA vaxzs”kh dk rks foKku] okf.kT;] jktuhfr vkSj yksdfiz; laLo`Qfr dh tuHkk"kk (fyaxqvk izSQadk) osQ :i esa foLiQksVgqvk gSA cgqr lkjh nwljh Hkk"kk,¡ u"V gks jgh gSaA ;sy fo'ofo|ky; osQ ¶buMSatMZ ySaXost iQaM osQ Mxyl ,p-Ogkysu osQ vuqlkj] vkt osQ nkSj esa cksyh tkus okyh yxHkx 6]000 Hkk"kkvksa esa ls vk/h ls ”;knk Hkk"kk,¡ vkus okyh'krkCnh esa foyqIr gks tk,¡xhA¸ buesa ls yxHkx vk/h Hkk"kkvksaa dks cksyus okyksa dh la[;k 10]000 ls de gS vkSj,d pkSFkkbZ Hkk"kk,¡ 1000 ls de yksxksa }kjk iz;qDr gks jgh gSaA bldk dkj.k dbZ yksx HkweaMyhdj.k dks ekurs gSaftlds }kjk laLo`Qfr;ksa dh ,d:irk c<+rh tk jgh gS vkSj budks nwjlapkj rFkk oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ls b±/u feyjgk gSA

Hkkjr blls vyx ugha gSA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk egÙo vkSj blls tqM+h le`¼ laLo`Qfr [kRe gksrh tk jghgSA bls jksdk tkuk pkfg, Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks igyh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa i<+kdjA Hkkjr us gesa fl[kk;k gS fd ek¡ vkSjekr`Hkwfe nksuksa gh LoxZ ls c<+dj gksrs gSaA eSa ;gk¡ ,d vesfjdh nk'kZfud foy Mwjk¡ dk ,d dFku ns jgk gw¡A¶Hkkjr gekjh uLy dh tUeHkwfe Fkh] vkSj laLo`Qr ;wjksi dh Hkk"kkvksa dh ek¡] og gekjh n'kZu dh ek¡ Fkh_ vjcksaosQ ekè;e ls xf.kr dh ek¡] cq¼ osQ ekè;e ls bZlkbZ /eZ esa fn, x, vkn'kks± dh ek¡] xzkeh.k leqnk; osQ ekè;els Lo&'kklu vkSj tura=k dh ek¡A¸

,d cPpk vius vkjafHkd o"kks± esa nks ;k rhu Hkk"kk,¡ vklkuh ls lh[k ldrk gSA tc og LoHkkor% fcukfdlh iz;kl osQ ekr`Hkk"kk lh[k jgk gksrk gS] rHkh ls mlesa vaxzs”kh lquus vkSj cksyus osQ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djrsgq, vaxzs”kh i<+kuk 'kq: dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d ckj cPpk bu nksuksa esa ekfgj gks tk, rc mls miyC/ vPNslkfgR; ftl rd mldh igq¡p gks] osQ ekè;e ls èkhjs&èkhjs i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk fl[kkuk pkfg,A

eq>s gsyu osQyj dh ;kn vkrh gssS A dSls mldh peRdkjh f'kf{kdk lqfyou eSlh us efLr"d ls cgqrde”kksj osQyj dks ,d f”kEesnkj euq"; cuk fn;k vkSj mlosQ eu&efLr"d dks 'kCnksa vkSj oLrqvksa osQ chp rkyesydjuk fl[kkrs gq, tkx`r fd;kA ;g rkyesy djuk fl[kkuk osQyj tSls cPps ftlesa lh[kus dh bafnz;k¡ ugha Fkha] osQfy, cgqr dfBu FkkA bruk gh ugha vklikl osQ txr dk voyksdu djuk fl[kkrs gq, vkSj n'kZu bfrgkl] lkfgR;vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k dh iazsQp] teZu] ySfVu] RkFkk xzhd Hkk"kk esa fy[kh fdrkcksa dks i<+dj lqukrs gq, egku O;fDr;ksa osQegku fopkjksa vkSj cM+h miyfC/;ksa ls voxr djkrs gq, ml f'kf{kdk us osQyj dks cq¼efr cuk fn;kA mlus mulHkh Hkk"kkvksa dh [kwfc;k¡ osQyj dks fl[kkb± ftUgsa og tkurh FkhA bl rjg osQyj us fo'o dh le`¼ /jksgj izkIr

dh vkSj fo'o ukxfjd cuhA

dbZ n'kdksa osQ 'kksèkksa ls Kkr gqvk gS fd fdlh cPps osQ fy, i<+us esa e”kk vkuk vkSj vPNh rjg i<+uklh[k ysuk LowQy esa cPps dh liQyrk osQ cM+s dkjd gSaA vPNs ikBd egku fo|kFkhZ curs gSaA miyfCèkijdtk¡pksa esa ,sls cPps gjsd Lrj ij vPNs vad ykrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd xf.kr vkSj foKku esa HkhA vPNs i<+kowQ dk 'kCndks'k

55

Hkh vPNk&[k+klk gksrk gSA ,d vè;;u ls irk pyk gS fd tc f'k{kd tfVy Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa] de mez osQ cPps[kqn gh ”;knk tfVy okD; cukuk lh[k tkrs gSaA d{kk rhljh osQ ckn ,d cPps dks 3000 u;s 'kCn izfro"kZ osQ fglkc ls lh[kus dh ”k:jr gksrh gS] ;kuh yxHkx vkB u;s 'kCn izfrfnuA vkSj ,d 'kCn dksviuk cukus osQ fy, mls de ls de pkj ckj ns[kuk@lh[kuk iM+rk gSA

”;knk ls ”;knk dgkfu;k¡] dfork,¡] thofu;k¡] vkRedFkk,¡] ukVd bR;kfn i<+uk Ldwyh f'k{kk dk vfuok;ZfgLlk gksuk pkfg,A

vPNs i<+us okys ”kYnh 'kq#vkr djrs gSaA d{kk ,d iBu osQ vad fo|ky; dh vfUre lky dh liQyrkosQ eq[; laosQrd gSaA dgus dk eryc ;g gS fd vkjafHkd voLFkk esa tks dqN Hkh gksrk gS mldk vlj lh[kusosQ Lrj ij var rd ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

i<+uk lh[kuk dsoy vdknfed miyfCèk osQ fy, ugha gSA i<+uk vkuan dh vuqHkwfr djkrk gSA ¶cPpsfdrkcksa esa nksLr] lykgdkj vkSj 'kkafr ik ldrs gSaA i<+uk cPps dks os tknqbZ {k.k ns ldrk gS ftueas og fy[ksgq, 'kCnksa dk 'kkar laxhr lqu losQ vkSj muls Hkh dgha T;knkA¸la{ksi esa %d) gesa t:jr gS Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh gekjh laLd`fr thoar j[kus osQ fy,A[k) gesa t:jr gS vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dh cPpksa esa oSKkfud&cksèk fodflr djus osQ fy,Ax) izkFkfed Ldwyksa esa nwljh d{kk rd lquus dh oqQ'kyrk (Jo.k dkS'ky) dks fodflr djus ij ”kksj Mkyuk

pkfg, vkSj mlds ckn ls rhljh d{kk esa i<+us ijA?k) de ls de vkB u;s 'kCn izfrfnu osQ fglkc ls 'kCn&{kerk fodflr djuk lqfuf'pr djsaAÄ) izkFkfed Lrj osQ vuqdwy vPNh fdrkcksa ls Hkjk iqLrdky;Alzksr % us'kuy T;ksxzkfi+Qd] jhMlZ MkbtsLV

56

,p- osQ- nhoku

fiz; izks- vfXugks=kh]

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k osQ lanHkZ esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ge O;kid lkekU; j.kuhfr;ksa ij fopkj djsaA ckrfdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh gks] d{kk esa f'k{kd vkSj cPps ls lacafèkr eqn~ns yxHkx lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa ,d ls gSaA ikB~;iqLrdksavkSj LowQy dh Hkk"kk ls cPps dh Hkk"kk dk dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gksrk gSA buesa dHkh de rks dHkh cgqr ”;knkvarj ik;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh izkFkfed fo|ky; esa fdlh Hkh d{kk osQ lkjs cPps ,d gh Hkk"kk osQ ugha gksrsA cPpksadh Hkk"kk esa tks varj gksrs gSa og egt ,d gh Hkk"kk osQ FkksM+s ls iQsjcny fy, gq, vyx&vyx :i ugha gksrs]cfYd fugk;r gh vyx&vyx i`"BHkwfe fy, gksrs gSaA blfy, tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd ekr`Hkk"kk esa i<+kbZ gksuhpkfg, rks bu ckrksa dk [k;ky djrs gq, bls ”;knk Li"V djuk pkfg,A

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k osQ ekeys esa 'kq¼rk o tM+rk dh leL;k vkM+s vkrh gSA ,d rjI+kQ cksyh tkusokyh Hkk"kk gS tks ”;knk yphyh gS] thoar gS tcfd nwljh rji+Q ikB~;iqLrd o O;kdj.k tqM+ tkrs gSaA LowQy esaHkk"kk dh bl 'kq¼rk dks cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS] Hkys gh ,sls esa cPps dh jpukRedrk o vkRefo'okldks nckuk iM+sA Ldwyksa osQ ekeys esa bl rF; dks Lohdkj djuk gksxk] vkSj cPps dh Hkk"kk dks lEeku nsuk gksxk& Hkys gh ;g Hkk"kk xyfr;ksa o v'kq¼rk ls Hkjh gqbZ gksA

Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k] i<+us dh {kerk dks fodflr djus dh ”k:jr dks ugha le>rk gSA ;g cPps dksosQoy ^fMdksM* djuk fl[kkrk gS vkSj ^fMdksfMax* dks gh i<+uk le>us dk Hkze ikyrk gS vkSj bl Hkze dks iSQykrkHkh gSA tcfd i<+uk ikB osQ lkFk laokn djuk gS] vius vuqHkoksa o lS¼kafrd lajpuk osQ lk¡ps esa ikB dks <kyukgSA vdlj bl ckr dks Hkh u”kjvank”k fd;k tkrk gS fd i<+us dk vFkZ gS èkkj.kkvksa dks x<+uk vkSj lkFk gh fopkjksadks vkil esa tksM+us dh {kerk dks fodflr djuk vkSj mUgsa viuh Le`fr esa j[kukA bl ckr dks Hkh u”kjvank”kfd;k tkrk gS fd Hkk"kk f'k{k.k o.kZekyk igpku] 'kCn o okD; Hkj ugha cfYd oqQN vkSj Hkh gSaA Hkk"kk&f'k{k.kesa crkSj lcd tks oqQN cukus osQ fy, fn;k tkrk gS mldk mís'; gksrk gS cPps mudk tokc ,slk nas tks f'k{kdosQ vuqlkj lgh gks ;kuh izR;sd dgkuh] dfork ;k vU; jpuk&[kaM dks ,d gh rjhds ls le>us o O;k[;kf;rdjus dk ncko cPpksa ij Mkyk tkrk gSA i<+uk] ys[kd }kjk fy[ks x, osQ vFkZ dks le>Ukk rks gS gh lkFk gh nwljksaosQ er ls fHkUu u”kfj;k viukuk vkSj fdrkc dh viuh futh le> fodflr djuk Hkh gS] bls LowQyh Hkk"kk&f'k{k.kesa rjthg ugha nh tkrhA

;g Hkh è;ku nsus yk;d ckr gS fd nwljs fo"k; ;g ekuus dks rS;kj gh ugha gksrs fd os Hkh Hkk"kk ij fuHkZjgSa vkSj bu fo"k;ksa dh vPNh le> osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd cPps Hkk"kk&n{krk izkIr djsaA ifj.kker% ,d Hkh ,slklcd ugha fn;k tkrk ftlls fo|kFkhZ jpukRed Lrj ij tw>sa] mlesa fufgr rdZ dks le>sa vkSj viuk rkfdZdu”kfj;k fodflr dj losaQA

oqQN NksVs iz;ksxkRed dk;ZØeksa dks NksM+ fn;k tk,] rks ge ikrs gSa fd cPps dks ikB~;iqLrd i<+us dks izsfjrugha fd;k tkrk vkSj lkFk gh i;kZIr lqfoèkk ;k lkexzh Hkh iznku ugha dh tkrh] ftlls cPpk iqLrd dks ”;knkxaHkhjrk vkSj ”;knk vkRefo'okl osQ lkFk i<+us dks vxzlj gksA

mnwZ fo'ks"kdj bldh fyfi rFkk ijlks&vjsfcd 'kkfCnd dks'k vkSj laLoQr osQ ekeys easa mijksDr ckrsa egÙoiw.kZgSaA gks ldrk gS bldk dkj.k vfèkdka'kr% bu Hkk"kkvksa dk fnu&izfrfnu ”;knk bLrseky u gksukA tks Hkh gks ifj.kke;gh gS fd budh ikB~;iqLrdsa] [k+kldj laLo`Qr dh dkI+kQh iqjkuh gSa lkFk gh ;FkkFkZ ,oa cPps dh vfHk#fp ls dkslksa

57

nwjA d{kkvksa esa nSuafnu ?kVukvksa ij ckrphr djus ;k ;w¡ gh lkèkkj.k okrkZyki djus esa laLo`Qr dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk]D;ksafd [kqn f'k{kd Hkh laLo`Qr ugha le>rsA laLo`Qr dh dksbZ Hkh iqLrd f'k{kd Bhd ls ugha i<+ ldrkA blfy,jVuk vkSj jVkuk gh eq[; lkèku cuk gqvk gS] blesa dksbZ vpjt ugha gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ge pkgrs gSa fd laLd`rf'k{k.k tkjh jgs rks gesa ,d ,slk dk;ZØe fodflr djuk gksxk] ftlls laaLd`r ckrphr osQ Lrj rd ykbZ tk losQvkSj ckrphr dh laLo`Qr ,d lkspk&le>k fl¼kar cu tk,A ;g okLro esa nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd ge ml ikB~;lkexzhdk iz;ksx ugha dj ikrs gSa tks vk/qfud laLo`Qr ys[kdksa }kjk fy[kh x;h gSA

MkW- ,p- osQ- nhokufo|k Hkou lkslkbVh

mn;iqj

58

fjeyh HkV~Vkpk;Z

18 iQjojh 2005I;kjs lkfFk;ks]fuEufyf[kr fVIi.kh dbZ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj lkfgR; osQ lkFk&lkFk :lh] phuh (eSuMsfju) vkSj izsQap Hkk"kk vkSjlkfgR; osQ lkFk fd, x, esjs iz;ksxksa o vuqHkoksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA ,d fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kd] vuqoknd vkSj izkFkfedLdwy osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd fy[kus vkSj iBu&ikBu lkexzh (Vh- ,y-,e-) dks cukus ls ysdj Hkkjr o Hkkjr osQckgj fofHkUu dkWystksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i<+kus dh o”kg ls eq>s yxk fd eSa bl vkèkkj i=k osQ dsanzh; mís';esa oqQN ;ksxnku ns ldrh gw¡A eSaus Hkk"kk&;kstukvksa o muosQ izHkko vkfn ij vè;;u ugha fd;k gS] ysfdu ftUgksaus,slk fd;k gS] os bl fVIi.kh dh O;kogkfjdrk ij lksp ldrs gSaA

iwjs ns'k esa fdlh ;wfuiQkWeZ Hkk"kk&;kstuk dks ykxw djuk u rks laHko gS vkSj u gh ”k:jhAgeesa ls vfèkdka'k osQ fy, cgqHkkf"kdrk okLrfodrk gS] blfy, bldk ftruk ldkjkRed mi;ksx gks ldrkgS&og fd;k tk,A ikB~;Øe] Vh-,y-,e- osQ fuekZ.k ls ysdj d{kk esa laokn }kjk bls ifjiksf"kr fd;k tkukpkfg,Af'k{kk&O;oLFkk osQ Hkhrj vkSj muosQ chp] tks 'kS{kf.kd&;kstukvksa dks cukrs gSa vkSj dk;kZfUor djrs gSa] Hkk"kkdh le> o blds izfr laosnu'khyrk dk vHkko gSA blfy, loZizFke ;g ”k:jh gS fd Hkk"kk osQ fofHkUuigyqvksa] elyu bldh èofu] Vksu] lw{erkvksa] n`';&izn'kZ vk;keksa] fof'k"V lkaLo`Qfrd jLeksa vkSj nSuafnuO;ogkj osQ izfr ge [kqn dks tkx:d djsaAlcls ”;knk ”kksj izkFkfed Ldwy osQ f'k{kdksa dks blds izfr lpsr o xaHkhj #[k viukus dh vksj mUeq[k djusij nsuk pkfg,A eSa izf'k{k.k 'kCn dk bLrseky tkucw>dj ugha dj jgh gw¡] dkj.k vkt vfèkdka'kf'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe f'k{kdksa@gksus okys f'k{kdksa esa [krjukd <ax ls ^,aVh&yfu±x* #[k iSnk dj jgs gSaAvkSipkfjd f'k{kk esa vkjafHkd o"kks± esa cPpksa dks 'kq: djus osQ fy, fdlh ,d Hkk"kk (”k:jh ugha fd ekr`Hkk"kkgh gks] ysfdu izkFkfedrk bls gh nsuh pkfg,) esa xgjs mrkj nsus dh ”k:jr gS A f}rh; Hkk"kk ;k nwljs Hkk"kkls Hkh vHkh ls ifjp; djk;k tk ldrk gS A vkjafHkd o"kks± esa cPpk nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa vkSj fyfi esa #fp ys vkSjmls FkksM+h&lh Hkh ijs'kkuh ugha gks] bldk [k;ky j[kuk ”k:jh gS A bu fnuksa cPps dh Hkk"kk rkykc dh rjggksrh gS] ftlesa og [ksyuk] rSjuk] Hkhxuk lh[ksA blfy, iQksdl fdruh xgjkbZ rd ys tkuk gS] ml ij gksukpkfg, A ewY;kadu ,oa VsLV Hkh gksa ijUrq ,sls tks cPps osQ fy, og gkSok ;k ruko iSnk djus okys u cu tk,¡Avkt ftl rjg ls oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk iQSy jgh gS] mlesa vaxsz”kh i<+kus vkSj lh[kus dh ”k:jr c<+rh tk jghgSA ysfdu mlls Hkh vge o xaHkhj elyk gS cPps dk dc vkSj dSls vaxzs”kh ls ifjp; djkuk pkfg,A blsvkSipkfjd :i ls fo|ky; esa igys lky ls gh 'kq: fd;k tk ldrk gS (èofu o fyfi nksuksa Lrjksa ij)]ysfdu ;g rHkh laHko gS tc Bhd ls rS;kjh djosQ bls lkoèkkuhiwoZd dk;kZfUor fd;k tk,AizkFkfed LowQy esa igys lky Hkk"kk,¡ gh lc oqQN gSa] iQksdl lewg bls fjiksVZ esa ,d vyx&fgLls esa Li"Vo foLrkj ns ldrk gSA blesa ns'k osQ fofHkUUk Hkkxksa esa nks ;k pkj rjg osQ ifjn`';ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk,Afganh rhljs ;k pkSFks lky ,sfPNd fo"k; osQ :i esa 'kq: dh tk ldrh gSAuhfr i=k dks bruk yphyk gksuk pkfg, fd og vYila[;d leqnk;ksa vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys lewgksa dhvis{kkvksa dks lekfgr dj losQA blh le; bls ;g Hkh è;ku j[kuk gS fd ;g ,slk u cu ik, fd FkksM+s le;ds jktuhfrd ykHkksa ds fy, volj nsus yxs vkSj ftlds dkj.k /eZ] tkfr vkSj vU; LokFkhZ lewgksa ds eqíksa

