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BhattaJayanta’sRefuta上ion Yog瓦c豆raBuddhistDoctrineofVij貢瓦n AnnotatedTranslationandAnalysis AlexVVATSON andKeiKATAOl(A 南アジア古典学第5号別刷 SouthAsianClassicalStudies,No.5,P 2010年7月発行

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Page 1: BhattaJayanta’sRefuta上ionofthe Yog瓦c豆 ...kkataoka/Kataoka/WatsonKataoka...BhattaJayanta’sRefuta上ionofthe Yog瓦c豆raBuddhistDoctrineofVij貢瓦nav豆da: AnnotatedTranslationandAnalysis

BhattaJayanta’sRefuta上ionofthe

Yog瓦c豆raBuddhistDoctrineofVij貢瓦nav豆da:

AnnotatedTranslationandAnalysis

AlexVVATSON andKeiKATAOl(A

南アジア古典学第5号別刷

SouthAsianClassicalStudies,No.5,PP.285-352

2010年7月発行

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5ACS5,2010

BhattaJayanta’sRefutationoftheYog豆C豆ra

BuddhistDoctrineofVijiほnavada:

AnnotatedTranslationandAnalysis

AlexWatsonandKeiKataokal

INTRODUCTION

Inthepassage[ransla【edandexaminedbelow,Bh叫aJayanta2outlines,and[henrefu[es,

thedoc【rineofVij舶navadaadvancedbyYog豆血・aBuddhism.3pmevij琉nav豆dininter-

1ocutorfirs(S(a【eshisviewasthatitiscognitionJconsciousness(噌jidna)alone,aPPearing

inachainofindividualmomen[s,(ha【maniftstsasthevariousobiectstha(WePerCeive.

TTluS,hecontinues,thereisnothingotherthanit,forif(hose[hingsthatwetaketobeex-

【erna】andinsen[ien(areac【uallyofthenatureofcognltion,Wha[needisthere[opos[ulate

anythingother[hancognl[ion?

Vij雨nav豆daispresentedbyBhattaJayantaasakindofnonqdualisrn.i.e.asholdingthat

everythingin(heuniverseisof[hesamenature.Hereferstoit,botha【【hebegiJlnlngand

endofhispresentation,aS Vi7hdnadvaitavdda,【hedoc【rineofthenonJualism ofcog-

ni【ion・Heplaceshisdiscussionofitafterthatoftwoo【herkindsofnon-dualism:[he

non-dualismofBral1manand【henon-dualismof‘TTleWord’(iabda).Thisdiscussionof

threekindsofnon-dualismcomeswi[hinachap[eronliberation/beatitude(mokぎa,qPaL

Varga)・TTLischapteris,intum,OneOutOftwelveinhismagnumopus,(he坤dyama可aril

Thefirstsixchap[ersof[heNydyama可ar[concemthemselveswiththemeansofkr10Wl-

edge(クram申a),thenextthreewi[h[hevariousobjec【sofknowledge(クrameya)・The

Chapteror11ibera[ioJlis[hethirdofthesethree,i・e.[henin(hchqp[erof[hewhole[exLL

1Theresearchforthisarticlewas・enabledoyafourweekPoscdoctoralFellowshipfromtheJa-

panSocietyfor山ePromotionofScience,inSeptember2009,WheTIAlexWa[sonJOinedKeiKa一

【aokaatKyushuUniversity,Fukuoka,JapaTl.

1Al[houghheiscommonlyreferredtoinsecondaryliteratureasJayantaBhatta,herefersto himselfasBhat与aJayantain山etwoplacesweknowofwhereheincludeshisownnameW仙血one

Ofhistexts:Agdm〃血朋あd和32,15and122,17.

ForbackgroundinfomatioTlOnBh叩aJayaLlta,SeeHegde(1983)andDezs6(2005:15-22).On

hisimportancefor山ereconstruCtionofvanousaspectsofthehistoryofNy哀ya,SeeOberhammer

(1962),Wezler(1975)aLldMami(2006).OntheNyayamaiijaTL[asasourceoFinfomla(ionabout

Buddhism,SeeGupta(1963:17-18),Kher(1992;179-286),Shah(1997:141-148)andKataoka

(2009).

ユⅠ【iい00urknowledge▼山ems=ransla【ionofthepassagein【oaEuropeanlanguage・ForaGu-

j已ratitransla【ionsee5hah(1992)・ForaJapa几eSe亡ranslation,SeeKataoka(2006).

- 285 -

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ThechapteronLiberationintheNydyamalyan

rmechapteronlibera【ion,【akingupninety-tWOPageSin[heMysoreedition,iseffectively

acommentaryonjus【onesBtra(1・1・22),Whichdefinesliberationasthecompletecessaq

tionofsuffering(LadaLyanLavimokFO如vargab).meconten[sof[hechap[ercanbedi-

videdupasfo1lows.

The坤∂γd椚d町drf

TheNyayamaTUarllSa‘selective’commentaryonAk!aP豆da’sNyayasi2tra,inthesense

thatitcom皿en[sOnly on thesBtras tha[givedefinitions(lakざaPaSiuras)1eavingaside

thosethatenunciatea[opictobefur[herdiscussed(uddeiasdll・aS)andthose[ha[carryOu【

aninves[igationofatopic(クarfk?Lis虎1raS).

ThefollowlngtableshowsthetopICSCOVeredinits[welvechaptersand[heNyayasiilT・aS

thattheyarecommentlngOn・ 1Explana[ionof[hesn[ra(siZlravyakhyLina)

2TheNa【ureofLiberation(mokざaSVarZ2pa)

430,3-131,13

431,15-139,18 Chapter Volume,

Sdtra,Topic 碩抽伽) Page4

1ntroduction

1.1.1EnumerationofthesixteencategoriesbLZdarEha) I12

1.1.3Whatitistobeameansofknowledge Ⅰ31

brLコTTZ申LZSLimanyalakF叩a);SubdivisioniIltOfourkinds

1.1.4PerceptionbTuLyakFO) I171

ユ 1.1.5In氏rence(即川川風咄) lユ氾

1.1.6Compadson(叫相川腐Ⅷ) Ⅰ373

3 1.1.7Speech(血九九) Ⅰ396

4 The Veda Ⅰ573

5 Word-meaningbadarLha)andsentence-meaJling(ソd桓artha) Ⅱ3

6 Sentence-mea皿1ng Ⅱ143

1.1.9Whatitistobeanobjectofknowledge II 263

7 brameyasamLinyalLZk?aEla);Subdivisionin101tkinds

1.1.10These】f(丘肋d乃) nユ78

8

1.1.1ト21Theobjectsofknowledgefromthebodyuptosuffering Ⅱ360

(血帝か血頻厄)

9 1.1.22Ljberation ⅠⅠ430

1.1.ヱ3-39n己Ca【∈gOries加ゎldoubt(∫叩血γd)up仁0血e貢n山conclu- 10 Ⅱ522

Sionofasy】logism(〃ig‘1川口柁d)

1.1.40ql.2.17Hypotheticalreasoning(Larka)uptounfairreply(cIzala) Ⅲ584

1,2.18Generalitybasedonafalseanalogy(再EE) 口645

5.1.1--43Subdivisioninto24kinds Ⅲ646 1Z

1.2.19ニ20Groundsfordefeatindebate(nigrahasthLina) 口677

5.2.l-24Subdivisioninto22kinds 口679

3TheMeansofAttainingLiberation(mokダOPaya)..‥ .440,2-160,11

4Knowledgeoftheessentialnatureofreality(tatlvqi方ana)... ..460,13-161,5

4.1meNaiy豆yikaView(naiyayikamala)………………‥ 461,7-164.13

4.2Non-Dualism(αれ血厄Ⅳ永ね) 464,14-15

4.Z.1Non-DudismofBrahman(あJ■dh涙元h扇化Ⅳ叙九)…‥464,17-176J2

4.2・2Non-DualismofneWord(SabdadvLZilavada)…‥.476,14-187,10

4.23Non-DualismofCognition(viThdnadvailavLida)

4・2.3・1PerceptualCognition(pratyakざaVti宛ana)

(【ranslatedin[hepresentar[icle)……………‥487,12-504,17

4・23・2ErroneousCognition(b71ramqf斤Lina);

neoriesofError(khyd(ivada)….. .504,19-518,13

4・2.3・3ConclusionoftheRefu[ationoftheVi殖ぇnav豆din

ViewthatCognltionisdevoidofobjects (成り仇血k血喧叫叩用郡毎加)‥‥‥.‥ ‥ 518,14-519,11

4.2.4ConclusionoftheRefutationofNon-Dualism

(αdソdJαレ∂dα乃汗由叩α∫αりぁかβ)

4・3TheS弛khyaView(saTikhyamala)

519,13-16

519,18-520,6

520,8-17

521,Z-5

521,7-10

4.4TheJainaViewUainamata)

4.5¶1eYogaView(ッ∂g(7柄df丘)

5ConclusionofthediscussionofTheoriesconcern1ngLiberation (呼βVαrgαV(ラdqpα∫αり乃かα)

Ithavingbeenestablishedinsection4tha【themeansofat[ainlngliberationisknowledge

Oftheessentialnatureofreali【y(tallvqfiiana),【heques[ionarisesas[owhatprecisely[he

Objectisofthisknowledge.Jayan[afirstglVeStheviewofhisownNaiy豆yikatradition,

according[owhichlibera[ingknowledgeconcemstheindividualself(atman)(4.1).nen

heexpoundsandrejectsthethreeabove-mentiorledkindsofnonTdualism(4.2),followed

bytheS豆hkhya(4・3),Jaina(4・4)andYoga(4.5)views.I[isstrikingthattheBuddhist

doc【rinethatJayantapresentsasmostrelevanttoliberationisV再貢豆nav豆da,nOt,aSmigh[ 4volumeandpagenumberin[histable,andthroughoutthisartide,refertotheMysoreedition・

- 286 - - 287 -

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Twoadditionalsections,3・4and3・6giveV師nav叫nrefutationsofSaut血tika(Bud-

dhistrepresenta[ionalist)views.

Wedividethesiddhdntaintoninesections・Thesectionsoftheparvqpak?atha[theyare

COnCemedtorefuteareglVeninthefollowlngtable.

havebeenexpec[ed,thedoc[rineofno-Self(andtmavada)・Hedealswi[hthelatterview

elsewhere(mos[1yintheseventhchap[er),buttheviewthat如dsexpressionintheex-

amina[ionofBuddhis[libera[ionis Lcognl【ion-Only,・Thenrsthalfofthisexamination

(4.2.3.1)dealswi[hvalid,PerCePtualcognition(押坤殖叩画血),Whereas[helatterhalf

(4.2.3.2)dealswitherroneouscognition(bhramqijiana)・Bothhalvesaimatestablishing

thattheexperiencedform(akara)belongstocognition,nOttOaneX【emalobject・

TheportionwetranslateistheflrSthalf,Which,tOgetherwiththeflrStSub-SeCtionofthe sec。ndhalf,WaSedi[edinKataoka(2003).ThosewishingtofollowtheSanskritshould download【heupdatedversionofKataoka(2003)fromhere:

<h[[p二//wwwlit、kyushu-u・aC・jp/-kkataoka侃ataoka爪MvijR・pdf>・

Structureofthepassage

Havinglookeda【theplaceofourpassagewithinthewidercon[extof[he

wenowfocusinon[hepassageitself・Itconsis[sOftwomainsec【ions:theparvqpakFain

whichtheVij元豆nav5din[akescentres[age,andthesiddhanlainwhichtheNaiy豆yika,

Jayantahimself,refuteseachofthepolntSthathavebeenlaidou[inthepDrvqak$a・We havenumberedthesetwosections3and4,Sincetheyareprecededbytwobriefsections a=hebeginningofthepassage,One(1)makingcleartheconnectionofthispassagetothe previoussectionoftheNydyama可ar[,andtheother(2)narrowingdownthepreciseissue

【ha【istobedecidedin[heensulngdebateto[hefollowlngqueStion‥Dotheformswe perceivebelong[ocognl【ionortoanex【ernalobject?

Inthepかvapak?aSeCtiontheVti百瓦nav豆dinglVeSnVebasicarguments:

1)Theposition[hatformbelongstocognitioninvoIveslesspostulation(3・1)・

2)Cogni[ionmustbeperceivedbeforeanobjectisperCeived(3・2)・

3.2.1 もecausei【is【heillumina【or;

3.2.2 BecausetherecanbenoobstacletoitbeingperCeived;

3.2.3 Beca11SeWeTeneCtOnObjectsasdependentoncognltion;

3.2.4 Thereforethereisnoneedtopostulateanobject(Separatefrom

COgni【iotl)ata11L

3)IffoITndidno[belongtocognition,therewouldbenowaytoexplainhowcog- nitionisdifferentiatedwithrespecttoitsparticularobjects(pr8tikarmavyavas[ha)

(3,3).

4)Cognitionandi[sobjectarenecessari1yperceivedtogether(sahopalambhani-

yama),[hereforetheyarenon-differen[(3・5)・

5)Con[radic[oIYPrOPerties(viT・uddhadharma)cannotbelong[00neandthesarne

object,bu[theycanbelongtodifferen[cognitions(3・7)・

Siddh云n【a P凸Ⅳap桓a

4.1 3.7

4.2 3.Z

4.3 3.2.1

4.4 3.2.1

4.5 3.2.2

4.6 3.2.3

4.7 3.1

4.8 3.3

4.9 3.5

ThesiddFlantaaddressesonly[hosesectionsofthepdrvqpak?athatarguedagalnSt

B血maりicalrealism;itdoesnotconcemitselfwiththetwosectionsofthepdTVqPak?ain

Which[heVij丘豆nav亘dinrefutedSalユtr豆ntikaviews.

WenowglVeade[ai1edsynopsISOfthewholepassage:

lConnectionwiththeprevioussection:・Cognltionqonly・dis[inguishedfromothernon-

dualisms.

2Doub【:Dotheformsweexperiencebelongtocognl【ionorobjects?

2・10bjectionfromtheNaiy島yikatotheV主j員云nav孟din:7broughdirec[PerCeP[ion

etc・WegraSPanObject.

2・2¶lePreCiseissuethatseparatesus

2・2・1Iftwoformsappear7theNaiy5yikawins・

2・2・2Ifoneformappears,doesi(belongtotheobjec[orcognl【ion?

3P5rvapak亨a(Vij貢豆nav豆da):Formbelongstocogniti6n.

3・1BecauseitinvoIveslesspostulation(kabandldghavdt)

3・1・1TheNaiy豆yikaspostulatedoublewhatwedo.

3・1・2Nosubstantialdifferencebetweennon-dualityofobjectandnon-

dualityofcognltion

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3・1・3Cognltionisestablishedforbothofus・

3.2Cognltionmustbegraspedfirst・

3.2.1Becauseitistheilluminator

3.2.2Becauseitmustbegraspedattheverymomentthatitarises

3.23Becauseofreflection(p用iyavamaria)onanobjectasprecededby

COgnl【ion

3.2.4Therelevanceofcognltionbeinggraspedtothemainissue

3.2.4.1Agraspedcognltionhasform・

3.2.4.2Anexternalobjectisthereforeredundant・

3.3BecausecognltionscouldnotbeobjecトSPeCificiftheylackedform

3.3.1Aformlesscognltioncouldnotbefocusedononeparticularobject・

3.3.2Merelybeingcausedbyanobjectwi11notsumce・

3.33Conclusion:Havingablueo句ectiscausedbyhavingablueform・

3.3.4Consequence‥Justificationofthelabelpram申a

3.3.5Eveneverydayusageatteststocognltionhavingform・

3.3,6Conclusion:Theonlywaycognltioncouldbedelimitedwith

respecttoitsobjectsisby.havingform・

3.4TheVij貢云nav豆dinRefutationoftheSautr豆ntikaView

3.4.1TheSautr豆ntikaViewthattheexternalobjectcanbeinferTed

3.4.2Cognltionisnotanalogoustoac【γStal・

3・4・3Theappearanceoftwoseparateforms

3A.4neinferenceofanexternalobjectisnotwarranted・

3.4.4.1Disagreementofnameonly

3,4・4・2Explicabilitywiththehelpoflatentimpressions

3.5Becauseanobjectisnecessarilyperceivedtogetherwithcognltion

3.5.1Becauseofpositiveandnegativeconcomitance

3.5.20bjectandcognltionarenon-differenL

3.6RejectionoftheSautr豆ntikaviewthatformresultsfromcontact

3.7Contradictoryproperties

3.7.1Cannotcohabitinsingleobjects

3.7.2Buttheycanresideindifferentcognltions

3、8ConclusionofthePiirvapak与a

4Siddh豆nta

4.1nereisnonon-differencebetweenperceiverandperceived・

4.1,1Becausecontradictorypropertiescannotexisttogether

4・1.2EvenBuddhistsassumethedifferenceofperceiverandperCeived.

4・1・3Formsappeartousasobjectsofillumination,nOtaSilluminators,

4.2ThegrasplngOfanobjectrequlreSaperCeiver;butthatdoesnotmeanthatthe

PerCeiverisitselfgrasped・

4・2・10bjection:neaPpearanCeOftheperceiverJuStistheappearanceof

theobject・

4.2・2Reply:Cognltion,1iketheeye,isameans;meanSdonotmakethe

targetredundant.

4・2・30bjection:Eyeandcognltionaredisanalogous.

4・2・4Reply:Anillumirlationisanilluminationofanobject,nOtOfan

illumination.

4・2・50句ection:Toseeanobject,COgnltionitselfmustbegrasped.

4.2・6Reply:TheseelngOfanobjectisthemerearislngOfcognltion,nOt

thegrasplngOfcognltion.

4・2・70bjection:nenthepresenceorabsenceofthecognltionwould

makenodifference.

4・2・8Reply:ItmakesadifferencebecallSetheseelngOfanobjectJuStis

theocculTenCeOfacognltion.

4・3Theinstrumentalityofcognltion

4.4Cogni【ion’sabili【y【oillumina【e

4.4・1hterpretationsof‘becauseitisanillumination’

4.4.1.1Causal:becauseitmakesmanifest

4・4・1・2Intransitive:beingmanifest

4・4・1L3Synonym:beingacognltion

4・4・2Thereisnothingselfqilluminatlng,

4・4・2・10bjection=nreeSelf-illuminatlngentities

4・4・2・2Reply:nethreerequlreeXtemalfactors.

4.4.2.3Conclusion

4・4・3PerceptlOnOftheselfisnotacaseofselfqillumination.

4・5Refutationof:‘cognltionisgraspedassoon asitarisesbecauseitdoesnot

dependonanyfurtherilluminationandbecausetherecanbenoobstruCtion’

4・5・1AcausalcomplexisrequiredforcognlZlngaCOgnltion.

4・5・2ThedifferencebetweenM了m豆rps豆andNy豆yaconcerningthewayln

Whichacognltionisgrasped

4・6Responsetotheargumentfromrenectiononanearliercognition(avamal・fa)

4.7ResporlSetOtheclaimoflesspostulation

4・7・1Anexternalobjectisnotpostulatedbutdirectlyperceived.

一 290 - ーユ91一

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5-9 Doesformbelong【ocognl【ior10rO叫ec[? 2.2

10ab Tocogni【ion.Forwha[reason? 3

10cd-1ユ Iftheextemalobjec[isposi[ed【ohaveform,[hena 3.1.1

separa【eperceiYermuS【山云obeposi【d.

13-14 Ifyoutryandavoid[hisdoublepostula【iont)ySaylrlg 3.1.2

【ha[theobjectis[heperCeiver,[henwearedisagree一

1ngOnlyaboutTlameS・

15-17 Al山oughcogn最onistr卸Spa托ntinnaturらitappears

asifvanega[edbecauseofla[en[impressions.

18-19c’ Cognl【ionises[ablishedforbo[hdispu[an【S,[herefore 3.1.3

a[[ribu[ingfo皿【oi【invoIveslesspos[ula[ion

19c’-ユ0 Evenifyoupostulateanexternalobjec【,yOu/S[i11have

【opos[ula[eCOgr11【ionwi【hfom.

21-22 Cogni【ionistheillumi11a[or;【hereforei[mus(be 3.2.1

graspedinorderfortheillumina[ed[obegrasped.

23-27 Therecanbenoobs[acle[ocognl【iont)Qinggraspeda[ 3.2.2

血eve叩mOment血titarises.

一29 Wereflec【onanobjec[asprecededt)yCOgnLtion. 3.2.3

30 LingulS[icusageindicatestha[COgnl〔ionhasfo皿.

3l Cognl【ionisgrasped;aJldi[carlnO[begraspe4as 3.2.4.1

fo汀山ess.

32 Sinceaform-COn[ainlngCOgni【ionlSgraSPed,and 3.2.4.2

SirLCeWeOnlygrasponeform,Wha[needisthereto

POS【ula【c弧eX【ernalo叫ec【?

33-34 Removalofpossibleo叫ec[ions[0[heargumen[a[ion

inYerSeS31-32

Ifcognltionlackedform.[herewouldbenoway[0 3.3

explaini[sobjec[-SPeCifici【y(pJt7tikarmani)Ⅵma).

35-39 Re九l【a【ionof山eSaは[r亘n亡速星Yi巳W出ata点已又Ieヱn裏 つノ

Objec【causesform[oen[ercognl【ion

Objec[andcognl【ionarenecessari1yperCeived[0- 3.5

ge【her(∫αんopα~αlれ抽αゆαmロ);山鳥rdoretheyare

non・di晩ren【.

40-55 Refu[a[ionof[heSau[rむ1tikaviewtha[fo皿isa 3.6

PrOduc[ofthecon[ac【be[weer10bjec[ZLndcogni【ion

5(i Refutationof[heSau[【豆n[ikaviewtha[Ob]eC【and

COgnition,【houghdis[inc【.areno[perCeivedassuch

OWlng【0【heir此eness

57 Cognl【iondoesno[dependorlanObjec[.

4・7・2Response[otheclaim[hatcognltionisestablishedforbothofus

4.8Response[0【heargument[ha[cognl【ion’so可ec[-SPeCifici【ylmPlies山a[i[has

form

4.8.1neobjecトSPeCifici[ycanbeexplained【hroughcausallink・

4.8.2neres[ric[ionisbasedon[hena[ureofthings.

4.83ProofthatcognltioniscausedbyanObject

4.8.4newholecausalcomplexisthemosteffectivefactor・

4.8.5Conven【ionalExpressions

4・9Responsetothenecessaryco-PerCePtlOnargument

4.9.1Iftwo[hingsareac[uallyone,howcantheybe‘【oge[her’?

4.9.2neyareno【apprehendedby(hesamecognl【ion.

4.9.3Vij舶nav哀dinsalsoaccep[[hedifference・

JayantaandKum5ri1a(1)

Welookedaboveat【hesyrlChroniccon【eX【ofourpassage,i・e・i【splacewi[hinthe坤aya-

ma*a咋WenOWlookatitsdiachroniccon【eXt,i.e・i[SPlacewithinadebatetha[already

hadahistoryofoYertheehundredyears.Jayanta’smostiT【皿ediateinfluenceinthisde-

bateisKum和ila.Hedrawssoheavilyon【heSdnyavada5chap[erOfKumari1a,sSloka-

Vdrttika,thatasubs[an[ialpor[ionofourpassageconsis[sOflittlemorethanparaphras-

ings ofKum豆ri1a’s verses.Ka[aoka’s(2003)edi[ionincludesin asepara[e apparatus

thoseS虎nyavadaversesthatareclearlysourcesofsentencesinthe時点yama和arL We

givehereatableofcorrespondencesbe[Ween[he[opICSCOVeredirlthep虎rvapak?aSeC-

tionsofbothtexts.

nestruCtureOfKum豆rila’sandJayan[a’spdrvqpak?aS

∫わ」払vかJ一泡】 Topic 坤dγαm(l可即r

誼托ツαV丘(ねYerSe SeC【10n

1一-4 Connectionwithwhatprecedes

SurelyyourVij員云nav豆dinpositionisrefutedbydirec[ 2.1

PerCeptlOn・

5Thetermf加yavadarefersherenottothedoctrineofemptlneSSOftheM豆dhyamikas,bu[[0[he

viewtha【COgnitionis‘emptyof’/‘devoidof’objects(arthafiinya),i・eLthatitneitherperceives,nOr

COntainsrepresen[ationsof,eX【emalobjects.Kum豆rilausesthe[ermbecausehisS血yav丘dachap【er

commentsonthepaLtOftheSabarab]LゆaPatbegins助yastzLbraLyayab]・katham?a勅qfhana-

yorakかabhed叩nOPatab]zamahe(28,14).Formoreontheuseofthetermf(LTtyaVadEntoreferto

Yog云C云ras/Vij貢云nav5dinsrather[hanM豆dhyamikas,SeeWatson(2006:259,nOte9)・

- 293 - ・292 -

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58一石l Contradic[orypropertiescanno[belong[00neandthe 3.7

SameObject.

62J3 Conclu封OnOfthりか叫函桓 3.8

Sition[hoseDhamakirtianinnovations thatwereno【presen[inDign豆gaandhencenot

takenintoconsiderationbyKum豆ri1a・

JustasJayanta’sresponsetoVij云豆nav豆dawasheavilyinfluencedbyapredecessorwithin

hisownBr豆hmapicaltradition,SOKumarila’sresponse[0Vij丘豆nav豆dawasheavi1yinflu-

encedbyapredecessorwithinhisownMim云叩Sakatradi[ion,namely[heVrt[ikara,Ofl

whoseaccountintheSabarab極yahisSanyavadachap【ercomments.9

TheEarlierHistoryoftheDebate

Ourhypo[hesisconcernlngthehis[oryof[hisdebatecan[husberepresen[edby[hefol-

Empty boxesin【heright-hand columnindicate[hatJayanta hasignored a sec[ion of

Kum豆ri1a’s;emPtyboxesin theleft-handcolumnindicatethatJayan[ahashimselfin-

Sertedasection tha[hehas notinheritedfromKum豆ri1a.TherearethreecasesofthelatL

ter,bu[[he且rstofthese(SeCtion2.1)ismisleadingforJayantaistheresummarizingthe

argumentofKum豆ri1a’sNir丘Zambanav丘dachapter.ThusitcanbesaidthatJayantade-

rivestheentires[ruCtureOfhispdTrVqPakダafromKum豆ri1a,eXCePtfortwoextrasections

thatheinserts,Onegivingtheargumentftom‘theobject-SPeCificityofcognition,6brati-

karmavyavasth6),andtheothergivingtheargumentfrom’thenecessaryco-PerCeption’

(SahopaZambhaniyama)ofcognitionanditsobject.Asiswellknown,bothofthesear-

gumen[sorlglna[eWithDharmak‡rti,andindeedJayantacitesDharmakirtiinbothofthese

SeC【10nS.

ThesearenottheonlyplaceswhereJayanta’updates’Kum豆ri1a’saccountbyimportlng

argumen【sfromDharmakirti.ForexamplehisSautr豆ntika-Critlqueinsec[ion3.4hardly

drawsonthecorrespondingsectioninKum豆ri1a,butfocusesra[herontheepIStemOloglCal

COmPlica[ionsinvoIvedininferringexternalobjectsasthecauseofforTnSWithincognl-

tion・Whetherandhowthepositiveandnegativeconcomitancethatwouldsupportsuch

CauSationcouldbegrasped,issuesdiscussedbyDhamakIrti,takecentrestageinthissec-

tionwhichalsoci[esDhamlak‡rti.Simi1arlyJayanta’sconclusiontothep虎rvqpa桓adoes

no[drawon Kum豆rila’s corresponding section,butoutlines Dharmakirti’s specincal1y

Yog豆cara charac[erization of cognltion’s object,meanS and result,and of the nonL

differenceof[hesethree.HeretooDhar7nakirtiversesarecited.

