30

religia

30oTxTavi (S – 962), lukas saxarebis dasawyisi,1054 w.

31

bibliabiblia wignTa wignia. kacobrioba am wignSi eZebda pasuxs globalur kiTxvebze: rogor warmoiSva samyaro? rogor gaCnda sicocx­le? vin varT Cven? saidan movdivarT? ra zneobriv­moraluri kategoriebiT unda icxovros adamianma?

bibliaSi bevr kiTxvaze SeiZleba pasuxis povna, oRond TiToeuli

imdens iTvisebs, ramdenis misaRebadac TviTon aris mzad.

biblia berZnuli sityvaa da wigns niSnavs. ufro zustad, berZnebi

bibloss (βίβlos) uwodebdnen papiruss, egviptur mcenares, romlisga­

nac sawer masalas amzadebdnen. masze daweril wigns ewodeboda bib­

lion (βίβlίoν). Semdeg βίβlos ewoda yvela wigns, maTgan gamosarCevad ki

bibliur wigns daurTes ganmsazRvreli epiTeti – wmida. esaa wigni,

romelmac daikanona wodeba wmida wignisa, wmida werilisa.

rodis Seiqmna biblia, ra enaze daiwera, ra Sedgenilobisaa – ai

kiTxvebi, romelTac pirvel rigSi unda vupasuxoT.

biblia Sedgeba sxvadasxva avtoris sxvadasxva dros dawerili

wignebisgan. is moicavs or mTavar nawils: Zvel aRTqmasa da axal

aRTqmas. Zveli aRTqma Seqmnilia XII (qristemde) – II (qristes aqeT)

saukuneebSi, ZiriTadad ebraul enaze, axali aRTqma ki qristianul

epoqaSia dawerili berZnul enaze.

Zveli aRTqma gulisxmobs SeTanxmebas, kavSirs RmerTsa da rCeul

ebrael xalxs Soris, axali aRTqma ki axali kavSiria RmerTsa da kacob­

riobas, RmerTsa da TiToeul adamians Soris.

vin iyvnen ebraelebi da ratom gamoarCia isini RmerTma? Zvelad

ebraelebi ewodebodaT dasavleT­semituri modgmis erebs, romlebic

XVI­XIV saukuneebSi (qristemde) SuamdinareTis sanaxebidan Crdi­

lo­arabul naxevarudabnoSi Camosaxldnen. ibrim – rogorc uwodebd­

nen Tavis Tavs ebraelebi, niSnavs mdinaris gadaRmidan mosuls.

XIII s­Si (qristemde) ebraelebi damkvidrebulan mkvdari zRvis max­

loblad, palestinaSi, sadac isini Serevian iqaur mosaxleobas da

laura grigolaSvili

lailaSis biblia, X-XI s.

moqvis saxareba, XIII s.

32

SeuqmniaT TavianTi saxelmwifo. ebraelebma erTgvarad daagvirgvines

Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizacia, rogorc am didi kulturis

erT­erTma uZvelesma warmomadgenlebma. aRsaniSni isic aris, rom

mTeli maTi kultura moqceulia erT did wignSi – bibliaSi da moicavs

Zveli qveynebis istorias, msoflaRqmasa da esTetikur mimarTebas

samyarosadmi. uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli biblia kacobriobasTan

erTad dResac cocxlobs. is SemaerTebeli xidia Zvel civilizacieb­

sa da axal civilizacias Soris.

bibliuri gadmocemiT, ebraelebi egviptelTa monobidan RvTis

mowodebiT daixsna mose winaswarmetyvelma, romelic Seiqna maTi re­

ligiuri moZRvari, politikuri beladi, damfuZnebeli Zveli aRTqmis

monoTeisturi religiisa*. rogorc Zveli aRTqma mogviTxrobs,

RmerTma ixmo mose da amcno mas: `da aw ukueTu smeniT isminoT QNmisa

Cemisa da daicvaT aRTqumaL Cemi, iyvneT Cemda eri sazepuroL yovel­

Tagan naTesavTa, rameTu Cemi ars yoveli queyanaL” (gamoslv. 19,5).