59

dks xfr feys fcuk ;g è;ku esa yk, fd vUrfuZfgr mís';ksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, t:jh laHko lqfo/k,¡vkSj lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk gS fd ughaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,slk gksxk fd fcuk fdlh yacs le; dh izfrc¼rkds cPpksa ij cks> Mkyk tk,xk vkSj bldh fuHkZjrk izf'kf{kr vkSj vizf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa ij jgsxh tks okLro esaf'k{k.k djrs gSaA

eSa nks mnkgj.k nsrh gw¡ %1- ^vykfpdh* fyfi dks if'pe caxky esa vkfnoklh cPpksa dks fl[kk;k tkuk 'kq: fd;k x;k A mn~ns'; Fkk]

mudh viuh fyfi nsuk] ysfdu dydÙkk vkSj ckaoqqQjk f”kys esa tc eSaus ikB~;iqLrdksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k(1996)] rks ik;k fd ,d Hkh ikB~;iqLrd bl fyfi dks fl[kkus ;k lh[kus osQ fy, miyCèk ugha Fkh vkSju gh ,slk dksbZ f'k{kd feyk tks cPpksa dks bl fyfi esa i<+k jgk gks A vkfnoklh cPps caxyk fyfi lstw> jgs Fks] okLro esa mUgsa bl fyfi ls ugha tw>uk FkkA bl rjg os ,slh ”kehu ij Fks tgk¡ dksbZ Hkk"kkgh ugha Fkh (ns oj bu , uks ySaXost ySaM)

2- vle dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa cksMks fl[kkus okyh vH;kl&ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fdlh ,d gh dfo dh ?kfV;kdfork,¡ Fkha] tcfd dk;Z'kkyk (xqokgkVh 2001&02) osQ nkSjku ;g irk pyk fd cksMks esa fy[kh dforkvksadk le`¼ HkaMkj gSA njvly mDr ys[kd ftldh dfork,¡ ikB~;iqLrd esa Fkha] ikB~;iqLrd lfefr esaizHkko j[kus okyk lnL; FkkA

bu nksuksa ekeyksa esa ikrs gSa fd fyfi;k¡@Hkk"kk,¡ ljdkjh Lrj ij ekU; Fkha vkSj LowQy tkus okys cPPks osQ fy, miYkC/Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kkfey dh FkhaA ijarq blosQ fozQ;kUo;u osQ fy, cgqr gh de #fp yh xbZ ;k ;w¡ dgsa iz;kl gh ughafd, x,A varr% Hkk"kk osQ fy, dksbZ vknj Hkko ugha jgk nksuksa rjI+kQ pkgs jktuhfrd Lrj ij tgk¡ yksx bl ckrls lger Fks fd Hkk"kk@fyfi dks 'kkfey djuk gS ;k mu yksxksa osQ Lrj ij tks okLro esa uhfr dks dk;Z:i eas cnyukpkgrs FksA nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa cPPks dks fdlh izdkj dk le`¼ vuqHko ugha feysxk mldh Hkk"kk ij idM+ ughagks ik,xhA bu fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk dks vf/dkfjd igpku nsuk ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd cPPks dh viuh Hkk"kk esamiYkC/ lalk/uksa rd igq¡p u gksA uhfr i=k dks bruk yphyk gksuk pkfg, fd blesa gkf'k, ij pys x, lewgksa;k vYila[;d leqnk;ksa dh vis{kkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA lkFk gh bls bruk Hkh eqDr ugha gksuk pkfg, fdbldk bLrseky FkksM+s le; osQ jktuhfrd ykHk osQ fy, gks tks èkeZ] tkfr vkSj nwljs lewgksa osQ eqíksa dks gok ns]bl ckr ij è;ku fn, fcuk fd laHko <k¡pk rFkk vko';d lalkèku vko';d gSaA blosQ mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy,bl rjg osQ ekeyksa esa ifj.kke gksxk fcuk fdlh nwjxkeh izfrc¼rk osQ cPpksa ij cks> MkyukA

;s dqN izkFkfed voyksdu gSaA eSa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ Li"Vhdj.k ;k ;ksxnku dk volj ikÅ¡] rks [kq'khgksxhA Hkk"kk euq"; thou dk ,d vfHkUu fgLlk gS] vkSj eSa mEehn djrh gw¡ fd] ;g ^iS'ku* bl lewg osQ vafrefjiksVZ esa cgqvk;keh ifjizs{;ksa esa vfHkO;Dr gksxk vkSj 21oha lnh esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k osQ fy, fdlh Hkhizdkj osQ ;kaf=kd n`f"Vdks.k dks iuius dk ekSdk ugha nsxkA

fjeyh HkV~Vkpk;Zvaxzs”kh foHkkx

fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;fnYyh&110007

60

vatyh uksjksgukxSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dh HkwfedkHkk"kk f'k{kk dk ,d cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ vo;o gksrk gSA lgh vFkks± esa dgsa rks ;g f'k{kk dh vkèkkj LraHk gksrh gSD;ksafd Kku dks le>us ,oa mls vfHkO;Dr djus dk izkFkfed ekè;e ;gh gSA ;|fi ljdkj dh uhfr jgh gks fdf'k{kk cPps dks ekr`Hkk"kk esa gh nh tk,] fiQj Hkh ,d cM+s Hkkx dks [k+kldj oafpr yksxksa rd bls veyh tkek ughaiguk;k tk ldkA tgk¡ ekè;e osQ :i esa ekr`Hkk"kk viukbZ Hkh tkrh gS ogk¡ Hkh ikB~; ,oa ikB~; oLrq dk lanHkZ izk;%'kgjh] mPp tkfr] eè; oxZ vkSj iq#"k dk gh gksrk gSA xSj ljdkjh laxBu tks ”kehuh ;k ”kehu ls tqM+s dke djrsgSa bl eqn~ns dks mBkrs jgs gaS rFkk Hkk"kk dh vtuch;r dks de djus osQ dbZ rjhosQ fodflr fd, gSaA [k+kldjxzkeh.k cPpksa dks muls tqM+s lanHkZ osQ vuqlkj f'k{kk nsdjA bl rjg osQ vfHk;kuksa ls ge lkoZtfud f'k{kk dks vkSjvfèkd mi;ksxh cukus dh vksj c<+ ldrs gSaA xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ,oa lkoZtfud f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ chp vkilhlg;ksx osQ dqN vPNs ifj.kke izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaAoqQN mnkgj.k %yík[k esa Hkk"kk ,oa ekè;e dk eqn~nk % Hkk"kk dh tkx:drk c<+kus osQ fy, lsdeksy (LVwMaSV ,tqosQ'kuy,aM dYpjy ewoesaV vkWi+Q yík[k) dk iz;kl % tEew vkSj d'ehj osQ yík[k f”kys esa ,d fofp=k fLFkfr iSnkgks xbZ FkhA 10 lky igys ogk¡ igyh ls ysdj 9oha d{kk rd dh lHkh ikB~;iqLros aQ mnw Z es a Fkh a tcfd10oha d{kk dk ekè;e vaxz s”kh FkkAvpkud ls bl cnyko osQ dkj.k 10oha d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk izn'kZu vR;ar [kjkc Fkk (5» ls Hkh de)A yík[kesa ,d cM+h tula[;k ckS¼ksa dh gS rFkk eqfLye vkcknh Hkh vPNh la[;k esa gSA lHkh yík[kh (ckS¼ ,oa eqfLye)yík[kh Hkk"kk cksyrs gSaA yík[kh fyfi ckS¼ leqnk; osQ lkFk lacafèkr crkbZ xbZ vkSj ogk¡ dh ljdkj us bls ,dlkaiznkf;d Hkk"kk dh rjg fy;kA blfy, mnwZ (jkT; Hkk"kk) dh txg yík[kh Hkk"kk (lkaiznkf;d Hkk"kk) dk iz;ksxjSfMdy o vyxkooknh dne osQ :i esa fy;k x;kA lkFk gh yíkf[k;ksa esa Hkh yík[kh Hkk"kk osQ izfr lEeku u osQcjkcj FkkA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk osQ izfr ”;knk mRlkg Fkk D;ksafd os bl Hkk"kk dks lkekftd xfr'khyrk dh Hkk"kk ekurs FksAbu reke jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fnDdrksa dks ns[krs gq, ^lsdeksy* us ;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd d{kk ,d ls ghi<+kbZ dk ekè;e vaxzs”kh gks] blosQ fy, ,d tu vkanksyu 'kq: fd;k] rkfd cPps 10oha d{kk esa vpkud vaxzs”khekè;e ls tqM+dj ijs'kkuh u >sysaA bl igydneh us ldkjkRed ifj.kke lkeus yk,A d{kk 10 dh ijh{kk osQ fy,mnwZ ekè;e ykxw fd;k x;kA gkyk¡fd bls ,d i'pxkeh dne osQ :i esa ns[kk x;kA izkjafHkd d{kkvksa vkSj cksMZijh{kkvksa osQ ekè;e osQ chp fujarjrk dk cgqr gh tcjnLr izHkko 10oha osQ urhtksa ij iM+kA oqQN gh o"kks± esa 10ohaosQ urhts dk LosQy 5 izfr'kr rs”kh ls Åij mBdj 40 izfr'kr rd igq¡p x;kA