Inthefirs[threeou[of[hesefourcases,namelytheargumentsftompratika,・maVyaVaSthLi

andsahopaZambTlaniyama,andtheintricaciesoftheSautr豆ntikainferenceofextemalob-

JeCtS,itcanbesaid tha[Jayantadraws onDharmakfrtiforthings[hatwereeitherno【

elaborateda[a11,OrnOtelaboratedassystematically,byDign豆ga・7Kum豆rilawasaware

oftheideasofDign豆ga;his血nyavddachaptertakesaccountofthem,8butitshowsno

familiarltyWithDharmak7rti.Thelatterhadbecomesufficien[1yprominentbythetimeof

JayantaforhimtoconsideritnecessarytoinsertintohisaccountoftheVij茄nav豆dinpo-

Buddhistauthorsareshownon[heright;thosewhoopposed【hemontheleft・Anarrow

fromone au[horto ano[herindicates[ha[[he丘rstinfluenced,Oratleas[was takeninto

accountby,thesecond.

ThuswepositDign豆gaasthestar【1ng-POlntOfdlispar【iculardebate・Dign豆gaarguesthat

COgnltionariseswithadouble-form;itcontainswithini[selfappearancesofbo【hsubjec[

andobjectノO TheLaction,ofcogmiingdoesnotinfactinvoIveanyactivity(VyaPara)at

9AcompLicationshouldbepointedouthere・TheVrLtika7・agranEha-thesectlonwithin[he

SabarabTz申yainwhichSabara,havingglVenhisowncommen[aryonsQtrasl.1,1-5,thencitesthe

COmmentaryOftheVrttik豆ra-ぺOnSistsofacommentaryonsD【rasl.1.3-5,Bu[Ⅹum5rilaa[tributes

[hisVr(EikLiragrallEha-aPa^fromtheverybeginnlngPOrtionwhichhecommen[sonin[he[enverSeS

ofiloたuvarttika,Vr((ikiiragmTZ(Tza(Madrasedition)-[0畠abara,nO[theV押ik5ra:SeeSLokavar((ika,

nLralambanavdda16;Jacobi(1911:16)andTeraishi(1997).Xum豆ri1a,sSz7nyatiidachapterthus

commen[sonapartofi[tha【hea[tribu[es(tenden[iously)to畠abara. 10 seef,rα〝ゆd∫α椚〃CC叩‘叫Jfadl‥9a(dvy∂抽丘∫叩んり斤血“′…如みdJe∫而如由脚l巾d沖-

bh∂saT77Ca)andadl:11abc.ForatranslationandanalysisofPranl申asamuccayal:8cd-12andvrEEi

thereon.seeKellner(forthcomingA).

6weborTOW【hisfelicitousexpressionfromBirgi[KellneL

7ThefourthpolntLDharmakir[i・sYog豆c云raidentifica[ionoftheobjec[.meanSandresultof

COgnition-isa】readythereinDign云ga,WhoJayantaalsocitesitlthatfinalsection.

8由nyav∂da25b,-27seems[obebasedqn[heinhi[eregresSargumen[a[Pmm申asanuLCCaya

l:12ab;5iinyav丘da28-29seemstobebasedotlthememoryar各umentforcognitionbeingperceived

atPran房pasamLLCCayal:1lcd(SeeSeC[ion3.2.30f[he[ranslationin[hisar[icle).

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坤∂ブロ椚β和汀rSeCtion jJo払而J・JJ胞】

∫痴〃ツdγd血Ⅴ耶6

2.2 2,6,8-づ

3 10ab

う.1.1

3.1.2 13-14

う.1.う 18-19c’

3.2 21a

3.2.1 ユ1tl--22

3.2.2 23-27,191a

3ユ.3 28

3.2.4 31-32

3.3.1 19c’--ユ0

3.3.5 30

3.4.2 38

3.4.4 219cd

3.4.4.2 15ニ17

3.5.1 53

3.6 42,47,51

3.7.1 58-59,61卑b

3.7.2 61cd

al1,1Lforthesubjec[andobjec[of[hat‘action,areno【separate;theyaremerelytwoas-

PeCtSOfthesamecognl[ion・Noristhemeansofcognltionseparatefromtheresult;We

aredealingwi[hsome[hingwhichcomesintoexistencefu11yformedasaunitarywhole,

andwhichonlyonthelevelofling111SticanalysISCanbedividedintoo叫ec(,meanSand

result・Insofarasthesethreecanbeseparated,【heob3ectbrameya)is theobject-pOle

(viざayakara,grd71ydkara)within cogni【ion,(he means(クram申a)is the subject-pOle

withincogni[ion(grahakakdra),and【heresultbramarlqPhala)isthecognition’scogni-

tion ofi(Self(svasaT7ZVedana,SVaSa7ZVitti).12 Thus there are two cen[raltheses of

Dign豆ga’sthatremainedrelevan[inthedd)ate(hroughout(hefollowlngCen[uries:COgnl-

tionhastwoforms(Su叫ec[-POleandoqect-POle)anditisself-COgnized.13

ThcVrttik豆ra,prObablyinawarenessofDign豆ga,OPpOSeSVii丘孟nav豆daby(aking(hefol-

lowingpositions:Ⅰ【isex【emalob5ectsandnotcogni[ionsthathavetheforms(aka,・a)we

perceive・Ourcognltionisformless・14Itisno【cognizedwhenitarises・15ItisimperCepL

tible・16=eidentifiesthepreciseissuethatdifferentiatestheBuddhistandMim云I71Saka

viewsastheques[ionofwhathastheformsweperceive:Objectsorcognltion.Itisthus

OWlngtOhimthatthewaythedebatebe[weenidealismandrealisminIndiacame[obe Characterizedwasin[ermsOf[hisquestionabou[akara.ThiswasregardedasthecruCial

questionbyKum豆rilaandJayan[aforexample.

CommentlngOnthispassageof[heVr[tik豆ra,Kum豆rilabo【hexpounds andrefu(es(he

Buddhistviewinmorede(ail.ProbablyawareofKumarila’scriticisms,Dharmakir[ire-

・eStablishes(he Buddhis[view,prlmarilyin the Pram申avarttika-a COmmen[ary on

Dign豆ga’sPram申asamuccayaqandthePram申aviniScaya・Jayanta,aSWehavealready

Seen,refutestheBuddhistviewmainlybyrecourse[oKum豆ri1a’sdiscussion,butalsoby

expoundingandrespondingto【heposトDign瓦gaargumen[sintroducedbyDharmakirti.

JayantaandKumari1a(2)

Theprevioustableillus[ra[edthestructuralrelationshipbetweenJayanta,sandKum豆ri1a,s

Pdrvapak!aSeCtionsbyshowingwheretheirsec[ionscorrespondedandwheretheydid

not・Inordertofacilita[eafullerplCtureOfhowJaYantamOuldsand$埋P!ementshisiTL-

heritancefromKum豆rila,【hat[ableneedstobesupplemen(edbyanothershowingthose

PreCiseversesofKum云rila’swhosewordingJayantapicksupon・Weconfineo11rSelves

heretooto【hepdTrVaPak!aSeCtionalone・

¶1efollowlngtWOpOln[s,Whichbecomeclearif(heinformationinthistableiscombined

wi[h(hatintheprevious,are[obeno【ed・

1)Even the ex【rasec[ionsno【foundinKum瓦ri1a(ha[Jayan[ainser[shimself,namely

thoseconceming[heargumenisfromtheobiec[-SPeCincityofcognl[ionand【henecessary

co-PerCeP[10nOfobjec[andcognl[ion,drawonversesby馳m豆rila・nlisisasymptOmOf

【hefac[(hatDharmakirtididnotcreatethesetwoargumentsoutofnothing;theyhada

pre-historypartofwhichfindsexpressionintheSlokavarttika(in・forexample,VerSeS

19c,-20and53).t7 11seepram申asa”LuCCayal:8cdandvrttithereon;andthevrE{ionl‥9d,・ 12seepram申a∫a,TuLCCayal:10,WhichJayantacitesinsection3・8・ ‘ユseeノ)rd′呵α∫d棚上CC叩V坤adl:11c‥J甜】lddα∫†相加卸涌節血叩肌Ⅷ叫叩ゆ油化. 1d由占αrα地軸〟28,17‥,lfrd肋∂J上川¢ムL{‘肋乱

17FormoTeOnthepTe-historyofthesa′叩alambhanLyEZmaargumerl[asrenec【ediLIKum豆rila、

seeTaber(forthcoming);forthepre-his[OryOftheaTgumenLaSreneC【edinSadypjyo[is,SeeWa[SOn

(2006:260-26乳

∫∂占αJ◆d抽申yd28,20-30,1:岬α(り(鞘項ndfvd占nut♭以d助呵ノ痛みdJビ.‥iJfッ〟みとり′gJd,ねJ川〃;

30,5-6:画Ⅳdmム“dd仙・呵叩ゆ昨晩一拍加西れ叩l劇物血.

16由ムαrβ地軸α30,9:dpr叫殖∂如‘d動乱

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ConventionsintheTranslation

rmetranslationisglVeninthisfonトSize.

Interspersedwiththetranslationareourcommentsandexplanations,inthisfont-Size・

Thesectiondivisionsandtheheadingsarenotintheorlglnal;theyareourown・Ourin-

tentioninincludingthemistomakethestruCtureOftheargumentmoreexplicitandthe meanlngeaSiertofollow.

PhilologlCalpolntSthatarenotpertinenttotheinterpre[ationoftheargumenthavebeen SeParatedofffromtheother(foot-)notesandputinendnotes.

Numbersseparatedbyacolonrefertochapterandverse;thoseseparatedbyacomma refertopageandlinenumber;thoseseparatedbyfu11stopsrefertosectionsorsBtras・

Interpretativeinsertions required to comple[e thesenseofa sentence are enclosedin Squarebrackets.ExplanatorylnSertionsthatgobeyondwhatisnecessarytocompletethe SenSebyglVlngadditionalinformationareinsertedinroundbrackets.Theformerusually SuPPlyEnglishwordsthatcouldhavebeenexpressedintheSanskritsentencebutwere not.rrTlereareSOmeborderlinecaseswherethechoicebetweensquareandroundbrack-

etshasbeenarbitrary.

Wehavenotrenderedi(icetwhenitmerelyindicatesaspeaker-Change.Wesimplyput

insquarebracketsthenameofthespeakereachtimethereisachange,Whetheritisindi-

CatedbyiLfcetornot.

Wehaveaimedfortheadmittedlyextremelydifficult,Perhapsunachievable,gOalofpro-

ducingatranslationthatissufficientlyclosetotheSanskritforittobeclearwhatprecise SyntaCticrelationshipsweseeintheonglnal,yetatthesametimeissufficiently‘read-

able’forthosenotcomparlngittotheSanskrittobeabletofo1lowdleargumentS・

Inthosecaseswhere,forthesakeofreadabili[y,Wehaveoptedforasomewhatfreetrans-

1ationthatdoesnotmakeexplicithowwehavetakentheSanskritsyntax,Wehavein-

Cludedanendnote.

2)JayantasometimesborrowsideasfromKum盃rilabutplacesthemincompletelydifftr-

ent contexts to thatin which they occurin theSlokavarLtika.TTleideas expressedin VerSeS15-17and19c’一20,forexample,areremOVedfromdleironglnalhomeofthear-

gumentfrom economy of postulation,and placed byJayantain,reSpeCtively,his

Sautr瓦ntika-refutationandhisargumentfromtheobjecトSPeCincityofcognition.Simi-

1arlythepolntmadeinverse30isremovedfromitsroleasanappendixtotheargument fromreflection(クarLimaria)onano叫ectassubsequenttocognitionandplacedwithinthe

argumentfromtheobject-SpeCificityofcognltion.

Jayanta’sareaofgreatestdivergencefromKum豆rilaiscertainlyhisexpositionandrefuta-

tionofDharmakTrtianargumentsofwhichKum如ilawasunawaTe・Buthisotherinn9Va-

tions are not restricted to themovlng arOund ofwhat was already therein Kumari1a.

Sometimesheunpacks whatisinKum亘rila,makingexplicitwhatisimplicit・Atother

timesheaddsinnewstepsnotpresentinhissource;neWObjectionsandresponsesare insertedintoasequenceofargumentationthatcomesfromKum豆rila.Thuseveninthose

PlaceswhereheisclearlybasinghimselfonargumentsfoundinKum5rila,heexercises Creativltyinthewayheexpoundsthosearguments.

On one occasion(4.5.2)he disagreeswith Kum豆rila.He temporarily suspends his

Vi錘盃nav云daTrefutationinordertoexplainhowhisownNaiy亘yika【raditiondivergesfrom

theM了m豆rpsakaviewthatcognl【iorlisimperceptibleandcanonlybeinferred・Buthe

thenimmediately states,‘Enoughofthis talk!Whyatpresentdowehaveto attack a

Brahmincolleague,1ettirlgaBuddhistoffthehook?’

SoheseesthedifferencesbetweenNy豆yaandMim豆甲S亘asinslgnificantwhencompared

withthemoreurgenttaskofdefeatlngtheBuddhists;forthatpurposetheMim5rpsakas areimportant allies.Jayanta’s finalremarkofthe erLtireVij貢豆nav亘da section demonq

StrateSWellhisattitudetowardstheBuddhists.

1tiseither‘empty’-mindedpeopleorcharlatanswhoexhibitthisattachmenttothe

theoryofthe’emptiness’[ofcognition],nOtSeerSOfreality.Thereforethetheory

Ofthenon-dualityofcognition,tOO,Wheninvestigated,tumSOuttObelikeami-

18・ rage」uStlikethetheoryofthenonTdualityof[heWnrdAndrhplik-p19

L且Ⅰ・e・itdoesnotstanduptoscrutlnyanditlacksabasisinreality・

-9坤∂ツ“けl“種IrrⅡp.519.8-11=

馳埠両肌描扇叫画伯町抽甲而血四両叩血両 脚ⅥJか叩dp“r句中Vβ〃d山拍Jルか血血「血石∽lI

Jd∫椚点上ク“′・和四血中り叫恒混成ゆ血涙J叩埴αVα/】

vむ汚加∂〟vd血♪坤0セノgβ′ldJ王即l′皿“gdr∂ソロJe」靂

\√\ - 299 - ー 298 -

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TRANSLATION20

1Connectionwiththeprevioussection:

‘Cognltion-Only’distinguishedfromothernon-dualisms・

Thus a11theproponentsofnon-duality[whohavebeenrefutedin theprevious

SeCtion-Ved豆ntinswhoholdthenon-dualityofBrahmanandVaiy豆karapaswho

holdthenon-duality oftheWord-】havebecomesilent;the[Buddhist]propo-

nentsofthenon-dualityofcognition,however,aSSer[themselvesagainagains[[us

Naiy云yikasinthefo1lowingTnanner]:

Here4noEl-duali[yofX7-¶hetherX=Bral1man,theWordorcognltion-meanStheviewthateverything

in止IeuIliverseisX.

[Vij貢豆nav亘din:]Itistruethata[supposed]Bral1manthatlacksbirthandcessation,[ha[is

Slngle,unlimitedandnon-dual,isnotlogical,SOitisabsolu[elyreasonableno【toaccept

it.Butasforcognition(vdjianam...tu)pwhichismotnen[ary,i∫Charac【eri乙edbybirth

andcessation,andoccurssequential1yinabeginninglessstream-italone(eva)appearSin

thisandthatway(i.e.asapot,Clothetc.).Thereforewethink[hat(itipa3yLima!l)other

thanitthereisnosecondsupposed[entity]inthefomofanobject.21

TbeVij舶nav豆dinpu[shisformofnon-dualismforwardasmorelogicalthanOtherfoms,forheaccepts

JuS[cognltion,SOmethingreadilyaccep【edbyeveryone,nO【afancifu1me【aphysicalpostula[e,Bral1man・

SuPpOSedlyuntouchedbycharacteristicsweseeeverywheresuchascomlngintoexistenceandceaslng・

Cognltionappearlngindifferen[formsisal1tha[isneeded【oeXplainourexperience・

2Dolユbt:Dotheformsweexperiencebelongtocognltionoro切ects?

2▲10切ectiorlfromtheNaiy豆yika[0血eVij6豆nav豆dirl:Th∫OughdirectperCep[10n

e[c.wegraspanobject.

【Naiy豆yika:]But[we]have alreadyshown22thatwhatweexperience,throughvalid

meansofknowledgesuchasdirectperteptlOn,aretheuniqueformSOfo叫ectswhichare

mu[uallydissimi1ar・Sohowcanitbethatitiscognition[ratherthand叫ects]thathasthis

appearanCe,forintheabsenceofobjectstheseunlqueformswouldbeimpossible?For WetermCOgni[ion[hegrasplngOfobjec[s,nO【thegraspingofgraspingl

Jayantahasalreadyshown,When aLgulngagains【MandanaMi吉ra,山a[whatwegrasp血roughdirect

PerCeP[ionbTtZLyakFa)and【heothermeansofknowledgeisdifferen[ia[ed(bhLnna),nO[unifoml.tle

POln[sou[here[ha[ifwedoawaywi[hex[emalobjec[s,Wedoawaywi山【heobviousexplana[ionof

【hisdifferen[iation・TTLeimplicationisthatcognltion,aSCOgnltion,islhesamewithrespecttoallofi【s

Otjec[s;Pluralityer)[ersourexperiencebecausecogni[ionconfron[SaPlurali[yOfobjec[s.Ifallween-

COuntered were cc・gnltion,We WOuld experience an unchanglngmOnO【OneOramereblank,nO【the

mul【i-COlotlredandconstantlyshif[iElgforms[ha【soObvi011Slyappear[ous・

Jayan[aconcludesbypoln[1ngOll[ha[山isprocessofapprehendingaplurali【yOHormsiswhatwe[erm

‘thegrasplngOfobjects’;Wedonottermit‘thegrasplngOfgrasplng’.

2・2Thepreciseissuethatseparatesus

[Vijぬnavadin:】[We]reply[asfollows]・Firstthefollowingmatterneedstobeexamined:

DoesoneformaPpearOrtWOintheseperceptualcognl[ions-’[hisisblue’,LthisisyelT

low’-Whicharise[foreveryone]?

2・2・1Iftwoformsappear,theNaiy豆yikawins.

Iftwoappearq‘thisistheobject‥blue’and‘thisisitscognltion’-thenwhatisthere[O

investigateinthismatter?Youwi11havewon;Pleasebes[oWOnmethe[punishmen[][hat

isappropnatefor[hedefea【ed.

Fromhereonthediscussionproceedsontheassump[10n[ha[OnlyonefolmaPPearS・Furthermore,Jay-

an[arefersback【0【hissec[ionass[a[ing【ha[[woformsdono【appear(seefoo【nOteS69and97).mus

eventhotlgh[hissectiondoesnotexplicitlyrehltethepossibilitythattwoformsappear,Jayantaseesit

asdenylng【ha[possibili[ybyimplica[ion.ma[[woformsappear[ousissoclearlynot【hecasethatit

Canbedismissedjustwi山山isjokeabotl[[heapproprla[epunislmen[forthedefea[ed.If[wofoms

appeared・therewouldbenoroomforinves[1ga【ion‥theNaiy豆yikaposi[ionwouldobviouslybecorrect・

Thereason[ha=hiswholedeba[earisesis【ha[onlyoneformappears・23

20Thetransla[ionisbasedonthetextaseditedbyKataoka(2003),anupdatedversionofwhich

isavailableat<http:〟www・1it・kyushu-u.aCjp/-kkataoka/KataokaJNMvijR・Pdf>・

21Jayantaishereechoing[hewordingof(heVrt[ik豆ra:LadbIzinnamar/IwLip叩Ⅷ如

“呵〃胤扉血可(∫丘ム口和抽丘丹828,15-16). ユユ Inthecontex[ofrefu[ing[heVed5n[icnon-dualismofBrahmanearlierin[hisa′lnika‥lasmad

fJ8rgJ8r8Vfv血dタロdかJAがV(汀申αgr丘んれ融和丘ム鳥eddVfざdツ叩If)mりα桓α軋血占d由Illm融αツ0=11∫αm一

占口和助8gJ・8たd〝丘♂血8∫Vd叩dツβVツ句フかdツOrムんeddmβ門地J・叩d∫ソロ′・中洲=m=痛血叫如山〟日払

“抽丘v叩‖ガIe血vi叩ツかeva(め丘ッ卿l殉8rFⅡp.47l,9-12).

‘ThereforeperceptlOndoesno【havenon-differenceasi【sob]ec【,becausei[graSPSparticular

formsof山ings山a[aredis[inc[fromeacho【her.Asforspeechandinference,【heirveryna[uresare

notpossiblewithou【difference,func【ionlngaS[heydo【oward【heirownobjectsindependenceon

【he【prior]graspingofrela[ionships【be[weenplurali[ems,i.e.wordsandmeanings-in[hecaseof

SPeeCh-andlogicalreasonsandproper[ies[obeproved-in[hecaseofinference].Thereforethese

【WOalsocer[ainlyhavedifferenceastheirobjects. 2ユ meidea[ha[wedono【perceive[wOsepara【eforms,OneOf[heobjectandoneofcogni【ion

goesback atleast to th巳Ⅴ叩ik豆ra:Ⅳ血¢諭1ロック「丘払・〟紬ed叩川叩dJ8助加l〟んg(鮎加m鋸嘩叩

28,14)・I[isvoiced【hereby【heVij貞hav豆dinopponen[,SOPerhapsi【goesfurtherbacktoaBud-

dhis[sol】rCeknown[o[heVrt[ikaJ・a.

ー 301- - 300 -

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2・2・2Ifoneformappears,doesitbelongtotheo切ectorcognltion?

Ifjustonefomappears:thenthereisroomforinves(1ga(ion:Towhatdoesthisformbe-

long?Theobjectorthecognltion?Andwhenthisfo皿isthusinvestlgated,ifitbees-

tablishedthatitbelongstotheobject,(henyouwillwin.Butif(heviewthattheform

belongstocognition[isestablished],WeWillbevictorious.

ThecruCialpolnt[Obede[erminediswhe[herfomsweperceivesuchas‘blue’belong【0aneX[ernal

ObJeCtOr[ocognl【ioni[Self.Howdoes[hisbearontheNaiy豆yikaobjec[ionin2.1?Itrendersi[irrele-

Van[bymovlngthedeba【e[oamorefundamentallevel.nefactthatwe・PerCeive,aPluralityofdiffer-

en[fomlS,Whichwasgivenin2.1asapieceofprEmajhcieevidenceEortheexis[enceofobjec【sexler-

nalto cognl【ion,Can nOW be seen[O be compa[iblewith no[only the Naiy哀yika,bu[also the

Vijahav5dinposition・Forifformbelongstocognition,Wehaveanexplanationofthepl一ユralityofour

experience[hatdoesno[requlreeX【emalobjec[s.

Thefac【tha[weperceiveaplurali[yofdifferen[fomswasabe[[erargumentsagalnS[[heview【ha[We

perceiveonlyBrahman,forBrahmanisone,formlessandpadless.1h[cognl【1Onisdifferen[ia[ed,and

ifitcaninctudeformswi[hinitself.[henperceivlngOnlyi[isqui[ecompa[iblewithperceivLngaPluraL

ltyOffoms.

Thsthedebateeadlierinthischapterofthe[ex[abou[whetherwhatappearS[ousisnon-differerlCe

(M叩如na Migra’s Advai[a Vedh[a view)or plurality(Jayanta’s view)is nowirre,le,Vant,for the

Vij元云navadinagreeswi[hJayan[aon[ha[poin[.nedeba[ehasshif[ed[oaconsidera【ionofwhe[her【his

pluralityisbes[accOun[edforbyregardingl[asbelonglng[oex[emalobJeC[sorcognl[ionitself.

3P江rvapak早a(V斬血av瓦da):Formbelongstocognition.

【Question:】First【then],Whichoutofthese[(WOViews]iscorrect?

tVij昆云nav豆din:][Theviewthat]thisformbelongs(OaCOgnition.

【ques【ion:]Wly?

3.1.2Nosubstantialdifferencebetweennon-dualibTOfo切ectandnon-dualityof

COgni【ion

Ifitismaintained[byanopponen(OfourV可貢豆nav豆da]thatitis[he[external】ob3ec(iト

self,bynaturean0叫ectofperception,thatistheperceiver,thenthat[objec[]wouldbe

nothingotherthan【helight[ofconsciousness】,SOthedisagreement[betweenus]would

COnCemnameSOnly・

Whatwould[hemotiva[ionbeforanOPPOElen[[Omain[aina[[hisjunCturethattheexternalobjectisthe

PerCeiver?nepoln[is[ha[SuChanopponent,despi【ebeiElganOn-dualis[and[husavoidingthecharge

ofpostulatlngmOrethanoneth皿g,emPhasizestheexternali[yofha[Onething・Thusheisinaposi[ion

[ohold[ha[formbelongs[osome[hingex[ernalwithou[requlrlnga11ydoublingofpostulation・

[Objection:】nereisadifferenceowingto【thefact山atyourcognitionis】internaland

【ournon-dualobjectis]extemal.

[Vij丘豆nav豆din:]Ohyouwhoarebelovedofthegods,howknowledgeableyouareabout

differences!Theexternalityofaperc$ivedo叫ectconsis[sinitsbeingsepara【efroma

perceiver;11extemali【ylSnOtWithrespec(toabody.Andiftheperceiverisheldtobe

absolutelynon-differentfromtheobject(arEhdE),theperceived(grdhyLu),thenthe[ob-

ject】(asya)wouldnotbeseparatefromthe[perceiver](lala!z);SObecauseitwouldnotbe

externalitwouldbenothingother【hancognition.Sohowcould【hisnotbe[merely]a

disputeaboutnames?

Even[houghapo【OCCuPleSadifferen[spa[ialloca[ionfrom[ha[ofmybody,ifitwereno[SePara【e

fromtheperCeiveri【wOuldElO[beex【emaい[wouldbeof山ena[ureOfcognition,Whichisprecisely

OurVij氏如av誠inposition・

Whois[hisopponen[who[ries[odifferen[ia[ehisnon-dualismfromVi西独avadaonthegro11ndsthat

wha[he claims to exis[is external?Jayantaisliftlng山is posi[ion from the discussionin the

SlokavaT・1放a,andinXum云rila’stimenon-dualisticSaivismhadno[ye[developed,PerhapsKum豆rila

hadinmindsomes[rand ofVed豆n【a according[owhich[he textemal’worldofperceivedobjects

(gr6hya)isrealbecauseitisidenticalwi[hBrahman.

3.1.3Cognitionisestablishedforbothofus.

Becausecognitionises(ablishedforboth[ofusdisputants],thisfomshouldbelongtoit・

Forabout[theexistenceof]cognition,nOOnedisagrees.Thereforei(isrationaltha[this

formbelongtocognitionitself(Easyaiva).For[asiswellknown]‘Postulatingonething

isbetter(hanpostulatlngmany・・Z4

Thetextre[urnShere[0[hemainissue,namelywhetherformbe・longstothe・Objectorthecognltion・ne

inferenceofthissec[ion(3.1)is[ha[avoidanceofunnecessa丹amOun[SOfpos[ula[ionleads[othecon-

Clusion[ha[i[belongs[ocognl[ion.neopponen[holding[henon-duali【yof[heobjec[pOSedathrea[[0

3・1BecauseitinvoIveslesspostulation(kak,andlaghavdt)

【V埴血av5din:]Becausetheextentofpostulationisless[onourview】.

3・1.1TheNaiy豆yikaspostulatedoublewhatwedo.

Toexplain(hi),intheviewthatformbelongstotheobject,theobject,beinginsentientby

na(ure,isincapableofillumina【ing[itselfいhereforesomeotherperceivermustnecess云r-

ilybepostula(ed,becauseotherwisethe[insentiento切ec[]wouldnotbegrasped.Thus

[idyourposi(ion](hereisdoublethepostulation[tha‖hereisinours].