xalxma ufals aRuTqva yovelives Sesruleba da RmerTma moses si­

nas mTaze ori fiqali (dafa) uboZa, romelzedac aTi mcneba (`deka­

logi~), zneob rivi cxovrebis 10 wesi iyo gansazRvruli. Amis Semdeg

winaswarmety velma samsxverploze Sewiruli xarebis sisxli apkura

xalxs da uTxra: `aha sisxli aRTqumisa, romeli aRTquma­yo RmerTman

Tquenda mimarT yovelTa amaT sityuaTaTMs~ (gamoslv. 24,8).

ufali rCeul ebrael xalxs hpirdeboda aRTqmul qveyanas, romelic dakarguli samoTxis msgavsi iqne­ba. ase Camoyalibda ebraeli xalxis RvTisagan gamor­Ceulobis idea. gamorCeulobis statusi ebraelebs mieniWaT imis gamo, rom RmerTma gamoarCia da gamoixs­na isini gansacdelisgan.

Zveli aRTqma Seicavs 51 wigns da iyofa sam nawilad: kanoni, winas­

warmetyvelebi da dawerilebi.

pirvel nawilSi, romelsac xuTwigneuli (xumaSi), kanoni (Tora)

ewodeba da miewereba mose winaswarmetyvels, moTxrobilia qveynisa

da adamianis gaCenis Sesaxeb, adamisa da evas codvaze, samoTxidan maT

gandevnaze, ebraeli xalxis cxovrebaze palestinaSi.

meore nawilSi gaerTianebulia 4 didi da 12 mcire winaswarmetyve­

lis wignebi. am wignebSi mxilebulia kacTa modgmis codvebi. es mxile­

ba erTgvar gafrTxilebadac gaismis mosalodneli sasjelis Sesaxeb,

Tu ebraelebi ar daicavdnen RvTis mcnebebs.

religia

* mose winaswarmetyvelis pirovnebiT STagonebulma araerTma xelovanma asaxa igi Ta-vis SemoqmedebaSi. gavixsenoT miqelanjelos mose, v. rosinis opera `mose egvipteSi~, a. Sonbergis `mose da aaroni~ da sxv.

dausvamT kiTxva: ra enaze esaubreba RmerTi mose winas-warmetyvels? religiuri isto-riografia gvpasuxobs: RmerTis ena is zeadamianuri idiomaa, romliTac RmerTi angelozebs esaubreba.

winaswarmetyvelTa wignebs didi da mcire ewodaT imis gamo, rom maTi winaswarmety-velebani moculobiT gansxvav-debian erTmaneTisgan, zogi didia, zogi ki – mcire.

mose, 1515, avtori: meqelanjelo buon-aroti, san pietro in vinkoli, romi.

33

mesame nawili aerTianebs sxvadasxva Janris wigns sxvadasxva

avtorisa. am wignebs gansakuTrebuli mizidulobis Zala hqondaT Zve­

ladac da dResac. es wignebia: daviT winaswarmetyvelis `fsalmunebi~,

solomon brZenis `igavni~, `eklesiaste~ da `qeba qebaTaL~, iobis wigni,

esTeris wigni, ivdiTis wigni da sxv. yuradReba gavamaxviloT zogierT

maTganze:

fsalmunni (qarTulad – daviTni) bibliis, Zveli aRTqmis erT­er­

Ti mniSvnelovani wignia. ebrauli tradicia am wigns qebis, didebis

wigns uwodebs, radgan fsalmunTa umetesoba RvTis sadideblad war­

moTqmuli sagaloblebia. berZnul enaze Targmnil bibliaSi ki am wigns

ψάλτεριον (fsalterion) ewodeba. am terminiT aRiniSneboda simebiani

sakravi, aT­ an Tormetsimiani qnari, romlis TanxlebiTac sruldebo­

da ebraul sagalobelTa umravlesoba.

fsalmunTa wignSi gaerTianebulia asormocdaaTi (`asergasisi~)

fsalmuni. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa sagalobelTa avtoris vinaobaze.