blosQ lkFk gh ^lsdeksy* yík[kh Hkk"kk osQ ekudhdj.k dh fn'kk esa Hkh iz;kl dj jgk gSA blosQ fy, osyík[kh fyfi esa ,d v[kckj jsokbZ vkstj (Rewai Odzer) vkSj ,d if=kdk esykax (Melong) fudkyrs gSa A lkFkgh blus cPpksa dh dgkfu;ksa dks nksuksa gh Hkk"kkvksa vaxs”kh vkSj yík[kh esa lkeus yk;k gSA blosQ vykok ;g izkFkfedLrj osQ i;kZoj.k vè;;u dh ikB~;iqLrdksa ,oa Hkk"kk osQ fodkl ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gS A ;|fi ;s ikB~;iqLrdsa vaxzs”khekè;e esa gS ysfdu yík[kh Hkk"kk dh >yfd;ksa osQ lkFkA budh ;kstuk gS fd vè;kidksa osQ fy, budk yík[khlaLdj.k Hkh fudkyk tk,A bl rjg tc èkhjs&èkhjs LFkkuh; yík[kh Hkk"kk esa phtsa Nidj vkus yxsaxh] rc yík[kh

61

Hkk"kk esa ikB~;iqLrdksa dk vkuk laHko gks ldsxk A blosQ lekarj gh ^lsdeksy*] ekr`Hkk"kk dh vko';drk osQ izfrjkT; ,oa LFkkuh; yksxksa dks tkx:d djus osQ fy, vkanksyu Hkh pyk jgk gSA

yík[kh Hkk"kk osQ izfr ukxfjd tkx:drk osQ dkj.k vkt ogk¡ jktuhfrd usrk Hkh yík[kh Hkk"kk dks vkusokys oqQN o"kks± esa izkFkfed f'k{kk dk ekè;e cukus dh ckr djus yxs gSaA ^lsdeksy* Hkk"kk dks ysdj fuEu rjgls lksp jgk gS%iwoZ&izkFkfed Lrj ij lHkh fo"k;ksa osQ fy, osQoy yík[kh Hkk"kk dk bLrseky fd;k tk,A(d) d{kk ,d ,oa nks esa lHkh fo"k; yík[kh Hkk"kk esa gkas] ysfdu vaxzs”kh dks ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA([k) d{kk rhu esa lHkh fo"k; yík[kh Hkk"kk esa gks] ysfdu xf.kr vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esaA(x) d{kk pkj esa foKku vaxzs”kh esa 'kq: gks] ckdh yík[kh esa gh jgsA(?k) d{kk ik¡p esa lkekftd foKku Hkh vaxzs”kh esa i<+k;k tk,A(Ä) izkFkfed Lrj osQ ckn lHkh fo"k; vaxzs”kh esa rFkk yík[kh Hkk"kk ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa ”kkjh jgsA ^lsdeksy*

dk fo'okl gS fd bl rjhosQ ls i<+kbZ gksus ls cPpk ekr`Hkk"kk esa ph”kksa dks ml le; vklkuh ls lh[k ldrkgS tc mldks bldh lcls ”;knk ”k:jr gS rFkk èkhjs&èkhjs mldk eq[;èkkjk dh Hkk"kk ls ifjp; djkus lsmlds eukscy dks bl cnyko ls ,dk,d èkDdk ugha yxsxkA

fganh ,oa {ks=kh; Hkk"kk xksaMh osQ chp osQ varj dks ikVuk % ,dyO; izkFkfed f'k{kk dk;ZozQe

Hkkjr osQ eè; izns'k jkT; esa fodflr gqvk ;g dk;ZØe bl iwoZèkkj.kk ij 'kq: fd;k x;k gS fd ,d cM+s HkkxosQ cPpksa osQ fy, fganh f}rh; Hkk"kk gS ftlesa mUgsa fy[kuk vkSj i<+kuk lh[kuk gS] ysfdu mUgsa vU; fo"k;ksa dksHkh] blh Hkk"kk tks muossQ fy, vifjfpr gS] esa le>uk gksrk gSA os lqfoèkkoafpr cPPks gSaA ;s lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd:i ls fiNM+s gq, rFkk nwj&njk”k bykdksa dh igyh ih<+h osQ lh[kus okys gksrs gSaA ;g dk;ZØe bl ckr dks Hkhekudj pyrk gS fd eè; izns'k dh ”;knkrj d{kk,¡ cgqHkkf"kd gSa ftlesa vyx&vyx Hkk"kk;h i`"BHkwfe osQ cPpksadks fgUnh lh[kuh gksrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa bl dk;ZØe us uk;kc rjhdk fudkykA blus Hkk"kk osQ lh[kus dks izkFkfedrknh vkSj i<+uk lh[kus osQ fy, bls mlh lanHkZ eas j[kkA ;g d{kk esa ”kksj&”kksj ls i<+us dks rjthg nsrk gS] u fdpqipki vFkZ fudkyus ek=k ijA blus ,slh fofèk;ka¡ bZtkn dha] ftlesa cPpk i<+rs gq, lanHkZ osQ vuqlkj u;s 'kCnosQ vFkZ vuqeku yxkdj lh[kus dk iz;Ru djsA ;s lanHkZ cPpksa osQ thou ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA ,sls lanHkZ esa ls ,dgS xksaMh ;k dksdwZ cksyus okys cPps] tks ,d gh {ks=k esa jgrs gSaA ;s nksuksa Hkk"kk,¡ vyx&vyx Hkk"kk lewgksa ls lacafèkrgSaA ;s cPps vkil esa ,d&nwljs dh Hkk"kk ugha le> ldrsA ,sls esa fganh] tks {ks=kh; Hkk"kk gS] buosQ chp laidZdk ekè;e curh gSA

,d ckj rks bl dk;ZØe esa ;g Hkh lkspk x;k fd xksaMh ;k dksoZwQ dk iBu&ikBu nsoukxjh fyfi esa gksAfdlh lkekftd ;k jktuhfrd vkanksyu osQ vHkko esa xksaM ,oa dksjdl yksxksa dks ;g dne viuh lkekftdxfr'khyrk osQ fo#¼ yxkA Hkk"kk lh[kus&fl[kkus osQ {ks=k esa ;g ;k=kk] iz;ksx] fparu vkSj le>kSrs dh ;k=kk Fkh]f'k{kdksa osQ lkFk mu rjhosQ osQ fy, tks izHkkoh FksA bl dk;ZØe us cPpksa osQ oqQN ifjfpr lanHkks± ,oa [ksyksa dkslek;ksftr djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;kA geus ekSf[kd vH;klksa osQ fy, xksaMh Hkk"kk dh lkexzh dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;kgSA ([kq'kh&[kq'kh d{kk&1)A