つ4 Almostanexactquoteof恥m五山la.See∫わた8Vかナナ勉励ッdV∂血18血:d′【血たゆ8月勾∂∫cd

ノ.I小・【-、ヾ川.、・止血小川1・

- 302 - - 303 一

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【hisinference,for[houghpostula[1ngOnlyonething7hewass[i11inaposi[ion[Oa[[ribu[eform[0[he

object.Havingdealtwith[hatopponen[,theV可丘havadincaLICOnCludethissec[ionbyreaffirminghis

algumen[tha[ifwewaLl[[oavoidcontroversialpos[ula【ion,WemuS[aSSlgnformtocognl【ion.forcogT

nitionisacceptedbybothsides,Whereasanex【emalobjec[isno【・

ando[herluminousbodieswithoutalsoapprehendingthosesourcesofillumina-

【ion・Inthecaseof[hemoon,mOS[of[he[imeitisn’tevenpossible[oaPprehend

thesunwhichisilluminlngi【,fori[isblockedbytheearth.

HowaTeWe[orespondto[heundeniabletru[hofTaber’spoin[here【ha[wecanseeanobJeC[Wi[hou[

Seelng the source ofthelight thatillumina[esi[?We couldsimply[akei[as a refu[ationof[he

Vija5TlaV5dinal●gumentaLldmoveon.Bu[thenwewouldbelef[withnosenseofwhytheVij丘加av云din

thinks[ha[1ightmustbeperceivedinorder【oillumina[e.Weseetwopossibleexplana[ions:

1)Aninvisiblename,OrOtherlightTSOurCe,WOuldlackthepowertoilluminate,Anamecamotreveal

ObJeCtSwithou[reVealingltSelfintheprocess.IfaperSOnhasanunobs[ruC[edviewofthename,[hey

wi11seeit.OfcourseiLmaybeoutsideoftheirfieldofvisionorobstruC[ed;thusal1tha[Canbesaidis

[ha[[henamemakesitselfvisible,nOttha[i[musEbeperceived.Theexampleisthusno[qul【eS[rong

enough[OSeCuretheconclusionthatcognl[ionmus[beperCeivdinorder[ocognlZeanObjec[;bu[[he

Vi5丘五nav云dincol】1drespondtha[110eX?mpleisparalletinallwaysto[heexemplined.andin山iscase

thereisindeedthedifferencebetweencognl[ionandligh[[ha[WhereastheformerisalwaysperCeived

Whenitrevealsobjects.[hela[terisalwaysperceivedwhenitrevealsobjectsexceptwhenitisoutDf

view.26

Theproblemwith[hisexplana[ionisthatwha[[heVij元云nav5dinactual1ysayshereisdla[anunper-

Ceived(agrllila)1ightcanno[illuminate.Weei【herhave[0[akethisli[erally.inwhichcasei[isfalse;Or

Wehavetoassumetha[agrl血isusedlooselytomeanno[unperceived,bu[impercep[ible.Theclaim

abou[1ight then becomes[rue(animpercep【ibleligh[cammOtilluminate);butiti邑Sufficien10nly to

PrOVe[heweakconclusionthatcogni[ionispercep[ible(whichisanywayacceptable[0theNaiy云yika),

nottheVi匝如avadin’sstrongerconcl一ユSionthatcognltionmustbeperceived.Bu[thereisasecondex-

Plarla【ionwhlChavoidstheseproblemsandhaso[heradvan[ages.

2)WhentheV獅血av5din[alksof[henecessi[yof[heligh[beingperceivedinorderfori【[oillumina[e,

heis[alkingno[Ofthesourceoflight,【helamp,bu[ra[herthe‘1igh[ofthelamp,27tha[spreadsou[from

i[ssourcetotheobjectthatitilluminates・Iftheobjec[inques[ionisthewallinh・OntOfme,Ihave[O

See[helightbe[weenmeand[hewal1beforeIseethcwal1,eVeniftheso11rCeOfthatlightisolユtOfmy

fieldofvision・Inwha[sensedoIsee[heligh[aswellas[hewall?Thespacebetweenmeandwallis

experiencedasfulloflight.giventhatit(thespacebe[weenmeandthewall)looksverydifferen[inthe

da∫k.

Asevidencethatligh[wasconsidered[obevisibleno[onlya[i[ssourcesuchasaname,bu[alsoin[he

forTnOfraysspreadingou[fromthere,See坤ayavarEtikaad3,1.38,Light(Edas)isthereconsideredto

beasubs[anceWhosetwoquali[ies,COlourand[empera[ure,Ca皿eltherbemanifes[OrunmaLlifes[.1n

thecaseofarayofthesun,bt)tharemanifest;inthecaseofarayofligh[,山ecolourismanifes[bu[the

tempera【ureunmanifest・Hencebo[hofthesekjndsarevisiblebymeansof[heircolour.In[hecaseof

3.2Cognitionmustbegrasped丘rst・

AndforthefollowlngreaSOntOOthisfomlbelongstocognltion・

3.2.1Becauseitis[heilluminator

Foryouacceptcognltiontobe[heillumina【orofobjects[hataredevoidofillumination・

Anditfo11ows from that that cognition(asya)mustbe graspedbeforean object[is

grasped].Forwedonotfindtha【thelightof[hingssuchaslampsisabletoilluminateif

itis11ngraSped.

Thisisthehrstofthreearguments(giveniJ13.2.1,3.2.2and3・2・3)fortheconclusion(ha【COgnition

mus[begraspedfirst,i.e.prlOr[o[heobjec[.How[hissuppor【s[hemaincon[en[ion[ha[forTnbelongs

【ocognltionislaidoutin3ユ4.

Theargumenthere(in3.2.1)canbedividedin[0(hree=

【neassertion:]

Cogni[ionmus[begrasped(flrS[),

[nereasonニ1

becauseifitwerel10[.itwouldnotbeable[ograspanobjec[,

【Theexample:]

JuS[1ikelight,ifitisno[grasped,CannOtil山minateanobject・

WhatsenseaTeWe[omakeof[heligh[eXamPle?Whyisi[thecasetha[aligh[,inorder[oilluminate,

mustbeperCeived?John Taber(forthcoming)describes this assump[ion as‘high1y que&[ionablel・

CommentlngOn[heversesintheSlokavLirEEika25[ha[arethesourceofJayan[a,sargumen[here,he

wri【es:

【11tjustdoesn’tseemtnlethatonehastoseethesourceofillⅥminationinordertD

SeeObjec[silluminedbyi[.Allthetimewelooka[objec[Silluminedby[hesun

25 血払vか班毎∫叫βV丘血21-22:

血∫ぐ∂払・α両ノ方∂〝〃町ツロ∫′′血J口dvd?叩′・d返克也肌I

M押甲摘甜血ゆ減勅叩画卸町Ⅷ伽刷1

′-α仁和/血薄か混んッeprαた∂∫g′r血,vα助丘りαJel

ねdd伽叩rα転血ル∂d坤訪ん∂∫りd血g/叫dタIl22

21)Andforthefollowingreasontoocognitionhasform.Becauseforyouitis

[heillumina[or;【you]holdit[obe[hemeans[ofillumina[ion]ofaneX[ernalob-

JeCt[ha[isincapableofself-illumination.

22)Andif[heligh[ofcogni[ionisno[perCeived,i[SObjectisrLOtapprehended,

because[theobjec[’s】illumina[iohisdependentonthat【cogni[ion],jus[1ikeapo[

【isnotapprehended]ifthelightofthelamp[isnotperceived〕・

ユも Intheverynex[sen[encesof[he[eX[[heVij雨nav豆dinargues[ha[whereasoLdecEsCanbepre-

Sen[yetunperceivedowlngtOanObs[ruC[ion,COgnl【ioncanno[beocculTetltyetunPerCeived,Itis

notinconceivable[hathewasmo[iva【ed[oplace[ha[argumen[[hereinorder[oacknowledge,bu[

renderhaTmless,thedisanalogybetweenltgflEandcognition.ln otherwDrds,SuSpeCtingtha[[he

Naiy云yikamayobjecttha[thelightmayno[beperceived,heru1esou[thispossibili[yinthecaseof

COgnltion.TheVi5a云nav云dinaTgumentWOuldbe[igh[er,however,ifbothligh[andcognl[ioncon-

[ras[wi[hobjectsonthegroundsthat[heyboth,unlikeo切ec[s,CannO【bepresen[ye[unperceived;

【hisisthecaseifweinterpre[theVij丘云nav云dinargumen[aCCOrding[oeXplana【ion2givenbelow. 27 T加sphraserenec[sXum豆∫ila・s抑丘b/血eandJayan[a・sdi>adeIIPrak抽sya,Wherewetake

thegenitivesasvッロdん∫たdr(l叩・

一 304 - ー 305 -

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【Naiy豆yika:】1tcanbegraspedbyano【hercogni[iona[hesubsequenttime・

【Vij貢豆navadin:]Andtha([0【hercogni(ion]wi11begraspedbywha[?

[Naiy瓦yika:]By[ye[]ano(her【cogni[ion]・

[Ⅴ再舶nav豆din:]Theni‖oo[wi11begrasped]byye[ano(her[cogni[ion]・Sowhatlimi[

〔can[herebel?

[Naiy豆yika:]Fa[igue[wi11bethelimi[]・

[Ⅴ殖ぇnavadin‥]Asyoulike・Whenexhaus【edyoucan(akerest・,Bu[youWillno【have

graspedanobject,becauseaslongastheilluminationremainsungrasped,itisimpossible todiscem[hingsillumina[edby(hat・ThusthegrasplngOftheobjec(COuldneveroccur・33

For【he。bjecttobegrasped,i[scognltion/illuminationhastobegrasped・LetustermthisC・thecondi- [io。tha[hastobemet.CaLli[nOtbeobjec[edbytheNaiy豆yikathattheilluminationoftheobjectis

gmspedintheveryfirstmomentaf[ertheoqectisgrasped(T2),SO[hatsurelythentheobjec[canbe grasped?TheV臼自豆nav豆dinwouldrespondbyre-apPlyingCtotheilluminationofLheobject・Ifthat

becomesthenewobjecいhenitfollowsfromCthatithasnotyetbeengraspedatT2,becauseitsillumi- nationhasnotye[beengTaSPed・Thuswehave[owaitun[il(hei11uminationoftheillumina(ionofthe

objec[hasbeengraspedbeforetheobjectcanbegrasped,andsoon・Inthisway,Centailsthatunless theilluminationoftheobjec[isgraspeda[exaCtlythetimethatitarises,thegrasplngOftheobjectis POStpOnedforever・

Thereforeeventhosewhohold[ha[wegraspaneX【ernalobjec【mus[necessari1yresoIlto

anearliergrasplngOfcognition・

【heeye’st¢lS,i・e・【herayofligh【【ha[enablesus[oseespecificobjec[s,i[scolour(aLld【empeTa[ure)are

unmanifes[,hencei【isjJIVisible.

Thisin[erPreta[ionavoidstheproblemsof[heprevious:agr旭ecanbetakenliterally,28andthereisno

Ionger【hedisaLlalogybe[Weenligh【andcognltlOn[ha[[heformermaynotbeperceivedifobs[ruCted,

butthela【[ermustbeperCeived・Italsohastheaddi[ionaladvantage[ha[,unlike[heprevious,itoffers

anexplana[ionofwhycogni[ion)1ikeligh【,isperceivedb所フretheobjec【isperCeivcd.TTleligh[isper-

Ceivedfirstbecausei【isalwaysbe[weenmeand【heobjec[,i.e.i[iscIoser【omyeyes.rnla[cOgnl【ionis

perCeivedfirs[is[heconclusion[ha[[heligh【exampleisin【rOduced[oinstan[iate,ye[on[hepTeVious

in[erpre[a[ion[hiscruCialaspec[Oftheconclusionisno【represen[edintheexample・29

3・2・2Becauseitmustbegraspedattheverymomenttha[i[arises

Andevenifotjectssuchasapo【arise[infrontofus]wewi11notperceive(hemwhen

thereisalackofilluminationorwhenweareinconveniencedbyanobstacletbetweenus andtheobjec(]30(クratjbandhakavaid7zuTTd[)・吊Bu[asforcognition,OnCei[hasarisen,

therecarLbenoobstacletoitsbeingperceived・And[cognition]doesno[dependonan-

Otheri11umination,becauselikealampl【sVeryna[ureis【oshinefor[hbyitself・

Thefirstsentencegave[WOTeaSOnSWhywemigh[no【perCeivesome[hing【hatispresen[infron【ofus=

anobs[acleoTalackofillumina[ion・rnla【【hefirs[ofthesecannotapply[ocognl[10nWaSS[atedinthe

SeCOndsen[ence-af[eTal1be[weenmeandanobjec[[hereisagapwhereanobs[aclemaybelocated;

bu[betweencognl【ibnandi【self[hereisnosuchgap・3JTTle【hirdsentenceexplainswhy[hesecond

C弧nOtapPlyeiher:becausecognltionprovidesi[soWnillumina[ionandthusdoesnotrequlreany o【her.

TTlereforea【(heprecise(imewhenitarises,i[is necessarilygrasped・Ifitwereno[

【graspedwhenitarisesLitwouldno[[begrasped]atanysubsequenttimeei[her.For

Whatcouldoccurfori【atasubsequen[time,aSareSultofwhichitbegraspeda【thatsub-

Sequent[ime?Orwhatdidno【occurfori[a=上e[imetha[i(arose(tada),aSareSultof

Whichi[wasnotgraspedthen?32 ユユJayaLl[a,sirnmedia[esOurCeforhisrecountlngOf[hisfamousinfini【eregreSSargumen[is

Kum豆rila(∫血y□V丘血28):

ノ汚融加血rd∫γdC坤dJJ桓クrdた∂血〝叩相成∫口Jピ

如γd加沖fc叫ピ′一β叩VJJ励“∫仙汗抽♂Ve川

And什Ieilluminationof【hattcogni(ion]doesno[waitfortheriseofanothercog-

ni[ion;[for]giventhattha[[othercognition]wouldalsobeexperiencedby〔yet〕

anothel▲,[herewouldbeaninfiniteregl●eSS.

Kum豆rilawas,inturn,drawingonDign豆ga(Pnzm申asam・LCCayal:12ab):jhandruarepdnLEbhave

埴′最.SeeGaneri(1999)andKellncr(加hcomingB)知discussionsofDign豆ga’sargum8ntt

Kum豆1ila・ssEddhdnEaisthatacognitionmayormayno[becognized(througharEhapaEEi)bya

subsequentcognltion;【hatsubsequen[Onemay【hentorrnaynotIbecognizedbyayetsubsequent

one,andsoon.Whentheagentbecomesfa(igued(SeeyaVaCCf”Ⅵmaminiiinyavada191a)byre-

flec[ingon[heircognition,theiTCOgnltionofthatcognl[ione[c・,theyceasetodoso・Theprocess

comes[o aLlend and thereis noinfini【eregreSS・Jayan【a takes this polnt about fatigue from

Kum云rila,ssidd7z6nEaSeCtionandplacesi【hisownpiiTV叩dkFaSeC【ion,Wherewehavejus[enCOun一

[erediL Heprefers[oa1lowtheVij汽豆nav豆din[00VerCOrnethepolntwithin[hepnrvapak?a・rather

thanuslngltaSarlunChallengedargumentagalnSttheVij元inavadinin[hesiddfzanEaSeCtionlaSitis

forKum恵一ila.

28 rnleVij売血av豆dinresta【eS[hepoln【abou[1igh[duringtherefu[a[ionof[hisargumen[insecq

tion4・2・30fthesiddhaTZta:TZaCLigr7zilabpraka5abprakaSyamprakahyaEi.Again[heli[eTalmeaLl-

1ngis[ha[unperceivedligh[cannO[illumina[e・nO[[ha[impercep曲!el呈ght⊂annClti抽出nate.Thusii

WOuldbeextremelysurprlSlngifLimperceptible,weretheintendedmeanlng・

rnla[[hein[endedconclusionof[hisargumen【isno[)uSt[ha[cognl[ionisgrasped,bu[[ha[i[is

graspedflrS[isconfirmedby[hewaytheargumen[issummaTizeda[[hebeginnlngOfsec[ion4.4in

【he∫fd〟ノー広軌k=ツα〟叩fprd肪∫dル郎ノ痛∂〃叩叩rβ坤dVαJク加叩grdJ叩α′n~止加ノねd叩Jvγ∂叫e-

,I■く一川・

30 seeKa[aoka(2006:75,nO[e20)forthepoin[tha[[hepairingof[hesetwocondi[ions,absence

Oflightandpresenceofanobstacle,gOeSback[0【heAbhid/Larmako血bh申ya.

Formoreontheimpossibili【yofanyobs[aCleordis[or【1ngfac[orin[ervenlngbe[weencognl-

【ionandi【sawarenessofi【self,SeeWa【sOn(for【hcoming). 12 JayantasummariヱeSthisargumentinsection4・50f[hesEddhaTL(abeforerefutinglt‥yadapy

d柚~J山地川一叫和め馴鹿朋′柁eVdノ而′-“J〃α′叩叫dル∂〟叩rαJ伽′l〟J▲dル加cαJ♂血川dgJ巾叫柁αV古

山ムicJトれ仙J‘小′l(l∫j川Prd√(▲帆

- 307 - ー 30(i-

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Notethatwha‖hisargument(i・e・thatgiveninthissection3・2・2)es[ablishesisthatcogni[ionisgrasped

atprecisely山esame[imetha【itaTises二Seea(OyadaivaLasyoFpLidab,(adaivagrahapamavasy叩 bhaveLabove,and.LFpadyamanamevajhdnam”・LadaivagrhyaEeinthesummaryofthisargumen[in

SeCtion4・50fthesiddh5nEa(giveninfoo[no[e32)・Yetimmediatelyaf[ertheargumen[hasbeengiven

Wefinditsta【edthatcognltionmustthereforebegraspedearlier,i・e・prlOrtOtheobiec[・Jayan[adoes

nots(atewhyi[fo1lowsfromcogni【ionbeinggraspeda[preciselythetimeitarisestha[itisgrasped

PrlOrtOtheobjec[・Thereasonisincludedin[heversionoftheargumentglVenbyKum豆rila・s

Vij再anav豆dinhowever(iilnyavada25)ニ

ク痛たcか血gr油叩丘d輌加ツ坤α血ね血vdCdt

∫叩ソedd乃叩ムんdVed叩d,托dCeJ姐血Jdre♪f乃dll

And【heriseof[he[cogni【ion]isacceptedtotakeplacebefore[hegraspingofthe

Objec[;anda‖heverytime[[ha[cogni[ionarises]i[mus[beexperienced,0[her-

Wisei【neYerCOlユ1dbe.

TTIuSWehavethemisslnglinkin[heargumen[;COgnl【ionarisesbeforei【graspsi[sobjecLnlisisalso

S【atedby山eVrttikara・3JI【couldbeseen[obesugges[edbytheZigh[example:afteramatchisstruCkin

thedark・Oraligh[isswitchedon】theligh[will[hen[akeasmallaLnOuntOftimetotravel[otheobjects

itwi11iuuminate・SeealsoTaber,s(forthcoming)commen[onthejus[-Cited5tokavaT・t(ikaversetothe

efftctthatitisaM了m豆rnsakaprlnCipletha【somethingmustexis(beforeitcanexercisei[sfunc[ion.He

POin(StOStokavdr〟Lka・PTTLLyakFaSGEra54ab(whichistransla【edandcommen[edona[Taber2005:67).

As[Dharmakfr[i]hassaid:35

Forsomeonewhosepercep[ionisimperceptible,【even][heseeingofanobject

CannO【bees[ablished.

3・2・3Becauseofreflection(クraiyavamaT]a)onanObjec[asprecededbycogni[ion

For[hefollowingreason[00i[is[hecase[tha[cogni[ionmustbegraspedfirs[]:because

af[er[cognizinganobjec[],Wefindtha[werenec【[onthatobiect](avamar5ad。,5。n61)as

PreCededbycognition(ノhanaprぎ!hena)・Toexplain(hi),Whenknowersreflect,’[his。bT

jec[wascognizedbyme,・【heyareremembering(anumodanLe)36firstagraspingofcogni-

【ion[andonlyaf[er[ha[agraspingof[heobjec[]・Fortherecanbenocogni【ionofsome-

【hingqualified37whosequalifierhasno[[firs[]beengrasped・38

Jayanta-sformula[ionof[hisargumen[isellip【ical・Ourin[erpreta[ionofi[isinfluencedbyhisirnmedi-

atesourcefortheargumen[,naLnelyStokavarEEika,iLinyav6da28-29(Citedinfootno【e43),andbya

parallelargumenttha[hegivesatNyayama4iar[Ⅱ277,3-9(Citedinfoo[no[el12)・AttimeTlthere

wasacogni[ion(C)ofanobJeC[(0).AtT2Wereflec[L[hiso叫ectwascoBnizedbyme’inwhichO

fea[uresaSthequalified(vifeざya).Wha[is[hequalifler(viieFa叩)?Tojudgefrom[heverbaliza[ionof

thereflection,Onemightexpect=thefac[that山eobjec[hasbeencognizedpreviouslybyme・Bu[i[is

cleartha[i【isbeingunders[00d【obe[hepreviouscognitionitself(C)・

OnceChasbeenidentifledasthequalifierandOasthequali鮎d,theV中元nav豆dincanappeal[oaBen-

eralNaiy亘yikaprinciple[oes[ablishtha=山ereflec[ionincludesamemoryofCbeforei[smemoryOfO・

TheprlnClple,Statedin[helas[sentenceof山etext,is[hatif(heq叫ifieI■hasnotbecngrasped,the

qualifiedcanno[begrasped.Youcanno[cognizesomeoneasals[ick-CarTier’(d叩4in),i・e・aSqua]ified

byas[ick(dap4a),unlessyouhavecognized[hes[ick【hattheyarecarrying・39similarlyifyouareex-

periencingOashavingbeencognized,i・e・aSqualifledbyC,yOumuSthaveJuStCOgni乙ed・i・e・remem-

bered,C.Ifweassumetha[ourmemorycanbe[ruS[ed,theni[fo1lows[hat[hestructureof[hememory,

inwhichfirs[CisrememberedandthenOisremembered,rePlica[eS[hes[ruCtureOftheearlierexperi-

ence.rnluSWeCanknow山atthisearlierexperienteatTlinvoIvedno[onlyaBraSplngOfO7bu[firsta

grasplnBOfC,followedbyagrasplnBOfO・

WhatishappeninBa[TLisnotcleara[[hatmomen[:istherefirs[hus[agraspingofO(asaccordinBtO

【heNaiy豆yikas)oristherefirs[agraspingofC(asaccording[otheVii白色navadins)?Itonlybecomes

clearinthelightoftheevidencea【T2・nlefac[tha[a[T2[heawarenessofCprecedesdleaWareneSSOf

Oindicatesthatintheorigina)experienceatTl,anaWareneSSOfCprecedestheawarenessofO・

Fromthistoo40itisestablishedthatfirs[thereisagrasplngOfcognl【ion・

Jayanta,simmediatesourcehere,Kum豆rila,WaSintumprobablybasinBhimselfonDiBn豆ga’sarBument

atpram郎asamuccayal‥11cd:41・Andbecauseofmemorya[asubsequen[[ime[cogni[ionhas[wo

formsandisself-COgnized】,formemory(asau)isnotpossiblewi[hregard[osomething山a[hasno[

beenexperienced:nle-VrEEiexplainsLAndbecause,afterancxpcrience・memOryanSeSOf[hecognl-

tionaswellasoftheobject,COgnltionhas[woformsandisself-COgnized,・42sincewehavememoryof

【hecognltion,血ecognltlOnmuSthavebeenexperiencedeadier・

Kum豆rilawri[es,43‘Andasforreflec[ionon[heformof[heobjec[aSpreCededbycoBnl[ion,Whichoc-

cursla[er,eVenintheabsenceof[heobJeC[Thowwouldtha[bepossibleif山e[reflec[ing-】cognitiondid

3gThisargumentissummarizeda[[hebeBinnlngOfsection4・6inthesiddhanEabeforebeingre一

触ed:dJd∫cdγdd慮托叩り斤血叩rダ′Jl加d∽dr血ddr血柁句ノ毒血dgrdん叩叩加・〟払md血叩rdん叩d椚姉

J丘乃乃d∫かv(l′r‘J払m.

39Youcan,however,COBnlZe[ha[somethinBISaStickwithou[COgnlZingtheperSOnCarrylnBl[・

40Ⅰ.e.from【hisarBumen[in3・2・3aswellasthoseglVenin3・2・land3・2・2・TheapECOrTela[es

thissen[enCeWithEaEaicar(ha(Pra(hama(ara,naSyagTt7J叩eTlabhavi(avyamin3・2・la皿dEasmdd…

〆m町画叫押血押mM郎紡印画岬in3・2・2・

41叩′e川′′。r。主紬叩柁。J岬∂v。V融か加Il

㌔醐庇頭痛如棚血軌叩ゆ叩加瀬如や血坤叫卿妙.加m丘d耶′Jdvi痺‘IJ∂ 拘加叫岬m娘叩相和頭kl・

43血たdVかJJ勉,∫血γdV∂血28-29:

β占乃叩J躯仰γ0ウγか此ソの柁即JJ励/lかeb両軸おl

卯「加一口血,′仙汀和叩・d,∫d血〟叩C叩叩ゆd′ell

3d_ p“川叩占“d助fr〟卯みdJe(∫∂占α′血Jゆγd30,4). 31 pl・ama”inticayal:54cd・Foradiscussionofo[herpossiblesyn[ac[icalin[erpre[a【ionsofthis

half-VerSe・SeeWa【son(2006‥206)andKellner(forthcominBB)・Foralis[ofplaceswherei[is

Cited,SeeSteinkellner(2007:40).Someo[hercita[ionsno[men[ioned【he.earefounda[:N。,efv。nZ_

Par和王prak53aadl=5,P・12,13;adl:27c-28b,P.61,1;Jayara[ha,scommen[aryadThnt,dt。k。

10:96cq97b,P・75,1;ThEtvasahgrahqpa研6ad2069,Vol.2,P.705,17.

ForotherplaceswhereDharmakfrtimakesthepoln=hatcoBnl【ionofanobjec【necessarilyen-

tailscognltionofcogni【ion,SeePram申avdrE(ika3:443aband3:446.SeealsoTbT・kabhasd17,8-

18,16.

Literally,’re-enJOylng,・

Inthiscase‘thisobject’(ayama,・thab).

ー 308 - - 309 -

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no[arisehavingdepic[edanobJeC[of[ha[form[wi[hini【self】,andifin[hepas[(i.e.a【the[imeof(he

Origi・1alcogni[ion)[heobjec[hadno[beenperceivedasprecededbycogni[ion(E坤LZT・Vam)?’

