bilal ahmed shaik c

7/30/2019 Bilal Ahmed Shaik c

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F Trlirmccbhi Zutlrbma


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F T_LI_MCCBHI ZWZL_BMA

Agts Agmrh bh Hgw Alln

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

b


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F L T R _ B I @ Z & J B V F A M B C G _ H L Z B F G

Maa t`g flhtght mhj irmp`bfs lh t`bs tutlrbma mrg t`g prlpgrty leV@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ. Mhy flhtght erlc V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ lr t`bs tutlrbmacmy hlt og rgjbstrboutgj lr rgprljufgj bh mhy wmy, s`mpg, lr elrc wbt`lutt`g wrbttgh pgrcbssblh le V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ. Embaurg tl jl sl bs m vblamtblhle flpyrbi`t amws.

Z`bs tutlrbma cmy flhtmbh bhmffurmfbgs lr grrlrs mhj FTZ prlvbjgs hliumrmhtgg rgimrjbhi t`g mffurmfy le t`g sbtg lr bts flhtghts bhfaujbhi t`bstutlrbma. Be ylu jbsflvgr t`mt t`g V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ sbtg lr t`bs tutlrbmaflhtght flhtmbhs slcg grrlrs, pagmsg flhtmft us mt s`mbnobamam`cgjDsbey.flc

bb


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Zmoag le Flhtghts

F Amhiumig Lvgrvbgw.............................................................. =Emfts molut F ............................................................................................... =

Y`y tl usg F < ............................................................................................. ?

F Trlirmcs .................................................................................................. ?

F Ghvbrlhcght Vgtup ............................................................... 6Zgxt Gjbtlr................................................................................................... 6

Z`g F Flcpbagr ............................................................................................ 6Bhstmaamtblh lh Whbx/Abhux ............................................................................. :

Bhstmaamtblh lh Cmf LV .................................................................................. :

Bhstmaamtblh lh Ybhjlws ............................................................................... :

F Trlirmc Vtrufturg ................................................................ 7F @gaal Ylraj Gxmcpag ................................................................................. 7

Flcpbag & Gxgfutg F Trlirmc ....................................................................... 5

F Omsbf Vyhtmx......................................................................... 9Zlnghs bh F .................................................................................................. 9

Vgcbflalhs > ................................................................................................ 9

Flccghts ................................................................................................... 0Bjghtbebgrs .................................................................................................... 0

Ngywlrjs .................................................................................................... 0

Y`btgspmfg bh F ........................................................................................... 2

F Jmtm Zypgs ......................................................................... =4Bhtgigr Zypgs ............................................................................................. =4

Ealmtbhi-Tlbht Zypgs ................................................................................... ==

Z`g vlbj Zypg ............................................................................................ =?

F Umrbmoags ............................................................................ =6Umrbmoag Jgfamrmtblh bh F ............................................................................. =6

Umrbmoag Bhbtbmabzmtblh bh F ............................................................................ =:

Avmaugs mhj _vmaugs bh F ............................................................................. =7

F Flhstmhts mhj Abtgrmas ........................................................ =5Bhtgigr abtgrmas............................................................................................ =5

Ealmtbhi-plbht abtgrmas.................................................................................. =9

F`mrmftgr flhstmhts.................................................................................... =9

bbb


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bbb

Vtrbhi abtgrmas.............................................................................................. =0

Jgebhbhi Flhstmhts ..................................................................................... =0

Z`g #jgebhg Trgprlfgsslr ...................................................................... =0

Z`g flhst Ng yw lrj ........................................ .........................................=2F Vtlrmig Famssgs ................................................................. ?=Z`g mutl Vtlrmig Famss ................................................................................ ?=

Z`g rgibstgr Vtlrmig Famss ........................................................................... ?=

Z`g stmtbf Vtlrmig Famss............................................................................... ??

Z`g gxtgrh Vtlrmig Famss ............................................................................. ?6

F Lpgrmtlrs ........................................................................... ?:Mrbt`cgtbf Lpgrmtlrs.................................................................................. ?:

_gamtblhma Lpgrmtlrs................................................................................... ?7

Alibfma Lpgrmtlrs ....................................................................................... ?9

Obtwbsg Lpgrmtlrs....................................................................................... ?0Mssbihcght Lpgrmtlrs ................................................................................ 64

Cbsf Lpgrmtlrs sbzgle & tgrhmry .............................................................. 6?

Lpgrmtlrs Trgfgjghfg bh F .......................................................................... 6?

Jgfbsblh Cmnbhi bh F.............................................................. 6:be stmtgcght ............................................................................................... 67

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 67

Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 67

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 67

be...gasg stmtgcght ...................................................................................... 65

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 65

Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 69

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 69

Z`g be...gasg be...gasg Vtmtgcght ..................................................................... 60

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 60

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 60

Hgstgj be stmtgcghts .................................................................................. 62

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 62

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 62

swbtf` stmtgcght ....................................................................................... :4Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :4

Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... :=

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :=

Hgstgj swbtf` stmtgcghts ........................................................................... :?

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :?

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :?


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bbb

Z`g < ; Lpgrmtlr ......................................................................................... :6

F Allps.................................................................................. ::w`bag allp bh F ........................................................................................... :7

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :7Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... :7

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :5

elr allp bh F ............................................................................................... :5

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :5

Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... :9

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :9

jl...w`bag allp bh F ..................................................................................... :0

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... :0

Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... :2

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. :2

hgstgj allps bh F ........................................................................................ 74

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 74

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 7=

orgmn stmtgcght bh F .................................................................................. 7?

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 7?

Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 7?

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 76

flhtbhug stmtgcght bh F .............................................................................. 76

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 76

Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 7:

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 7:

iltl stmtgcght bh F .................................................................................... 77

Vyhtmx..................................................................................................... 77

Ealw Jbmirmc.......................................................................................... 77

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 75

Z`g Bhebhbtg Allp ........................................................................................ 75

F Euhftblhs ............................................................................ 70Jgebhbhi m Euhftblh .................................................................................... 70

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 72

Euhftblh Jgfamrmtblhs ................................................................................. 72

Fmaabhi m Euhftblh ....................................................................................... 54

Euhftblh Mriucghts ................................................................................... 5=

Euhftblh fmaa oy vmaug ............................................................................. 5=

Euhftblh fmaa oy rgegrgh fg .......................................................................5?

F Vflpg _uags ....................................................................... 5:


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bbb

Alfma Umrbmoags ........................................................................................... 5:

Ialoma Umrbmoags ......................................................................................... 57

Elrcma Tmrmcgtgrs ..................................................................................... 55

Bhbtbmabzbhi Alfma mhj Ialoma Umrbmoags ........................................................... 55F Mrrmys ................................................................................. 50Jgfamrbhi Mrrmys ......................................................................................... 50

Bhbtbmabzbhi Mrrmys........................................................................................ 52

Mffgssbhi Mrrmy Gagcghts ............................................................................ 52

Cuatb-jbcghsblhma Mrrmys ............................................................................ 94

Zwl-Jbcghsblhma Mrrmys ............................................................................. 94

Bhbtbmabzbhi Zwl-Jbcghsblhma Mrrmys.............................................................. 9=

Mffgssbhi Zwl-Jbcghsblhma Mrrmy Gagcghts ................................................. 9=

Tmssbhi Mrrmys ms Euhftblh Mriucghts.......................................................... 9?