zogi saeklesio moRvawe 150­save sagalobels daviT winaswarmetyvels

miakuTvnebs, zogierTi ki fiqrobs, rom fsalmunebi sxvadasxva avto­

ris mieraa Seqmnili. mTavari mainc is aris, rom daviT winaswarmetyve­

li centraluri figuraa am sagaloblebisa. sxvebi mas hbaZaven, mis

kvals mihyvebian, mis suliskveTebas gamoxataven.

fsalmunebi Tavisi zogadi SinaarsiT exmianeba daviT winaswarmety­

velis cxovrebis gzas, dawyebuls samuel winaswarmetyvelis mier da­

biblia

33

fslmunni, samuel winaswarmetyveli mirons acxebs daviTs.

fsalmunis mkiTxveli godebis kedelTan, ierusalimi, 2007.mefe daviT mefsalmune

34

viTis mironcxebiT, damTavrebuls misi mefobis ukanaskneli wlebiT.

Tumca didi saeklesio moRvawis, grigol noselis (ax.w. 335­394) TqmiT,

`fsalmunTa~ kompozicia ar aris dafuZnebuli istoriul movlenaTa

qronologiur Tanmimdevrobaze, aramed saTnoebaTa asaxviT warmoa­

Cens adamianis amaRlebas RmerTamde. amitom iqca daviTi renesansis

epoqis SemoqmedTaTvis (miqelanjelo, donatelo, verokio da sxv.)

STagonebis wyarod.

eklesiis udidesi mama aTanase aleqsandrieli (ax.w. 297­373), `fsal­

munTa~ brwyinvale komentatori, miiCnevs, rom fsalmunTa umTavre­

si ganmasxvavebeli niSani wm. werilis sxva wignebisgan isaa, rom masSi

sasimRero intonaciiTa da poeturi formiT gamoxatulia TiTqmis

yvela sxva bibliuri wignis Sinaarsi. fsalmunTa meSveobiT adamiani

Seimecnebs Tavisi sulis moZraobas. is RmerTs esaubreba, guls gada­

uSlis mas, Sendobas SesTxovs, aqebs, ganadidebs `sityvier msxverpls~

gaiRebs misTvis.

solomon brZens, daviT winaswarmetyvelis Svils, miiCneven sami

sofiologiuri (sibrZnismetyvelebiTi) wignis avtorad. es wignebia:

`igavni solomonisni~, `eklesiaste~, `qebaL qebaTaL~. es sami wignic

grigol nosels esaxeba erTgvar kibed, romlis meSveobiT adamiani

srulyofas aRwevs.

solomonis wignebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebda kabadokieli mama

basili didi (ax.w. 330­379). misi gagebiT, igavTa wigni emsaxureba ada­

mianis zneobriv aRzrdas, eklesiaste mogviwodebs fuWad, amaod

ar davxarjoT sasicocxlo Zalebi warmavali cxovrebis warmavali

faseulobebisTvis. `qeba qebaTa~ ki warmoaCens sulieri srulyofis

gzas, radgan gamoxatavs siZisa da sZlis Sewyvilebas, e. i. adamianisa

da logosis SekavSirebas.

`qebaLs~ Sinaarss Seyvarebuli wyvilis dialogi warmarTavs. vaJi

warmodgeba siZed, is xan mwyemsia, xan – mevenaxe, xan – mefe­gvirgvi­

nosani (TviT solomon mefe); qali, Seyvarebuli, sZali ki xan mwyemsi

gogonaa, xan – venaxis mcveli, xan – mefis asuli, xan – dedofali. urT­

ierTobaSi isini xan da­Zmad miiCneven erTmaneTs, xan – siZe­patarZ­

lad, xan – col­qmrad. maT garda poemaSi Canan patarZlis megobari

qalwulebi da siZis megobari vaJebi. avtori arsad Cans.

qristianulma msoflaRqmam `qebaLSi, rogorc SevniSneT, dainaxa

`siZisa~ da `sZlis~ siyvaruli, romelic mimaniSnebelia qristesa da

kacobriobis/eklesiis kavSiris saidumloze. miiCneven, rom am wignSi

yvela winaswarmetyvelebaze ufro naTladaa warmodgenili mesiis –

qristes gacxadebis Sesaxeb. saRvTismetyvelo moZRvrebiT, `qebaL~ ki

ar winaswarmetyvelebs mesiis gankacebaze, aramed warmogvidgens mas,

rogorc ukve gankacebuls. `qebaL~ zeimis, netarebis, sixarulis ga­

religia

meFfe solomonisa da sabas dedoflis Sexvedra, 1452-1466, avtori: piero dela franCeska, san franCeskos bazilika, areco, italia.

berZnuli oTxTavi, ioanes saxarebis dasawyisi, XII s.