Kum豆rila[herederjves[woconclusionsfrom[WOfeaturesofreflec[ion:l)CogJli[ionarisescon[aining

(heformofanobjec[,forwecanreflec[On[heformofanabsen[objec【;2)A[[hetimeoftheoriginal

COgJli【ion[heobjec[WaSperCeivedasprecededbycognl【ion,forwerenec【on[heobjec【1a【eraSPre-

cededbycognl【10n・44

Kumarila’snrs[coJIClusionismoreorlessequlValen[[oDign豆ga,sconclusionofcognl【ionhaviJlgtWO

forms・HissecondcoJIClusionismoreorlessequivalen[[oDign豆ga・sconclusionofcognltionbeing

Se】fLCOgnized;forifanobjec[isperceivedasprecededbycognltion,COgnl【ionmusthavebeencog-

nized・Kum豆rila[husmakesclearwha[mayno[havebeenclearfromDign豆ga,sargumetlt,namelywhy

l【proves[ha【COgnl【ionhas[woforms.Ⅰ【doesso,aCCOrding[oKum豆rilaa[1eas[,because[hefact【ha【

WeCanrememberanobjec[whenanobjec[isno[[hereshows[ha【【heformoftheobjectmustbecon-

【ainedwi[hincognl【iona[tha[[ime.45

Wha【【henare(hediffere・1CeSbe[weenthetwoarguments?l)WheTeDign豆gatalksofsmTii,Kum5ri1a

lalksofJ”TtimaT血・2)Dign豆ga’sargumen[isbasedon【hefac[tha[Weremember[hecognitioJl(aswe11

astheobjec[)・From[hishecorLCludesthatwemusthaveexperiencedthecognition.Kum5rlla,sargu-

men[isbasedon[hefac[[ha[weremembertheobjec[asprecededbycognltion.From[hisheconcludes

tha【wemus[haveexperiencedi[asprecededbycognition・

Jayan[algnOl●eSKumarila’sfil-S[conclusion・Hementionsnei[her[hefac[tha‖heobjec【isabsen[a[[he

timeoftherenection,nOrtheconclusionofcognltioJICOntainmgform・Heconcen[ra[esexclusivelyon

es[ablishing[ha[cognltionisgraspedprior【0[heobjec[beinggrasped.Hisargumen[isessen[iallythe

SameaSKumarila’sargumentforthatconclusion,butheclarineswha[couldberegardedasobscurein

Kum豆rila‥i・1Wha[sensedowerenec[on山eobjec[assubsequen[[ocOgnl【ion?Hisansweramounts[0:

Wereflectoniしascogniヱed,i・e▲aSqualifiedbycognition・Sincecognl【ionis[hequalifier,i[follows

from[hemaximabou[qualiflerandqualifiedtha【i[mus[havebeengraspedfirsトbo【hinthememory

andin山eoriginalexperience.

3・2・4Therelevanceofcognltionbeinggrasped【b血emainissue

3・2・4・1Agraspedcognltionhasform.

Andcognition,beingnecessarilygraspedLY[asaresultofthethreepreviousarguments],

CannOtbegraspedwithoutsomeform,SOCertainlyitmus(begraspedwithform・

Theargumen[herecouldeitherderivefromwha[jshypothe[icallypossibleorfromwhatisempirically

Observed・1)Ifcognitiontackedform,Whatwouldtherebetograsp?ltwouldbecompletelytranspar-

e・1t,likeemptyspace・2)Wedono[remembermerecogni[ions,bu[alwaysacogniLionqrsomeE/血g.

3.2・4・2Anexternalobjectis血ereforeredundant.

Andgiven(hatacognltionwithformisgrasped,howcan(herebesomeexternalotject

SeParatefromthatcognition,forwedonotgraspasecondfo皿?

SoJayantahasncrws[atedtherelevanceoftheargumentsin3・2.1,3・2.2and3.2.3,Sinceweknowfrom

【hosethreeargumentsthatcognltionisgrasped,WeCanknowtha[ithasform.Sincei[hasform,We

havenoreason[oaccept【heexistenceofaJ”Xtemalobject,forwedonotgrasptwoforms・46

Thisargumentgoesbackno【onlytoKum豆rjla(Seetheapparatus[0[heedition),butalso[otheVFt[i-

k孟ra・Hewrites,LWedonotperceivedifferentforms,OneDftheobjectandon60fcognltion.Andfor

uscogni[ionisperCeived/perCep【ible・mereforeasweunderstandit【hereisnosupposed[entity】ofthe

・1atureOfanobjectwhichisseparatefromcognition(Ladbhinnam).,47ThisistheprinciplcBuddhist

argumen[in[heVrttik豆ra’ssLZnyavadasec[ion.

WhatJayanta’sargumentaddsistheideathatcogrlldo・1isgraspedbeforeanobjectisgrasped.mis

ideaisalso[hereinKum豆rila,bu[itismoreemphasizedbyJayan[a:itismenticmedinall[hreeofthe

argumentsleadinguptcrthissectioJl,iTltheparaphrasesoftheseargumentsatthebeginnlngOfsections

4・3・4・4and4▲6,aJldiJltheparaphraseofthis3・2・4argumenta(theeJldofsect”n4・6・48Wha【precise

TOledoesitplay?SurelytheaEgumentdoesnotrequlreit,forglVenthatweonlygrasponeform,the

merefact【ha[wegraspcognltionwi[hfo皿ise・10ugh[oestablish[hatwedonotgraspanobjectthatis

SeParatefromcognLtion・Andifwegraspcognltion,【henwemustgraspcogn】【ionwi[hform・TTLatmay

allbeso,bu[[hepolntOfJayanta’sargumen[sforcognltionofanobjec【requlrlngaPnOrCOgnltionof

thecognltionisthattheysupportthecon[en[iontha[wegraspcognltion.Muchweigh[hangsoJl血s

COn[ention:theargumentfails-infac【doesno[evengetofftheground,wi[hou[i[・Henceinorderfor

theVfttik5ra’sargumenttobestrengthened,hisconten[ionthatcog・1itionisgrasped(praEyak?aCanO

buddIzib)neededtobes[reng[herled_

Tha[cog・1itionflrS[graspSitselfandth6nanObjectisnotac[uallytheViJ再論av豆din,sownview.Given

【ha【forhim

l)theobjec【isnothingother【hancogJli【ion

2)wedonotperceivetwoforms

【hereissimul[anel【yin[hegrasplngOfobJeCtandcognl【ion.

ねd′・如“′乃かJんαm丘J勅ッβツddf曲Fr〃叩可丘ッdJビl

抽油姐ビCdツαみdr血∫J坤正昭甲′哩αJ叫叫川

44 wewerehelpedinouTinterpretationof[hesetwoversesbyTaber(for【hccrming),Whodrew

Oura[[en[ion[OUmbeka,sdivisionof[hefea[uresof[herenec[ionin[0[wo,OneyieldingonecoTIClu-

Sion,andlheotheryieldingtheother・ 45 Ⅰ【migh[beobjec[ed【ha[Dign亘gain[endedhisconclusionofcogni[ionhaving[wOforms[o

followfromthefactthattheoriginalexperiencewasofbo[hanobjec[aJldcogni[ion.Bu[thiswould

beaninsubs[antialargument=【hefac[[hatanexperienceisofano叫ectdoesJlO[en[ailtha[i[hasthat

ObjectasafoTTnwithinitself・Dign豆gadoesno[glVerequiredsupportlngargumen[sthatwouldiJldi-

Ca【e[his[obehisin[en[ioJl.

46 nleargument【husmovesfromthefacttha[COgnl【ionisawareofitselftotheconclusionthat

COgnl【jonhasform,andfromthere[othedenialoftheexistenceofextemalobjects.Formoreonthe

rela[ionshipbe[weenthefirstof[hesetwo,SVaS叩VedaTZaandsakaravada,SeeWatson(forthcoming:

SeC【ion3).

17 の・′ん‘画乃りの「反肋口柚ビ血甲叩βね柚加ロムg・叩′y殖丘c…0如dd柚.血∫ねd抽研αm

〝血血卸叩≠加昭一山巾通底呵岬殉励頑(∫ゐ口rβ占/ゆツβ28,14-16).

叩血即血叩釦〆加叩り茄m函血祝融加汀最凝血濾刷ゆ肌如1丘c叫ノnnn耶y血反ソnm

akarah・LBecauseacognl【ionappearsbeforegrasplnganObJeCt,andbecause[hereisJIOdetermiLllng

Ofitasdevoidofform,[hisformbelongs[ocognltionalotle,,

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The Vi5再豆nav云din here anticIPateS and rqects[he Naiy岳yika view that sinee cognltion’s objectq

SpeCificitycanbeaccountedforbythefactthatitiscausedbyitsparticularobject,Wedonotneedto

resorttotheassumptlOnOfformwithinit.

TTle Naiy盃yikas conceptualized the Telationship between object and cognltlOn aS that ofproducer

Uanaka)andproducedUanya).TTlebackgroundmodelisthatoftheGrammarians,aCCOrdingtowhich

theactiondenotedbyaver♭‥inthiscase血eactionofcognltiondenQtedby‘cQgnlZe’-isbIOughtabout

bykarakas,thevariouscausalfactorsthattogetheTPrOdueeanaction.DharmakittianBuddhismop-

POSedthisapproachbydenyingthatanyactionisinvoIvedincognltionandmaintainlngthattheobject

andtheso-Called‘means’ofcognltion,farfrompfe-eXistlngthecognitionandcauslnglttOCOmeinto

being,OCCurSimultaneous】ywithitandaTenOtSePaTatefromit・RatherthancognltlOnbeingadynamic

PrOCeSSbeginnlngwithmeansaJldobjectandendingwithresult,namelycognltionofthatobject,itisa

Static(最nヮapara)state.Itisprecededandfo1lowedbysimilarstaticstates,butineachonethereis

SimultaneltyOf‘means’,reSul(andobject-form.

Whatallowscognltiontobeobject-SPeC摘cisthusnotthatitisbroughtintoexistencebyapre-eXistlng

object,butsimplythatitariseswithi【sobjec[aSitsfoml.TTlerelationbetweeno叫ectandcognltion,

ratherthaJlbeingQtleOfproducerandproduce・dismerdyQneOfspecifier(vyavasEILaPaたa)andspecified

(vッdVd∫痛点クツd)・

ItwasDharmakirti’scommentatorDharmottarawhointroducedthepreciseteTminologyofvyavasEha・

pyavyEZVaSLIzL5pakabhava(relationofspecifierandspecified),COntraStingitwithjanyqianakabhava(re-

lationofproducerandproduced)・51ItispossiblethatJayatlta・saccountinthissection(33)andthe

COrreSPOnding refutationin section4.g,in which heuses expressions such aspraEikarmav)昭VaSEha

(threetimes)andJl訂aviFayatVaYyaVaSEhd,hasbeeninnuencedbyDhalLmOttara.Kataoka(2009)has

ShownthatJayan[aknewDharmottara’swrihng,WhichwasalreadysuggestedbythefactthatJayanta

glVeSthenameDharmottarato亡heBuddhist-mOnkcharacterinhisplay,Agamadambanz,andisnot

SufPrlSinggiventhatDharmottaTatOOkover丘omDharm豆karadatta=Arcata(ca.730-790)astheforeq

mostcQrnmentatQrOnDharmak貢rtiinJayanta,sareaofresidence,Kashmir・52

3.3.3Conclusion:Havingablueo句ectiscausedbyhavingablueform・

Thereforeitis[cognition’s]possessionofablueform-nOOthercause-thatexplains【its]

particulardistinguishingfeatureofhavingablueob]eCt.And[Dharmakfrti]says=53

Acognition[focused]on that[blueobject](Eatra),havingasimilarnature[to

Othercognitionsofothero叫ects]intermsofitbeing[likethem]acognition,muSt

haveanaturebyvirtueofwhichitisdifferentiatedinaccordancewithitso切ect.

Thenecess吋ofcognitionbeinggraspedfLrStisanunwantedconseqllenCe(クraSaTiga)thatresultsfrom

【heNaiy豆yikandfm豆耶akapresuppos[ionthatobjec[SareOfadifferentnaturethancognition;49itis]uSt

a【emporarystageinanargumen【thatisfollowedby:WeOnlyperCeiveoneform,thereforelet’sforget

aboutanextemalobjec【.rmeV匝已nav豆dinsidd7zdntaistha【thereisnotemporaldifference,butthatif

therewereanex[emalobjec[,i[WOuldhave[Obeperceivedlater.

3・3Becausecognl(ionscouldnotbeobject-SpeC抗ciftheylackedform

33.1Aformiesscognltioncouldnotbefocusedononeparticularobject・

Forthefo1lowingreasontoocognitionhasform:becauseifitlackedform,【it]couldnot

bedifferentiatedwithrespecttoitsobjects.50

Itwouldbeimpossibleforonecognltiontobeofblueandano[herofyellow,etC.Allcognl【ionswould

be【hesamc.

Evenif[you]postulateanex[emalobject,【you]wi11[anyway]necessarilyhavetoteach

thatacognitionhasforrninordertoestablishthatitislimitedbyitsobjec【[andthusdis-

tinguishablefrom cognitions ofotherobjects].Forhow【ifitlackedform]could this

COgnitionofblue,arisingin thepresenceofmany[things],become(-1amavalambeta)

attachedtobluealonebye叉Cludingallofthethingsotherthanblue(Eadilara);for[its]

beingacognitionbynaturedoesnotvarywithrespecttoal1【ofitsobjects】.?Y

Giventhatcognltionarisesinthepresenceofrnanythings,thefact【hatithasaparticularintentionality

CanOnlybeexplainedbyi[havingapar(icularform.ForifitsnatureconsistedmerelyinbeingafQrm-

1esscognl【ion,i【WOulds[andinthesamerela[iontoallthe[hingsinwhosepresenceitarose;nOthing

WOuldlinkittoitsspecificintentionalobjectandexcludeitfromotherobjectsonwhichitisnotfo-

CuSed.

Andhowcould(heactivltyOfthosewho actjudiciouslyYlbeproperlyfocusedonthat [blueobject]alone?

No[Onlycognl[ion,bu[alsoac(ivlty,COuldnotbefocusedonparticulardistinctobjectsifthecognltions

Of[hoseob)eC[sdidno[have[heirform.

3,3.2Merelyt〉eingcallSedt〉yan〈申jectwiilllOtSu筑ce.

Anditwouldnotberighttosaythatbeingcausedbybluedoesproducethis[required】

limitationonacognitionofblue(1adadhigali),becausegiventhefactthat[thecognition】

is\alsocausedbyothercausalfactors(kかaka)suchaslightandeyes,VLlitwouldundesira-

blyfollowthatithadthoseasitsobjects[tooL 5Isee,丘omDharmottara,sNyiiyabindzLE詑叙nacaEraカnyqianakabhavanibaTld/t郁ahsadtlya-

sLidha〝abhavab.‖aPiLzLりaVaSE/14pyav)′aVaSLhapakabhLiveT7a(citedatTosaki1979:397,nOte7)L

52JayaJltauSeStheexpressionpraElkarmavyavasE/.aasthoughitwereatechnicaltehndesplteit

notoccumnginDha皿akT11i.Dharmak‡rtidoesusevyavasLhaTlainthiscontexthoweverinPramii一

叩止血玩耶1:37=PJⅥ椚申“vかJJ池】3:30g・ 5ユ p′・β川中αVか招血3:302.Seeaユsof,′・α′痺αVf乃f血りⅥadl:34,P.31,←5:J“/血〟帥“vβ椚融r叩

∫αdr応血8仰ノ舷旭∫yα∫α川α【闇払rJⅣけl=e,1虚血ml丘♭た卯血vyαm.ツど円かツgddmi上り〃ⅥJ撤汀椚αV伽“-

ルdJg.

19 Thisprasa,iga-na【ureismos[Clearlyindicatedby,in[he5tokavかLEika.verse21(givenin

わ0【note25),andin【his【exいhc玩【SCnten9COり・ユ・l・ 50 neargumen[of[hissectioncomes魚・0皿Dharmakilti,SeePra′嘩aviJZiicayal:34「37and

PraTIJ申ava7・(〟ka3:301-319;Jayan[aCites3:302belowin3.33,

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Jayanta,【oisola亡eoneof[hemas[he‘mos【effec[ive’,grVenLhatifanyoneofthemisremovedthere-

sultwouldnotcomeabou[

3.3.5EveneveIγdayusageat[es[s[ocognl[ionhavingform・

Andevenworldly,eVerydayutterarlCeSeXistthatattesttocognltionhavingform・And

(ca)5-peoplespeakinthefollowingway,‘Thisisablueobjectbecausein[mymind]a

COgnltionwiththatformhasarisen’.

33・6Conclusion:Theonlywaycognltioncouldbeddimitedwithrespecttoits

Objectsisbyhavingform・

Thereforecognl(ionmustnecessari1yhaveformY■11becauseotherwiseitwouldbeimpos-

Sibleforittobedelimitedwithrespecttoi[sobjects.

¶1uSeVenifanextemalobjectexists,aformwithincognltionmustbepostulated・

Soitisbettertostoprightthere,beingsatisfied[withcognitionalone].58

Ifthena[uresofcogni【ionswererestricted[oJuSt[hefact【hat[heyarecognitions,anddidno【include

Whattheyarecognltionsof.theywoulda11bealikeandsoacognl[ionofbluewouldbeindistinguish-

ablefromacognl【ionofyellow.

3・3・4Consequence:Justificationofthelabelpram申a

Forthisveryreason,54cognitionalone,aSthemosteffective[factor】(SadhakaEama),Can

Liustly]becomeameansofvalidknowledge(卸Ⅶm句皿),55glVenthat(saEi)whenthisvery

taking on offorTnis resorted to asits preeminerlCC(aEiiaya)[overotherfactors],【he

meaningoftheword‘most’(-Eamab)becomesjusti缶ed.

Forsome[hing【Obeapramdrzaitmustbethemosteffectivefactorthatbringsaboutavalidcognltion・

Andforsomething[obe[hemos[effectivefac[Ori[musthavesomepreeminencetha[[heotherfac[ors

lack・Ifweacceptthatcognltiontakesonform[henwecanregardthatasj【spreeminence,Settlngit

_5‘ apartfromo[herfac[01・S,andwe[hushavesomeJuS【ifica[iorlfori[andnotthembeingapramaTta.

Forotherwise,Since wewouldfindnopreeminencein[any]causalfactor(kかaka),it

WOuldbehardtojustifythat【anycausalfactor](EaE)isthemosteffectiveone.

1fcognl【ionwereno【capableoftakinginform,nOneOf[hekLilYZkas,Whe[hercognl[iondevoidof[he

abili[y[0【akeonfo11n,OrO[hersputforwardbyotherschooIsasthemosteffec[ivecausalfactorand

[husas[hemeansofproducingknowledge(forexampleilldriyarE/zasannikalずa,COn[aCtbetweensense-

facul[yandobjec(,putforwardbytheNaiy豆yikas)wo111dhaveanypreeminence.Hencetherewo111dbe

noJuS[ificationforanyofthembeing[he‘mos[effectiveone’,hence[herewouldbenoJuS[incationfor

anyof【hembeingthemeansofknowledge.

Thereason[hatJayan【aputs[hispolntin[0【hemouthofhisVii員盃nav豆dinopponentmaybe[ha[hein

fac[agreestha[thereisnoJuS[iLica[ionforanys】nglekarakabeing[hemosteffectiveone.Thisargu-

men【[husgiveshimahookon[owhichhecanhanghisresponseinthesiddhanEasection(4.8.4)Lhatthe

meansofknowledgeisnotanyslnglek6Tuka,bu[thewholecausalcomplex.Itmakesnosense,for

3.4TheVij転navadinRefutationoftheSautr瓦ntikaView

3.4.1TheSautr瓦ntikaViewthattheexternalobjec[canbeinferred

Therearethose59who[argueasfollows]・LX Becausecognitionhasa[ransparentnatureof

itself,theappearance[init]ofblue,yellowandthelikemusthavesomethingotherthan

[cognition]asthecauseofitsparticulari[y(upadhi),jus[1ikelacorsomeother[redthing

Placedbehindacrystal]implantsrednessintothecrys[al

ItmaylookliketheredrleSSbelongstothecrystal,butitisactuallylmplan[edtherebysome[hingo[her

【hanit.Simila∫lyl【mayseemliketheforrnsweperCeivebelongtoourcognl[ions,bu[sincecognltion

istranspa∫en[byna[ure.theymus[beimplan[edtherebysome[hingother[hanit 51 I・e・becausecognl[ioncanhaveapardcularfom-andthusgraspapa∫ticularform・

55 Grammariansdefineaninstrumen[asthemos[effectivefactorinbringingaboutanac(ion(See

Aダ/ddIzyay[l・4.42=SddhakaLdmaEvLiEkar叩L2m).Debatesinphilosophicaltextsoverwhatbeinga

pmmapaconsis[Sinoftenappealtoi【sbeingthemosteffectivefac[or(inbiingingaboutknowledge)

asaresultQfbeinganinstrument.KelLner(forthcomingA)suggeststhattheeadies[ins[anCeOf[his

mayロCノY)′dγdV〟rJJ-臨b,/ⅠⅠ.adi.1.1.

5‘secprd川∂叩Vか′Jjたd=11(andTosaki1979:404):

∫〝rVビデ加叩dγ∂geセ‘臨αた中点坤かfy∂甲ク用/り

ッ〟d朗ウ叩帥e血叫7=“ツ∂∫上山∫∂〟王血/d′′叩〝∽Jdmll

Althoughallcausalfaetorscontributetoanac[ion,【hemosteffectiveoneisheld

[Obethelastandtheonethatparticularizes(bhedakaTn)[he[action].

Dha∫makTrtimen[ionstwocondi[ionstha[mus[beme[forsome[hingtoqualifyas[hemos[ef-

fec[ivefac[Orandhenceasthemeansofvalidknowledge(pr(lm丘rla).1)Itmustcomelastinthe

[ime-1inebefore[hearislngOf[heresultingaction,nOtSeparatedfromitbyanylnterVenlngObstacle

(Seevyavadll融αin3:310);2)itmustpaTticuIarizetheresul[ingcogni[ion,de[ermining[ha[i[jsof

blueandnotofyellow,forexample.Possessionoftheformoftheobject(seemeyarQフロELiin3:306

andviざL2yabh∂saEainPralfJLi!ZaSamlLCCayal:9c)is[heonlyLhingtha【meetsthesetwoconditions.

57 Thecamakesli[[1esensehere;′liwouldbemoreapproprla[e・TheSEokaval・(EikdVerSeOn

Whichthisisbased(S血yavada30)includesaca二

vd如かd∫c∂〆みウd〃/evd由′痴〃か血占“ddJゆl

‘一′-恥■〃山一-.、叩..、・‘-J(-川ど’什‘-仙Jr如(り‘盲ⅦJ川‘〟〃∫‥U

ItispossiblethatLhishasinfLuencedJayaJlta. 58 Asimi1arexpressionisfoundinthej6barab/za?a(Vrt[ik亘ra.scommentaryonl.1.5,p.52,6-

7)=EaEo噌fialZELeVaPari(uFya(avELLyevavirall(umarha∫i.‘Thereforeyoushouldres[con[en[With

COgnl【ion山oneands【opattha【pOlnt・, 5ワ NamelySaut血tikas.

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山er.HowdoestheSau[ran[ika thinkthatthenegativeconcomitancecanbeknown?Probablyno[

山rough.as[hisversechafaC[ehzesi[,perCeivlngaCOgnltiotlwithoutformwhennoobjectisthere,but

ratherthrough山ehypothe[icalconsidera[iontha[iftherewerenoobjec[[herewouldbenocognl[ion

withform.

Withregardtolacandcrystalandthelike,Ontheotherhand,itisappropriate[toviewthe

si【uation]inthatway,65because[inthatcase]weseethatthechunkofcrystalisreddened

by(he[1ac].XInthiscase[ofanobjectandcognition]however:

Itisobvio11S(khalu)thatwedonothaveexperienceofcognitionascolouredby

some[extemal]object660raSlackingfotmbynature,67inthewaythat【wedoex-

perience]acrystal[tobecoIouredbyanobject,namely]1ac[andtobetransparent

byna【ure】.68

Therefore,eVenthoughanex【emalobjectisnotexperiencedseparately,60i【isinfe∬ed

becausewithoutittheappearanceofacognitionwithacertainform(sdkarqfiiana)would

beimpossible.

Weexperiencevariousimages・ThesecouldbeprQducedintwodifferentways=bycognltionitselfor

byobjec[sexternal【ocognl【ion・Theformerisruledou[bydlefac[[ha[cognltionistransparentby

nature・Thereforeex(ernalobjec[SmuS[beinfeTredas[heonlypossibleexplana[ion.

Inprevioussec[ions[heVijii云nav5dinhasbeenargulngagalnS[[heNaiy豆yikaposi【iontha‖heformswe

perCeivebelongtoex【ernalobjec[s・Hehasalmedsimplyates[ablishing[ha【theformsweperceive

belongtocognltion,forestabLishingthatmucht]nderminestheNaiy豆yikaposition.13u(i[doesno[un-

derminetheSau[一云n[ikapositiotl,WhichfordlatreaSOnnOWneedstobeaddressed;for[hela[[erholds

山a[even山oughcogni【ionhasforms,eX【ernalobjec[saretobeinferredasthecausesofdlOSeforms.

As[Dharmak‡rti]hassaid:61

Ex【ernal【0りjects]canbees(ablishedfromnegativeconcomitance.

Ⅰ・e・fromthefact[ha【whenthereistlOeXternalobjectthereisnointemalimage,JuS[as,in[hecaseof

dleCryS[al,When[hereisnoredobjec[thereisnoredrleSSaPPeanngindleCryStal.

3・4・2Cognitionisnotanalogoustoacrystall

【Vij己豆nav豆din:】This[inference]isimpossible,becauseonecannotapprehendthepositive

COnCOml【ance.

I息【hefac([ha【whenanex【ernalobjec[isthere,aCOgni【ionhavinganimageof[ha[objec(appears.

Wecannotde[emine[ha【,becauseweneverseeanex【ernalobjec[alongsidebu[separa[efromcognlT

tion・inthewaythatwedoseefirealongsidebu【separa【efromsmoke.

Forwheredidtheproponentof(heviewthat山eextemaloりjectcanonlyeverbe

inferredobservecognltionwithaformwhenanoqec(ispresent62andwithouta formwhenthe[object]hasgone6〕?64

TheVijii5nav亘din’smainpoln[seems[obe[ha[thepositiveconcomitancecannotbeknown,forthatis

howheiIl【roduced【heverse・Bu[ini【heclaims[hatthenega[iveconcomi【ancecanno[beknownei一

65 The[WOmOS[Plausiblecandida[esforinterpreting‘irLthatway,(EaEha)arel)‘ashavingposi-

【iveconcomi[anCe[ha[isperceived’,COn[ras[ingwi[haT7VaydlMPalabdhebbefore[heverse;and2)

‘ashavingbothposi(iveandnega[iveconcomitancethatareperCeived.con[1▲aS[ingwi山theverse・

Theres[ofthesen[ence(whichrnen[ionsonlywha[isrelevan[[0[heposi【iveconcomi[ance)weighs

infavourofthefirst.Butinfavourof[hesecondis揖k?ay∂spha!ikaqzya(hLia[(heendof[henex[

verse,Whichimpliesreference[obo【h[hepositiveandnegativeconcomita・1Ce(See[he[ranSla[ionof

i[below),aJldwhichseems[Ohaveanexac[lypara11elroletQthe[aETtahere.Ofcourseitmakeslittle

differencewhichisin[ended.

6bBecausewecanno[seebeyond【hecognl【ion[oanyex[emalobjec[.

67Thisexpression一朝irakdr叩nisargaLtzhjeSemblessvaIahsvacchasvablzava-′・havinga[rans-

parentnatureofitself’,above・Bt]tnOte[ha[[heVi)il亘nav互din,aSbecomesclearbelow(3・4・4・2),aC-

cep[stha[cognltionissvaぬhsvacchasvabllaVa・Howcanthatbereconciledwiththepresen[poin[?

Twodifferen[possibili[iessuggest山emselves・

1)Hereheemphasizes山efac[dla[wedono[eJtPerieT7CeCOgni【ion[olackformbyna[ureLHe

knowsi[[odo so[hroughscrlP[ureor[houghhypo[he[icalconsidera[ions.On(hisviewhisdis-

agreemen[wi[htheSau[r豆n[ikaconcemlng[henega[iveconcomi【anCeCanbeseen[obesligh[;aJld

thismayexplainwhyheintroducesthefirs[VerSeaSaSSer[1ngdisagreemen[regaIding[hepositive

concomitancealone.