Ym y- =......................................................................................................9?

Ym y- ?......................................................................................................96

Ymy-6....................................................................................................... 96

Gxmcpag.................................................................................................. 96

_gturh mrrmy erlc euhftblh.......................................................................... 9:

Tlbhtgr tl mh Mrrmy ..................................................................................... 95

F Tlbhtgrs .............................................................................. 90Y`mt Mrg Tlbhtgrs< .................................................................................... 92

@lw tl usg Tlbhtgrs


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bbb

Mffgssbhi Whblh Cgcogrs ........................................................................ =44

Obt Ebgajs .............................................................................. =4?Obt Ebgaj Jgfamrmtblh ................................................................................. =46

Zypgjge ................................................................................ =47typgjge vs #jgebhg.................................................................................... =45Bhput & Lutput ...................................................................... =49Z`g Vtmhjmrj Ebags .................................................................................... =49

Z`g igtf`mr() & putf`mr() euhftblhs ........................................................... =49

Z`g igts() & puts() euhftblhs ..................................................................... =40

Z`g sfmhe() mhj prbhte() euhftblhs ............................................................... =42

Ebag B/L ................................................................................. ==4Lpghbhi Ebags ........................................................................................... ==4

Falsbhi m Ebag ............................................................................................ ===

Yrbtbhi m Ebag ........................................................................................... ===_gmjbhi m Ebag........................................................................................... ==?

Obhmry B/L Euhftblhs ................................................................................. ==6

Trgprlfgsslrs ...................................................................... ==:Trgprlfgsslrs Gxmcpags............................................................................ ==:

Trgjgebhgj Cmfrls ................................................................................... ==7

Trgprlfgsslr Lpgrmtlrs ............................................................................ ==5

Cmfrl Flhtbhumtblh (Q) .......................................................................... ==5

Vtrbhibzg (#)........................................................................................... ==5

Zlngh Tmstbhi (##)................................................................................ ==9Z`g jgebhgj() Lpgrmtlr ......................................................................... ==9

Tmrmcgtgrbzgj Cmfrls.............................................................................. ==0

@gmjgr Ebags......................................................................... ==2Bhfaujg Vyhtmx.......................................................................................... ==2

Bhfaujg Lpgrmtblh .................................................................................... =?4

Lhfg-Lhay @gmjgrs .................................................................................. =?4

Flcputgj Bhfaujgs................................................................................... =?=

Zypg Fmstbhi ........................................................................ =??Bhtgigr Trlcltblh .................................................................................... =?6

Wsuma Mrbt`cgtbf Flhvgrsblh ..................................................................... =?6Grrlr @mhjabhi ...................................................................... =?7Z`g grrhl, pgrrlr() mhj strgrrlr()............................................................... =?7

Jbvbjg oy zgrl grrlrs ................................................................................ =?5

Trlirmc Gxbt Vtmtus .................................................................................. =?9

_gfursblh ............................................................................. =?0Hucogr Emftlrbma ..................................................................................... =?0


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bbb

Ebolhmffb Vgrbgs ....................................................................................... =?2

Umrbmoag Mriucghts.............................................................. =64

Cgclry Cmhmigcght .......................................................... =6?

Maalfmtbhi Cgclry Jyhmcbfmaay................................................................. =6?_gsbzbhi mhj _gagmsbhi Cgclry................................................................. =66

Flccmhj Abhg Mriucghts................................................... =67


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =

F@MTZG_

=F Amhiumig LvgrvbgwZ`bs f`mptgr jgsfrbogs t`g omsbf jgtmba molut F prlirmccbhi amhiumig, `lw bt gcgrigj,w`mt mrg strghit s le F mhj w y wg s`luaj usg F.

Z`g F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs m ighgrma purplsg `bi` agvga amhiumig t`mt wmslrbibhmaay jgvgalpgj oy Jghhbs C. _btf`bg tl jgvgalp t`g Whbx lpgrmtbhi systgc mt Ogaa

Amos. F wms lrbibhmaay ebrst bcpagcghtgj lh t`g JGF TJT-== flcputgr bh =29?.

Bh =290, Orbmh Ngrhbi`mh mhj Jghhbs _btf`bg prljufgj t`g ebrst puoabfay mvmbamoagjgsfrbptblh le F, hlw nhlwh ms t`g N&_ stmhjmrj.

Z`g WHBP lpgrmtbhi systgc, t`g F flcpbagr, mhj gssghtbmaay maa WHBP mppabfmtblhs prlirmcs

`mvg oggh wrbttgh bh F. Z`g F `ms hlw ogflcg m wbjgay usgj prlegssblhma amhiumig elr

vmrblus rgmslhs.

Gmsy tl agmrh

Vtrufturgj amhiumig

Bt prljufgs geebfbght prlirmcs.

Bt fmh `mhjag alw-agvga mftbvbtbgs.

Bt fmh og flcpbagj lh m vmrbgty le flcputgr pamtelrcs.

Emfts molut F F wms bhvghtgj tl wrbtg mh lpgrmtbhi systgc fmaagj WHBP.

F bs m suffgsslr le O amhiumig w`bf` wms bhtrljufgj mrluhj =294

Z`g amhiumig wms elrcmabzgj bh =200 oy t`g Mcgrbfmh Hmtblhma Vtmhjmrj Bhstbtutg.(MHVB).

Z`g WHBP LV wms tltmaay wrbttgh bh F Oy =296.


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?

Zljmy F bs t`g clst wbjgay usgj mhj plpuamr Vystgc Trlirmccbhi Amhiumig.

Clst le t g s tmtg le t`g mrt sletwmrgs `mvg oggh bcpagcghtgj usbhi F.

Zljmy's clst plpuamr Abhux LV mhj _OJCV CyV]A `mvg oggh wrb ttgh bh F.

Y`y tl usg F

rgturh 4>}

Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat lh Abhux;

Vtlrmig sbzg elr bht ; :

Ealmtbhi-Tlbht ZypgsElaalwbhi tmoag ibvgs ylu jgtmba molut stmhjmrj ealmt-plbht typgs wbt` stlrmig sbzgs mhjvmaug rmhigs mhj t`gbr prgfbsblh;

Zypg Vtlrmig sbzg Umaug rmhig Trgfbsblh

ealmt : oytg =.?G-60 tl 6.:G+60 5 jgfbcma pamfgs

jluoag 0 oytg ?.6G-640 tl =.9G+640 =7 jgfbcma pamfgs

alhi jluoag =4 oytg 6.:G-:26? tl =.=G+:26? =2 jgfbcma pamfgs

Z`g `gmjgr ebag ealmt.` jgebhgs cmfrls t`mt maalw ylu tl usg t`gsg vmaugs mhj lt`gr jgtmbasmolut t`g obhmry rgprgsghtmtblh le rgma hucogrs bh ylur prlirmcs. Elaalwbhi gxmcpag wbaa

prbht stlrmig spmfg tmngh oy m ealmt typg mhj bts rmhig vmaugs;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8#bhfaujg 1ealmt.`8

bht cmbh(){


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =?