62

bl dk;ZØe esa Hkk"kk lh[kus osQ vkSj i<+uk lh[kus osQ mikxe Hkk"kk lh[kus dh LokHkkfod izfØ;k dh le>ij vkèkkfjr gSa ftldk vk/kj vFkZiw.kZ vkSj #fpdj lanHkks± ls lh[kuk gSA blosQ dkj.k ;g vko';d gks tkrk gSfd ge iBu osQ uhps ls mQij osQ yxHkx lkoZHkkSfed mikxe ls ftlesa fd o.kZekyk dks 'kCnksa ls igys vkSj 'kCnksadks ikB~;oLrq ls igys i<+kuk lh[kk tkrk gS] ls ml mikxe dh vksj tk,¡ ftlesa mQij ls uhps lanHkks± ls lh[kusdh izfØ;k gksrh gSA ikB~;oLrq dh Hkwfedk ekSf[kd lanHkks± osQ :i eas ftlesa fd oqQN 'kCn vkSj oqQN v{kjksa ;gk¡rd fd okD;ksa dks Hkh igpkuuk gksrk gS] iwjh izfØ;k dks iwoZ&izkFkfed Lrj osQ cPpksa osQ fy, cgqr ”;knk ewrZvkSj cks/xE; cuk nsrh gSA o.kZekyk dh èofu;kas vkSj izrhdksa dks fcuk fdlh lanHkZ osQ lh[kuk fuf'pr :i ls ”;knkvewrZ iz;kl gS] mlls ftlesa fp=kksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa osQ lg;ksx osQ lkFk ikB~;oLrq ls vFkZ fudkyk tkrk gSA ;g blckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gS fd ikBdksa osQ fy, ikB~;oLrq osQ lanHkZ esa fdruk lqifjfpr gS vkSj mudh Hkk"kk Hkhfdruh vkd"kZd gSA

bl dk;ZØe us ,sls dbZ fl¼kar mRiUu fd, ftls fdlh Hkh cgqHkkf"kd ifjfLFkfr esa bLrseky fd;k tkldrk gSA bl dk;ZØe esa vFkZiw.kZ ,oa le`¼ fo"k; oLrqvksa osQ pquko ij ”;knk ”kksj fn;k x;k ftlls lh[kus okyk[kqn dks tksM+ lds rFkk vkuan izkIr dj losQ tSls dgkfu;k¡] dfork] dgkorsa vkfnA bl rjg osQ lanHkZ Hkk"kk dkstkuus] i<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kdj.k dks le>us esa Hkh ennxkj gksrs gSaA bls oSQls fd;k tk ldrk gS & ;g dk;ZØeosQ }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ lkexzh ls Li"V gksrk gS & ^[kq'kh&[kq'kh*] ^dgkuh* vkSj ^dfork laxzg*] vH;kl&iqfLrdk,¡^igys fy[kks e”kk djks* vkSj lh[kus osQ dkMZ rFkk dfork iksLVjA bl dk;ZozQe us iqLrdky; osQ iz;ksx dks Hkhc<+kok fn;k vkSj nhokj&v[kckj osQ vH;klksa dks Hkh etcwrh iznku dh rkfd fofHkUUk Hkk"kk dkS'ky fodflr gkslosaQA ;g nwljs lanHkks± esa Hkh iz;qDr gq, gSa vkSj vkxs Hkh fy, tk ldrs gSaA

i<+uk lh[kus ,oa Hkk"kk fodkl osQ vkjaHk fcanq osQ :i esa LFkkuh; ,oa ek¡ dh dgkfu;ksa dk iz;ksx %½f"koSyh dk;ZØe½f"koSyh xzkeh.k f'k{kk dk;ZØe dk fodkl vkaèkz izns'k osQ fpÙkkSM+ f”kys esa fd;k x;k gSA bldk ”kksj ,dcgqLrjh;] cgq Js.kh vkSj lh[kus osQ lanHkZ ij gksrk gS tks ”;knk yphyh ,oa lkewfgd d{kk O;oLFkk osQ Ik{k esagSA blosQ fy, f'k{kd osQ tkx:d izf'k{k.k ij ”kksj fn;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk dks fl[kkus osQ fy, bldk cy ekSf[kdHkk"kk osQ foiqy HkaMkj dks fodflr djus ij gSA blosQ rgr iapra=k dh dgkfu;ksa ,oa [k+kldj mu dgkfu;ksa dksfy;k tkrk gS tks cPpksa osQ ekrk&firk lqukrs gSa ,oa ftUgsa cPps fy[k ysrs gSaA bUgsa eEeh@ikik dh dgkfu;k¡ dgktkrk gSA lHkh dgkfu;ksa esa eEeh ,oa ikik dk uke ,oa rlohj gksrh gSA cM+s cPps ftu dgkfu;ksa dks fy[krs gSaos mUgsa LowQy osQ ckgj i<+dj lqukrs gSaA iapra=k dh dgkfu;k¡ d{kk esa Hkh Ik<+h tkrh gSA tks dgkfu;k¡ izpfyr gkstkrh gSa mUgsa dBiqryh [ksy esa Hkh [ksyk tkrk gS tks fd bl {ks=k dh ijaijk gSA

ekrk&firk dh rFkk iapra=k dh izfl¼ dgkfu;k¡ iBu osQ dkS'ky lh[kus osQ fy, iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSaA;s dgkfu;k¡ fofHkUu rjhdksa ls mi;ksxh gksrh gaSA ;g leqnk; dks Ldwy osQ ”;knk utnhd ykrh gSaA (bl dk;ZozQeesa ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k fd dbZ rjhdksa ls tSls ekrkvksa dh lfefr }kjk] LokLF; dk;ZozQeksa }kjk rFkk izko`Qfrdcxhpksa }kjk leqnk; dks tksM+k tk,)A cPps bu dgkfu;ksa dks #fp ls i<+rs gSa A D;ksafd dgkuh dk lanHkZ mUgsa irkgksrk gS rFkk dgus okys dks Hkh og igpkurs gSaA (TkSls ,d canj MoSQRk dh ywV ls Nhudj oqQN lksus osQ flDosQ

63

,d NksVh xjhc yM+dh dks nsrk gS vkSj tc idM+k tkrk gS rks MoSQr ls NwVus osQ fy, ,d liQy ;kstuk Hkh cukysrk gSA)

;g iz;ksx okLro esa rsyqxq esa 'kq: gqvk ysfdu ½f"koSyh xzkeh.k f'k{k.k osaQnz fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjksa ,oavU; laxBuksa ftlesa dFkkdkj] LFkkuh; dykdkj osQ lkFk&lkFk cqf¼thoh ,oa f'k{kd Hkh 'kkfey gSa] osQ lkFk feydjbl Hkk"kk fodkl osQ vuqHko dk fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA vc rd bldk rfey] ey;kye] dUuM+,oa fganh esa iz;ksx gks pqdk gSA vHkh rks bldk iz;ksx NksVs oSdfYid LowQyksa }kjk gh gqvk gS ysfdu Hkk"kk osQ bligyw dk liQy iz;ksx eq[;èkkjk okys LowQyksa esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA

vatyh uksjksgu,dyO;Hkksiky

64

ifjf'k"V V(izFke MªkÝ+V ij izkIr dqN izfrfØ;k,¡A geus buosQ }kjk mBk, x, eqn~nksa esa ls vfèkdka'k dks izLrqr vkèkkj i=kesa fn;k gSA)

izks- dfork iatkch

fiz; izksI+ksQlj vfXugks=khvkils feydj cgqr [kq'kh gqbZ FkhA ysfdu dk;ZØe osQ ckn Fkd&lh xbZ Fkh] blfy, vkils ”;knk nsj rd ckrphrugha dj ikbZA eSaus vkids isij dks 'kq: ls var rd i<+kA eSaus cgqr oqQN blls lh[kk vkSj bls Hkfo"; esa mi;ksxosQ fy, iQkby essa ”k:j j[kw¡xhA p¡wfd le; dk ncko gS] blfy, eSa nwljs eqn~nksa ij vHkh fiQygky oqQN ugha dgustk jgh gw¡ vkSj gSnjkckn esa Hkk"kk vkSj tsaMj ij 'kq: dh xbZ cgl ij ykSVuk pkgw¡xhA

vkidk isij mu dqN isijksa esa ls gS ftlesa tsaMj osQ eqn~ns dks mBk;k x;k gSA ;g [kq'kh dh ckr gS] ysfdularks"kizn ughaA vkiosQ xzqi esa ”;knk tkx:d yksx gSa] eSa bldk Hkjiwj iQk;nk mBkrs gq, dguk pkgw¡xh fd tsaMjosQ lacaèk esa tks b'kkjs fd, x, gSa mUgsa ”;knk foLrkj nsuk o Li"V djuk ”k:jh gSA bldk dkj.k gS Hkk"kk Kku osQfuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS vkSj tsaMj&lacaèkksa esa Hkh fu.kkZ;d o izHkkoh Hkwfedk esa gksrh gSA ysfdu Hkk"kkvkSj tsaMj osQ lacaèk osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh dk Lrj bruk fuEu gS fd de ls de ikB~;iqLrd ys[kdksa vkSj f'k{kdksaosQ fy, ”;knk Li"Vhdj.k o foLrkj esa tkus dh ”k:jr gS] rkfd os mu ckrksa dks le> losaQ tks bl isij osQekè;e ls vki dguk pkgrs gSaA

blfy, ge vius xzqi dh oqQN lkexzh Hkst jgs gSa rkfd bl ij fopkj djosQ vki bls vius isij esa txgnsaA tsaMj vkSj Hkk"kk osQ eqn~ns ij vki tks oqQN dguk pkg jgs gksa] mlds vfrfjDr ;fn gekjs isij esa dgh xbZckrksa dks vki tksM+ nsa rks vPNk gksxkA D;ksafd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ij isij i<+us okyksa dh la[;k tsaMj okys isij dksi<+us okyksa ls fuf'pr gh ”;knk gksxhA

tsaMj osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkk"kk osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ Øe esa vkidk lewg etcwr roZQ djsxk ,slh vk'kk gSA fiQjfeyus dh mEehn osQ lkFkA

dfork iatkchvè;{k

f'k{kk esa TkasMj eqíksa ijjk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg

65

MkW- tkudh jktu

fiz; izks- vfXugks=khjk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg osQ Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k ij rS;kj fd, x, vk/kj i=k dks ns[kus osQ mijkar ;gk¡ dqNizfrfØ;k,¡ Hkst jgh gw¡A

vk/kj i=k vR;ar lwpukizn gS vkSj fdlh Hkh ;kstukdkj] ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k djus okys] ikB~;iqLrd ys[kdvkSj f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy, egÙoiw.kZ fn'kkfunsZ'k ns ldrk gSA ;g vk/kj i=k Hkkjr vkSj fo'o osQ fdlhHkh dksus esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ij gq, vè;;u osQ ekeys esa de ugha BgjrkA lkFk esa nh xbZ bruh vPNh lanHkZ lwphrFkk Hkk"kk rkfydk,¡ egt Hkk"kk i<+k, tkus osQ ekeys esa iz'kklfud fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, gh ugha cfYd ,d c`gRrj<k¡pk Hkh izLrqr djrh gSa] tks gesa laosnu'khy eqn~nksa osQ izfr vkxkg djrh gaSA ;s rkfydk,¡ LowQyksa esa Hkk"kk osQ pqukoosQ fy, ,d cM+h oqQath dk dke djsaxhA dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk lacaèkh fu.kZ; ;fn bu ekinaMksa vkSj lkFk gh ml {ks=kosQ yksxksa dh Mseksxzki+Qh dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy;k tk, rks ;g Hkk"kk ij xaHkhj cglksa dks tUe nsxk tks Hkkjr esa dHkhugha ns[kk x;k] ;gk¡ rd fd f=k&Hkk"kk lw=k dks ysdj Hkh ughaA ;g i=k Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ls lacaèkh cgqr lh fc[kjh gqbZfparkvksa dks Hkh ifjizs{; iznku djrk gS tks fd vkof/d rkSj ij lkeus vkrh gSa vkSj ftuosQ fy, fHkUUk jkT; tksdk;Zuhfr;k¡ viukrs gSa mudk vk/kj mudh orZeku lksp jgrh gS u fd fo'ys"k.kksa ls mHkjk lwfpr vkèkkjA

bruk dgus osQ ckn eSa oqQN mu ckrksa dh vksj è;ku fnykuk pkgw¡xh] lkFk gh ,sls lq>ko Hkh ftuls gjjks”k gekjk okLrk jgrk gSA eSa muesa ls oqQN lkeus j[k jgh gw¡ vkSj buosQ izfr xaHkhjrkiwoZd lkspus osQ fy, fouezfuosnu djrh gw¡ %

1- Hkk"kk osQ fofHkUu vk;keksa osQ ckjs esa 1-1 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA blds vykok ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd cpiuesa Hkk"kk dk lh[k tkuk ckn esa lh[kus dh {kerk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd fcukHkk"kk lh[ks ;k Hkk"kk ls ifjfpr gq, efLr"d esa fo'ks"k izdkj dh ^U;wjy* lajpuk,¡ fodflr ugha gks ldrhaAge lHkh tkurs gSa fd gekjs ns'k esa iwoZ izkjafHkd ckY;koLFkk f'k{kk yxHkx vuqifLFkr gSA lkFk gh Ldwy Hkheq[;r% cPps }kjk ?kj esa lh[kh xbZ Hkk"kk dks gh rjthg nsrs gSaA dbZ Hkk"kk,¡ gSa vkSj dbZ rjg ls cPpksa dkikyu&iks"k.k Hkh gksrk gSA loky ;g gS fd igyh d{kk esa gh dbZ rjg dh Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okys tks cPpsvkrs gSa] mudks ,d lkFk dSls i<+k;k tk,\ lkFk gh fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk osQ dbZ :i gksrs gSaA fganh Hkk"kk dbZ izdkjdh gS blh izdkj rfey Hkk"kk Hkh dbZ izdkj dh gSA fiQj ckr ikyu&iks"k.k dh Hkh gSA ?kj esa ekrk&firk cPpksadks dSls ikysa bldk dksbZ fuf'pr fu;e ugha gSA dbZ ekrk&firk cPpksa ls cgqr gh dM+kbZ ls is'k vkrs gSaAos lksprs gSa fd cPpksa dks ”;knk iwNrkN ugha djuh pkfg,A mUgsa tks dgk tk, pqipki mldk ikyu djsabR;kfn] ;kuh dBksj vuq'kklu dks mfpr ekuk tkrk gSA ,sls esa cPps esa [kqn dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh Hkkf"kd{kerk fodflr ugha gks ikrhA vkKk ikyu dk Hkko tUe ysrk gSA oqQN ekrk&firk mnkj gksrs gSaA cPpksa dks[kqn dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh NwwV gksrh gSA geus lquk gS fd Jfedksa osQ ?kj esa pqIih dh laLo`Qfr ikbZ tkrhgSA bu ?kjksa ls vkus okys cPps fuf'pr gh ?kkVs esa jgrs gSa tcfd is'ksoj oxZ esa cPpksa dks cpiu ls gh Ldwytkus ls igys ,slk okrkoj.k feyrk gS tgk¡ os Hkk"kk lh[krs gSa vkSj reke rjg dh jpukRed xfrfofèk;ksa esaHkkx ysrs gSaA dbZ laLo`Qfr;ksa esa lhèks cksyus dh ctk; :idksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tSls] ^^eSa 'kkSpky; tk jgkgw¡** bldks ,slk dgus osQ ctk; dbZ txg dgk tkrk gS] ¶tjk ?kj osQ fiNokM+s ls vk jgk gw¡A¸ bl rjgosQ varj ls LowQy oSQls fuiVsxk\

66

2- f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ;kstuk cukus okys ,d vtc rjg osQ varfoZjksèk es iQ¡ls gksrs gSaA ;w¡ rks dbZ rjg osQ cPpsgSaA tkfr] èkeZ] Hkk"kk] ySafxdrk vkfn osQ vkèkkj ij u Hkh tk,¡ vkSj eksVs rkSj ij nks gh rjg osQ cPpksa dksysa] ,d os tks izkbosV LowQyksa esa tkrs gSa vkSj nwljs os tks ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa tkrs gSaA bu nksuksa gh LowQyksa osQcPps nks vyx&vyx oxZ vkSj laLo`Qfr ls gksrs gSaA izkbosV LowQyksa esa vkus okys cPps fy[kus rd dh {kerkgkfly fd, gq, vkrs gSa tcfd vkfnoklh laLÑfr ls vkus okys cPps ,d etcwr ekSf[kd dkS'ky osQ lkFkvkrs gSaA ysfdu bl oqQ'kyrk dks os egt dqN lanHkZ esa oqQN [kkl rjg ls gh iz;ksx dj ikrs gSaA loky gSfd ;kstukdkj bu nks rjg osQ cPpksa dh [kkbZ osQ I+kQklys dks dSls ikVsaxs\

3- Hkk"kk lh[kus esa ySafxdrk egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ikjaifjd rkSj ij fL=k;k¡ vyx rjg dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksxdjrh gSa vkSj Hkkxhnkjh osQ Lrj ij Hkh xkS.k Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA vkjafHkd voLFkk esa bl leL;k ls dSls fuiVktk, \ dgk tkrk gS fd ckn dh voLFkkvksa esa yM+fd;k¡ Hkk"kk dk bLrseky djus esa yM+dksa dh rqyuk esavPNk izn'kZu djrh gSa] ysfdu D;k ;g lp gS \ esjs iwNus dk eryc ;g gS fd D;k yM+fd;ksa esa dksbZtUetkr {kerk gksrh gS vFkok lekt gh mUgsa izkS|ksfxdh fo"k;ksa osQ LFkku ij ekufodh vkSj Hkk"kk tSls fo"k;ksadks i<+us dh vksj mUeq[k djrk gSA 'kk;n yM+fd;k¡ Hkh ckrphr djus osQ fy, ;k laizs"k.k osQ fy, Hkk"kk dkslkekftd rkSj ij Loho`Qr ekè;e osQ :i esa Hkh bLrseky djrh gSaA fdlh Hkh rjg dh Hkk"kk ;kstuk dks cukrsle; bu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kk tkuk ”k:jh gSA