2)Aithoughbo血hcand亡heSautr云n[ikaagree[ha[cogni[ionissvatalLSVaCCTLaSVabTLaVa,their

disagreemen[COnCemlng the nega【ive concomi[anceis considerable・TheSau[r豆n[ikaholds[ha[

whennoobjec[is(here.cognl[ionlacksform.TheVり示豆nav豆dinholdsno[Onlythat[hiscanno[be

experienced,bu[alsotha[i[isno[[rue;forhimevenwhennoex[emalobjec[isthere,COgnl[ionhas

fomcausedbylatentimpressions.Soforhimcogni【ion’shavinga[ransparen[nature(SVaCChasva-

bhava)means[ha[[heseLaterLtimpressionsdonotformpartofitsnature;itdoesnotmeantha[i【

1acksformwhennoex[ernalobjec[is[here.Toanswer[hequestiorLthenofhow,On[hisview,【he

presen[claimisl・econcilablewi[hhisla[erclaim[ha[cognl[ionis[ransparen[byna[ure:hereheis

denylng[ha[absenceofex[emalobjec[meansabsenceofaformincognl【ion;[hereheisassertlng

thatla[en[impressionsafeOnlyast]rfacemud[ha[doesno[affec[cognltion’s[ransparen[na【ure・

68wecanseethecrys【al[Obecolouredbythelac,becausei[ispossible[oseethelacsepafa[ely

ifweremovei[frombehindthecrystal;aJldwecanseethatthecrystalistransparentbynatureby

【aking[helacaway.

60 ButonlyviaacognltionhaYingltSfom・

61prdIゆロリf〃J∫cdツdl:5往c,d. 62 Thisistheposi【iveconcomi[ance・Wearedealingherewithcausal,ratherthanloglCal,COn-

COmi[ance;inotherwords山eanalogousposi【iveconcomi[anCein山ecaseofEireaJldsmokeisnot

lwhen[hereissmoke.thereisfire’,bu[‘when[hereisfire,thereissmoke,.

Onceacausalrela[ionhasbeenes[ablishedbycausalconcomi【ance,【helogicalconcomi[ance

Canbeknown・Forexactlyhowacausalrela【ionises[ablishedaccording[ODharmakTr[i,SeeInami

(1999).

6ユ Thisisthenega[iveconcomi[ance.

64 Jayan[ahasalreadygiven[hisversein[hehrs[dl”Zika(Vol.Ⅰ,p・41.14-15),in[hecontextof

Sakarqfiid,ZaVadabeingpu[foIWardasawayofes[ablishingtha【thepra]rZ申apIzalaisno[differen[

fromtheJ,rd椚中ロ.

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3.4・4Theinferenceofanexternalo句ectisnotwaNanted・

Andeven71pos[ula[ing[he[formoftheobjec[]on[hegrounds[ha[[theappearanceof

imagesincogni[ion】wouldbeimpossiblewithou[i(2isno[appropriate.Fori【isnota

royaldecreethatano句ectmus[haveform.Whatcrimewouldresultifi[werecognl[ion

alonethathadblueandthelikeasitsforms?

3・4.4.1Disagreementofnameonly

【Sautr亘n【ika:]Because[whatweexperience]isconnectedwithformss11Chasbl11e,itis

theo句ect.

TheSautrantikahereabandonstheposi[iontha[WeeXPeriencetwofomlS,aCCeP[s[har彿ecxpetience

Onlyone,bu[preferstolabelthepossessorofthatformastheobjecしWhenweinteractwith山eforms

WePerCeivewe[hinkweaTein[erac[1ngWithobjects.notwi(hourowncognltion,SOWhycanwenot

t)Se[heword‘objec[’for【hepossessorof[heformsweexperience?

[Vij丘豆nav豆din:=nthatcasethedisagreement[betweenus]concernsnames[only],aSI

havesaid,73for[webo【haccep[[ha【】【hereisnosecond【form].

lnsection2・2.2山eVij邑豆navadins[a[ed【hatifonlyoneformappears,[henthecruCialissueiswhe[herit

belongs[0[heobjec【ortocognltion.Ifdleformer,thentheVij邑瓦nav豆dinlosesthedebate・lsthatnot

con[radic[edbyhisatti[udehere[hattherewouldbenosubstantialdifferencebetweenhisownposition

andtha[offomlbelonglng[o‘【heob)eC亡’?No,becausetheSautr弘【ika-typeviewthatisbeiJlgPu[for-

w云∫dhereacceptsthatl【heottiect’whichhasformdoesnotfa1lou[sidecognition.

3.4・4.2Explicabilitywiththehelpoflatentimpressions

[Sautr云n[ika=]Becausecognitionistransparent,i【s‘dirt,74mus[becausedbysomething

else.

【V垂加av5din:]I[canbecausedbylaten[impressionsofigrLOrarLCe.Cognition,although

【ransparen[ofi[self,beingweigheddownbytheforceofbeginnlnglessla[erL[impressiorLS

ofignoranceXllJappearsasifi【sbodywerecontaminatedby[hemudofmanyforms・Xiv Andbecausethesuccessionofthevariouscognl【ionsand【hesuccessionofthevarious

[corTeSPOfLdiilgjiatentimpressionsXYare,JuStlikesproutsandseeds,beginnlngless,[here

isnooccasion[oask,‘Fromwheredoesthelatentimpressionarise’?

Doesthisversesayany【hingtha[hasno【beensaidin【hepreviousverseand【heintervenlngPrOSe?The

Only possible difference we can discemis(ha[,Since the subjec【Of the previous verseis[he

NityむIumeyab弘yarthavadin,i.e.theSautr加tika,andthesubjec【of血isoneis‘we’,Whichcouldbe

【akenas‘weVij呂血av5dins’,Jayan[amayhavein[endedthepreviousverseasakindofprasangafol-

lowlngfromtheSau[一云n[jkaview[ha[[heex【ernalobjec【CanOnlybeinferred,neVereXperienced,and

thisoneass[a[1ng【heVij貢豆nav亘dins’owrlview:山eSautr豆n[ikas,aSaresultof[heirownpresupposi-

tionsIShouldno【beabletoexperience[heposi[iveornega【iveconcomi[ance;andnei[hercanweexpe-

dence山em.

3・4・3Theappearanceoftwoseparateforms

【Wedono【experiencetheposi[iveconcomi[ance]foraswehavealreadysaid6?twodif-

feren[formsdono【appear.

Ifaswellasexpedenclnganimagewi[hincogIll【ion,Wehadasecondpercep【10nOfthecxtemalobject

directly,WeWOuldhavegroundsforasser【1ng【heposi【iveconcomi[ance.Thusal[hough[heSau[【豆n【ika

hasれOtPreviouslypu[forward【heideaof[wosepaTa[eforms.oneof[heobjec[direc【1yandonebelong-

1ng【OCOgnition.theVij貢豆nav豆dinarguesagainstsuchaviewhere,and【heSautr豆n【ikadefendsitla[er

in山issec【ion.

Orif[twoforms]wereaccepted,itwouldbedifficul[toreplytothecri[iquethatinfinite

regress[results]・Ifoneteachesthattheformoftheobjectisdirectlyperceptible,andthe

fomlOf[he cognition,CauSedby that[object]isalsoperceptible,then[[hefollowing

Chainofreasoningisunavoidable].Thefomoftheobject,firstofall,isgraspedbya

cognl[ionwithform・Nowthefomofthecognltionalso,Sincei【isgrasped,70mus[be

graspedbysomefur[hercognitionwithform.nt]S[hereisanin伍niteregress(aniF!ha).Xl

【Sautr豆ntika:]Le[[hecogni【ionwithform[tha[grasps[heobject]beheld tobeself,

illumina[lng,thenitwi11notdependonafurthercognltion,SOtherewi11benoinfinite

regreSS・

TheSautrantikadefends[heposi【ion[ha[wehave[wocognltlOnS,OneOf[heformof[heobjec【andone

OftheformwithincognltlOnL Butthesecondcognltiondoesno【requlrea[hirdcogr11【10ninorderforit

tobe cognized fori【is cognized byi[SelfdlrOughself-illumination.Hence・theinfiniteregressis

averted,butthesepaTa[eexperienceof[heformof[heobjec[ispreserved.

[Vij己豆nav云din:]In[ha[caseweshouldjustaccepttheselfTill11minating}orTn-CO弛in主ng

COgnltionalone,forthereisnoappearanceofaformoftheobjectseparatefromthat.X.L

Now[tha【youareaccep[ingtha【theform-COn[ainingcognitionisselfTilluminating],for

Wha【reason[doweneed】asecondformbelonging[0【heobject?

Thefirstofthetwocognltions,thatoftheformoftheobject,isredundarl[,for【hesecondcognltion

COntainswithini【self[heformoftheobjec[.

71Thefunc【ionof・even▼(api)istomaTk[hecon【ras【between[hepreviot)SSentenCeSrejecting

tha[aformof[heobjec【separatefromtheformofcognL[ion卿eaTnOuS,and【hissentencerqect-

inBthatsuchaformoftheobjectcanbeiftferred.

72AstheSau[一瓦ntikadidabovein3.4.1:alahprl]zagananub7L房yamano,pEb6hyo,rt7zabsakara-

ノ舶〃丘Vd占力丘∫血プロ′Jl伽叩叩α/り伽J踊吋α′e.

73Insec[ion3・1・2anopponen[putforwaTdthesamekindofviewas[heSau[一豆皿【ikaadvances

here,andtheVij雨nav豆dinmain[ained,aShere,tha[Whatresultedwasadisagreemen[abou[nameS

Only. 74 Forexampkbluen巳SS・

69seesec【ion2.2.1. 70 Tha[itEsgraspedfo1lowss(raigh[forwardlyfrom山eopponent・sclaimthatwegraspnotonly

theformof(heobjec【bu[also[heformof[hecogni(ion(akaT・advEZyaPl・EZtibh6sa).

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Since[heVij示豆nav豆dinasslgnS[01a[en[impressionsfu11responsibili【yforexplaininghowformsoccur

incogni[ionevenwithou[atlyeXtemalobjects,i【isna[ural【oaskwherela【entimpressionscomefrom・

ButforlheVij再anav瓦dinla[en[impressionsaLldcognl【ionsareanalogollS[osprou[sandseeds,OrChick-

ensandeggs;al】【ha[canbesaidis[ha[[heycomefromeachotherandhavedonesobeginnlnglessly・

Sobecauseitispossiblethatthevarietyof[formsin】cognitionarecreatedbythevariety

Ofbeginnlnglesslatentimpressions,1et’sbedonewithanextemalobjec[,eVenOnethatis

[only]inferable.Thusitisestablishedthatthisformbelongstocognitionalone・

3・5Becauseano切ectisnecessarilyperceivedtoge[herwithcognltion

ForthefollowlngreaSOntOOitistocognltionthat[hisformbelongs、

3.5.1Becauseofpositiveandnegativeconcomi[ance

Forwithoutcognitionnothingofthena[ureofanobject(arlhardpa)isexperiencedany-

Where,Butcognitionisclearlyexperiencedevenwhenthereisno[extemal]object[but

thereisaperCeivedfom]asinthecaseofmirages,75illusionsetc・Thusweknowthat

formbelongstocognltionalsothroughpositiveandnegativeconcomitance・

Thenegativeconcomi[ancewascxpressedin[hefirs[sentenCe:When[hereisnocognl【ion,thereisno

experienceofanyform.Thenex【Sen[enCeimpliedtheposi【iveconcomi【anCe:Whencognl【ionisthere,

formsareperceived.nequalifier Levenwhen[hereisnoextemalobjec[’serves[OeXCludethepossi-

bility【ha【itisnotcognltion,butanex[emalobjec【,【owhich[heformsof[hemirageand【helikebe-

long.Againwearedealingwi【hcausal,nO[loglCalconcomi[ance.

3.5.20切ectandcognltionarenon-different・

Andifanobjecthadanaturethatexistedseparatelyfromcognltion,thenitwouldbeex-

Periencedevenwi(houtacognltion.Butthisisnotthecase.Thereforecognitionandob-

jectarenon-different.As[Dharmakirti]hassaid:76

Blueandi【s cognltion arenon-different,becausethey arenecessarilyperceived

together.

Viewrefuted earlieris tha【theserepreserl[a[jonalformsbelong no[exclusivelytocogrution,leavlng

externalobjec[sasmerelyirlferable,butjointlytoboththecogrll[iorlandtheex[ernalobject.Rather

【han beingloca[ed wi[hin consciousness,they arelocated a[themeetlng-POln[Ofconsciousness and

extemalobjec【・

Forifwe匝rst]experiencedseparately an objectwithoutformandcognitionwithout

form,andthenexperiencedthecognltionandtheobject,Whenincontact,tOhaveform,

thenfromthatwecouldacceptthisformtobean[emergent]propertyofthecontact・But

thissequence[ofexperiences]doesnotexisL

Furthermore,Wehavealreadysaidthatcognltionssuchasrememberinganddreamingdo

haveform,eVenthoughtheylacka【correspondingextemal】object.77sohowcouldform bean【emergent]propertyofcontact.

Ifformrequiredcontacttoemerge,WeWOuldnotbeable[oeXPlaini[seXis[enCeindreamsandthelike,

WherecognltionisnotirlCOn[ac[wi(harlyObjec【.

3・7Contradictoryproperties

3・7.1Cannotcohabi[insingleobiects

Moreover,howcanmutuallycontradictorygenderscohabitinasingleobject[denotedby

thewords】搾αた押rαm,かαた如搾d中ソαタ?

Thethreewordsare,reSPeCtively,neu[er,feminineandmasculine,aTLdyettheycanallbeused【Orefer

【oS【a∫S.

Andforawanderingmendicant,amaleloverandadog,howcanaslnglething,namely

WOman,become theobjectofthreedifferentperceptlOnS:aCOrPSe,afemaleloverand

food?

The exampleisan01d orleand commonlyused.See thecitatiorlSfromtheSloktlVarEEika,PTVm申a・

VarElikaLfVaVrEEi,SarvadarianasaTigrahaande】sewherein theNyL5yamE7TyarZ,glVenbyKataokain the

appara[uS【otheedi[ion・Itisno[ClearwhetherthewomaniserlVisagedasbeirlgdeadoralive.Thefac【

tha[thedogreg旦rd$herasfoc・dst]ggeSis亡hatsheisdead.PeThapsihe托1eildic云iliismediiatlrlgOrlher

COrpSeinordertodeepenhissenseofthetrarlSj【oriness andunsatisfactorinessof∫a?ZJaT-LcexisterlCe.

Perhaps【herecerltneSS OfherdeathexplairlSWhythemans[illseesherashislover、Altematively,

【houghsheisalive,themendican[mayseeherasacorpseinorder【oenharlCehisdispassion(vairagya);

and【hedogmayseeherasapoterLtialgiveroffood.

3.6Rejec[ionof[heSautrantikaviewthatformresultsfromcontact

Andformcannotbean[emergent]propertyofthecontactbetweencognitionandobject・

nisisaSau[【亘n(ikaview,advancedin[heSlokavdrEtika,aCCOrding【owhichweexperiencerepresenta-

【ions[hat arisefromobjec[Sand cognl【ioncomlngln[OCOn[act.Thedifferencefrom[heSau[r豆n[ika

77 wha【heac[ually、said(in3・5・1)wastha[cogni[ionsofthingssuchasmirage-【ownsandi11u-

Sionshaveform,eVen[hough[heylackacorrespondingexternalobjecL hspeakinghereofremem-

beringanddreamingheisdrawlrlgOnS由IyaVada5lcd:Lf′nrELsvapnadLbod/zec(一S頑dalZakdraEaEava

lいAndforyoumemoriesanddream-COgnitionsshouldbedevoidofform[sinceyouholdformto

arisefromcon[actbe[weerlCOgrli[iorlarldobjec[,andthereisrlOSuChcontac[inthosecases]/

75Theword(ganE”laTVal上agam)ac[ual1yrefersonly【OOnekindofsuperiormirage,namelyFa【a

Morgana.

7も什ロm融即f′王J血(叩1:54ab.

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edge[asresultris[all】completedwithinasingleentity,namelycogni(ionalone・80Forits

havingtheformofanobjectisthe‘objectofknowledge’.i(Shavingtheformof(heper-

ceiveris the‘means ofknowledge,and self-COgni(ionis the result・As[Dign瓦ga】

Laught:81

The appearanCe that[cogni【ion]has(yaddbhdsam)is[he objec(Ofcogni亡ion

brαmeya).Andcognition’smeans(pram申a)andresultO>hala)arerespectively

(hefomof(heperceiverand[self-]cogni(ion.TTlerefore,(hesethree(i・e・COgniq

tion’sobject,meanSandresult)arenotseparatefromoneanother・

Thereforei亡isthiscogni亡ionalonewhich-Sincei(SSeelngOfi(SeSSenCeisover(urnedby

thecoque[ry(ソilasa)1Yliofla(entimpressionsofbeginninglessignoranceXYiiLislooked

uponasifitisdividedintoperCeiver,perCeivedandpercept10n・ButoncelgnOranCehas ceased,itbecornesabsolutely(ransparen(・Ornothing[islef(]・82

Thishasbeensaid[byDharmak‡rti]:

Thereisnothingelse[0【herthanthecognitionitself=hatisexperierLCedbyacog-

nition.83T鮎experiencingof(hat[cognition]isnotanother[cognition],because

oftheabsenceofanobject tobegrasped andagrasping subject[intha(CaSe

【00】、XtTILaloneshineshrthbyitself.糾

Althoughthenatureofcognitionisurldivided,itisexperiencedbythosewhose

seelnglSmis(akenasthoughitweredividedin(OPerCeivedIPerCeiverandpercep-

tion.85

The[hreestandforgTiihyakdra,grahakdkLiraandsvas叩ZViEli-[heobject,meanSaJldresul[ofcognition

(pr(lmeγd,即馴呵叩∬dク「(抑申呼九dJ叶

Howcanasingleindividualwomanbecomethereferentofamasculinepluralforminthe CaSeOfdarab(’awoman7)?Andhowcan things besingularandoffemininegender,

when theyare[elsewhere]pluralandofadifferentgender7Basin(hecaseofざaP-

ヴdgdr了9?

And[fina11y]howcanOneOfthetwoforms‘short’and‘long’,Whicharegraspedrelative

toeachother,belocatedasrealina〔single]0りject?

T[makesnosense(OCallanobjec[longperse,because[herewi11besomeobjec[sincomparisonto

whichi[isshort.

Wehavehadthreekindsofcase:WOrdsofcontradic[orygenderandnumberseemlnglyrefemng[0[he

SameObject;Wjdelydivergen[perCep[10nSSeemlnglyof[hesameobjec[;arldpalrSOfcon[radictorya[-

tTibu(esapplying【oaslngJeob)eC[,in[ha[incomparisontosomethingsitisone,andincomparison[0

0thersitistheo[her.Thecontradictorywords,PerCeptionsandattributescannot,andthusdono[,be-

long[00rrefertooneand[hesameobjec[for[heVij貢豆nav豆din,Eoronea爪dthesamethingca爪nO【have

COntradic[oryproperties.

3・7・2】〕uttheycanresideindifferentcognitions

In[hecaseofcognltions,however,thereisnocontradiction,because(heyaredifferent

[frorneachother],arisinginaccordancewiththevariousdifferentlatentimpressionsthat

havetheroleoftheirco-OPeratlngCauSeS.

TheTeisnocontradictionin thesensetha[[hecontradictoryproper[jesnolongerbelong[0[hesame

【hing・Theybelong[Odifferen(COgnl[ions・Andwhyshouldno【COgnLtionsbedifferentglVenthatthey

arecondi【ionedbydifferentla[en[impressions?

ThewordsnaksaLram.EarakdarldLL?yalzarehecon[entsof,andsigni凸erswi[hin,Separa[ecognl[ions;

theydono[al1denoteoneand[hesameobjec[.naksa[ramappearsinonecognitionandEかaたainan-

OtheTbecause[hosetwocognl[ionshavedifferen[la[en[impressionsconditionlng[heirarislng・

Thefactthatthemendicant,theloverand[hedogal1perceivethewoman’sbodysodifferen[lywould

bepuzzlingif[henatureoftheirpercep【10nSWerede[erminedby[heselfsameexLtemalobject.Itbe-

COmeSeaSilyexplicableiftheformstheyperceivebelongno[[00neand[hesameobjec[bu[to[heir

individualcognltions,eaChofwhichwillbeshapedbydifferentlaten[impressions・

Theidea■short’arisesfromsomeone’ssubjectivejudgmen[,i[isno[aproper[y[ha【belongstoaninde-

pendentlYeXistingex【ernaユobjec[}c・T呈r!舶亡(呈Tlfac【nOri-eXis【eri【)locusitwouidbeconiradictecLDy

OpPOSi【eproperti已S.

3・8ConclusionofthePdrvapak亭a

Thereforethis[worldthatweexperience]isnothingbutcognition,Whichappearsevery-

Whereinadifferentway・Otherthanitthereisnosuchthingasanobject.Andthiseve-

rydayinteractioninvoIvingXYi’meansofknowledge,,Lobjec(Ofknowledge,,and・knowl-

80TheVi]縞nav豆dinisheredelibera【elydisagreeingwi[htheviewputbyV豆【Sy盃yanaat[hebe-

glnnlng Of[heNydyabhd?ya,anddefendedbyJayan【aearlierin[his[ex[,【ha[al1of[hese[hree

bram申a,Prameya,Prami[i)plus[heagen[ofknowledge(pramdL!・)aresepara[elyexis[ingcatego-

fieswhichtogetherdonotformaslngleentLty,andwhichareallrequiredforeverydaylnteraCtion

(vyuvLlizdra),Formorede【ailontheNyEiyabh申yapassage,andJayan[a’scommen[aryoni[,See

endllOteXVi.

8-♪rd′坤d∫βm【‘CαりⅥ1:10

82Jayantaof[enmentions[hese[wOpOSSibili[iesas[hetwoconcep【10nSOfnilV卸a[ha[Bud-

dhistsoffered.SeeforexampleNyayama4iarFⅡp.439,4-5:TZilVdrzLidipaddk/zyeyamapavargapIzL

Suga[abJsanFaLy“CC/LedamicchanEi・SVaCC極vaJHdnasa,uadml(tTheBuddhis[shold[hateman-

cIPa[ion,Which(heydenotewi[hwordssuchasnLrv申a.isei[her[hecessationofthestream【of

cogni[ions]or【he[becoming]pure[ofthatlstre・amOfcognitions:SeealsoAgama4ambara44,1-5・

Schmi[hausen(2007=205)mentions[WOViewsrega如ngwha[happenS[oalayavU斤a,LaWhenArhat-

shipisat[ained=[ha[i【ceasesal[ogether,and【ha[itispreservedbu【‘emptiedofunwholesomeseeds’・ 83 l.e.,in[heterminologyofourtex[,formbelongs[ocognl[ionnottoanobject,

り血呵山繭郎1:38.Cf.Tosaki(1985‥10-11). gj prd〝痍IdVfnfgcβydl:44=アナⅥⅢ卸dVかJJj厄3:353.Cf.Tos止i(1985:40一叫1).

78Namelyneuter(′↓叩「叫).

79・Six【ownS・二缶minine,Slngular.

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Jayantanowconcludes[heexpositionofVij氏加av豆dawithaverseofhisowncomposition:

Someonewhointhisway(iEi)seesthat(lti)this[wholeworld]isindeedmerely

COnSCiousnessdevoidofanythingof[henatureofanobjectquitstheseriesofsuf-

ftringsandattainsaftarlessniT・VdT7a.

4.1.2EvenBuddhistsassumethedifftrenceofperceiverandperceived・

Furthermore,yOuaCCeP[tha[cognltionis[hepolntOfreferenceforthesenseofself,isof

thenatureofblissandthelike,89andisasifactivetowardsitsobject.90Anobject,Onthe

otherhand,doesno[havesuchanature.91Thereforehowcould[hesetwobeidentical?

4.1.3Forms叩PeartOuSaSO句ec[sofillumination,nO[asilluminators・

Eventhoughi【isrlOt【hecase[hat【woformsappearalongthelinesof‘TTlisisacognl-

tion,and’misisanobject,,92neverthelessthisform,thoughsingle,Whenitappears,aP-

PearSaSanilluminatedo叫ectandno【asanillumina【or.In[[hecogni【ion]‘thisisblue’,

theformoftheperceivedobject【bl11e]appearscomple[elysepara[edfrom[its]perceiver;

itiscertainlynotthecase[hat[it]appearsasidenticalwiththe[perceiver],i・e・aS‘Iam

blue’.

4Siddh豆nta

Tothisitisreplied[asfollows].

4・1Thereisnonon-diffbrencebe[weenperceiverandperceived・

4・1・1Becausecontradictorypropertiescanno【exis[toge[her

Asyouknow(khalu)・86[hena[ureofacognition,XXbeingsingle,CannO【bebothperCeiver

andperCeivedbynature・becausethenaturesoftheperCeiverandtheperceived,being

mutuallydissimilar,CannOtCOhabitinoneandthesamelocus.

Jayanta[urnsbackontheBuddhistthesamealgumentthatthela【terusedinsec[ion3・7,namely[ha[

dissimilarpropertiesmus[belong【Odifferen[[hings・

Toexplain,beingacognitioninnature(bodhar卸atd),remainingasitdoesthroughotlt

【suchasequenceas]‘cogni【ionofblue’,‘cogni[ionofye1low’,‘cognitionofwhi【e,,de-

SPitethearislngandceaslngOfblue,yellowetc・,isdeterminedtobedistinct丘omblue

etc・throughpositiveandnegativeconcomitance,87

ThesensehereofalrVaya(posi[iveconcomi[ance)andvya(iT・ekn(nega【iveconcomi[anCe)differsfrom

【hewaylnWhichthetermswereusedinsections3・4and3・5,Whichwas[heirmoreusualmeanlng・As

WePaSSfromcogni[ionofblue,tOCOgni【ionofyelLow,【hereisanvayaofthecognition(Or,Strictly

SPeaking,Of[hebod/zarL;J”La,[hefac[Ofbeingcogni【ionbyna[ure)in[hesense[ha【i【‘continues,(anu-

i),butthereisvyalirekaoftheyellow,becausei【‘supercedes,(tl-aLi-ric),i.e.appearsins[eadof.the

b,ue・椚sincethecognl【ion-na[urecon[inues,bu[theobjectsareconstantlYSuperCeded,COgnltionand

Objectmus[bemu[ual1ydissimi1aTandcanno[benon-different.

4.2ThegrasplngOfanobjectrequlreSaperCeiver;bu[thatdoesno[meanthatthe

perceiverisitselfgrasped・

Moreover,i[isindeedcorrect【hatthegrasplngOfanilluminatedobjectsuchasbluede-

pendsonanillumirla[lngXXIcognltion・93Buti【is[obeconsideredbywha[[hecognl【ion

grasping[hat[objec[]isgraspeda[tha[[ime.

Tbese[WOSen[encescOn[ainadistinc[ioncruCial[oJayaLl[a’sovercomlngOf[heVi]丘加av岳din’sargu-

men【s.True,illumina[ionrequlreSanillumina[or;ifweexperienceanobjec[,WeCanbesure[ha[SOme

COgnl[ionmus[havebroughtthatabout・ButthedependenceofthegrasplngOfanobjectoncognl【iorl

doesno[en[ailtha[thecognl【ionmus[begraspedinorderfor【heobjec[[Obegrasped.

B9 ForNy云yai【isno[infac[COgJli[ion(ノ方ana),bu[ra【herpleasure(Suk]m),【ha[isof[hena[ureof

bliss(SeeⅣy∂yamaiUal・TⅡp.276,11:dna/ldadisvab/laVaPPraSlddhamevasukhadeh).Pleasure,1ike

COgnl【ion,isaquali[yOf[heself,bu[i[isno【akindofcognition.ForB11ddhism,bycontrast,pleas-

ureisof[hena[ureOfcogni[io几U方anaLma).