35

momxatveli wignia. am netarebam aTqmevina solomon brZens frTian ga­

moTqmad qceuli sityvebi: ̀ mtkice ars, viTarca sikudili, siyvaruli~

(qebai 8,6).

qristianobis apologetebma Zveli aRTqma dasaxes axali aRTqmis

moswavebad, axal aRTqmaSi ki Zveli aRTqmis komentarebs xedavdnen.

iudaizmi, romelic Zvel aRTqmas efuZneba, aRiarebs mxolod Zvel

aRTqmas, qristianoba ki – rogorc Zvel, ise axal aRTqmas.

axali aRTqma ieso qristes mowafeTa da mociqulTa mier Seiqmna.

masSi gadmocemulia macxovris moZRvreba SemorCenili mis TviTmxil­

velTa mexsierebaSi da ganaxlebuli suliwmidis mier (ioane 14, 26).

axali aRTqma 27 wignisagan Sedgeba. es wignebia: saxareba (misi Sesaty­

visi berZnuli terminia evangele, romelic qarTul literaturul

tradiciaSic gvxvdeba), igive oTxTavi (radgan saxareba oTxia da dawe­

rilia oTxi maxareblis – maTe, markoz, luka da ioanes mier), saqme mo­

ciqulTa, mociqulTa epistoleebi da gamocxadeba, anu apokalifsisi

ioanesi.

am wignebSi moTxrobilia ieso qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis Sesa­

xeb, qristes mowafeTa samociqulo Rvawlze, samyaros ukanasknel

dReze. oTxi maxareblis wignebs adarebdnen samoTxidan momdinare

oTx mdinares, romlebic rwyaven edemis baRs.

biblia

wyarosTAvis saxareba, X-XI ss. maTe, markozi, luka da ioane maxareblebi.

36

palestinaSi aRmocenebul religias qristes mowa­feebi uqadagebdnen ara mxolod ebraelobas, ara med warmarTebsac. amitom es religia gavrcelda romis mTel imperiaSi. qristes mociqulebi saxarebas avrcelebdnen ara maxviliTa da SubiT, aramed sity­viTa da siyvaruliT.

sagulisxmoa, rom mociqulebs uwodebdnen meTevzurebs, mebadu­

rebs, mesaTxevlebs. marTalia, qristes mowafeTagan zogi marTlac

mebaduri iyo, magram maT es saxeli SeerqvaT imis gamo, rom RvTis

sity vis meSveobiT adamianTa gulebs aqcevdnen badeSi. aki TviT mac­

xovarma mouwoda maT: `da hrqua maT: movediT da SemomidegiT me, da

gyvne Tquen mesaTxevle kacTa~ (maTe 4,19).

axalma aRTqmam safuZveli daudo axal welTaR­ricxvas, romelsac efuZneba mTeli evro­amerikuli civilizacia (sxva welTaRricxva aqvT magaliTad, Cinelebs, arabebs). axalma aRTqmam daamkvidra axa­li gageba axali cxovrebisa, axali adamianisa, axali gzisa, axali galobisa. es is faseulobebia, romelTa meSveobiTac myardeba kavSiri uzarmazari evropuli sivrcis kulturul xalxTa Soris.

religia

36

eTiopiuri biblia, 1350-1450, napovnia gizis udabnos platoze.

petre mociquli, laTinuri biblia, 1407, malmsberis saabato, uiltSiri, inglisi.