4- cuZLVhu dk dguk gS fd LowQy lajpukRed o izdk;kZRed Lrj ij gh eè;e oxZ dks ”;knk I+kQk;nk igq¡pkusosQ fy, gSA LowQy dh Hkk"kk eè;e oxZ dh Hkk"kk dk foLrkj gksrh gS u fd Jfed oxZ ;k gkf'k, ij vofLFkroxZ dhA LowQy bls dSls lqy>k,] [k+kldj tgk¡ vHkh Hkh lkearh lksp cuh gqbZ gS ogk¡ tkfr@oxZ osQ vkèkkjij 'kCn ?kjksa esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA D;k ge cPpksa dks lkekftd lajpuk dh bl fo"kerk Hkjh ifjfLFkfr ls ckgjfudky ldrs gSa] fo"kerk tks Hkk"kk ls izHkkfor Hkh gS vkSj Hkk"kk dks izHkkfor Hkh djrh gS\

5- vPNh [+kklh 'kS{kf.kd i`"BHkwfe okys ?kjksa esa Hkk"kkvksa dh vPNh laink fey tkrh gS tks bu ?kjksa ls vkus okyscPpksa dks ”;knk {kerk iznku fd, gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] :ch ik;us dk dguk gS fd ge ;fn lektdks rhu oxks± esa ck¡Vsa – vehj] eè;e vkSj Jfed oxZ – vkSj mudh [kkfl;rksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa rks ge ikrsgSa fd dbZ ckrksa osQ vykok Hkk"kk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lRrk osQ :i esa dke djrh gSA igys nksuksa oxks± osQ cPpsvius ?kjksa esa gh Hkk"kk dh fodflr ijaijk ls dkI+kQh oqQN lh[k tkrs gSaA loky gS Ldwy Jfed oxZ ls vkusokys cPpksa osQ fy, fdl rjg Ldwy vkSipkfjd Hkk"kk fodflr djs\

6- fnYyh osQ cPps ,d fo'ks"k leL;k ls ijs'kku gksrs gSa % gfj;k.koh cksyh esa tks ¶ek=kk¸ iz;ksx dh tkrh gSog fganh cksyh dh rqyuk esa dki+Qh fHkUu gksrh gSA bldh otg ls gfj;k.koh cPps fganh esa cgqr gh vkSlrizn'kZu dj ikrs gSaA bl fHkUurk dks ikVus osQ fy, ;kstuk fuekZrk fdl rjg osQ mik; djsaxs\

7- Ldwy esa ekud Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bldh iSjoh djus okys yksx mPpre U;k;ky; dks m¼`r djrs gSa]ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd lHkh rduhdh vkSj oSKkfud inkoyh ekud Lrj dh gh gksuh pkfg,A D;k ;gikB~;p;kZ 'kq: esa rduhdh 'kCnksa osQ cnys mudh O;k[;k djus dh fli+Qkfj'k djsxh\

8- iwjh ikB~;p;kZ esa Hkk"kk dk LFkku vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA ,slk ik;k x;k gS fd Hkk"kk dh d{kkvksa esa tks 'kCn

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fl[kk, tkrs gSaa ;k iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa mudk nwljs fo"k;ksa tSls – foKku] xf.kr ;k lekt foKku esa iz;qDrHkk"kk ls dksbZ fj'rk ugha gksrkA cPps oSQls mu tfVy rduhdh 'kCnksa dks tknw ls lh[ksaxs ftUgsa mUgksaus dHkhlquk gh u gks \ ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd gj ,d fo"k; dk viuk 'kCndks'k gksrk gS tks ml fo"k; dks le>uso lh[kus osQ fy, vfuok;Z gksrk gSA ysfdu ;fn cPpk vHkh fodkl dh gh voLFkk esa gks rks bu fo"k;ksa dhfof'k"V ”k:jr gh ,dek=k dkj.k ugha gksrh cPps ij viuh ml Hkk"kk dks ykns tkus dk ftls cPpk le>gh ugha ik,A vkSj blds fy, rdZ fn;k tk;s fd D;k djsa ;g gekjh etcwjh gSA D;k Hkk"kk lewg bl ekeysesa dksbZ dlkSVh cuk ldrk gS\ eSa ;gk¡ rd dguk pkgrh gw¡ fd ;fn foKku osQ fl¼karksa dks mu ifjHkk"kkvksaosQ fcuk ugha i<+k;k tk ldrk tks igys ls gh fuf'pr gSa (tks fuf'pr gh o;Ldksa osQ fy, fodflr fd,tkrs gaS)] vkSj ,sls 'kCnksa ls cuss gq, gaS ftUgsa cPpk ugha le> ldrk gS rks foKku dks pkfg, fd og bufl¼karksa dks cPPks dks i<+kus osQ fy, Hkk"kk vkSj ekufodh osQ fy, txg NksM+ nsA de ls de ;gk¡ cPpksa dksoSKkfud fl¼karksa] dFkkvksa] feFkdksa] dgkfu;ksa vkfn dks 'kkfey dj jkspd cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk Hkh gksldrk gS fd foKku vius ekud rjhosQ dks NksM+dj u, rjhosQ fodflr djs vkSj Hkkf"kd rjhdksa dks ”;knkrjthg nsA D;k Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dks bl ekeys esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg,\

9- fdlh [kkl laLo`Qfr dh Hkk"kk vius vki esa ijaijk vkSj lH;rkxr Le`fr;ksa dks l¡tks, j[krh gS lkFk ghdgkorksa] eqgkojksa] dforkvksa] vkfn dks HkhA ekud Hkk"kk osQ <k¡ps esa bu [k”kkuksa osQ fy, dksbZ txg ugha gksldrh gSA D;k Hkk"kk&ikB~;p;kZ dksbZ ,sls mik, lq>k jgh gS tks cPps dh le`¼ Hkk"kk {kerk dks LowQyhikB~;p;kZ esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku ns vkSj ^izkstsDV* vkfn osQ ekè;e ls mUgsa viuh laLo`Qfr ls tqM+us dk voljiznku djsA elyu igyh d{kk ls ckjgoha rd dgkorksa] g¡lh&e”kkd] yksdxhr] vkSj vU; ikjaifjd lzksrksadks laxzg djus dh vfuok;ZrkA

10- D;k dksbZ ,slk rjhdk gS ftlls cPps fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa tks 'kCn iz;ksx djrs gSa] mudks ;kstukdkjksa vkSjikB~;Øe cukus okyksa dks miyCèk djk;k tk,\ mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,slk dgk x;k gS fd igyh d{kk esa izos'kdjus okys cPps yxHkx rhu g”kkj 'kCnksa dks fo'okliwoZd iz;ksx djus dh {kerk fy, gksrs gSaA D;k ;g lpgS\ vkxs dh d{kkvksa esa bUgsa dSls bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k dksbZ rjhdk gS tks bUgsa fyf[kr dh vksjc<+us esa lgk;d gks \

11- Hkk"kk vkSj laKku % gesa dgk x;k fd ;s lkFk&lkFk fodflr gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa vyx&vyx ugha fd;k tkldrkA ;gh otg gS fd mPp Lrj dh ijh{kkvksa esa Hkkf"kd {kerkvksa dh tk¡p vfuok;Z gksrh gSA vxj ,slhckr gS rks D;ksa u ge bls mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij vktek dj ns[ksa rkfd cPps] ekrk&firk vkSj f'k{kd lHkhle> ldsa fd ;g dgk¡ rd lp gS\

12- O;kdj.k% ekè;fed Lrj osQ ckn gksus okyh pquko ijh{kkvksa esa O;kdj.k dks ysdj ge ,der ugha gSaA dqNdgrs gSa fd O;kdj.k dks vius vki esa vyx :i ls tkuuk ”k:jh gS vkSj bldh tk¡p gksuh pkfg,A nwljksadk ekuuk gS fd O;kdj.k dks tkuuk Hkj egÙoiw.kZ ugha gS cfYd egÙoiw.kZ gS mlds mi;ksx dh {kerk dkgksukA D;k ;g vkèkkj i=k bl ekeys esa dksbZ fn'kk funsZ'k ns ldrk gS\

13- vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; esa ftl rjg dh lkfgfR;d vkykspuk izpfyr gS og Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj lkfgR;

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esa ns[kus dks ugha feyrhA izk;% lkfgR; dks xzaFkksa dh Hkk¡fr i<+k;k tkrk gS A D;k ;g vkèkkj i=k bl fn'kkesa ”;knk izdk'k Mkyus tk jgk gS fd ikB~;iqLrdksa esa iz;qDr Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dks cPpksa dks i<+k, tkus dhD;k o”kg gS\ vkf[kj fdlfy, mUgsa lkfgR; i<+k;k tkrk gS \ muls D;k mEehn dh tkrh gS\

14- gkyk¡fd bl vk/kj i=k esa lkSan;kZRedrk vkSj laosnu'khyrk ij ckr dh xbZ gSA ysfdu ;kstukdkjksa dks ;gè;ku esa j[kuk gksxk fd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx dSls fd;k tk, tks geesa ,d nwljs osQ izfr lfg".kqrk vkSj laosnukdks tUe nsA lkSan;Zcksèk dks vyx ls fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu laosnuk osQ fcuk ;g laHko ughagSA ;g i=k bl fn'kk esa D;k lksprk gS\