90cf,Pramarzavinikayal:37=Pram申avarLLika3:308(【hefirs[halfofwhichis ci【ed a【

∧り丘y〟/〃α亘わrrIp・40,12)(Cf.Tosaki1979:400-401):

∫αけ申かdmfv∂加点〟v〆ゅかeワα∫Vα血r′n叩fl

Jαdvα露JJαdりdVd∫J/融点ddた丘mたdmαPi∫γαツ“椚II

Dharmakhtiis[hereprobablybasinghimselfonPl・am申asamuccayal:$cd:SaVyaParaPra(ilaNa(Pra-

m申叩P]laLa(TteVaSal.Kellner(forthcomingA)translatesthisas:L[Cognition],thoughi[isac[ual1y

【heresul【,is[metaphoricallyreferred【OaS][hemeaJISOfvalidcogni【ionbecausei【isheld【operforman

ac【ivl【y.’

9■0叫ec[Sdonothaveasenseofself,feelblissorcognlZeO[herobjec[s. 92 5eesec【ions2.2.1,3.2.4.2and3.4.3.

9ユI.e.■tha[muChlgran[you,.1Bu[,([hissenseisimpliedby[hefo1lowingsen[ence)Lyoucon-

Clude[00muChfromi【’.Wheredid【heBuddhis[say[ha[[hegrasplng,i.e.illumina[ion,Ofobjec[s

dependsoncognltion asilluminator?Itis anideathatwaseitherimplicitorexplici[a[SeVeral

places:3.1.1,3.2.1,3.2.2,3.2.3and3.5.1.

ForyouhavejuStuSedthiswayofargulnglnSeC[ion3.7.

87cf・Ag“mα血血rα町1-3=板=烏〃愉一叩托打叫∂揖「叫α托ソロy叩α血たゐ九陶叫∫ツαgOrV貞一

dEvadbodhardJ”ルanavadhar叩ddiLE・■Bu[formssuchasblueareno[cognl【ion,fortheyareno[deq

terminedbypositiveandnega[iveconcomi[ance[ohave[henatureofcogni[ionintheway[ha[[indi-

Vidualcowsarees[ablishedbyposi【iveandnegativeconcomitancetohave]cowness., 88 Forthismeaningofa”VayaandlツaLireka.seeStaal(1960:54-55);S[aal(1966:648)andCar-

dona(1967-イほ).

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【Thegraspingof(hecogni[ion]isno【basedonye[anothercogni【ion,becausetha(WOuld

leadto[heundesirableconsequenceofaninnni【eregress.

Asargued・byyouyourselvesin3・2・2・lnfac[Jayan[a’sownposi[ionis[ha[[hecognl[ionofLheobjec[

is・OratLeastcanbe・graSpedbyano[hercogni[ion・Noinnni【eregressresuL[sforhim,becausehedoes

no(hold(heview[ha[[hecognl[ionmus[begraspedinorderfor[heobjec[tobegrasped.Heis[hus

adoptingaVij雨nav已dinpresupposi[ionhereinordertoargueagains[theVi]示豆nav瓦din.

Norisacognl[ionself-illuminatlng,becauseitdoesnotappearintheform・Iamblue,一

Assta[eda[theendoftheprevioussec[ion;ratheri[appearsin[heform.EIzisisblue,.

Whywouldi【have[Obeexperiencedin【heform‘Iamblue,?Jayan[a▼sargumen[hereseemselliptical・

Wearedealinga[[hispoln[withthegrasplngOf[hecognlt10n,nO[thegrasplrLgOftheobject.Ifthe

ObiecEweresaid[obegraspedbyi[self,then[heap[nessofthechargethatwedonotexperience‘Iam

blue’wouldbeeasilyunders[00d・Bu[i[isno[obviouswhy[hegrasplngOfcognltionbyitselfshould

beexperiencedin[heform‘Iamblue,.

Somefurthercondi[ionrLeedstob巳added,aSCahadharase巳mSLohavebeenaware,forhepoin[SOutat

[hisjunc[ure[ha[[heVi西山av5dinaccep[s(ha[theperCeiverhasformssuchasblueand[helike.94

When[hisconsidera[ionisbomeinmindlthenitfo110WSthattheperceiver・sgrasplngOfitselfshould

appearin[heform‘Iamblue,・Thepertinen【cOndi[ion[ha[1ayan[ahasinmindherecouldequallybe

thenon-differenceofobjectandcognition,Sincethishasbeenthetopicoftheprevioussectio皿(4.1).95

EitherwayltSeernSClear[ha[jus[as[heo[herhomof[hedilemma,infini[eregress.onlyresul[edfroma

Vij氏諷nav豆dinpresuppositionnotacceptedbytheNaiy云yika,thesameis[rueof[hishomoEthedilemma

thatweshouldexperience‘Iamblue’.

4・2・10bjection=Theappearanceoftheperceiver」uStis

[heappearanceof[heobjec[,

[V単五nav瓦din:]Because(asissta[edin3.5.2)theperceiverand[heperCeivedareno[dif-

ferent[fromeachother],96whatyouaccep[as[heappearanCeOfaperCeivedobjectis

nothingbu((heappearanceofaperceiver.

7lowdoes(hisVij再論av豆dinobjectionrelateto【heprecedingNaiy豆yikaargument?Itcouldbeseento

respond[oanyoftheNaiy豆yikaspointssofar,

Ⅰ[isaresponse[04・1・1insofarasitsaystha[PerCeiverandperceivedarenotmutual1ydissimilar・Itisa

responseto4・1・2insofarasitchallengestheoppositionbetweer)insentient,inertmatterandsclf-aWa∫e・

Sen[ientandseemlnglyactivecognltion・ltisaresponseto4.1.3insofhrasitadmitsthatformsappear

to11Sa且Objectsofilhmination(♪rL7kLiSya),b11tdeniesthatthatisenoughtoru1eoutthattheyareofthe

SamenatureaSthesubJeC[ofillumina[ion(卯沌誠血).

Butitisalsointended[orespondspecifical1ytotheimmediatelyprecedingsection,4・2・neNaiy豆yika

S[ance[herewasaccep[anCeOfthegrasplngOfaJlObJeCt,butdenialofthepossibilityofgraspingthe

COgnitionthatillumina[eStha[object(クraka血kagTtZh叩a/bod/zagTTZhapa)・TheVi3翫nav5dinresponse

hereamoun[s[0:graSPingofanobjec[jus[isagraspingofcognition/of[hepe[Ceiver(SeeyO’y叩I

gra7LyaVab]LaS坤’’iELb7LaVaE丘bhyupagaEaれsaevagrahakavabhasafz),for[heobjectisnotsomething

insentien[.but one aspeCtOfcognltion・nerefore,COntrary tO yOuraSSertionsin4・2,COgnltionis

grasped;anditis grasped by the second of the possible means mentioned[here,namely self-

i】1umination.

How[hisisrela[ed[otheVij良知av云din’smainargumen[becomesclearintheremalnderofthissection:

ifeognl[ionjsgrasped,i[doesTlOtlackform;ifi[hasform,Whatneedistheretopostulateanexternal

ObJCCt?

ForaperCeivedobject,Wereitdifferentfromaperceiver,WOuldbeinsentien[inna[ure・

Aperceiver,On[heotherhand,isof[hena[ureofanillumination,JuStbecausei[isaper-

ceiver・Andithasalreadybeens[a[edtha[thereareno【twoappearanCeS・97In【ha[case

([a[ra),given[ha[oneof(he[woappears[[heques[ionarisesasto]whichofthetwo,【he

insentiententi【yor[heillumination,istheappropria(e[candida[e][oappear・XXiiconsider-

1ng【his,Obviouslyl[istheilluminationthatappearsandnottheinsentiententlty・Andan

illumina[iondoesno【appearwithoutafoml・98TTlerefore,glVen[ha[itappearstoge[her

withaform,Whatistheneedofaninsen【ien[objec[whidhisdifferen[fromthat【form-

COn【ainingillumina[ion]?

Theargumen[is summarizedin footnote96.Itresembles,bu[differs Erom,theargument thatthe

Vij氏豆nav已dingaveinsection3.2.4.

94 seegr飢血∫沖i∫∂転「ローv∂靭叩αgdmか(Gr口和助加輌。22叩).

95 Tha[Cakradharacorrec[1yiden[ifiedthecondi[ionthaりaya醸hadinmid,however,ispeT-

hapssuggestedbythefollowingsentencein[heAgaTna4ambaTu(78,8-12)=SakiTnaElnanabpraL

叫叩町混血M叩叩沈勘融叩崩加納押血町血涙恒頭領両脚血血涙血繭明血

Paralra De2・S6(2005)[ranSla[es:‘【D】oesi[rnakemanifes[i[sownform,Or[heformofsome(hing

else?Thereisnocognl[ionintheformof‘1ambll-e=;rather,thiscognl[ionoftheotherthingasdiト

ferent・namely“thatり,agreeSwiththefac[s,・Thus,[herea[1eas[,[hepoln[[ha【wedono[experience

‘Iamblue’followsaconsidera[ionofforlnra【her[hanaconsiderationofnon-differenee.

96Itmightseemstrangetha[[heVり示云navadinheresimplyreasserts(henon-difftrenceofper-

Ceiverandperceivedwhenthishasjus[beenreJeC[edin4.1.But[heassertionofnon-difftrencea[

thebeginningofthissection(4.2.1)occursno[as[hes[ar[ingpoin[OEalineofargumentbu[Tather

itsendpoin[・Forin[herestof[hissec[ion[heVi]丘亘nav豆dinglVeS[heargumen[[ha[suppollSthe

nonqdifference,namelythatiftheobjec[Weredifferen[fromcognl[ionitwouldbeinsentien[byna-

【ure・Bu[sincebo[hyouNaiy豆yikasandweVij硫nav豆dinsagreetha[onlyoneformshinesforth

uw・akaia[e),Wehavetomakeachoicebetwcen[hetwo.Cleadycognltion,beingoftheverynature

ofilluminationbrakd5a)isabe[tercandidate(becausepraka血タprakdhEe).Oncewethusaccept

[ha[eogni[ionappears,andthereforehassomeform,thepostulationofanextemalobject,inserLtient

bynature,becomesredundan[.RatherthatwhichweperCCive(thegl・ahya)isof[henatureofcogni-

tion,i.e.isno[different丘■Omtheperceiver. 97 seesecti。nS2.2.1and3.4.3.

98 Whyno[?Perhaps[heideaisthatifitlackedformitwouldbeeompletelytrarLSParentandwe

WOuldseerigh[throughit.nisstepintheargumentdoesnotseemstrictlynecessary,fortheap-

PearanCe/formisalready[here;WeareJuS[consideringwhe[heritisofthenatureofanittsentienten-

[1[yOrOfpraka血nusJayan[amayflOthaveintendedthisasageneralpolnteXCludingthepossibil-

itytha[prak虚血caneverappearwithou[form;hemayhaveintendedbyitluStthatinthisparticular

cascprakd血isclearlyappearlngWiththeformbecauseaLlinsentiententltylSnOt,}Inwhichcaseit

wouldbebe[[ertotransla[easLAndtheilluminationdoesnotappearwithoutaねrm’.

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SpeCtively,【heVti舶nav5dinandtheNaiy云yika.1[isasthoughtwodifferen[iJlferencesareintheback-

groundof[he[extin[hesesec[ions:l)Cognitionisperceived,becauselikealigh[itisanillumination

byna[ure;2)Cogni[ionisno[perceived,becauselikeaJleyei【isameansofbringingabou[perCeption.

ThlユSWeCanSeeWhyherein4.2.3[heVija5nav5dinwants[OaSSert[ha【theeyeisno[agOOdanalogy

forcogni【ion.Hedisassocia(es[hetwoin[woways:1)cognitionisofthena[ureofaJlilluminatiotland

【heeyeisno(;2)farfromthembothbeiflgmeanSOn[hesamelevel,COgJlitionisac[ual1yproducedby

theeye.

Wi[hhisfinalpoint【ha[anillumifla【iontha[isnotgraspedcanno[illuminateanything,heimpliesthe

fo】lowlng SpeCificdisanalogy:Whilean eye,nOtbeing aJlillumina【ionbyna[ure,eJlablesus[ograsp

ObJeCtSwithoutitselfbeinggrasped,COgnltion,beingani11umiLla[ionbynature,enablesus[ograSpOb-

JeCtSOnlywheni【isitselfgrasped.

4・2.4Reply‥Anilluminationisanillminationofanobject,

notofanillumination.

【Naiy豆yika:]True,Whatwetermcognitionisanilluminationproducedbytheeye.But

tha[illumina【ionisanilluminationofanobjectsuchasacolour,nOtanilluminationofan

illumina[ion・100Forwhatisillumina[edbyaneyeisnotani11umina[ion,butra[heracol-

Our.

If,aSyOuVij元加av巨dinjustsaid,illumina[ionisproducedbytheeye,i[shouldbeaJlilluminationof

Whattheeyeiscapableofilluminatlng,namelyacoLour,nOtaTli11umination.

In[thesentence’colourisillllminatedbytheeye’]wha【isexpressedby‘colour’isan

ob)eCt【obegrasped.[nleaCtion]tha[isexpressedby’isiuuminated,,XX)昆ontheother

hand,isi11umina[ion,[morespecifically]graspingcogni【ion.

WhydoesJayantaincludethis?Howdoesthiscon[entiondifferentia[ehispositionfromtheBuddhis[

posi【ion?TTlepOintis[ha[,forhim,i11umina【ionisthegrasper(grdhaka)andanob」eC[suChascolouris

【hegrasped(grdhya);Whereasfor[heVi3貢豆nav豆ditlilluminatiott/cogrLitiorLisboththegrasperandthe

grasped・

Andthecolourbecomesi11umina[edbyamerearisingof[he[cognition].nereforean

illuminationdoesnotrequlretObegrasped.

箭IeeyeprOducesacognition.BythemerearislngOf[ha【cogni【ion,COlourisilluminated.neveTy

natureofthecognltionconsistsinilluminat-ngthecolour;itdoesnotrequlreany[hingfurthersuchasa

graspingofi【self・Thus[heVij示云nav云din’scontentionintheprevioussection(4.2.3)thataJlillumina-

【ionmus[begraspedinorder[OgraSpaJlObjec[isfalse.

TTleargumentin3,2.4s[artedfromtheconsidera[ion[ha[cogf11tionmus[begraspedbeforeanoりject

Caflbegrasped(since[hishadbeenes[ablishedin[hethreeprevioussec[ions).Sincei【isgrasped,i【

musthavesomeform・Sinceonlッoneformappearstous,WemuS[OnlyexperieflCeCOgrll【ion・There-

foreanex[emal0叫ectbecomesredundafl[.

Thisargumen[S[artsfrom[heconsideration[ha[onlyonefomappearS,TTluSindecjding[owha[tha【

formbelongswehavetochooseoneoutofthe[wocaJldidates:aninsentien[objec[Orillumina[1ngCOg-

nition・SinceanilluminationisobviouslysomethingthatappearSO)eCauSePrak6血中prakaia[e),Weare

COmPelledtochoosetha[,Thereforeaninsentient,eXtemalobjectisredundant.

4.2・2Reply:Cognltion,1iketheeye,isameans;

meansdonotmakethetargetredundant,

【Naiy豆yika:]TTlisisnotclever,foronecannOtdenyatarge[throughthemeans[ofreach-

ingi[]・Toexplain(/zi),aneyeis[themeans]whichillumina[esacolour[asi(S[arge[];

〔and]onecannOtdenyacoloursayingthataneyealoneshollldappear.niscognitionis

[themeans]whichillumina[esanobjectwhosena【ureisspecifiedbyproper[iessuchas

materiali【y,fluidi【y,hardnessand[helike,[whereas[hecogni[ionis]transparen[inna[ure

instarkcontras[[0【hose[proper[ies],[merefore]itisnomorethecasethat【cognition]

(lat)i【selfcouldappearin也atway,thanitisthataneye[couldappearascolo血].

Wesho-11dnotsacriflCethetargctforthesakeofthemeans.TheveTypOlrltOfuslngmeanSistoreacha

【arge[・Norcouldwedoawaywitha[arge[suChasacolouredobJeC[byassumlngthati【ismerely a

mafljfes[a[iof10foneofitsmeaTIS,Cognl【iofl.havingana【urequltCCOntraTy[0[ha[Of[heo叫ect,isno

be[[erCaJldidateforappearlngaSthecolouredobjectthantheeyeis.

4・230句ection=Eyeandcognltionaredisanalogous.

【Vij盲豆nav豆din=]Cognition[【houghameans]isnotameansinthesameway【ha【【heeye

tisameans],because[unlike[heeye]i[isofthenatureofanillumination,99Forwha【We

temcognltionistheso-Cal1edilluminationthatisproducedbytheeye.Andanillumina-

tion【ha【isnotgraspeddoesno【illuminateanobjec[ofillumina【ion.

In4・2・1【heVij責豆nav豆difl,bys[ressingtha【cognitionisof[henatureofaniuuminationbr凸ka血svar

bhava),i・e・tha[i【resemblesligh[,WaSabletoreachtheconclusioTttha[cognitionaloneappears,nOtan

Obiect・nuSJ量ツ姐一旦’srebt!t亡aleftb主s主n4.2.2stressed出ekij血ipofcognl亡10nnOttO山gmt,bu【【oan

eye・These[woexamples,1ightandaneye,areSuitableforrenderingplausibletheconclusionsof,re-

99 Itis[rue[hattheSanskri【herecouldjustmean・Cogni【ionisnotameans,unlike[heeye

[whichisameans]’.TTlefollowingsen[encewouldalsobcconsis[efl[Withsuch乱nin[erpre[ation:

COgnl【ion,ra[herthanbeiTZgameanS,1SPT・OdLLCedbyameans,namelytheeye・

Bu[l)theVij示孟nav豆din’sargumen[a[[hisstageof11yrequires[ha[COgni【ionisno[akin[othe

eyes,andthatpointcanbernadewithou[havingto‘denythatcogni【ioflisameans;and2)for[he

Vij再瓦nav豆dincognl【ionisameans.Seethefo1lowlngargumentattributed【ohimat【hebeginnlngOf

SeC【jon4・3:叩盃ッdルみノ砲王d叩叩占ル叩gJ■d/l叩β肌

ThltSWeprefertointerpretthissentenceasmeanlrlgthatalthoughcognl【ionisamearlS,i[isun・

1iketheeyein[ha[i【isaflilluminationbyna[ure. 】00 cf.Agdmd血㍍lぬrd78,21一之ヱ‥prdた叫叩用た丘goノーブd∫8叩用た細れ〃叩′1αた抽即Ⅵた∂血evd.

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4.3Theins打umentali亡yofcognition

Asfor[your]claim-becauseitisameans,COgnitionisgraspedfirstlOしthatisinconclu-

Sivebecauseofsuch[means]astheeye,aSWehavesaid.

miscontinuestherefu[ationof[heposi[iontha【cOgnltionneedstobeperceived,butfocuseson[he

specificarglユmentthatcognl【ion,becauseitisameans,muS[beperceivedpnorto山eobjec[・Where

has山ispar[icularargumen[beenstated?meclosest【hing[Oi[thattheVij雨nav云dinhassaidishis

claimat【hebeginnlngOfsection3.2:jiidnaqlhiprakahkamapnzkdiasyかEha叩abhavadbhfrabhyLLPa-

gEZmyaEe,EaEaicd,・EhdEpraE/lamaEararTtaSyagrah叩enabl”VLEavyam・Thisseemstobetheonlycandi-

da【eforwha[JayantaisrefelTlngback【oherewi[hyaE.”uCyaEe.Buttwodifficultiesneedtobeno[ed・

1)Thegist山ercis not precisely岬卸抽毎薄加叩Ⅵ画血叩g血叫刷,butra【he=冊紘緑加頑

j方anasyapdrv叩grahEZpEZm.2)TTleneXtSeCtion(4.4)isclearlyarefu[ationof(hebeginningDf3・2,

refemngtoita【i【sOutSe【:ブロd叩叩相た丘血ル可β血叫y叩rα抑αVαJク加叩g′Ⅵ/叩dm〟たね仇,出ddクー

vy∂khyeyam・If[hebeginnlngOf3・2iscleaflywha【isrefutedin[henex[SeC[ion,isitLikelyalsotobe

wha【isrefu[edin[hissec[ion?

Wedonothaveacompletelysatisfac[OrySOlutiontothisproblem,bu【itisno【eworthy[hatKum豆ユila

【00grVeS[WOSePara【erefutationsinhis3iddhdnEa,directed【oWardsargumen[sfromupayaEVaandpra-

kLi5akaEva・Isi[possible(ha[Jayan[aissimplyfo]lowingKum豆ri1a,ssLddhdnEaandforge[[ingthathe

didnotmentionanargumentfromupayEZEvainhisownpz7rvapakFaSeCtion?lnfactKum豆ri1aalsodoes

notclearlypresenttwosepara[eargumen[sinhispLirvapakFaSeCtion,butwhenstatlng[heargument

fromprakaiakaEvEt.heclarifiespraka5akamwithupayasEZPmalam.So【heideaofcognltionbeinga

meansispresen[inthesourceofJayan[a.spLlrvapak?EZPreSenta【ionoftheprakL2血kaEvaargumen[・He

didnotreflec[tha[inhisownpEirvapakFaPreSen[ation,bu【herefers[OithereinhissiddhalZEa・

TheremaybesomeslgnificanceinthefactthatJayantausestLCyaEeheretorefertotheLLP丘yatvaargu-

men[.bu[ukEaminthenextsectjontorefer[0【heprakaSEZkaEVaargumen【:wi[hukEEZmherefers[0【he

argumentthatwasactuallystated;wihucyaEeherefers[0山esimi1arbutdis[inguishableargumen[tha【

COuldbeimplied,tha【implicationhavingbeenmadesomewhatexplicitinthesourceforhispresenta-

【ion,thoughno【inhisown.

JayantarespondsheretotheargumentbypolntlngOutthat,aShehasalreadystated,itisitlCOnClusive

(anaikiinEika),becausetheeyesandtheothersense-facul【iesaremeansbu【arenO【perCeived・Hemus[

berefemngback[04.2.2-4,for[hatistheonlyplacewherehehasmen[ionedtheeyes・liedidnotac-

【ua11yusetheword Linconclusivel(anaikd]1tika)there,nOrdidherefertoanargumentbasedonthe

loglCalreason‘becausei【isameans’,but【heinconclusivenessofsuchanargumentwasimpliedtothe

ex【en[[ha【hisreasoningthere(in4.2.2)res[edontheeyesnotbeingpercep【ible.

Andif[youmaintainthat】acogniEion,[only]whengrasped,Canbringaboutthe

illuminationofanobject,thenyouneedtostate[asacorroboratingexampleofa

meansthat,Onlywhengrasped,Canbringabouttheilluminationofo叫ects]‘1ike

smoke[inbringingaboutinferentialknowledgeoffire]’or‘1ikealamp【inbring-

ingaboutperception ofcolour]’.If[you optfor]‘1ikesmoke’,thentheobject

WOuldbesomethinginferred.Andyouyourselvescriticizedthis[viewthatob-

jectscanbeinferred].XXVi

4・2・50切ection‥Toseeanobject,COgnltionitselfmustbegrasped.

[Vij雨nav云din‥]Butashasalreadybeenstated(byusin3.2.2):101

Whenacognitionisnotperceived,anObjectdoesnotappeal・init(aLra).

Seeinganobjectcannotbeaccomplishedforsomeonewhosecognition[oftheob-

ject]isimperceptible,

4・2.6Reply:TheseelngOfanobjectisthemerearislngOfcognltion,

notthegrasplngOfcognltion.

【Naiy豆yika:]Thatisincorrect・Seeinganobject,Onthecontrary,Canbeaccomplished

Onlyforsomeonewhosecognition【oftheobject]isimperceptible.Theseeingofanob-

xxiv JeCtlSJuSttheoccurrenceofacognltion,nOttheseelngOfthecognltion.

4・2・70bjection:ThenthepresenceorabserlCeOfthecognltion

WOuldmakenodifference.

[Vij丘豆navadin‥]Surelyifthecognitionisnotgrasped,therewouldbenodifferencebeT

tweenitsoccurTenCeOrnOn-OCCurrenCe・Henceanobjectwouldbeperceptibleevenfor

SOmeOneWhosecognition[oftheobject]doesnotoccur.Soitwouldundesirablyfollow

thateveryonewouldbeomniscient.

4・2・8Reply:ItmakesadifferencebecausetheseelngOfanobject

JuStistheoccurrenceofacognltiorl・

tNaiy盃yika‥]Tha【iswonderfu11yexpressed!Asyouknow,COgnjtionbyitsverynatureis

theilluminationofanobjecL Howcouldthat,Whennon二occurrent,nOtbedistinguished

fromwhenitisoccurrent?

Forwheni[isno[occurrentthereisnoilluminationofanobjec[;SO【ha【isveryeasilydis[inguishable

fromwheni[isoccurren[,When,bydefini【ion,thereisaniltumina[ionofanobjec【.

Thereforebecauseacognltionhasasitsnaturethemakingperceptibleofanobject,the Ob)eCt’sbeingperceptibleisnothingmorethantheoccurrenceofthe[cogr!皇血n】,XXVnot

thegraspingofthat[cognition]・Soitiscorrectthatcognition,uTPerCeived,illuminates

ano句ect.

101 Infactonly【hesecondhalfoEthisverse,WhichisPl・am申avわl血yal:54cd,WaSStatedearT

lier・nefirsthnlfhasbeencomposedbyJayan[aandaddedhereasanaccompanimen[[oDharmaT

kて由’shalf-YerSe. LO1 I.e.prlOr【0【heobjec[beinggrasped.

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Inyourrefu[a[ionof(heSautf独【ikasinsec[ion3・4・rIbeVij璃nav豆djn[hereaTguedagalnS[theview

tha[ex[ernalobjec[scouldbeinEen・edfromformswi[hincognl【ion.Bu[theVij丘論av5dinwouldbe

COmmittinghimself[oJuS[suchaviewifhewere[oclaimheretha[cognl【ion,likesmok£.bybein呂

direc[1yperceived,allowsone[oinEer[heexis[enceofanobjec([ha[isotherthanitandtha[onedoes

no【direc[lyperceive.

Noris[acognition】‘1ikealamp’,becausethereisnoawarenessoftwoforms.

【Toexplain:inthecaseofalamp]thereisanawarenessofboth[potandlamp】in

SuChawayas‘Iamlookingatapo【bymeansofalamp,・Bu[itisnotthecase

thatwegraspboth[acognitionanditsobjec[]insuchawayas‘Iamperceivinga

COgnizedobjectbymeansofacognltion.

Wewouldno【describeourexperiencein[ha[way,becauseweexperienceluSttheobject,nOtalsosome

SePara[emeansofi11umina【1ngl【,namelycognltion・Thisisno[analogous[othecaseofalamp)for

therewecanexperiencethelampassomethingseparatefromtheobjec=ha[i[illuminales.

4・4Cognition’sability【oilluminate

4・4・lInterpretationsof’becausei[isanillmination’

Astowha[[you]claimed(insec【ion3t2、1)-thatacognitionisgraspedfirstbecauseitis

anillumina[ion(クrakaiatvat)1ikealamp-[hatalsoneeds[Obescrutinized:Whatisthe

【precise]meaningof‘becauseitisani11umination’brakaiatvat)?

4.4.l.1Causal:becauseitmakesmanlfes[

【Vij丘豆nav亘din‥]Anillumination(ク′■akaiab)iswhatmakes[something]manifestbra-

ka5ayati)・Itsnature(bhava)is‘beinganillumination,@rakdiatvam).

