bi 2 modeling
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SAP BI Curriculum
BI2-M1 SAP BW Data
Modeling
SAP UA
Page 2© 2012 SAP AG
• Overview
• InfoObjects
– Key Figures
– Characteristics
• InfoProviders
– DataStore Objects
– InfoCubes
Agenda
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SAP BI Curriculum
BI2-M1 SAP BW Data
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What is an InfoObject?
• InfoObjects are used to focus on business requirements.
– Note:
• The original product name was “SAP Business Information
Warehouse.”
• The abbrevation “BIW” conflicted with another product name, so
“BW” was chosen.
• InfoObjects are the “bricks” to build data structures inside SAP
BW.
– InfoObjects represent business objects from an end user‟s
view.
– The most important InfoObject types used for business analysis
are Characteristics and Key Figures.
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InfoObject: Characteristics
• A Characteristic represents a business object (or concept,business term, business entity).
– A Characteristic may have attributes which describes the
business object in more detail.
– Example: InfoObject “Customer” is a characteristic with
attributes such as “Customer Number”, “ZIP Code”, “Region”,
etc.
– The attributes “Customer Number”, “ZIP Code”, “Region”, etc.
are also managed as Characteristics and may have their own
attributes.
Note: What SAP calls a Characteristic is often referred
to in the data warehouse community as a Dimension.
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InfoObject: Key Figures
• A Key Figure (or variable, measure) is oftenly used to documentthe performance of a business process over time.
– It can be found in document records such as invoice, delivery
note, purchase order, or goods receipt.
– Example: InfoObject “Revenue” or “Sales Amount”, etc.
• Note: InfoObjects are unique inside SAP BW, and they are used to
build the data structures for analysis requirements.
– Conceptually unique: the semantics (meaning) of an
InfoObject is uniquely defined system-wide inside SAP BW. – Logically unique: the data type, value range or field length is
uniquely defined system-wide inside SAP BW.
– From the technical point of view, an InfoObject can viewed as a
database field.
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Evolution from a SAP ERP Database Object to an
SAP BW InfoObject
InfoObject
"0COSTCENTER"
SAP Business Information Warehouse!!
COAccounting
R/3
HRHuman
Ressources
COSTC ...
Table Costcenter
Table EmployeeEMPLO COST_CENTER ...
BW Extraktor
DataSource
CostCenter
Definition&
Mapping
SAP ERP
SAP BW InfoObjects
SAP BW DataSource
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InfoObjects Are “Bricks” for Data Structures
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InfoProviders “Provide” Access to Data Records
InfoProviders:
• Are data storage inside SAP BW
• May store data records physically (persistent)
• May also be used to access data stored outside SAP BW virtually
(transparent views)• May be accessed with front end tools such as SAP
BusinessExplorer
Note: A query is a “view” to data within an InfoProviderand does not contain physical data.
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InfoProviders
• InfoProviders with physical data: – InfoCubes
• Contain data optimized for fast multi-dimensional analysis.
– DataStore Objects
• Contain detailed data.
• Used for high data volumes stored in normal database tables.• Often used as “data source” for InfoCubes.
• InfoProviders with virtual data:
– MultiProviders
• Often used to create “views” above two or more InfoCubes with the same
Characteristics but different Key Figures.
• Data resides in the InfoCubes involved and data redundancy is avoided.
– VirtualProviders
• Data stored somewhere outside SAP BW.
• Some ERP systems provide data storage which may be accessed directly
by SAP BW without changing the end user „s view to the data.
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InfoCubes
• Provide data storage used for reporting and onlineanalysis.
• Consist of Key Figures and Characteristics.
• Contain data stored multi-dimensionally and often aggregated
(week, month).
• Use star database schema, consisting of a fact table surrounded
by dimension tables.
• Use a maximum of 3 + 13 dimension tables.
– 3 dimension tables are pre-defined by SAP.
• Time, Unit and DataPackage (for technical information) – 13 dimensions may be used by InfoCube developers.
Note: In practice, good InfoCube design should not exceed
6-8 dimensions (+ the 3 above) so 13 dimensions are plenty.
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DataStore Objects
• Contain single data records such as invoices,purchase orders or customer order items.
• Consist of key fields (such as “order number”,
“order position number”) and data fields (Key Figures and
Characteristics such as “sales amount”, “ net value”, “customer id”,
“material number”). • Store data records in relational database tables.
• Often contain massive volumes of data.
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InfoCube versus DataStore Object
• Data Warehouse,Operational Data Store
and Data Marts are
general layers in a Data
Warehouse Architecture.
BI1-M2-01-Data Warehouse
• Data Warehouse and
Operational Data Store
may be implemented with
DataStoreObjects.
• Data Marts will beimplemented with
InfoCubes.
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• Overview
• InfoObjects
– Key Figures
– Characteristics
• InfoProviders
– DataStore Objects
– InfoCubes
Agenda
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BI2-M1 SAP BW Data
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InfoObjects
• InfoObjects
– Key Figures
• Revenue, Sales Amount, Net Value, ….
– Characteristics
• Customer, Region, Zip Code, …
– Units
• Unit of Measurement, Currency, …
– Time
• Calender Year, Fiscal Year, Month, Day, Quarter, ….