prbhte("Vtlrmig sbzg elr ealmt ; %j Qh", sbzgle(ealmt))>prbhte("Cbhbcuc ealmt plsbtbvg vmaug; %GQh", EAZ\CBH )>prbhte("Cmxbcuc ealmt plsbtbvg vmaug; %GQh", EAZ\CMP )>prbhte("Trgfbsblh vmaug; %jQh", EAZ\JBI )>

rgturh 4>}

Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat lh Abhux;

Vtlrmig sbzg elr ealmt ; :

Cbhbcuc ealmt plsbtbvg vmaug; =.=97:2:G-60

Cmxbcuc ealmt plsbtbvg vmaug; 6.:4?0?6G+60

Trgfbsblh vmaug; 5

Z`g vlbj ZypgZ`g vlbj typg spgfbebgs t`mt hl vmaug bs mvmbamoag. Bt bs usgj bh t`rgg nbhjs le sbtumtblhs;

V.H. Zypgs mhj Jgsfrbptblh

Euhftblh rgturhs ms vlbjZ`grg mrg vmrblus euhftblhs bh F w`l jl hlt rgturh vmaug lr ylu fmh smy t`gy rgturh vlbj. Meuhftblh wbt` hl rgturh vmaug `ms t`g rgturh typg ms vlbj. Elr gxmcpag vlbj gxbt (bhtstmtus)>

=

Euhftblh mriucghts ms vlbj

Z`grg mrg vmrblus euhftblhs bh F w`l jl hlt mffgpt mhy pmrmcgtgr. M euhftblh wbt` hlpmrmcgtgr fmh mffgpt ms m vlbj. Elr gxmcpag bht rmhj(vlbj)>

?

Tlbhtgrs tl vlbj

M plbhtgr le typg vlbj * rgprgsghts t`g mjjrgss le mh lokgft, out hlt bts typg. Elr gxmcpag mcgclry maalfmtblh euhftblh vlbj *cmaalf( sbzg\t sbzg ) > rgturhs m plbhtgr tl vlbj w`bf` fmhog fms tgj tl mhy jmtm typg.

6

Z`g vlbj typg cmy hlt og uhjgrstllj tl ylu mt t`bs plbht, sl agt us prlfggj mhj wg wbaaflvgr t`gsg flhfgpts bh upflcbhi f`mptgrs.


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =6

F Umrbmoags

F@MTZG_

5M vmrbmoag bs hlt`bhi out m hmcg ibvgh tl m stlrmig mrgm t`mt lur prlirmcs fmhcmhbpuamtg. Gmf` vmrbmoag bh F `ms m spgfbebf typg, w`bf` jgtgrcbhgs t`g sbzg mhj amylut let`g vmrbmoag's cgclry> t`g rmhig le vmaugs t`mt fmh og stlrgj wbt bh t`mt cgclry> mhj t`g

sgt le lpgrmtblhs t`mt fmh og mppabgj tl t`g vmrbmoag.

Z`g hmcg le m vmrbmoag fmh og flcplsgj le agttgrs, jbibts, mhj t`g uhjgrsflrg f`mrmftgr. Bt

cust ogibh wbt` gbt`gr m agttgr lr mh uhjgrsflrg. Wppgr mhj alwgrfmsg agttgrs mrg jbstbhft

ogfmusg F bs fmsg-sghsbtbvg. Omsgj lh t`g omsbf typgs gxpambhgj bh prgvblus f`mptgr, t`grgwbaa og elaalwbhi omsbf vmrbmoag typgs;

Zypg Jgsfrbptblh

f`mr Zypbfmaa y m s bhiag lftgt(lhg oytg). Z`bs bs mh bhtgigr typg.

bht Z`g clst hmturma sbzg le bhtgigr elr t`g cmf`bhg.

ealmt M sbhiag-prgfbsblh ealmtbhi plbht vmaug.

jluoag M jluoag-prgfbsblh ealmtbhi plbht vmaug.

vlbj _gprgsghts t`g mosghfg le typg.

F prlirmccbhi amhiumig masl maalws tl jgebhg vmrblus lt`gr typg le vmrbmoags w`bf` wg wbaa

flvgr bh suosgqught f`mptgrs abng Ghucgrmtblh, Tlbhtgr, Mrrmy, Vtrufturg, Whblh gtf. Elr

t`bs f`mptgr, agt us stujy lhay omsbf vmrbmoag typgs.

Umrbmoag Jgfamrmtblh bh F

Maa vmrbmoags cust og jgfamrgj ogelrg wg usg t`gc bh F prlirmc, mat`lui` fgrtmbh

jgfamrmtblhs fmh og cmjg bcpabfbtay oy flhtght. M jgfamrmtblh spgfbebgs m typg, mhj flhtmbhs

m abst le lhg lr clrg vmrbmoags le t`mt typg ms elaalws;

typg vmrbmoag\abst>

@grg, typg cust og m vmabj F jmtm typg bhfaujbhi f`mr, bht, ealmt, jluoag, lr mhy usgr

jgebhgj jmtm typg gtf., mhj vmrbmoag\abst cmy flhsbst le lhg lr clrg bjghtbebgr hmcgssgpmrmtgj oy flccms. Vlcg vmabj vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblhs mrg s`lwh `grg;


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =:

bht b, k, n>f`mr f, f`>ealmt e, smamry>jluoag j>

M vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh jlgs hlt maalfmtg mhy cgclry spmfg elr t`g vmrbmoag out m vmrbmoagjgebhbtblh maalfmtg rgqubrgj cgclry spmfg elr t`mt vmrbmoag. M vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh wbt` mh

bhbtbma vmaug ms s`lwh ogalw wbaa ogflcg vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh mhj rgqubrgj cgclry bs

maalfmtgj elr t`g vmrbmoag.

bht b 3 =44>

Mh gxtgrh jgfamrmtblh bs hlt m jgebhbtblh mhj jlgs hlt maalfmtg stlrmig. Bh geegft, bt fambcs

t`mt m jgebhbtblh le t`g vmrbmoag gxbsts slcg w`grg gasg bh t`g prlirmc. M vmrbmoag fmh og

jgfamrgj cuatbpag tbcgs bh m prlirmc, out bt cust og jgebhgj lhay lhfg. Elaalwbhi bs t`g

jgfamrmtblh le m vmrbmoag wbt` gxtgrh ngywlrj;

gxtgrh bht b>

Umrbmoag Bhbtbmabzmtblh bh F

Umrbmoags mrg bhbtbmabzgj (mssbihgj mh vmaug) wbt` mh gquma sbih elaalwgj oy m flhstmht

gxprgssblh. Z`g ighgrma elrc le bhbtbmabzmtblh bs;

vmrbmoag\hmcg 3 vmaug>

Umrbmoags fmh og bhbtbmabzgj (mssbihgj mh bhbtbma vmaug) bh t`gbr jgfamrmtblh. Z`g bhbtbmabzgrflhsbsts le mh gquma sbih elaalwgj oy m flhstmht gxprgssblh ms elaalws;

typg vmrbmoag\hmcg 3 vmaug>

Vlcg gxmcpags mrg;

bht j 3 6, e 3 7> /* bhbtbmabzbhi j mhj e. */oytg z 3 ??> /* bhbtbmabzgs z. */jluoag pb 3 6.=:=72> /* jgfamrgs mh mpprlxbcmtblh le pb. */f`mr x 3 'x'> /* t`g vmrbmoag x `ms t`g vmaug 'x'. */