【Naiy豆yika:=Ifthatisthecase,then]this[beinganillumination],aShasalreadybeen

Sta[ed(in4・2・2and4・3),isinconclusivebecauseofeyesandsuchlike.

Theeyesand【heo[hersense-facul[iesmake[hingsmanifest,yettheyarenotgraspedatall,le[alone

firsL Sotheymakethelogicalreason‘becausei[isanillumina[ion,unders[00das‘becausei【makes

【hingsmallifest7inconclusiveasareasonfor[hepropertytobeproved,▲beinggraspedfirs[,・

4・4・1・2Inh■anSitive:beingmanifest

Ifani11umirlation(クrakaiab)istheprocessofbeingmanifestbrakdianam),then’be-

CauSei[isanillumination,isanunes[ablishedloglCalreason・103Foracognl【ionisnot

manifes[a[thetimewhenitgraspsanobject.

Attha[timeonlytheobjectappears,aCCOrdingtotheNaiy豆yikas,nOtCOgnltionalso.

4.4.1.3Synonym:beingacognltion

lftheword‘illumination’ismerelyasynonymof’cognltionl,inotherwordsif’because

itis anillumination’means’becauseitisacognitioninnature’,then山eexample〔‘a

lamP’]lacksthereason[’beingacognitioninnature’】・Foralampisnotacognitionin

nature.

Alogicalreason(heEu)mus[beperVadedbytheproperty[Obeproved(sddhya),muS[bepr巳Sen[in[he

prooE-S叫ectbakFa),andmus[bepresen[in[heexample・TTlefu・S[Ofthesecondi[ionsisno【me[if

p7uk丘iatv丘′mearlS‘becausei[makesmanifes[,;thesecondisno【me[ifi【meanS‘becauseitismani-

fest’;【he[hirdisnotmetifitmeans‘becauseitiscognltioninnature’.

4.4.2Thereisnothingself-illumina[1ng・

Forthefo1lowingreasontoo,theself-aWareneSSdoctrineisinapproprlate;becausewedo

notfindanythingatallthatisselfqilluminatlng.

4.4.2.10bjection=Threeself-illuminatlngenti【ies

[Vij丘瓦nav豆din:][Bhartfhari]saysthat threeilluminations,i・e・COgnition,SpeeCh,and

lamps,illuminate[both]themselvesandotherthings・104

4.41.2Reply:ThethreerequlreeXternalfactors・

【Naiy瓦yika:】Thisisnotright,becausespeeChandlampsdependonextemalcausalcom-

plexesinordertobegraspedthemselvesandinordertoilluminateobjects・Speechde-

PendsontheleamlngOflingulSticconventioninordertoi11uminateanobject,andonan earin。rdert。illuminateitself.XXVii

Unlesslknow[helanguagetha[isbeingspoken,itsconventioElalconnec[ionsbetweenwordsand【heir

meanlngS,SPeeChwi1lappear[OmeaS)uS[SOmuChsoundtwithou[glVlngrlSeinmetocognLtionsofthe

objec[si[is[alkiElgabout.AndifIamdeaf.[henwhetherIknow[helanguagetha【isbeingspokel10r

not,8peCChwillnoteYenprOVOk£inmecognltionsofsound・

Alamp,tOO,Onlyindependenceuponaneyeandthelike,isgraspedand.enablesanob-

jecttobegrasped÷Bu[触reis山ismuchdifference:iElgraSPingaPO【andihelike,aneye

operatesindependenceonlight;butingraspinglightit【0perateS]withoutdepending[on

light].[Butit does not follow】from this much[difference that]alampis self-

】04cf.Agdmd血m占口和78,2ヨー24‥拍dl血αm,血ッ殖prαたお白丸∫叩nr叩ra近古品,址

Both[ha[and oursen[enCeSeem[Obeinexac[quo【a[ionsofVabapadiyasvavrEEiadl‥12(p・

4〕,1」l):混用郎拍刷和中叫画り和独鱒Ⅷ畑中叩肌而四叩Ⅶ怖か佃呵.Jαdッd班d,プロ’叩甲

ノα血Vど誼ッd∫cdク〟r岬ざV加JβrdぞIpm厄血ッβ∫cdク「口々丘應クrd〟d血ッ〝タpr〟た丘血yfJ丘血ム壷妨γdぞzク川一

kLiShh.’Inthisworld【herearethreeligh【s,[hreeillumina【ionstha[reVealbo[h【heirownEormand

theformsofthingsotherthanthemselves,nam巳Iy:fire,theiLluminationwithinpeople(i・e・COgni-

【ion),andspeech,【thelas[ofthesebeing】theillumina[ion【ha[illumina[eSboth[【hethree]illumina-

【ionsandnon-illumina[ions/ 10】 unes[ablishedin[heproof-SubjectO,ak?a),namelycognition.

- 333 - ー 332 -

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illuminating・LO5Andifitdid・thenabsolutelyallpotsandother[visibleobjects]wouldbe

Self-illuminatlng血・OmtheviewpolntOftheeyesofnoctumalcreaturessuchascats.

Theplausibilityoftheideathatlightisself-illuminatlngderivesfromadistinc[ionbetweenlightand

ex[ernalobjects・Thisdistinctionischaracterizedbythosewhowant[ouseLighLasanexampleof

SOme[hingself-illumina[1ngaSthatwhenweperceivelight,i[i】1uminatesitself,butwhenweperceive

anobjec[,itrequiresi11uminationbysomethingotherthanitself.Butthedistinctioncanbemoreaccu-

ra[elycharac[erizedasthatourpercep[ユOnOflightdoesnotdependonlight,Whel・easourpercep[10nOf

Objectsdoesdependonlight・rnlatathing’snon-dependenceonlightforbeingpercejvedisno[equlVa-

1ent[oitbeingself-reVealirlglSmadeclearfrom[hefact[hatcatsandthelikecanperceiveevenpo[s andslユChlikewi【houtlight.

No(etha[thisargumen[ismoresophisticatedthaJl[hesimplepolntthatlightisperceivednotbyitself

bu[bysomethingotherthaJlitself・Ofcourse[heonlythingevenpo[entiallycapableofrevealingltSelf

LoiLseqiseognition,andthatistheproof-Subjectsoitcannotserveasanexample.Todismisstheex-

ampleoflightmerelyonthegroundstha[itisperceivedbysome[hingotherthani[self,aSthoughitfell

intoexaetlythesamecampaspots,WOuldbetoneglectanimportaJl[differencebetweenthetwo・Jayq

an[a’sargumenttakes[heexamplemoreseriouslythanthat;itidentifiesthefeaturesoflightthatmakeit

looklikeaplausibleins[anceofsomethingself-reVealing,andthenre-eXPlainsthem・

Thereisasenseinwhich.unlikepotsthatareincapableofrevealingthemselvestohumaneyes,1ightis

CaPableofrevealingltSelf[ohumaneyes・Bu[eventha[revealingofi[selfLL70Lhersisdependenton

Otherfactors・Soevenifwedono[gethunguponthefac[thatlightdoesnotrevealitselftoitself,and

allow[hatitdoeshaveaslgnificantfeahlre,itsabiJitytorevealitself[00thers,neVerthelessi[isrLOt

evencapableofbringingaboutLhaLfeatureELse坑becausei[dependsonotherfactors.

Asforcognltion・Ontheotherhand,itisseentohavethepropertyofilluminatlngOther

thingsalone,nOtthepropertyofilluminatingitself,becauseithasbeenexplained(in

4・4・1・2)tha(it[itself]isnotmanife!tatthetimewhenitilluminatesanobjecL

HavingdealtwithspeechaJldlamps,hecomesnow[Othe[hirdofthe[do,eOgnltion,thepnncIPal[opIC

Ofdispu[e▲ThestandardexampleusedbytheVi匝nav豆dintorendercognltion,sself-1uminosltyPlauT

Sible・namelyligh[Aampshasbeenshownafterallnottobeself-illuminatlng;andnei[hercouldspeech

[akei[splaceasacorrobora[1ngeXamPle・Bu[i[isatleastpossiblethatcognitionistheoneaJldonly

thingintheuniverse[ha[isself-illumina[1ng;1ackofo[herexaLnPlesisno[i[selfdecisive.Tlmshe

glVeShereanindependentreasonforcognltionnotbeingselfLillumina[ing.

InhisanalysisofspeechandlampsJayantamentionedtheirself-graSPing/self-illumina[ion(svagraha-

f!ZZ,LWaprakahfiL3)・Bu herehedeniestha[anequivaIentthingcanhappen[OCOgnltion.Thecaseof

COgnltionthusturnSOuttOCOmeeVenlessclosethanlightandspeechtobeing[rulyself-illumina[lng;at

leasttheyarecapableofrevealingthemselves[00[hers(eveniftheydependono[herfac[OrStOdoso).

CognltioniscapableneitherofrevealingltSelf[00thers,nOrOfrevealingltSelftoi【self・Allitiscapable

Ofisrevealingo[herthings(クarqPmkLiiaLvam)・

4.4.2.3Conclusion

Thereforeitisstatedqultefalselythatthesethreeilluminationsnamedlamp,COg-

nitionandspeecharecapableofilluminatlngboththemselvesandthingsother thanthemselves-they[infact]reveal[otherthings]andare[themselves】revealed

(abhive4ya)throughexternalcausalcomplexes.XXViii

4・43PerceptlOnOftheselfisnotacaseofself-illmination・

Forthe[Mimarpsaka]adherents[oftheview]thataselfisperceptible,Ontheotherhand,

therecertainlyexistsadistinctionbetweenthepar【ofitthatistheperceiverandthepart

ofitthatisperceived,inaccordanCeWiththedifferenceofitsstates・Thereforecognltion

isinnowayself-illuminatlng・

Thetextisslightlyellip[1eal、ThecontextintheSLokavarLLikasourceofJayaT.ta’sremarkhereisas

follows.Kum5rilahasbeenargulngagalnStthepossibilityofcognl[ionbeingself-illuminatlng・Partly

onthegroundsthatone[hingcannotbebothperceiverandperceived・TheVij舶れaV豆dinob)eCtS[hat

surelyforKum豆rilaone[hingisbothperceiverandperceived,namelytheself;howelsecouldKumarila

explainhispositiontha[theselfispercep[ible?Kum豆rilaappealstohisviewtha[[heself・[houghone,

ispluralto[heex[en[thatithasapluralityofs[ates・Itssubstance-natureisdifferentfromitscognltion,

oneofitsproperties・Whentheselfperceivesitselfitisnotacaseofself-illumination,becauseone

aspectofi[,namelyitscognit10n,istheperceiver,aJldad炉ren(aSPeC[ofitself,namelyitssubstance-

nature,isthepercciYCむ106

JayantathusimagllleSthathisVi弼nav云dinopponentmaylikewisepoln[ou‖hatevenJayaJlta’sfellow

Brahmins,theMim吋Sakas,aCCeP[thatonething,theself,isseIf-illuminatlng,a・1diftheself,Whynot

alsocognltion?JayaJltapOlntSOut,followingKum豆rila,thatinthecaseofperceptLOnOftheselfitisnot

one[hingperceivingitself,bu[oneaspec[(叩血)ors[ate(avasLhd)oftheselfperceivingano[heraspect

orstateoftheself.Thereisthusdifference,nOtnOn-difference,betweenperCeiverandperceived・

Jayanta,sphraseLadherentsoftheviewthataselfisperceptible,couldreferalsoto[hoseofJayan[a’s

fellowNaiy豆yikaswhohold[heself[obepercep[ible,bu[i[islikely[oreferprlmaTily[otheKaumirila

MTm叫Sakas,becauseadifferenceofperceiverandperceivedwithin[heselfbasedonadifferenceof

!とSS[a【es!SaSPeCi貞callyKaum恕主1anYleW・

108血〝ydV∂血67cd-j8:

托dnV血丘gr丘Jl血}gr丘砂0柚dV凸励Jlツ岬聯椚ツd‘etl

如上/1叩Cfd動αr′”dr坤叩β抽〝柁αル点上叩ウdツ“ツ♂JdJl

g′融α慮油叩み/上dVβ川崎gr叫叩dmγyddfc加d柁捌

〔Vi錘云nav豆din:]SureLyyotEholdthattheselfisbothperceiverandperceived・

【M了m亘甲Saka:]Thenatureofbeingaperceiver(LaLgrdhakaEvam)wi[hregard[o

thetself](LaLra)canbelongtocogni[ionbTuLyayasya),because[cognition],aSa

propefty(dharlna),issomehowdifferent【fromitslocus];WhatisperCeivedisthe

selrs[na[ureas]subs[anCeetC.

IOI 一】ere・JayantadeniesthatalampISSVaPrak6血andin[hefirstandlas[sen[enceof【hissection

(4・4・2)denies[hatanythingatallissvapTYlka血Neverthelesshespokeaboveofspeech,ssvapraka5-

ana,COntraStlngtha[wi[hitsarLhaprak丘iana・Theapparentcon[radictioncaJlberemovedin[wo

WayS:1)wecaninterpret∫VaPraka血1aWhenhedoesnotdenyitas■revealingofitself[toothersr,

andwhenhedoesdenyitasLrevealingofi[self[[oitselEr.2)His[alkofspeech,ssvapl・akEi血nawas

apreliminarycharacteri2:ation・butonfur【heTanalysisevenspeech,ssupposedLrevealingofitself,to

O(hers[umsouttodependono[herfactors,SOisnotca血edoutbyitselfalone,SOisnottruly ∫ソ叩「(l福血.

ー 334 - ■ 一 335 -

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And thereis no awareJleSS Of a qual漬ed【hing whose qualifierhas no[been

grasped.[Tbereforecognitionmusthavebeengrasped・]

Up[Othispointhehasshown,throughakindofinference,thatwemusthavegraspedcognltion・Now heresponds[oanimaginedobjec[ionfromaMim卸Sakaopponentwhoaccep(Sthatwemustindeed havegraspedcognition,b一ユtholdsthatthatgrasplnglSinferential,nOtPerCePtual・

Norisitthecasethatoneexperiencesthecogni[ionwhichde[ermines[apreced-

ingcognition]11Linthewayabovemen[ioned(ittham)・

Ⅰ.e,aSCOnSis[1ngOfaJlirlferentialprocess.

【Ra【heronedetermines【heearliercognitiondirectlywi[houtaninferen[ialproc-

ess.]Foronedoesnotgraspthe[inferential]process(kramagra7zat)・

TheelliptlCallasthalf-VerSeWOuldhavebeenextremelydimculttoconstruewereitnotforKataoka (2006:83,nOte60)havingspottedthefollowingparallelargument(withregard【O山eperceptibilityof

theselfasopposedtotheperceptibilityofcognition):1F2

Theau[horoftheBh5!ya(i.e.V豆tsyayana)hashimselfshownthathereisindeed

agraspingofanobjectqualifiedbythecognizer’scognition[insuchcasesas‘the

objectwasgraspedbyme’],a・1dhowcoulditbeappropriatetodisregard山at?

Itishddthatthereisnocognitionofsome山ingqualifiedwhosequalifierhasnot

beengrasped・Neitherisatnemoryofsomethingthathasnotbeenexperienced

earlierpossible.

And wedo nothaveacognitionofanobjectqualifiedbythetself]af[erfirst

knowing山eself[hroughinferenceasthequalifier,becausewedonotdetermine

SuChan[inferential1sequence.

ThereforetheselfisdirectlyperCeived.

Jus[as■[heobject was cognized’indicates that cognltionmusthavebeen grasped earlierthrough

EZnuYyaVaSaya/anus4yadhi;SO‘theobjectwascognizedbyme’indicates血a【theselfmusthavebeen

graspedearlierthro-ユgh〝血αJ叩/叫両軸・

CouldtheearliergrasplngOfcognltionandselfnotbeinferentia17No,becausewehavenoconscious-

nessofanysuchinferentialprocess・andwewouldhaveifaJlinferencehadbeencaLTiedout・

4・5Refutationof:’cognl【ionisgraspedassoonasitarises,

becauseitdoesnotdependonanyfurtherillumination,

andbecausetherecanbenoobstruC【ion,

4・5・1AcausalcomplexisrequiredforcognlZlngaCOgnltion・

Andasforwha[youclaimed(in3.2、2)-

Acognl[ion,merelybyarislng,1SgraSPedatthatverylnStant,becausei[doesr10t

dependon[someo【herillumination]107andbecausetherecouldbenothingthat

obstruC[s[itsbeinggrasped];1080therwise(i・e・ifitwerenotgraspedat[hatvery

instant),itcouldnever[begrasped]JOし

thattooisno[right・Forinthemoment[whenacognitionarises]thereisnocausalcom-

plex[thatenablesone]tograspi【.

Acognitionca・1PO[en[iallybegraspedsubsequen[1y[hroughanuvyavasaya(aperceptualdeterminingof

aprecedingcogni[ion),aCCOrding[0[heNaiy豆yika,bu[山ecausestha[enableanLLYyaVaSaya,SuChasa

Certainqualityofatten[ionandacer【ainconnec[ionbetween[heselfandthein[ernalorgan,arenO[pre-

Sen[a【themomen[whenthecognltionarises.

Anditisnotthecasethatacognl【ionisapprehendedowlng[0[hemereabsence

OfobstruCtion・【For]asaresultoftheabsenceofthemeans[ofitsbeinggrasped]

also,110acognitionisno【graspeda[tha[timet

Theabsenceofanobstructionisnecessary,butitisnotenough;Wealsoneed[hepresenceofsome-

thing,11amely[hemearlSthroughwhichcogni[ionisgrasped.

4・5・2ThedifferencebetweenMim豆rps豆andNy豆yaconcerningthewayinwhicha

COgnltionisgrasped

AndunlikethefollowersofJaimini,Wedono[insis[thatacognltionisneverperCeptiblet

Foronecan experiencethe graspingofan objectqua榔edbya[cognition]after[[hat

COgni[ion]intheform’thisobjec[wascognizedbyme/

Justasinthecognition‘thcc王c・thiswhite’,ihe[cio[nHaSau)appearsasqualified

bythat[colourwhite】,SOinthecogni【ion’theobjecthasbeencognized’,theob-

JeCtaPpearSaSqualifiedbyacognition. 111anusL5yadll{isusedhereasasynonymofanuYyaソaSLiya・ ■■- 坤dッd′柁α可βrrⅢp.277,2-8=

凪叫涙雨涼坤如一柳αJ王叩叩抽抽∂押中り

∫Vαツ叩♪r丘d坤血山CCαた中川∂ツ“旭川叩殖仙川Il

帝吻適血肋血k血血沈弛張加壷押ゆl

画血叩l血肌蹴血叩冊酬叩町血沈画材

M血朋如拙拘れ叫弼加減加町焼印冊

血仙秘計血血劫坤明血hm叫ゆ刷扉/▲か叩か”

Jd∫m∂J♪J・αウαた叩∂血∂・

107 seein3.2.2〃βC叩rdた∂お血・卸殖叩′”.

川8 seein3・2・2ノ肋王叩“′坤α〃乃叩d∫α′川α払∫cfdgⅢ′呵叩用′∫ム“乃伽加わ.

109 seein3・2・2ッd血血∫叩坤叡山れ加∫β血grα′叩d桝dV叩叩抽の・e′・〃d弼捕加加り川d

∫)・l汀

110 Thesenseofthe▲also,is:aSareSul[Oftheabsenceof山emeansilEadditEolltOaSareSultof

anobstmction.

- 337 - - 336 -

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earlier・Jayarltadoesr10tSPellouthowpreciselyheisreJeCtlngthatargumenthe,e・Weunderstarldhis

assertion[hattheargumerLtholdsonlylnSOmeCaSeSaSfollows▲

Cognltior10faLlObjectmustbeprecededbycognitionofthecognltlOnnOtalways,butonlyinthose

casessuchasreflec【iorlS(avamaTia)[hatinvoIvegrasping anobjectashavingbeencognized,i・e・aS

qualifledbyanearliercognltion・ThesedoindeedpresupposeaneadiergrasplrlgOfthecognl[10n7bu【

s[aLldardcognltionsofo叫ectsdozlOt.negraSPlngOfcognltionpresupposedin(hehstcase.further-

more,takestheformノofaTZuVyaVaSaya,SOmethingthat【akesplacea氏er,nOtbeforeandno(Simul【arleOuS

with,theorlglnalcognltic)nOftheobject.

Havirlgr10Wrefutedallof[heargumen【sforcogrLltiotlbeinggraspedbeforeitgraspsanobJeCt,Jayanta

concll】des:

Therefore[yourargumentin3.2.4]L

BecauseacognltionappearsbeforegrasplnganObjec【,andbecaJISethereisnode-

temliningofitasdevoidofform,thisformbelongstocognitionalone‖5-

ismerechatoutofvainhopebythered-Cloth-Wearing[Buddhistsl・

4.7Responsetotheclaimoflesspostulation

Nowyousaid(in3.1)thatthereislesspostulationifweaccepttheviewthatitiscogni-

tionthathasform.

4.7.1AnexternalobjectisnotpostulatedbutdirectlyperCeived・

Regardingthis(Latra),XXIXgiventhatintheabove-mentionedmannerL16theformofanob- JeCtisapprehendedbydirectperceptlOnaSSOmethingextemaltobegrasped7howcan 【you]sayitispostulated?Orinwhatwayisthe[postulation]1essormore?

Itmakesnosense[osay【hatanextemalobjectispostulated,Sinceitisseen;SOi[makesnoserLSetOSay

thatacceptlngaLleXterr)alobjec[iJIVOIvesmore,OreVenless,POStuLatio,L

4・7・2Responsetotheclaimthatcognltionisestablishedforbothofus

Andwithregardtowhat[you]saidofcognition(in3.1.3),namelythati[isestablishedfor

both[partiesinthisdebate]:ifthereckoningofanentityisdependentuponmeansof

validcognltion,anOりjecttooiscertainlyestablishedforboth・Butif,Ontheotherhand,

thereckoningofanentltyisdependentupondesireoraversion,howcanacognltion,for

itspart,beestablishedforboth?Thereforethis[pointofyours]amountstonothing・

IfuleBuddhis[isfreetoassertthenorl-eStablishmentofexternalobjectssimplyonthebasisofhisowrl

aversion,thenJayantzLisfreetodothesamewithregardtocognlt10n・

AndacognltionwhichisalwaysimperCePtiblecannotevenbeinferred;Ihavealready

elabora[edthattoo.1E3Enoughofthis(alk!Whya[presentdowe[haveto]attackaBrahL

mirl[colleague】,1ettingaBuddhistoffthehook?

4t6Responsetotheargumentfromreflectiononanearliercognition(avamaria)

Anditisforthatreason(aEafl)l14thatyourclaim(in3.2.3)-

Graspinganobjectmustbeprecededbygraspingthecognition[itself],because

Wefindthat[subsequently]wereflect(avamarfa)tonthatobject]assubsequent

【ocognl【ion-

doesno〔holdineverycase・Ratheritisadmitted(taLhabhyupagamyaLe)onlyinsome

CaSeS,because[irlSuChcases]wehaveanawarenessofanobjectqualifiedbyacognition.

TheVij翫nav5din’sargumen[maintainedthatsincerefLectionsonobjectsashaviTlgbeencognizedin-

VOIveamemoryr10【Onlyoftheobject,butaJsoofthecognltion,thecogni【ionmus[havebeengrasped

= 坤丘γdmロ帥rrIp、53,←7:ツαdf化叫叩ar壇Dノ舶けり丘pかβ九,∫β加′-iprα′混〃助軸「ロJlα一

EladEZruLITZaLLLmEZPinahkya!2・Andiftheac[ionofthecognizer(i.e.cogrlition)werealwaysimper-

CeP[ible,theni【COuldnoteverlbeinferred,becausenologicalconnectioncouldbegrasped.’ J14 Allo【herinstancesofataicainthispassagepointforward(LAndfor(hefo1lowingreason,),

notback・Bu[hereitisunlikelytobepoJZltlngforwaTdbecausethereisnothingforittopolntfoト

Ward【0,andtherearethirlgSi[couldpoizl[back[O.

Whereastheotherinstancesofatalca,Whichpolntforward,arefollowedeitherbyanablative

Orahi,herei【isfollowedbyasta[emen[=apih・・=abhyupagamyate(WhichisitselFsupportedbyan

abla[ive)・Thentha【itis[heendof[hesectiorl:[hereisnothingaf[erthattowhichitcouldpoint.

Theabla[ive[hatsupportsab]zyLLPagE”}lyE7teU元iiTIErVi5車iil・1)laS叩Vedanai)isunlikelytobethe[arget

Ofaphrasemeanlng‘Andforthefo1lowlngreaSOn’,nOtOnlybeeauseitisglVlngareaSOnforsome-

【hingelse,butalsobecausei【doesno【makeanewpolnt;thepolntitmakeshasjus[beenexplained

atlengthintheprevioussection:Seeladviiislarthagra7L叩adar3EZllatandthefollowirlg血・eehalf-

VerSeS.

Wetakei[[ha[aEaScaherepoir)[sbacktotheargumer!tC)fthepreviGuSSCCtion(4.5)血ieogni-

tionisnotalwaysgraspedsincetheTneanSforitbeinggraspedarenotalwaysthere(4.5.1),butthatit

CanbegraspedasevidencedbyourabiJity[ohaveacognltior10farlObjec【qualinedbyacognltion

(4・5・2)・nereforetheargumen[[hat【hegraspingofanobjectdependsonthegraspingofthecogrli-

tiondoesnotholdineverycase(nasiirvatrEka,n),bu【ratheronlyoccasiona11y(加肌・EdevE7).

Thereason[ha【Jayantadecided【oinsertsec[ior14.5.2.whichisparen(heticalinthatitdigresses

fromhisVi]雨nav云da-refu[a【ion,[husseems[Obeno【Onlyt)eCauSeOfi【SCOnneC[ionwi【h4.5.1,but

alsobecauseofitspreflgurlngOFthissec【ior14.6.TherefutationoftheavamaJ血argumerlt,i.e.the

topicofthis sec[ion4・6,Star[S[oemergein4.5.2irlSOfaraswegettherei)adiscussionofj雨Lo

mayayEZmart/1ゆ(WhichishowJayan[aarticulates[heavaTnaJ二ねinthep虎IVaPa桓a),ii)themaxim

aboutqualifierandqualined,Whichwasused【osupport【heavamaT血argumentin[hepz了TVaPa垣a,

andiii)amen[ion ofjiidnEZViii?16rt]zagra]叩a,Whichis thewayinwhichJayantacharacterizes

m′d川口J滋Iin4.6.

115seein3.2.3」:加m∂d叩Jpかγ叩庫和昭rβ/叩dmJ/f∫Jdd/一肌.庫rl叩Cロgr∂んγロ川和叩

丘ょかロrβ/血りgrd/l助け〃“血慮ッ“m‡JJムβJ∂J∫d転化mビ∨βねdgm/血∨ツ〟m・

L16Itisnotobviouswhatheisreferrlng10;mOS(likelyoneormoreof(hefollowlng‥2・l,4・1・3,

4.2,4,4.2.6,4.2.8.

- 339 - - 338 一

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4息2Therestrictionisbasedonthenatureofthings.

【V埴豆nav豆din:】Onwhatisthisrestric[ion[[ha[acogni【ionhasasi【sobjec[onlyi【sob-

jectcausalfactor]based?

【Naiy豆yikas:]Itisjustcausedbythena【ureof[hings・

Thissamequestionappliesequallytotheviewthat[cognitionhas]form・Inresponseto

【heques(ionofwhybluealoneistheobjectcausalfactororwhyacognltionhasasits conten[onlytheobject【andnotanyof[heothercausalfactors],Otlehas【nootherway

but](OrePlyby[resortingto】‘【hena[ureofthings’・Andequallyinresponse[0【heques-

tionofhowi【isthatacogni[ion,inreceivingaJbrm,Shouldreceive[[heform]onlyof[he

objectcausalfac(Orandnotofothercausalfactors,OneCOuldresor[0nly[0‘thena[ureof

【hings’.