MkW- tkudh jktu,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh

69

oqQekj 'kgkuh

fiz; jekdkar vkSj lkfFk;ksHkkjr esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k vkSj Hkk"kk&fodkl dh leL;kvksa ij bruk vPNk vk/kj i=k rS;kj djus osQ fy, èkU;oknA lkFkesa cèkkbZ HkhAeSa vkiosQ }kjk mBk, x, oqQN eqn~nksa dk iwjk leFkZu djuk pkg¡wxk1- eSa bl ckr ls lger gw¡ fd Hkk"kk ;FkkFkZ dks x<+rh gS vkSj lkFk gh bldk vo;o Hkh gksrh gSA ;g gekjs

lkspus osQ rjhosQ esa fdl dnj varfuZfgr gSA Hkr`gfj osQ le; ls gh] mnkgj.k osQ fy, xqtjkr osQ ,d fdlkuus Hkh esjs oqQN fo|kfFkZ;kas dks dgk dh fuEu dksfV dh okr (cksyh] l¡kl) okrkoj.k dks nwf"kr djrh gSA Åijfn, x, dk fufgrkFkZ gekjs laKkukRed n`f"Vdks.kksa osQ fy, t:jh gS tks gekjs ,sfrgkfld vuqHkoksa dkss etcwrdj losQ vkSj rF;kRedrk] foKku] dyk vkfn osQ lacaèk esa gekjs ftu fopkjksa us dbZ lkyksa ls vkSj chrhdbZ lH;rkvksa osQ nkSjku vfèkdkj tek j[kk gS] mUgsa pqukSrh nsA

2- gekjs laKkukRed yphysiu dks fodflr djuk vR;ar ”k:jh gSA ,slk fdlh fo'ks"k ;akf=kd dkj.k ;k ch-vkbZ- lh- ,l- osQ fy, gh ugha] cfYd iwjh èkjrh ij – lHkh osQ thou osQ vfLRkRo j{kk gsrq ^v{kj* –pkgs og fy[kk x;k gks ;k cksyk gqvk – lanHkks±] ifj?kVukvksa vkfn osQ lacèkksa ls izlax ysdj gekjs vuqHkoksadks le`¼ cukus dh n{krk j[krk gS vkSj vejRo dh fLFkfr izkIr dj ysrk gSA egt dgha oqQN gS] mldkizalxA pw¡fd dgha oqQN ,slk gS tks ges'kk gh cny jgk gS] thoar gS] vkdkj ys jgk gSA tc rd fd gemls xzg.k djsa vkSj viuh lajpukvksa esa 'kkfey djas ;g ^v{kj* lanHkZ vkSj :i Hkh cny ysrk gSA

3- cPps Hkk"kk dks lcls ”;knk thoarrk o [ksy&[ksy esa iz;ksx djrs gSa] ;g Hkk"kkfonkas dk dguk rks gS gh] geHkh gj jks”k ,slk gksrk ns[krs gSaA

4- ;FkkFkZ ls tks fj'rk Hkk"kk o xf.kr dk gS] ogh fj'rk lHkh dykvksa vkSj lkfgR; dk gSA5- ehfM;k esa ekuoh; dYiukvksa dks foLrkj nsus dh {kerk gS] ysfdu varr% jkT; vkSj ck”kkjh rkdrsa gh bls

fu;af=kr djrh gSaA ;g gesa osQoy laKkukRed Lrj ij gh ugha oju~ gekjs cks/kRed ladk;ksa dks Hkh (tks thouosQ mn~Hko osQ le; ls gh lHkh thoksa esa dbZ yk[k o"kks± ls fodflr gks jgh gS) laosnughu cukus ij rqykgqvk gSA vkt tsaMj] LkÙkk] vfLerk vkfn iz'uksa dks ysdj Hkk"kk dk dki+Qh xyr bLrseky gks jgk gSA if'peesa bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd igys ls gh de”kksj gksrs okrkZykiksa esa Hkk"kk ”;knk ls ”;knk fMdksfMax djusrd fleV xbZ gSA

6- cgqHkkf"kdrk Hkk"kk vkSj laLo`Qfr osQ mu lHkh i{kksa osQ fy,] thoar] turkaf=kd o n`<+ izfrjksèk dk dke djldrh gS] tks mlosQ fodkl osQ fy, #dkoV curs jgs gSa] dHkh loZZns'kh; lkoZHkkSe izk/kU; {ks=kh; Hkk"kk dksopZLork dk n”kkZ nsdj] rks dHkh fdlh LFkkuh; rkdroj Hkk"kk dh opZLork ?kksf"kr djosQA

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk izLrkfor y{;ksa dks izkIr djus osQ iz;kl osQ fy, eSa Hkfo"; dh vksj ns[krk gw¡] rksjkg èkq¡èkyh gh utj vkrh gSA ftldk dkj.k] u;s :i esa c<+rk vkSifuos'khdj.k vkSj miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dk gekjhvk¡[kksa ij insZ osQ :i esa Nk tkuk gS tks dYiukRedrk] O;kidrk ,oa lE;d fparu@dk;Zdyki dks yxHkx oqQandj jgh gSA izR;sd cPps esa ;s lHkh i{k ekStwn gksrs gSaA ge mUgsa cpk ldrs gSa ;fn dne&dne ij iSQys izpkjksadh] feFkdksa dh dkV j[k lossaQA lHkh rjg osQ cgkuksa osQ izn'kZu dh vko';drk gSA ;fn gesa lcls ”;knk fgalkRedØwj cyksa ls NwVuk gS vkSj lkFk gh ldkjkRed dk;Zokgh ls leFkZu dks Hkh gVkuk gksxkA badkl us eklwfe;r osQ

70

lkFk fcuk 'kd osQ caanwdksa osQ vkxs gkj eku yh tks mudh uSfrdrk (iznku dh xbZ) osQ lkFk&lkFk jghA cps gq,vesfjdh Hkkjrh; Hkh vrhr osQ xrZ esa Mky fn, x,A vÚhdk us xqykeh osQ nkSj esa lalkj dks vius thou vkSjlH;rk osQ egkure [kt+kus ns fn,A FkkbZySaM esa lcls ”;knk fu;kZr&dekbZ dk vkt yxHkx 17 izfr'kr] dgk tkrkgS fd isMksfiQyh;k ls izkIr gksrk gSA Hkkjr dks psrkouh fey pqdh gS fd bls efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa osQ O;kikj osQnq"ifj.kke >syus iMs+axsA

bu lHkh osQ lanHkZ esa gesa vius f'k{kdksa dks vkSj cPpksa dks vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd oDrk cukus gsrq,d tSlk gh iks"k.k nsus dh vko';drk gS – f'k{kk] laLÑfr] 'kksèk vkSj l`tukRedrk osQ lHkh Lrjksa ijA ftl rjgLons'kh vkanksyu us oqQN HkkSfrd oLrqvksa dk cfg"dkj fd;k Fkk] mlh rjg gesa Hkh ^vewrZ* oLrqvksa dks cfg"Ñrdjuk lh[kuk pkfg,A blosQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge f'k{kk'kkL=k ls iz'u iwNrs jgsa] u fd tokc nsaA blfy, eSa f'k{kdksavkSj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, iwjh lqfoèkkvksa dh miyCèkrk dks leFkZu dk izLrko nsrs gq, ;g Hkh dguk pkgw¡xk fd gesalkspuk pkfg, fd D;ksa oqQN Hkk"kk,¡ oqQN n`';&èkkj.kk,¡] laxhr :i] bZfM;e vkfn foyqIr gks x,A ikyh Hkk"kk dksgh yhft, blus gesa fopkjksa dh fdruh le`¼ ijrsa nha ftUgsa geus [kks fn;kA ,slk ns'k tgk¡ ;g lR; ekuk tkrkgS fd ;gk¡ cgqr lkjs eqlyekuksa dk èkeZfujis{k ?kj gS vkSj 'kk;n vjch ns'kksa osQ lkFk lcls yacs vkSj yxkrkjO;kolkf;d lacaèk j[krk vk;k gS] ogk¡ vjc Hkk"kk dks viuh ,d 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk dgus dk fojksèk D;ksa fd;k tkrkgS\ laLÑr osQ f'k{kdksa dh la[;k Hkh fnu&c&fnu de gksrh tk jgh gSA tks ogk¡ gSa os {ks=kh; i`"BHkwfe ij blosQfu:i.k osQ fy, yM+kbZ djrs gSaA bls vkèkqfud vkSj lgt igq¡p okyh Hkk"kk cukus dh osnuk esa oqQN f'k{kd bldhnksgjh voufr osQ eqís ij gkj eku ysrs gSaA

;g rks ,slk gh gS tSls ekyh vius cxhpksa osQ ikSèkksa osQ uke ugha tkurs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd ^dne* osQ isM+dk Hkh ugha ftldh 'kk[kkvksa ij Ñ".k xksfi;ksa osQ oL=k Vk¡x nsrs FksA iqjh] cukjl] psUubZ vkSj f=kfp osQ chp dhHkkf"kd vlfg".kqrk ,d nq[k vkSj gkL; osQ feys&tqys Lok¡x dh rjg gS tgk¡ fonw"kd Lo;a gh lkjh&Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkrkgSA

oqQekj 'kgkuhfiQYe funsZ'kd] eqacbZ