Bt bs m illj prlirmccbhi prmftbfg tl bhbtbmabzg vmrbmoags prlpgray lt`grwbsg, slcgtbcg

prlirmc wluaj prljufg uhgxpgftgj rgsuat. Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag w`bf` cmngs usg le

vmrblus typgs le vmrbmoags;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

bht cmbh (){

/* vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh; */bht m, o>bht f>ealmt e>


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =7

/* mftuma bhbtbmabzmtblh */m 3 =4>o 3 ?4>

f 3 m + o>prbhte("vmaug le f ; %j Qh", f)>

e 3 94.4/6.4>prbhte("vmaug le e ; %e Qh", e)>

rgturh 4>}

Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;

vmaug le f ; 64

vmaug le e ; ?6.66666:

Avmaugs mhj _vmaugs bh F

Z`grg mrg twl nbhjs le gxprgssblhs bh F;

=. avmaug; Mh gxprgssblh t`mt bs mh avmaug cmy mppgmr ms gbt`gr t`g aget-`mhj lr rbi`t-`mhjsbjg le mh mssbihcght.

?. rvmaug; Mh g xprgss blh t`mt bs mh rvmaug cmy mppgmr lh t`g rbi`t- out hlt aget-`mhj sbjgle mh mss bihcght.

Umrbmoags mrg avmaugs mhj sl cmy mppgmr lh t`g aget-`mhj sbjg le mh mssbihcght. Hucgrbfabtgrmas mrg rvmaugs mhj sl cmy hlt og mssbihgj mhj fmhhlt mppgmr lh t`g aget-`mhj sbjg.

Elaalwbhi bs m vmabj stmtgcght;

bht i 3 ?4>

Out elaalwbhi bs hlt m vmabj stmtgcght mhj wluaj ighgrmtg flcpbag-tbcg grrlr;

=4 3 ?4>


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =5

F@MTZG_

9F Flhstmhts mhj AbtgrmasZ`g flhstmhts rgegr tl ebxgj vmaugs t`mt t`g prlirmc cmy hlt matgr jurbhi bts

gxgfutblh. Z`gsg ebxgj vmaugs mrg masl fmaagj abtgrmas.

Flhstmhts fmh og le mhy le t`g omsbf jmtm typgs abng mh bhtgigr flhstmht, m ealmtbhi

flhstmht, m f`mrmftgr flhstmht, lr m strbhi abtgrma. Z`grg mrg masl ghucgrmtblh

flhstmhts ms wgaa.

Z`g flhstmhts mrg trgmtgj kust abng rgiuamr vmrbmoags gxfgpt t`mt t`gbr vmaugs fmhhlt ogcljbebgj metgr t`gbr jgebhbtblh.

Bhtgigr abtgrmas

Mh bhtgigr abtgrma fmh og m jgfbcma, lftma, lr `gxmjgfbcma flhstmht. M prgebx spgfbebgs t`g

omsg lr rmjbx; 4x lr 4P elr `gxmjgfbcma, 4 elr lftma, mhj hlt`bhi elr jgfbcma.

Mh bhtgigr abtgrma fmh masl `mvg m sueebx t`mt bs m flcobhmtblh le W mhj A, elr uhsbihgj mhj

alhi, rgspgftbvgay. Z`g sueebx fmh og uppgrfmsg lr alwgrfmsg mhj fmh og bh mhy lrjgr.

@grg mrg slcg gxmcpags le bhtgigr abtgrmas;

?=? /* Agima */?=7u /* Agima */4xEggA /* Agima */490 /* Baagima; 0 bs hlt mh lftma jbibt */46?WW /* Baagima; fmhhlt rgpgmt m sueebx */

Elaalwbhi mrg lt`gr gxmcpags le vmrblus typgs le Bhtgigr abtgrmas;

07 /* jgfbcma */4?=6 /* lftma */4x:o /* `gxmjgfbcma */64 /* bht */64u /* uhsbihgj bht */64a /* alhi */64ua /* uhsbihgj alhi */


26/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =9

Ealmtbhi-plbht abtgrmas

M ealmtbhi-plbht abtgrma `ms mh bhtgigr pmrt, m jgfbcma plbht, m ermftblhma pmrt, mhj mh

gxplhght pmrt. Rlu fmh rgprgsght ealmtbhi plbht abtgrmas gbt`gr bh jgfbcma elrc lr

gxplhghtbma elrc.

Y`bag rgprgsghtbhi usbhi jgfbcma elrc, ylu cust bhfaujg t`g jgfbcma plbht, t`g gxplhght,

lr olt` mhj w`bag rgprgsghtbhi usbhi gxplhghtbma elrc, ylu cust bhfaujg t`g bhtgigr pmrt,

t`g ermftblhma pmrt, lr olt`. Z`g sbihgj gxplhght bs bhtrljufgj oy g lr G.

@grg mrg slcg gxmcpags le ealmtbhi-plbht abtgrmas;

6.=:=72 /* Agima */6=:=72G-7A /* Agima */7=4G /* Baagima; bhflcpagtg gxplhght */?=4e /* Baagima; hl jgfbcma lr gxplhght */.g77 /* Baagima; cbssbhi bhtgigr lr ermftblh */

F`mrmftgr flhstmhts

F`mrmftgr abtgrmas mrg ghfalsgj bh sbhiag qultgs g.i., 'x' mhj fmh og stlrgj bh m sbcpag

vmrbmoag le f`mr typg.

M f`mrmftgr abtgrma fmh og m pambh f`mrmftgr (g.i., 'x'), mh gsfmpg sgqughfg (g.i., 'Qt'), lr m

uhbvgrsma f`mrmftgr (g.i., 'Qu4?F4').

Z`grg mrg fgrtmbh f`mrmftgrs bh F w`gh t`gy mrg prlfggjgj oy m omfn sams` t`gy wbaa `mvg

spgfbma cgmhbhi mhj t gy mrg usgj tl rgprgsght abng hgwabhg (Qh) lr tmo (Qt). @grg ylu `mvgm abst le slcg le suf` gsfmpg sgqughfg fljgs;

Gsfmpgsgqughfg

Cgmhbhi

QQ Q f`mrmftgr

Q' ' f`mrmftgr

Q" " f`mrmftgr

Q


27/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =0

Qx`` . . . @gxmjgfbcma hucogr le lhg lr clrg jbibts

Elaalwbhi bs t`g gxmcpag tl s`lw egw gsfmpg sgqughfg f`mrmftgrs;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

bht cmbh(){

prbhte("@gaalQtYlrajQhQh")>

rgturh 4>}


@gaal Ylraj

Vtrbhi abtgrmas

Vtrbhi abtgrmas lr flhstmhts mrg ghfalsgj bh jluoag qultgs "". M strbhi flhtmbhs f`mrmftgrs

t`mt mrg sbcbamr tl f`mrmftgr abtgrmas; pambh f`mrmftgrs, gsfmpg sgqughfgs, mhj uhbvgrsma

f`mrmftgrs.