37

biblia

mainc ra aris am kulturis safuZvelTa safuZveli?

axali aRTqma axali kavSiria RvTisa da adamianisa. saRvTismetyve­

lo swavlebiT, Tu Zveli aRTqma, sinas mTaze rom daido RmerTsa da

israels Soris, saqorwino kontraqtia samsxverploze mitanili Sesa­

wiris sisxlis SxefebiT beWeddasmuli, axali aRTqma saqorwino kav­

Siria, dabeWdili ieso qristes sisxliT, romliTac jvarcmulma mac­

xovarma gamoisyida codviTdacemuli kacobrioba. cnobilia, rom jer

kidev Zveli aRTqma mianiSnebda morwmuneebs saqorwino urTierToba­

ze RmerTsa da mis rCeul xalxs Soris: `da mogiTxoo Sen Tavisa Cemisa

saukunnod, da mogiTxoo Sen Tavisa Cemisa sarwmunoebiT, da icna Sen

ufali~ (osia 2, 19­20). miiCneven, rom esaa gulmxurvale mowodeba, mox­

moba eklesiisa Seemecnos ufals, gaxdes sZali qristesi.

`qebaTa­qebaTaLs~ komentatorebmac, rogorc aRvniSneT, Zveli

aRTqmis am yvelaze idumal wignSi dainaxes RmrTisa da misi rCeuli

xalxis saqorwino urTierTobis alegoria, sityvisa da sxeulis Sekav­

Sirebis igavi, ieso qristesa da eklesiis, anu qristesa da yoveli ada­

mianis SeerTebis (erTqmnis) ganmadidebeli himni.

bibliaSi SeiniSneba am ideis TandaTanobiT ganviTareba. axali

aRTqmis igavebiT (maTe 25, 1­13; maTe 22, 1­13) gacxadebulia, rom Rmer­

Ti swored qristeSi xorcieldeba siZed. bibliam adamianis srulqmnis

aRmniSvnel universalur simbolod qorwineba miiCnia.

axalma aRTqmam daamkvidra sruliad axali gageba siyvarulisa.

qristianoba RmerTis arsad acxadebs siyvaruls: `RmerTi siyuaru­

li ars~ (1 ioane 4, 8). RmerTi, antikuri religiis RmerTebisgan gansx­

vavebiT, mxolod ki ar uyvarT, aramed TviTonaa ganmsWvaluli yvelas

siyvaruliT. siyvaruli daisaxa adamianis mowodebad, misi Rirsebis

ganmsazRvrelad: ̀ Tqmul ars: Seiyuaro moyvasi Seni da moiZulo mteri

Seni. xolo me getyv Tquen: giyuarded mterni Tquenni~ (maTe 5, 43­44).

siyvaruli zneobiTi ierarqiis saTaveSi moeqca da umTavres ide­

alad gamoikveTa. pavle mociqulma, romelmac sulisSemZvreli himni

uZRvna siyvaruls (1 kor. 13, 4­13), Semdegi sityvebiT daagvirgvina is:

`xolo aw esera hgies: sarwmunoebaL, sasoebaL da siyuaruli, sami ese;

xolo ufroLs amaTsa siyvaruli ars~.

axali aRTqmis (da saerTod bibliis) damamTavrebeli wigni – ga­

mocxadebaL ioanesi (apokalifsisi), romelic samyaros ukanasknel

dRes aRwers, mTavrdeba axali galobiT, romelSic monawileobs

uricxvi raodenoba angelozebisa, maT galobas uerTdeba galoba yo­

vel Ta dabadebulTa, `romelni arian caTa Sina da queyanasa zeda da

ufskrulTa Sina da zRuaTa~ (gamocx. 5, 13). codviT dacemis Sedegad

darRveuli harmonia samyarosi unda aRdges, am harmoniis safuZvlad

ki siyvarulia miCneuli.ioanes gamocxadeba, rusuli xati, XVI s.