– Some Technical Stuff• DataPackageID, RequestID, …
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Key Figure Definition: Revenue
Amount, Quantity, .. …
EUR, USD, … (fix)
Pieces, inch, %, … (fix)
Unit / Currency (fix) / Currency
reference
Data Type: integer,
float, char(10), …
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Key Figure Definition: Revenue (cont.)
Aggregation:Summation,
Minimum,
Maximum
Aggregation: Last Value,
Maximum, Average…
Reference Characteristic, e.g. Quarter
The reference characteristic allows the use
of a function to aggregate data instead of
summation.
Example: Number of Employees at the
end of the quarter. Sum does not make
sense!
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
500
520515
520 520
Last value
No Employee per Month
521
Last value
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Key Figure Definition: Revenue (cont.)
If the Key Figure is non-
cumulative (e.g.,
warehouse stock), this field
defines an InfoObject
representing non-
cumulative change. ThisInfoObject is either positive
or negative. So, the stock
amount can be calculated
from it. Two fields are used to
calculate the non-
cumulative amounts.
Inflow is the InfoObject
which represents the stock
inflow amount. Outflow is
vice versa.
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Key Figure Definition: Revenue (cont.)
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Characteristic Definition: Customer
Data Types: Num,Char, Date, …
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Conversion Routine
Database values• Are stored in internal format
appropriate to the database
– Date as YYYYMMDD
• Are presented to a user in external
format according to his local settings,
e.g., in
– Europe
• Date: DD.MM.YYYY
• Numbers: 1.234,56
– US
• Date: MM/DD/YYYY
• Numbers: 1,234.56
Transformation external internal format is
performed by a conversion routine
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ALPHA Conversion Routine
Alphanumeric database fields
• Datatype CHAR in SAP
• Can store character and number values
• Have conversion exit ALPHA as default
– Eliminates leading blanks after user input
• User input of ‚1000„ and ‚ 1000„ refers to same object
– Stores numbers with leading 0s in database
• Numeric values are stored in natural order in database, e.g. 9000
first, then 10000
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Characteristic Definition: Customer (cont.)
An InfoObject may
have attributes!
Texts:
Descriptive textsMulti-language texts
Time dependent texts
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Characteristic Definition: Customer (cont.)
Attributes Usable for OLAP operations
or display only
Time-Dependent
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Time Characteristics
• Time characteristics are alwaysnecessary and define the time-
related reference point for data
analysis purposes.
• Time characteristics are
predefined by SAP and cannotbe changed.
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Units/Currencies
• Units and Currencies are used to define Key Figures in more detail.
• A Unit may be an InfoObject which defines the Unit of a Key Figure.
• A Currency may be an InfoObject which defines the Currency of a
Key Figure
• Examples:
– 0CURRENCY
– 0BASE_UOM
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• Overview• InfoObjects
– Key Figures
– Characteristics
• InfoProviders
– DataStore Objects
– InfoCubes
Agenda
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5 Steps to Define a DataStore Object
5 steps to Define an DataStore Object1) Define a name for a
DataStoreObject
2) Choose the key fields
3) Choose the data fields
4) Define attributes used for dataanalysis
5) Activate the DataStoreObject
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Choosing InfoObjects to Build a DataStore Object
• Select the relevant InfoObjects – Direct InfoObject name input (1) or
– Choose InfoObjects by InfoObjectCatalog and drag & drop the
InfoObjects (2)
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7 Steps to Define an InfoCube
7 Steps to Define an InfoCube1) Choose a name for an InfoCube
2) Create Dimensions as needed
3) Assign Characteristics to Dimensions
4) Choose Time Characteristics
5) Choose Key Figures
6) Define Navigational Attributes
7) Activate InfoCube
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What is a Dimension Inside SAP BW?
• A dimension is a group of characteristics which belong to thesame business object (semantically).
• Each characteristic may contain additional attributes which are
relevant for data analysis – or not!!!
Navigational attributes are InfoObjects which are used to
perform data analysis. Display attributes are InfoObjects for which data analysis does
not make sense (e.g. a house number or a family name)
This has an impact to cube design!
Note: In data warehouse community, the term Dimension is
used for what SAP calls Characteristic .
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Excursion: SAP BW - Enhanced Star Schema
• Attributes are not part of a dimension!
Dimension
Characteristic as partof a dimension
Characteristic as
navigation attribute
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Displayed in the Frontend Tool
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Basic Characteristic and Its Navigation Attributes
2. Characteristic
1. Dimension
3. Navigation Attributes are
ready to be used in analysis.
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Steps to Create an InfoCube
• Define the InfoObjects needed. – Key Figures
– Characteristices
• Define which Characteristics may be chosen to create a semantic
cluster for semantic dimensions.
– Examples are: Sales, Production, Material Management, Finance, etc.
• Define which attributes are appropriate to perform data analysis
– OLAP attributes define them as “navigational” attributes
– Non-OLAP attributes define them as “display” attributes
• Done! Deploy the InfoCube inside SAP BW!
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Summary
• Key Figures and Characteristics are defined as InfoObjects.• InfoObjects are the smallest “bricks” to define InfoProviders
within SAP BW.
• InfoProviders are used to store data within SAP BW or allow SAP
BW to access data stored somewhere else.
• The most important InfoProviders are InfoCubes
and DataStore Objects.
• The definition of an SAP BW InfoCube is
no Witchery!