Rlu fmh orgmn m alhi abhgs bhtl cuatbpag abhgs usbhi strbhi abtgrmas mhj sgpmrmtbhi t gc usbhiw`btgspmfgs.

@grg mrg slcg gxmcpags le strbhi abtgrmas. Maa t`g t`rgg elrcs mrg bjghtbfma strbhis.

"`gaal, jgmr"

"`gaal, Q

jgmr"

"`gaal, " "j" "gmr"

Jgebhbhi Flhstmhts

Z`grg mrg twl sbcpag wmys bh F tl jgebhg flhstmhts;

=. Wsbhi #jgebhg prgprlfgsslr.?. Wsbhi flhst ngywlrj.

Z`g #jgebhg Trgprlfgsslr

Elaalwbhi bs t`g elrc tl usg #jgebhg prgprlfgsslr tl jgebhg m flhstmht;


28/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig =2

#jgebhg bjghtbebgr vmaug

Elaalwbhi gxmcpag gxpambhs bt bh jgtmba;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

#jgebhg AGHIZ@ =4#jgebhg YBJZ@ 7#jgebhg HGYABHG 'Qh'

bht cmbh(){

bht mrgm>

mrgm 3 AGHIZ@ * YBJZ@>prbhte("vmaug le mrgm ; %j", mrgm)>prbhte("%f", HGYABHG)>

rgturh 4>}


vmaug le mrgm ; 74

Z`g flhst Ngywlrj

Rlu fmh usg flhst prgebx tl jgfamrg flhstmhts wbt` m spgfbebf typg ms elaalws;

flhst typg vmrbmoag 3 vmaug>

Elaalwbhi gxmcpag gxpambhs bt bh jgtmba;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

bht cmbh(){

flhst bht AGHIZ@ 3 =4>

flhst bht YBJZ@ 3 7>flhst f`mr HGYABHG 3 'Qh'>bht mrgm>

mrgm 3 AGHIZ@ * YBJZ@>prbhte("vmaug le mrgm ; %j", mrgm)>prbhte("%f", HGYABHG)>

rgturh 4>}



29/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?4

vmaug le mrgm ; 74

Hltg t`mt bt bs m illj prlirmccbhi prmftbfg tl jgebhg flhstmhts bh FMTBZMAV.


30/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?=

F Vtlrmig Famssgs

F@MTZG_

0M stlrmig famss jgebhgs t`g sflpg (vbsbobabty) mhj abeg tbcg le vmrbmoags mhj/lr euhftblhs

wbt`bh m F Trlirmc. Z`gsg spgfbebgrs prgfgjg t`g typg t`mt t`gy cljbey. Z`grg mrg elaalwbhi

stlrmig famssgs w`bf` fmh og usgj bh m F Trlirmc

mutl

rgibstgr

stmtbf

gxtgrh

Z`g mutl Vtlrmig Famss

Z`g mutl stlrmig famss bs t`g jgemuat stlrmig famss elr maa alfma vmrbmoags.

{bht cluht>mutl bht clht`>

}

Z`g gxmcpag molvg jgebhgs twl vmrbmoags wbt` t`g smcg stlrmig famss, mutl fmh lhay ogusgj wbt`bh euhftblhs, b.g. alfma vmrbmoags.

Z`g rgibstgr Vtlrmig Famss

Z`g rgibstgr stlrmig famss bs usgj tl jgebhg alfma vmrbmoags t`mt s`luaj og stlrgj bh mrgibstgr bhstgmj le _MC. Z`bs cgmhs t`mt t`g vmrbmoag `ms m cmxbcuc sbzg gquma tl t`g

rgibstgr sbzg (usumaay lhg wlrj) mhj fmh't `mvg t`g uhmry '&' lpgrmtlr mppabgj tl bt (ms bt

jlgs hlt `mvg m cgclry alfmtblh).

{rgibstgr bht cbags>

}


31/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ??

Z`g rgibstgr s`luaj lhay og usgj elr vmrbmoags t`mt rgqubrg qubfn mffgss suf` ms fluhtgrs. Bt

s`luaj masl og hltgj t`mt jgebhbhi 'rgibstgr' ilgs hlt cgmh t`mt t`g vmrbmoag wbaa og stlrgjbh m rgibstgr. Bt cgmhs t`mt bt CBI@Z og stlrgj bh m rgibstgr jgpghjbhi lh `mrjwmrg mhj

bcpagcghtmtblh rgstrbftblhs.

Z`g stmtbf Vtlrmig Famss

Z`g stmtbf stlrmig famss bhstrufts t`g flcpbagr tl nggp m alfma vmrbmoag bh gxbstghfg jurbhit`g abegtbcg le t`g prlirmc bhstgmj le frgmtbhi mhj jgstrlybhi bt gmf` tbcg bt flcgs bhtl

mhj ilgs lut le sflpg. Z`grgelrg, cmnbhi alfma vmrbmoags stmtbf maalws t`gc tl cmbhtmbh

t`gbr vmaugs ogtwggh euhftblh fmaas.

Z`g stmtbf cljbebgr cmy masl og mppabgj tl ialoma vmrbmoags. Y`gh t`bs bs jlhg, bt fmusgs

t`mt vmrbmoag's sflpg tl og rgstrbftgj tl t`g ebag bh w`bf` bt bs jgfamrgj.

Bh F prlirmccbhi, w`gh stmtbf bs usgj lh m famss jmtm cgcogr, bt fmusgs lhay lhg flpy le

t`mt cgcogr tl og s`mrgj oy maa lokgfts le bts famss.

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

/* euhftblh jgfamrmtblh */vlbj euhf(vlbj)>

stmtbf bht fluht 3 7> /* ialoma vmrbmoag */

cmbh(){

w`bag(fluht--){

euhf()>}rgturh 4>

}/* euhftblh jgebhbtblh */vlbj euhf( vlbj ){

stmtbf bht b 3 7> /* alfma stmtbf vmrbmoag */b++>

prbhte("b bs %j mhj fluht bs %jQh", b, fluht)>}

Rlu cmy hlt uhjgrstmhj t`bs gxmcpag mt t`bs tbcg ogfmusg B `mvg usgj euhftblh mhj ialoma

vmrbmoags w`bf` B `mvg hlt gxpambhgj sl emr. Vl elr hlw agt us prlfggj gvgh be ylu jl hlt

uhjgrstmhj bt flcpagtgay. Y`gh t`g molvg fljg bs flcpbagj mhj gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs

elaalwbhi rgsuat;

b bs 5 mhj fluht bs :

b bs 9 mhj fluht bs 6

b bs 0 mhj fluht bs ?

b bs 2 mhj fluht bs =

b bs =4 mhj fluht bs 4


32/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?6

Z`g gxtgrh Vtlrmig Famss

Z`g gxtgrh stlrmig famss bs usgj tl ibvg m rgegrghfg le m ialoma vmrbmoag t`mt bs vbsboag tl

MAA t g prlirmc ebags. Y`gh ylu usg 'gxtgrh' t`g vmrbmoag fmhhlt og bhbtbmabzgj ms maa bt jlgs

bs plbht t`g vmrbmoag hmcg mt m stlrmig alfmtblh t`mt `ms oggh prgvblusay jgebhgj.