4.8.3Proofthatcognltioniscausedbyanobject

Anditisknownthroughpositiveandnegativeconcomitance[ha[anObjectcausesacog- nitlOn.

Whenanobjectisthere,theTeisacognltion・Whenanqbjectisnot山eTe,thereisnocognltion・

Toexplain(hi):SomeonewishingtoseeDevadattavisitshishouse・Anddespite

havinggonethere,hedoesno【seehim[if]Devada【【a(enam)isnotthere・121

WhenDevadattacomesbacklater,hedoesseehim.112when[suchasequenceas thisoccurs],XXXoneseesinitthatcognitionofDevadatta(tadd71iyヰ)accordswith

hispresenceorabsence・血

AslongasDevada[tahadnotcomeback,COgnl[ionofDevada[[awasno【cauSed(Oarise・

Whenhecameback,itarose.Thus[he[cogni【ion】isde[ermirledtobeproducedbyhim onthegroundsthatitexistswhenheexis[s.Thisbeingthecase,【cognition’s]beingre-

strictedto【thatobjectaloner血iisestablishedbyitsbeingproducedby[ha[[objec[]・So

enoughofpostulatingaform[ofcognition]!

This[res[{ictiGnOfcognition亡OaPariicuiarobjectasaresul[ofbeingproducedbyi[]XズXiii

explains[why]humanactivity[00hasaparticularobjec【・123

4・8Response[0[heargument【hatcognl[ion’sobjecトSpeCi鎖citylmpliesthatithas

fbm

4.8.1Theobject-SpeCificitycanbeexplainedthroughcausal1ink.

Nowasforthisclaimtha【youmade(in3.3.1)-

Evenifoneaccep(SaneX【ernalobject,OneCannOtdenythatacognltionisunited

withaform,[forthatis(heonlyway](OeStablishtheobjecトSPeCificityOfcogni-

【ion[such(hatsometimesitis ofblue,forexample,andatothertimesofyel-

low]‖し

【histooisnotright,because[cognition’s】objecトSpeCincityisalsoexplicableinanother

Way・Althoughacognltionofbluedoesariseinthepresenceofmany things,andal-

【houghi(Sbeingacognitioninnaturedoesnotvarywithregardtoall【objects】,l18never-

【helessi(isproducedonlybybluealoneasitsobjec[causalfactor(たarmakaraたa),and

thereforei(S(andsasoriented【owardsbluealone.

For【heVij丘豆nav亘dintheonlythingcapableofexplainlngthatacognltionisofblueandnotofye1lowis

tha[i【hasblueasi[sform,TheNaiy豆yikahereprovidesanaltemativeexplana【ion,namelythatbecause

blueis(heobjcctcausalfac[or(karmakdraka)Lha[producesthecognition,itariseswithblueasitsob-

JeC[,despi[e not having blue asits form.Whereas thc V扉血av豆din’s explanation of(he object-

SPeCificityofcognitionisladakarata(itshavingtha[objec[asitsfo皿),theNaiy亘yika’sistqUanyaEva7n

(i[sbeingproducedbythatobject).

【VO員豆navadin:][AsIsaidin3.3.2]119itisproducedalsobyeyes[andlight]etc.[and

thereforei(Shouldhavethemasobjec(S(00].

[Naiy豆yika:]Itis【ruethatitisproduced【byeyesetc.],butnotby[them]asanobject.■20

Itisproducedbyblueasanobject,Ontheotherhand.Thereforei(hasnothingotherthan

thataloneasitscon(en(.

Seein3.3・1払わβγiル亘〆占∂/l)′βm drJんαmαソロ中ロm丘たかdV‘コ侮座元丘柁α∫yαVi甲yα招けαmか

山肌叩抑止叫匝

118nesewerethetwofactsadducedbytheV弾navadintosuppo11hisargumen【・Seeil13,3.1:

凡打可砧n叩九址削α托βたd∫飢乃idJ血β∫α仰伊可丘γβm丘乃叩たd〟拍md拙JJα/d血dm♪ddか//叫Pαrfムか叩α

たどvdk相打加‘ねg′1dJ加αソロJβm占βね,占8dんαぶ∨αい1かαJ卸申路m加pr叫αV王嘩′dル丘J.

Our cons【rualofbodharL2patvamafeFaS6dhdr叩am derives from taking LttO beparallelto

ぬ批加地血血函恒即血サ呵膵棚卸両. L19 sc…αCα乃打‘画地加れα叩′d血d′Ⅰ如′坤αmαJ′∫抽ムdγ血刑血dm.dbb加8月丘dト

たかdた由1加如血加叫殉最混血血坤甲山叩Ⅷ郎紳. 】つO Manyfactorsgointotheproductionofthecognltion・thisisblue,,butal1exceptbluebelong

tosomeca[egoEyOfcausalfac[orother[hanobject(kaJ・椚a).rITleeyeSandlightaremeans.

1ZINegativeconcomitance・

lユつpositiveconcomitance. 113 Thiswasanadditionalpointthat(heVt7己anav5dinclaimedtobeimpossibleunlesscognltion

hadfor叫Se叩mV叩汀叩亡preたゅか∨αたかi聾丘りたα血り加geた丘Vi叩ブαivd∫y点描・3・1)t

- 341- - 340 一

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BlueanditscognitionarenotdifEerent【fromeachother】,becausetheyarenecessarily

perCeivedtogether(SahqpalambhaniyamLiE)-

thattooseems[ouslikeinfants’talk.Forthemeaningof[theword]‘together’isinap-

PrOPriateif[theyare]identical.

‘Together.isarelational[ermtha【expresseSaCOnneC[ionbe[ween[woormoreiLems.

4.9・2Theyarenotapprehendedbythesamecognltion.

Orifyouintendthemeaningofthelogicalreason(i.e.sa7LqPalambhaniyamdL)tobeLbe-

CauSe they are necessari1y perceivedbythe same[cognitionl(ekopalambhaniyamat)’,

thenthisisanunestablishedloglCalreason・128

If[hemeanlngOf[he]oglCaJreasonislbecausetheyarenecessarilyperCeived[Oge[her’,i【isno【capable

Ofestablishingidentity.1f,inzLna[temp[[OaVOidthisproblem,i[smeaLtlnglSaSSerted[obetbecause

【heyarenecessarilyperceivedbythesamecognl[ion’adifferen[loglCalproblemarises、[hatofnon-

es[ablishmen[intheproof-Subjec[,namelyblueanditscognl[ion.

ForatthemomentofperCeivlngtheperceivedobjectsuchasblue,Wedonotperceiveits perCeiver(i・e・COgnition)・Ithasalreadybeenexplainedl19thatthesetcognitions]suchas

‘nlisis blue’arenothing but theappearanceofmerely anexternalperCeivedobject,

4・8・4Thewholecausalcomplexisthemosteffectivefactor.

Asfor山echaracterofbeingthemosteffectivefactor,ithasalreadybeendemonstrated,

in[thechapteron]thedefinitionofpra机申aingeneral,124thatitbelongs[othecausal

COmplexasawhole[andnottojustoneofthevariouscausalfactors].

Inthesec【ion(3.3.4)ofthepGTVaPakぎa[oWhichthissec[ionresponds,theVij再血av5dinclaimedthatif

COgni(iottdidno[havefom,nOneOfthecausalfactors(karakas)wouldhavepreeminenceovel.[heoth-

ers,SOnOneOf[hemwouldbethemos[effec[iveone.Herehereplies[ha[indeednoindividualcausal

factoristhemosteffec[iveone;aShehasalreadyshowninthefirs【∂hnikaof[hetex【,themos[effec[ive

fac【or,i,e.【hepram郎a,is(hewholecausalcomplex,i.e.[hetotalityofallthecausalfactors,Aftera11,

ifanyoneof(hecausalfac[ors,Whetheragen【,Objec[,locusoro【her,Weretakenaway,[hentheresult

WOuldnotbeproduced.Thereforeone,OrSOme,CannO[beisola[edfromtheo【hersasthemos[effec-

tiYe.

4・8.5ConventionalExpressions

Asfoieverydaylinguisticusage,Which[you]adduced(in33・5),T25ittoodeviates・126Ⅰ【is

notthecasethatpeopleneverXXXiYalsosayasfollows:‘Thisisablueobject,becausea

COgnitionwiththat【bluething]asitsobjecthasarisen’.

TheV串如avadinadducesexpressionslikeLacognitionhavingthatasi[sform(LadakGraTn)hasarisen’;

theNaiy豆yikaadducesexpressionslike‘acogni【ionhavingtha【asi【SObjec[(Ladviざayam)hasa∫isen’・

Whatisthesignifican[difference?Thela[terimpliestheexistenceofsomethingoutsideofi【self・

TTlereforetheassertion[hatafoJTn-POSSeSSingcognitioElmuStbeacceptedevenifan[ex-

temal]objectexistsisnotappropriate.L27

4.9Responsetothenecessaryco-perCePtlOnargument

4.9.1Iftwothingsareactual1yone,howcantheybeLtogether’?

Andasforwha=you]said(in3.5.2)一

12S貞豆n[araksi【a,thoughhedoesno[use[heexpressionekppalaTnbhaniyaTTZLZ,in[eTPretSthesaho一

画血舶血両脚MⅧ脚m8ntinthisway(Tb〟v凸∫βねgr8わα2029-2030):

γdJ∫叩Ved飢dmピソα∫γ丘dy叩α∫叩Ve血〃叩dゐnルαml

皮相「′”丘ddVyd輔如叩JdJJ抽V如αV伽ゆβJeJl

押舶瀬肋裾押恒血油川血舛雨樋血〔-▲rf)αタI

ni7adhn)edanap cedap ni7akLirasya vedanam[vedanaTn BBS edi【ion、Tib∴桓

89a7;γer血「′l∂/GOSedi【ionlll

Whe7ZEIzeeユperiellCedAisnecessarilyL71eeギ)erienceqfB,thenAisno[differ-

en[fromB,OrCannO【besepara[edfromi[,JuS[like[heownna[ureofacognl[ion

Ofblue匝om【h如COgn損onoFb!ue]eりuS王比ethes己COndmoGn匝om流eむ珂.

血d仙叩erfence呼αあJHeカmi∫〟はe甲gr血ceげ〟ほCOg加加げ抽e・

Ⅰ【alicsmarkexpressionsofthenecessL[yofbeingperceivedby[hesamecognition.Commen[1ng

On[his,Kama】aS7laac[ua11yusestheexpressionekopalambhaniyama([wice).Weareno[awareOf

atlyOthereYidence,howeYer,OfJayantaknowlngeitherS豆n[araksi[aorKamalaSfla・

KamalaEfla’scommen[aryOnthese[woversesreportstheviewofSubhagup[a[ha[ifLperCeived

【oge[her’rneans■perCeivedbythesame(eka)cogni[ion’,then thelogica】reasonisunes[ablished

(asiddha).Jayanta’sresponseto[heargumen[[husresembles≦ubhagupta,s.

1WHeisprobablyreferrLngbackprima∫ily[04.13:=idamnilam”iLlgrdhakadvIcchinnaeva

gr(王77yakL5ro’vab71aSate.0【her places wherehehas made rela[ed remarks are4.2.4,4,4.l.2and

4,4.22.And【herearepartsof[hetex[ou[Sideof[hispassage[ha[arere】evan[,forexample、from

加s【紬If加:l〃血J〃ねbm’浦舟f∫叩王VeめⅥ/g,nαク岬βわ■ク相中d桓αm fddJ柁’JJJ(〃y丘yβmd可αrrIp・

83,ll).LForwhatweexperienceis”thisisblue”,andnot“thisisaperCePtualcogni[ion”:

聞 物如抑殉加Ip.32,13-15=γdJαピソα∫占瓜‘-ね加聖摘蛸準動転児弊政鮎闇再利用鹿=

ワd血占ddれJαJdeソロ∫∂mdgry郎クrαm句氾ル叩ツlぬ御l一ねdvッαrireただれdたか良た加地reb8Cid呼lねm由一

arLhas叩l岬al・SdnupapaEEeb,■Preciselybecause[hewordpram句叩deno[eStheins[rumen[,andthe

instrumentis[hemos[effec[ive[hing【inthebringingabou[ofaLtyaC[ion],【i[followsthat]i【isap-

PrOPriateforthewholecausalcomplex【ObethepraTn申a.becausei【isno【poSSiblethatany[indi-

Vidual]causalfac[orWha[SOeVerapar【fromthe[wholecausalcomplex]havecon[aCtwiththemean-

ing■‘mos【”【effectiYel.’

■25 Insec[ion33.5theVi匝navadinadducedasevidenceforcogn▲【ionhavingfoLTnSuChevery-

dayexpressionsas■rnLisisablueobjec[becauseinmymindacognl【ionwiththa[forrnhasarisen’.

126Ⅰ・e・i【maysome[imessupportyou,butitsometimessupportsus・ 127 section3.3bo【hbegaLtandendedwi[h【hecon[en[iontha【evenifanexternalobjec[existed,

OneWOuldstillhave[OPOS[ula[eafombelonglng【OCOgnl【ion,forotherwisetheobjecL.speCificity

OfcognJ(ioncouldno[beexplained.

ー343 - - 342 一

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Whichlackspenetrationby(heformofitsperceiver,andwhichisdis(inctfromthat(per-

Ceiver).

Andinsomecasesweevenexperiencethatwereflectontheperceiveralone(i・e・COgni-

(ion)・SeParatedfromtheformof[heperCeived,insuchawayas・Idono(remember;

SOmeObjectwasgraspedbymeattha=ime.,

Oneisawareofapastcognl【ionbutno[oftheobjec(COgnized.

SobecausewearethusawareoftheformofacognltionandtheforTnOfanobjectin SeParaLionfromeacholher,howcanyousaythat:

Blueanditscognltionarenotdifferent,becausetheyarenecessarilyperCeivedby(he

Same[cognition].

4・9・3V単元navadinsalsoacceptthedifference.

Anditisthisverydistinctionthatyoutoorefertowhenyousay’blueanditscognl- 110n,.130

【Vi声色nav豆din‥】Thisisamerereferencetotheopponen(,sview.

[Naiy豆yika:】[Thatis]not[so],foriftheywereiden[ical,theycouldnotevenbereferred

(OSeParately・Forthisreasontoo,thisformdoesnotbelongtoacogn⊥tion・

乃乃け∂Joたα Sh豆S【正,M・K・(ed・)・乃e乃乃J而わたdげ舶/血dソロg岬JdW油

cクmme乃JdJツあッ月毎血αたαカッαrαJんd.1匂血∽化アニ血刀fたβ∫Jか一

丁2・召ombay1924.

Iyengar,H・R・R・(ed、)・mrたα抽射たαα托d侮血班1α托αげ

〟0た∫厄たαrαg岬Jαd乃dノブねr画血Mysore1944.

Shastri,D・(ed・)・乃肋d∫〃乃grα/王αげ五かブロざん血Jdr垂加

W油J/ほCク椚me乃ねけ‘P頑止∂’げ∫かざ助mdJd∫J血.2Vol-

umes・BauddhaBhafatiSeriesl,2.Vir豆zJaSi1981-1982.

XdshnamaCharya,E.(ed.)、Thttvasa沌grahaqfSantarak?ita:

WiththeCommentaTyげKamaZaii7a.2Volumes.Gaekwad,s

Orien(alSeries30,31.Baroda1926、

Seerb〟ソα∫αカgrαんα.

Shastri,ML K・(ed.)・肋reivaraparikざdげSa4yqiyoEis wiEh

J/ほ」円血坂元 C〃朋紙価叩y qr尺血仙南明血.Delhi19g9

(0riginalEdition5rfnagar1926).

nakur,A・(ed・)t Gα〃ねmウα乃ツ∂yddd〟α乃dW油β毎ダブαげ

VdEsydyana.Ny豆yaca(urgranthik豆1.NewDelhi,1997.

Varadacharya,K・SL(ed・).N)dyama*ar[dJayantabllaHa,

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Mys()re1969and1983.

Sukla,S・N.(ed・).乃e叫∂ッαmα亘わr吋克ッα血凱叫声.2

Volumes・KashiSanskrit SerieslO6,Nyaya section,15・

Benares,1934-1936.

nakur,A・(ed・)L坤∂yabh申yavdl・ttikaげBharad咋ia thL-

dyotakara.NewDelhi1997.

Tosaki,H.(ed・).Prα∽申αソかJJiたαJ〟.β〃批ブロー扇血流托正の=配

転戒カ[*∫J〃d∫e∫f乃助d助山勘最emoわgッ】.2Volumes.

Tokyo:Dai(OShuppansha1979and1985.

Gnoli,RL(ed・)・771ePram申avat・ttikamげDharmak[rti:tlle

FirsEChqpEerwiththeAutocommentaTy.Roma:ls(i(utoltal-

ianoperilMedioedEstremoOriente1960.

Steinkellner,E・(ed・)・Dharmak汁ti’s Pramapaviniicaya;

ChapterTland2・Vienna,Beijing:Austrian Academy of

Sciences,ChinaTibe(0logyResearchCen(re2007.

乃「たαあん∂∫∂

7bJルα∫αカgrα力α

乃加肌殉叩血(GO5)

乃〃ソα∫αカgrαJ王叩α煎転

〃ムregソαr呼dr和申rαた∂∫α

叫7占yα地中ソロ

叫呵脚血郎肝

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Frauwallner∴E(ed・)・5abarasvami㌧B/嘩yamzudenMト

∽申l∫∂∫虎加〃ノ・ノ.ノー5:肋JgrJαJJβ乃Z〟r助e∫Je乃且「たe乃〃J〃i∫Je_

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andfourmanuscrlPtS・

・\J・心こ刷∴レ′、-′r人●ご血′血J叫′・川り′=んイ・、′……′l汀.、・、∴・-ハ〟肘hハトこ′

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Ka【aoka,K.(2003) ”CriticalEdi【ionofthe呵方anddvaitavddaSec[ionofBha[[a

Jayan【a’s坤∂ツαmα可αr己■■乃g肋mクJr∫げJ/王g加血〟eげ

Orfe乃JdJC〟血re144,115-155.

Anupdatedversionofthisedi[ionhasbeenmadeaYailable

byKataokaat:

<h叫://ww軋1itよyushutⅥ・狐・jpト址ataok〟Kataoka爪M叫R.pdf>.

”JayantanoYuishikiHihan:Ny豆yama句ariNinshikiIchi-

genronHihanWayaku・Tl【AnannotatedJapanesetranslation

Of[he町方5nddvaitavada Section of Bha[!aJayan[a,s

N)ayam呵arりTbtsugakuNe叩0(FacultyofLe[ters,Kyu-

ShuUniversi[y)65,39-85.

‖ACriticalEdi【ionofBha[!aJayanta’sN)LiyamaiUari:nle

BuddhistRefu[a[ionofKumari1a,sCri[icismofApoha:・TJle

〟emク血げ血血血〟e〆Orね乃′dJ仇J山花156,498(1)-

458(41).

AJdyロリむ方励d,・伽血鋸gi乃d乃d励巾加ソeJ叩mg乃J〆d

Ce乃JmJC()乃C甲J〆yog丘cかα Pゐiわ∫甲Jlγ.S【udia Phi-

lologicaBuddhica,MonographSeriesIVa.Tokyo.

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A∫拍dッ〆∫ロブd乃ね朗叫α’∫Ⅳγ∂ッdmd可αr仁・A〟dJ〟rg∫d乃-

∫かif WoJ戊0乃J花did乃上βgjc,PdrJ〃J.SanskriトSanskriti

Grantham豆Ia4LAhmedabad:JagrutiDilipSheth・

ReYiewofD・S・Ruegg,Co鋸riあ㍑fわ那a‖l由oiredeJd〆lト

わ∫叩/王fgJ廃〟王∫呵以eJ乃dゴビ乃乃g.PJ王〃ク∫叩カッ助∫Jd乃d We∫J

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Keywords: Jayan[a,Vij丘豆nav云da,Ny豆ya.Dharmakirti,Yog豆c豆ra,

Ny亘yama6jarf,Kum豆ri1a 占/血肌伽ゆ押叩り叩血加山浦明政明叫(】わクα仙伽融∂塩川姐〟押d′nαmdノd∫叩IVi〝′戒血頑JJI8m

(p・42一拍).

II since[hepolntispresumably[ha[[hereisabeginnlnglesschainofcognltion,1atentimpresT

Sion,COgni[ion,1a[en[impression,e[c.[hedualendingof∫anEd,layO!zisslightlyawkward・Asingular

endin呂idicatlngaSlnglestreamconsistlngOfbothwouldsufnce.Weat【emp[[omakesenseof[he

【ransmi[[edreadingbyinser[ingL[corresponding]’. rvi ourtransla[ion‘invoIvlng,asarenderingof[hecompoundrela[ionshipbe[weenpram申apTu-

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meansof’),OrVarioussensesof[hegeni【ive(e.g.‘rela[ed【0’).

Ass[a[edinfootno[e80,Pa^of[hebackgroundofthisrerrlarkisadiscussionat【hebeginnlngOf

the〃γ丘γ〟地中γd=/8加yd∫γ叩∫みfん∂∫卸J・叩血8∫y叩rdVrJ仙∫叩相川丘呵∫αye而血α甲prα椚如fi′d′

クr‘m申βm,γP’血8わクr8m中ロJe上皿J夕闇meγβm,γddαr班αV耶8〃叩∫dクrαm拍動cdJd叩‖Cαル叩-

Vf肋虎ぶ“fα一偏甲tVadant:〟r〃相加仙叩1タロ′・ねαm如γβJe(l,13-15).

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‘caEasrダTLCaivapvidhdsu∫arVO bLvyava/1かa!lParisamapyaEe’.Thushemus[haveknownaversion

Ofthelas[sen[enceoftheNyayabha!yapaSSageglVenabovethatreadinsteadofLa肋叩IParlsa,Tt-

apyaEe,VyaVahaTTZbparisamapyaEe,Whichiswha[wehavein【heN)句′amaiyar[sen[enceunderdis-

CuSSlOn.

Jayan[aknew[heversionwithEaEtvampa,,LsamdpyaEe:eV叩ICayaducyaEeLpramLiE6pram郎叩l

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followlng Sen[encefromhiscommen[aryon thepassage:Eadayamihapram申叩PramaEaPra・

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*TheMysoreedi[ionreadscaEurvaT?aeVa,[heKSSeditioncaEl‘rVa,Tgeワaiva,Theloca[iveis

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applica[ionofsandhiwasprobably[odisambigua[etheloca[ivefromthenominative.TohaYePari-

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bQth theNy丘yabltaざya(CaEasTざu CaivapviElhasu)and the presen[Sen[enCeiTl[he叫・ayama可ar[

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1=抽叫β∫Je〝虎∫JfJ叩8〃血〃ムんd仰,匹「坤l叫郎旬料両断而加綱岬…叫血血如

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PTTZka血Ee,[hereadingof[heedi[ions,SeeKellner(2009:196L198).

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ponen[wi[hasarcasticinsul[.

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卵油血涙涌恒血伽払血肋叫庖旬涙雨和叩減血両面照【aoka2006:75,nO【e19).

AlthoughinhisoriginaleditionKataoka(2003:128)optedfor[hereadingpmEibandhEZVaidhLL,・-

yat.by【he(imeofhisJapanesetransla【ion(2006:75,nO[e19)hesawmoreevidenceinfavourof

PTTZtLbaTZd7LakavaidhtLTツaL Thereisthepara11elbadl・EZkavaidhLLTy丘din[hejus[ci【edpassage,thefac[

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ever,theonewitnesswhichdoesno【readpraEibandhEZkoisCL,WhichreadspnzELbandho.SQWe

CannOtuSebothofthelas[of[hese[WOPOln[sasevidenceforpraEibandhakaL.

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YNotetheal1itera[ivepa[[emsinkaEhamakltiLaEadiEarapadart(taparularerIakevaEan{1

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Y■preた?aPLirvEl.rnOreliteral1y,Lafter[propet]consideration,. Yii -

YliL

Notetheal1itera[ionin[hecompoundalokEZlocaTtddikaTTZkalZtarajaniEEZtVEZSya.

Weleavetheevaun[ransla[edbecauseweseenoo【herop[iontha[WOuldnotbeanovertrans-

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rXTheSanskritissligh[]yawkward,in[ha[yeEtLisno[pickedupsubsequen[1ybyaco-rela[ive;

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Wct水c加toTeferto∫V叩mた∂Jd∫∂払・可斤丘〝d liii Jayan[ausesthecompoundanadyavidyavasanLi-[Wicein[hispassageanda[1eas[[woother

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JayantaelsewhereusesbothanddyEZVidyaandaniidivasana・Herewetakei[asqualifyingvasandbe-

CauSeWehave)uS[hadavidyavdsaTZaaSOneuni[in[heprevioussen[ence,andbecauseinhissum-

maryofthispassageatthebeginnlngOfthenex[ParagraPhheusesJ11Stan丘d【v丘sma-・ 由 ThemonkintheAgamadambara,WhenexplainingVi揮nav豆da,uSeSaSen[encewithmuch

thes且mCVOCabula叩aSthisone:See如け血J叫売血β′71∂Jrβmピソed8刑ん叩dVJ∫∂‘J丘dγd〃e払「申dJ中卜

血nβ〃丘dわ「ロムdn動叩rdV〃ねV最J′ⅥV由d′血′一元血肌抑血痕血加舟山融血≠/ほddⅢ抑=~∂′血「血刀yd‘Jト

- 350 - - 351-

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メス wepreferno[[oin[erpre[[hiscompoundasabalutvr汀1L Althoughcompoundsendinglna[-

manarefarmorecommonlybahLLvl・i7zLs[haJlta[pLErLEざaS,Dharma虹rtisometimesusesthemastatr

puruダaS.Seeforexamplebuddhyd[mainPramapavinLkayal:44(=PTum申avarEEika3:353),Which

Jayantahasjus【ci【edaboveinsec[ion3.8,andwhich[husmayhaveinf]uencedhisformula【ionhere・

SeealsothePramdrzavdrE[LkasvaYr[[iadl:43(p.26,4)whereDhannakfrticommen[sonthephrasein

hisverseekasydrt/zasvab/zava叩awi[h【hesentenceekohyarthatma.TTla【artha血道isa[a砂LrLLぎais

Clearfromthefact【ha[[hereisnoo[herwordwi【hwhichi【isaBreelng. 川 TTla[prakii5akEZbodlza-isakarmadharayaisimpliedbybodh叫′atZL[adgTtfhakasyaiz)[he

nextsentence(fromthesense血erei[iscIeartha[[hegeni【ivesare∫amanadhjkanz!1a)・Furthermore

if[hecompoundmeant‘cognltionof[heillumina[or’【hemeanlngherewouldbeabsolu[elycontrary

toJayanta’sintention:hewantstode17ythatgrasplnganOb)eC[dependsoncognlZlngl【silluminator・

ⅩX■■ThereisnoneedtoconJeCnユreadifferentreadinglnWhichwehave[henomina[ivekataTu[

insteadofka(arasya;kata,’aSyaVabhiis油T71yuklamisTlOtgrammaticallyincorrec[・ XXi】l Al[houghpTYLk6Sateisbetterattested,WePreferp}・akaiyate,thereadingoftheBHUmanu-

SCrlP[,forwesee[hissen[ertceasanaly血gthel句フ叩Pr‘lka]yatementionedintheprevioussen-

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acausativemeaning(‘illuminatingsomething’,Lmakingsomethingmanifest’),hehasusedtheword

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SenSeWithoutit.

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