38

axali aRTqma daedo safuZvlad axal religias – qristianobas, ro­

melmac Tavis mxriv Camoayaliba Tvisebrivad axali sazogadoebrivi

cnobiereba, axali sakulto da kulturuli arqetipebi. maT axali

kulturis safuZvlebi gansazRvres.

qristianobis RmerTi – pirovnuli samsaxovani erTarseba Rmer­

Ti – aris absoluturi WeSmariteba, sikeTe, mSveniereba, siyvaruli,

arafrisgan yovelives Semoqmedi. adamiani umTavres faseulobad ga­

mocxadda; is Seqmnilia RvTis saxed da xatad, angelozTa darad mini­

Webuli aqvs Tavisufali neba. adamiani pirvelcodvis Sedegad dascil­

da RvTis xats. adamiani movalea aRidginos RvTaebrivi xati. magram

daibada kiTxva: rogor eziareba adamiani RmerTs, Tu TviTon RmerTi

ar Seva adamianSi? amitom moxda RmerTis kacqmna, `amisTMs RmerT­ma­

makacebr moqmed iqmna zeSTa RmerTTaL, raLTa kacebr uwyodnis vnebani

Cuenni da RmrTeebr iNsnides bralTagan, romelTa qalwulad qadagon

qalwuli dedaL,~ – ityvis daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavis ganTqmul sinanu­

lis sagalobelSi.

gavixsenoT isic, rogor esaubreboda Tavis xalxs ilia WavWavaZe,

eris mamad miCneuli didi mwerali da moazrovne: `viT mama zecisa iyav

Senc srulio~, umoZRvra kacs da amiT gvamcno, rom kaci SemZlebel

ars aRsvlad RvTaebis sisrulemde. raodeni didebaa da pativi kacis

bunebisa am eqvs sityvaSi, RvTis bageTagan warmoTqmulSi!.. iRvawe da

RvTis sisrulemde Senc SegiZlian axvide da miaRwioo. esodeni gan­

dideba da aRmateba adamianis Rirsebisa jer manamde ara adamians ar

gaegona~.

qristianulma religiam gansazRvra samyaros mode­li, adamianis roli, evoluciis arsi. yovelive es ki safuZvlad daedo am kulturis eTikur da esTetikur principebs. moZRvreba mSveniersa da amaRlebulze erTnairad gansazRvravda arqiteqturis, mxatvro­bis, musikis, sityvieri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis ragvarobas. bibliur mxatvrul­saazrovno sivrce­Si Camoyalibda motivebi, Temebi, saxe­simboloebi, romlebic evropuli literaturisa da xelovnebis niSansvetebad iqcnen.

axali aRTqmis samyaro saukuneTa manZilze STagonebis wyaro iyo

mxatvrebisTvis, moqandakeebisTvis, mwerlebisTvis, poetebisTvis,

musikosebisaTvis, arqiteqtorebisaTvis, renesansis epoqam axali si­

cocxle mianiWa bibliur Temebs. miqelanjelo, rafaeli, ticiani, el

greko, rembrandti Sedevrebs qmnidnen Zveli da axali aRTqmis siu­

Jetebze.

religia

38

somxuri biblia, 1256 w.

jruWis II saxareba, XII s.

39

bibliis kulturologiuri mniSvneloba ganuzomelia. nu dagvaviwy­

deba, rom es wigni mxolod `saRmrTo~ daniSnulebisa ar aris. is iyo da

aris `TviTmyofadi poeturi qmnileba, vrceli tilo, sadac warmod­

genilia sityvieri Semoqmedebis, dResdReobiT arsebulis, TiTqmis

yvela Janri. igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanamedrove msoflio mwerlobis

uZvelesi qrestomaTiaa. aq SevxvdebiT folkloruli warmoSobis

sawesCveulebo simRerebs, igav­arakebs, Segonebebs, filosofiur na­

kvesebs, miTosis fragmentebs, saistorio da sayofacxovrebo­doku­

mentur prozas, novelistur ambebs, godebebs, saRvTo sagaloblebs,

sagmiro leqsebs, satrfialo lirikas, diplomatiur mimoweras, ora­

torul sityvas, publicistikasac ki~ (z. kiknaZe).

... qarTveli xalxi qristian erTa Soris dgas. is qristianobis miRe­

bisTanave daewafa biblias, adridanve gadmoTargmna misi calkeuli

wignebi (saxareba, fsalmunni, winaswarmetyvelebi...). Cvenamde moRweu­

li mTliani biblia (oSkis, igive aTonisa) ki 978 wliTaa daTariRebuli.

39

biblia

martvilis saxareba, 1050