Y`gh ylu `mvg cuatbpag ebags mhj ylu jgebhg m ialoma vmrbmoag lr euhftblh w`bf` wbaa og usgj

bh lt`gr ebags masl, t`gh gxtgrh wbaa og usgj bh mhlt`gr ebag tl ibvg rgegrghfg le jgebhgj

vmrbmoag lr euhftblh. Kust elr uhjgrstmhjbhi gxtgrh bs usgj tl jgfamrg m ialoma vmrbmoag lreuhftblh bh mhlt`gr ebags.

Z`g gxtgrh cljbebgr bs clst flcclhay usgj w`gh t`grg mrg twl lr clrg ebags s`mrbhi t`g

smcg ialoma vmrbmoags lr euhftblhs ms gxpambhgj ogalw.

Ebrst Ebag; cmbh.f

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

bht fluht >gxtgrh vlbj wrbtg\gxtgrh()>

cmbh(){

wrbtg\gxtgrh()>}

Vgflhj Ebag; wrbtg.f

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

gxtgrh bht fluht>

vlbj wrbtg\gxtgrh(vlbj)

{fluht 3 7>prbhte("fluht bs %jQh", fluht)>

}

@grg gxtgrh ngywlrj bs ogbhi usgj tl jgfamrg fluht bh t`g sgflhj ebag w`grg ms bt `ms bts

jgebhbtblh bh t`g ebrst ebag. Hlw flcpbag t`gsg twl ebags ms elaalws;

$iff cmbh.f wrbtg.f

Z`bs wbaa prljufg m.lut gxgfutmoag prlirmc, w`gh t`bs prlirmc bs gxgfutgj, bt prljufgs

elaalwbhi rgsuat;

7


33/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?:

F Lpgrmtlrs

F@MTZG_

2Mh lpgrmtlr bs m sycola t`mt tgaas t`g flcpbagr tl pgrelrc spgfbebf cmt`gcmtbfma lr alibfma

cmhbpuamtblhs. F amhiumig bs rbf` bh oubat-bh lpgrmtlrs mhj prlvbjgs elaalwbhi typg le lpgrmtlrs ;

Mrbt`cgtbf Lpgrmtlrs

_gamtblhma Lpgrmtlrs

Alibfma Lpgrmtlrs

Obtwbsg Lpgrmtlrs

Mss bihcght Lpgrmtlrs

Cbsf Lpgrmtlrs

Z`bs tutlrbma wbaa gxpambh t`g mrbt`cgtbf, rgamtblhma, mhj alibfma, obtwbsg, mssbihcght mhj

lt`gr lpgrmtlrs lhg oy lhg.

Mrbt`cgtbf Lpgrmtlrs

Elaalwbhi tmoag s`lws maa t`g mrbt`cgtbf lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig. Mssucg

vmrbmoag M `lajs =4 mhj vmrbmoag O `lajs ?4 t`gh;

Lpgrmtlr Jgsfrbptblh Gxmcpag

+

Mjjs twl lpgrmhjs

M + O wbaa ibvg 64

- Vuotrmfts sgflhj lpgrmhj erlc t`g ebrst M - O wbaa ibvg -=4

* Cuatbpay olt` lpgrmhjs M * O wba a ibvg ?44

/ Jbvbjg hucgrmtlr oy jg-hucgrmtlr O / M wbaa i bvg ?

% Cljuaus Lpgrmtlr mhj rgcmbhjgr le metgr mh bhtgigr jbvbsblh O % M wbaa i bvg 4

++ Bhfrgcght lpgrmtlr bhfrgmsgs bhtgigr vmaug oy lhg M++ wbaa ibvg ==


34/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?7

-- Jgfrgcght lpgrmtlr jgfrgmsgs bhtgigr vmaug oy lhg M-- wbaa ibvg 2

Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g mrbt`cgtbf lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F

prlirmccbhi amhiumig;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

cmbh(){

bht m 3 ?=>bht o 3 =4>bht f >

f 3 m + o>prbhte("Abhg = - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m - o>prbhte("Abhg ? - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m * o>prbhte("Abhg 6 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>

f 3 m / o>prbhte("Abhg : - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m % o>prbhte("Abhg 7 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m++>prbhte("Abhg 5 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>f 3 m-->prbhte("Abhg 9 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>

}

Y`gh ylu flcpbag mhj gxgfutg t`g molvg prlirmc bt prljufgs elaalwbhi rgsuat;

Abhg = - Umaug le f bs 6=

Abhg ? - Umaug le f bs ==

Abhg 6 - Umaug le f bs ?=4

Abhg : - Umaug le f bs ?

Abhg 7 - Umaug le f bs =

Abhg 5 - Umaug le f bs ?=

Abhg 9 - Umaug le f bs ??

_gamtblhma Lpgrmtlrs

Elaalwbhi tmoag s`lws maa t`g rgamtblhma lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig. Mssucg

vmrbmoag M `lajs =4 mhj vmrbmoag O `lajs ?4 t`gh;


F`gfns be t`g vmaug le twl lpgrmhjs bs gquma lr hlt, beygs t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.33 (M 33 O) bs hlt trug.


35/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?5

F`gfns be t`g vmaug le twl lpgrmhjs bs gquma lr hlt, bevmaugs mrg hlt gquma t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.

!3 (M !3 O) bs trug.

F`gfns be t`g vmaug le aget lpgrmhj bs irgmtgr t`mh t`gvmaug le rbi`t lpgrmhj, be ygs t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgstrug.

8 (M 8 O) bs hlt trug.

F`gfns be t`g vmaug le aget lpgrmhj bs agss t`mh t g vmaugle rbi`t lpgrmhj, be ygs t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.

1 (M 1 O) bs trug.

F`gfns be t`g vmaug le aget lpgrmhj bs irgmtgr t`mh lrgquma tl t`g vmaug le rbi`t lpgrmhj, be ygs t`gh flhjbtblhogflcgs trug.

83 (M 83 O) bs hlt trug.

F`gfns be t`g vmaug le aget lpgrmhj bs agss t`mh lr gqumatl t`g vmaug le rbi`t lpgrmhj, be ygs t`gh flhjbtblhogflcgs trug.

13 (M 13 O) bs trug.

Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g rgamtblhma lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F prlirmccbhiamhiumig;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

cmbh(){

bht m 3 ?=>bht o 3 =4>bht f >

be( m 33 o ){

prbhte("Abhg = - m bs gquma tl oQh" )>}gasg

{ prbhte("Abhg = - m bs hlt gquma tl oQh" )>}be ( m 1 o ){

prbhte("Abhg ? - m bs agss t`mh oQh" )>}gasg{

prbhte("Abhg ? - m bs hlt agss t`mh oQh" )>}be ( m 8 o ){

prbhte("Abhg 6 - m bs irgmtgr t`mh oQh" )>}

gasg{prbhte("Abhg 6 - m bs hlt irgmtgr t`mh oQh" )>

}/* Agts f`mhig vmaug le m mhj o */m 3 7>o 3 ?4>be ( m 13 o ){

prbhte("Abhg : - m bs gbt`gr agss t`mh lr gquma tl oQh" )>}


36/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?9

be ( o 83 m ){

prbhte("Abhg 7 - o bs gbt`gr irgmtgr t`mh lr gquma tl oQh" )>}

}


Abhg = - m bs hlt gquma tl o

Abhg ? - m bs hlt agss t`mh o

Abhg 6 - m bs irgmtgr t`mh o

Abhg : - m bs gbt`gr agss t`mh lr gquma tl o

Abhg 7 - o bs gbt`gr irgmtgr t`mh lr gquma tl o

Alibfma LpgrmtlrsElaalwbhi tmoag s`lws maa t`g alibfma lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig. Mssucg

vmrbmoag M `lajs = mhj vmrbmoag O `lajs 4 t`gh;


Fmaagj Alibfma MHJ lpgrmtlr. Be olt` t`g lpgrmhjs mrg hlh zgrlt`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.

&& M && O bs emas g.

Fmaagj Alibfma L_ Lpgrmtlr. Be mhy le t`g twl lpgrmhjs bs hlhzgrl t`gh flhjbtblh ogflcgs trug.

|| (M || O) bs trug.

Fmaagj Alibfma HLZ Lpgrmtlr. Wsg tl rgvgrsgs t`g alibfma stmtgle bts lpgrmhj. Be m flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh Alibfma HLZ lpgrmtlrwbaa cmng emasg.

! !(M && O) bs trug.

Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g alibfma lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F prlirmccbhiamhiumig;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

cmbh(){

bht m 3 7>bht o 3 ?4>bht f >

be ( m && o ){

prbhte("Abhg = - Flhjbtblh bs trugQh" )>}be ( m || o ){

prbhte("Abhg ? - Flhjbtblh bs trugQh" )>}/* agts f mhig t g vmaug le m mhj o */


37/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?0

m 3 4>o 3 =4>be ( m && o ){

prbhte("Abhg 6 - Flhjbtblh bs trugQh" )>

}gasg{

prbhte("Abhg 6 - Flhjbtblh bs hlt trugQh" )>}be ( !(m && o) ){

prbhte("Abhg : - Flhjbtblh bs trugQh" )>}

}


Abhg = - Flhjbtblh bs trugAbhg ? - Flhjbtblh bs trug

Abhg 6 - Flhjbtblh bs hlt trug

Abhg : - Flhjbtblh bs trug

Obtwbsg Lpgrmtlrs

Obtwbsg lpgrmtlr wlrns lh obts mhj pgrelrc obt oy obt lpgrmtblh. Z`g trut` tmoags elr &, |,

mhj X mrg ms elaalws;

p q p & q p | q p X q

4 4 4 4 4

4 = 4 = =

= = = = 4

= 4 4 = =

Mssucg be M 3 54> mhj O 3 =6> Hlw bh obhmry elrcmt t`gy wbaa og ms elaalws;

M 3 44== ==44

O 3 4444 ==4=

-----------------

M&O 3 4444 ==44

M|O 3 44== ==4=

MXO 3 44== 444=


38/145

V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig ?2

~M 3 ==44 44==

Z`g Obtwbsg lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig mrg abstgj bh t`g elaalwbhi tmoag. Mssucg

vmrbmoag M `lajs 54 mhj vmrbmoag O `lajs =6 t`gh;


Obhmry MHJ Lpgrmtlr flpbgs m obt tl t`grgsuat be bt gxbsts bh olt` lpgrmhjs.

& (M & O) wbaa ibvg =? w`bf` bs 4444 ==44

Obhmry L_ Lpgrmtlr flpbgs m obt be btgxbsts bh gbt`gr lpgrmhj.

| (M | O) wbaa ibvg 5= w`bf` bs 44== ==4=

Obhmry PL_ Lpgrmtlr flpbgs t`g obt be btbs sgt bh lhg lpgrmhj out hlt olt`.

X (M X O) wbaa i bvg :2 w`bf` bs 44== 444=

Obhmry Lhgs Flcpagcght Lpgrmtlr bsuhmry mhj `ms t`g geegft le 'eabppbhi' obts.

~ ~M wbaa bvg -54 w`bf` bs ==44 44==

Obhmry Aget V`bet Lpgrmtlr. Z`g agetlpgrmhjs vmaug bs clvgj aget oy t ghucogr le obts spgfbebgj oy t`g rbi`tlpgrmhj.

11 M 11 ? wbaa ibvg ?:4 w`bf` bs ==== 4444

Obhmry _bi`t V`bet Lpgrmtlr. Z`g agetlpgrmhjs vmaug bs clvgj rbi`t oy t`ghucogr le obts spgfbebgj oy t`g rbi`tlpgrmhj.

88 M 88 ? wbaa ibvg =7 w`bf` bs 4444 ====

Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g obtwbsg lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F prlirmccbhiamhiumig;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

cmbh(){

uhsbihgj bht m 3 54> /* 54 3 44== ==44 */uhsbihgj bht o 3 =6> /* =6 3 4444 ==4= */bht f 3 4>

f 3 m & o> /* =? 3 4444 ==44 */prbhte("Abhg = - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>

f 3 m | o> /* 5= 3 44== ==4= */prbhte("Abhg ? - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>

f 3 m X o> /* :2 3 44== 444= */prbhte("Abhg 6 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>

f 3 ~m> /*-5= 3 ==44 44== */prbhte("Abhg : - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>

f 3 m 11 ?> /* ?:4 3 ==== 4444 */prbhte("Abhg 7 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>

f 3 m 88 ?> /* =7 3 4444 ==== */prbhte("Abhg 5 - Umaug le f bs %jQh", f )>

}


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 64


Abhg = - Umaug le f bs =?

Abhg ? - Umaug le f bs 5=

Abhg 6 - Umaug le f bs :2

Abhg : - Umaug le f bs -5=

Abhg 7 - Umaug le f bs ?:4

Abhg 5 - Umaug le f bs =7

Mssbihcght Lpgrmtlrs

Z`grg mrg elaalwbhi mssbihcght lpgrmtlrs supplrtgj oy F amhiumig;


Vbcpag mssbihcght lpgrmtlr, Mssbihs vmaugserlc rbi`t sbjg lpgrmhjs tl aget sbjg lpgrmhj

F 3 M + O wbaa mssbih vmaug le M +O bhtl F

3

Mjj MHJ mss bihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt mjjs rbi`tlpgrmhj tl t`g aget lpgrmhj mhj mssbih t`g rgsuattl aget lpgrmhj

+3 F +3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F + M

Vuotrmft MHJ ms sbihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt suotrmftsrbi`t lpgrmhj erlc t`g aget lpgrmhj mhj mssbiht`g rgsuat tl aget lpgrmhj

-3 F -3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F - M

Cuatbpay MHJ ms sbihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt cuatbpabgsrbi`t lpgrmhj wbt` t`g aget lpgrmhj mhj mssbiht`g rgsuat tl aget lpgrmhj

*3 F *3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F * M

Jbvbjg MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt jbvbjgs agetlpgrmhj wbt` t`g rbi`t lpgrmhj mhj mssbih t`grgsuat tl aget lpgrmhj

/3 F /3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F / M

Cljuaus MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr, Bt tmngscljuaus usbhi twl lpgrmhjs mhj mssbih t grgsuat tl aget lpgrmhj

%3 F %3 M bs gqubvmaght tl F 3 F % M

113 Aget s`bet MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F 113 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F 11 ?

883 _bi`t s`bet MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F 883 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F 88 ?

&3 Obtwbsg MHJ mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F &3 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F & ?

X3 obtwbsg gxfausbvg L_ mhj mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F X3 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F X ?

|3 obtwbsg bhfausbvg L_ mhj mssbihcght lpgrmtlr F |3 ? bs smcg ms F 3 F | ?

Zry elaalwbhi gxmcpag tl uhjgrstmhj maa t`g mssbihcght lpgrmtlrs mvmbamoag bh F

prlirmccbhi amhiumig;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

cmbh()


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 6=

{bht m 3 ?=>bht f >

f 3 m>

prbhte("Abhg = - 3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f +3 m>prbhte("Abhg ? - +3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f -3 m>prbhte("Abhg 6 - -3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f *3 m>prbhte("Abhg : - *3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f /3 m>prbhte("Abhg 7 - /3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f 3 ?44>

f %3 m>prbhte("Abhg 5 - %3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f 113 ?>prbhte("Abhg 9 - 113 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f 883 ?>prbhte("Abhg 0 - 883 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f &3 ?>prbhte("Abhg 2 - &3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f X3 ?>prbhte("Abhg =4 - X3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

f |3 ?>prbhte("Abhg == - |3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 %jQh", f )>

}


Abhg = - 3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?=

Abhg ? - +3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 :?

Abhg 6 - -3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?=

Abhg : - *3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ::=

Abhg 7 - /3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?=

Abhg 5 - %3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ==

Abhg 9 - 113 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ::

Abhg 0 - 883 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ==

Abhg 2 - &3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?

Abhg =4 - X3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 4


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 6?

Abhg == - |3 Lpgrmtlr Gxmcpag, Umaug le f 3 ?

Cbsf Lpgrmtlrssbzgle & tgrhmry

Z`grg mrg egw lt`gr bcplrtmht lpgrmtlrs bhfaujbhi sbzgle mhj < ; supplrtgj oy F Amhiumig.


sbzgle(m), w`grg m bs bhtgigr,wbaa rgturh :.

sbzgle() _gturhs t`g sbzg le mh vmrbmoag.

&m> wbaa ibvg mftuma mjjrgss let`g vmrbmoag.

& _gturhs t`g mjjrgss le mh vmrbmoag.

* Tlbhtgr tl m vmrbmoag. *m> wbaa plbhtgr tl m vmrbmoag.

Be Flhjbtblh bs trug < Z`ghvmaug P ; Lt`grwbsg vmaug R< ; Flhjbtblhma Gxprgssblh

Lpgrmtlrs Trgfgjghfg bh F

Lpgrmtlr prgfgjghfg jgtgrcbhgs t`g irlupbhi le tgrcs bh mh gxprgssblh. Z`bs meegfts `lw

mh gxprgssblh bs gvmaumtgj. Fgrtmbh lpgrmtlrs `mvg `bi`gr prgfgjghfg t`mh lt`grs> elr

gxmcpag, t`g cuatbpabfmtblh lpgrmtlr `ms `bi`gr prgfgjghfg t`mh t`g mjjbtblh lpgrmtlr;

Elr gxmcpag x 3 9 + 6 * ?> @grg x bs mssbihgj =6, hlt ?4 ogfmusg lpgrmtlr * `ms `bi`gr

prgfgjghfg t`mh + sl bt ebrst igt cuatbpabgj wbt` 6*? mhj t`gh mjjs bhtl 9.

@grg lpgrmtlrs wbt` t`g `bi`gst prgfgjghfg mppgmr mt t`g tlp le t`g tmoag, t`lsg wbt` t`g

alwgst mppgmr mt t`g olttlc. Ybt`bh mh gxprgssblh, `bi`gr prgfgjghfg lpgrmtlrs wbaa og

gvmaumtgj ebrst.

Fmtgilry Lpgrmtlr Msslfbmtbvbty

Tlstebx () ^S -8 . ++ - - Aget tl rbi`t

Whmry + - ! ~ ++ - - (typg)* & s bzgle _bi`t tl aget

Cuatbpabfmtbvg * / % Aget tl rbi`t

Mjjbtbvg + - Aget tl rbi`t

V`bet 11 88 Aget tl rbi`t

_gamtblhma 1 13 8 83 Aget tl rbi`t

Gqumabty 33 !3 Aget tl rbi`t

Obtwbsg MHJ & Aget tl rbi`t

Obtwbsg PL_ X Aget tl rbi`t

Obtwbsg L_ | Aget tl rbi`t

Alibfma MHJ && Aget tl rbi`t

Alibfma L_ || Aget tl rbi`t


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 66

Flhjbtblhma bht o 3 =4>bht f 3 =7>bht j 3 7>bht g>

g 3 (m + o) * f / j> // ( 64 * =7 ) / 7prbhte("Umaug le (m + o) * f / j bs ; %jQh", g )>

g 3 ((m + o) * f) / j> // (64 * =7 ) / 7prbhte("Umaug le ((m + o) * f) / j bs ; %jQh" , g )>

g 3 (m + o) * (f / j)> // (64) * (=7/7)prbhte("Umaug le (m + o) * (f / j) bs ; %jQh", g )>

g 3 m + (o * f) / j> // ?4 + (=74/7)prbhte("Umaug le m + (o * f) / j bs ; %jQh" , g )>

rgturh 4>}


Umaug le (m + o) * f / j bs ; 24

Umaug le ((m + o) * f) / j bs ; 24

Umaug le (m + o) * (f / j) bs ; 24

Umaug le m + (o * f) / j bs ; 74


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 6:

F@MTZG_

=4Jgfbsblh Cmnbhi bh FJgfbsblh cmnbhi strufturgs rgqubrg t`mt t`g prlirmccgr spgfbey lhg lr clrgflhjbtblhs tl og gvmaumtgj lr tgstgj oy t`g prlirmc, malhi wbt` m stmtgcght lr stmtgcghts

tl og gxgfutgj be t`g flhjbtblh bs jgtgrcbhgj tl og trug, mhj lptblhmaay, lt`gr stmtgcghts tlog gxgfutgj be t`g flhjbtblh bs jgtgrcbhgj tl og emasg.

Elaalwbhi bs t`g ighgrma erlc le m typbfma jgfbsblh cmnbhi strufturg eluhj bh clst le t`gprlirmccbhi amhiumigs;

F prlirmccbhi amhiumig mssucgs mhy hlh-zgrl mhj hlh-huaa vmaugs ms trug mhj be bt bsgbt`gr zgrl lr huaa t`gh bt bs mssucgj ms emasg vmaug. F prlirmccbhi amhiumig prlvbjgs

elaalwbhi typgs le jgfbsblh cmnbhi stmtgcghts.


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 67

be stmtgcght

Mh be stmtgcght flhsbsts le m ollagmh gxprgssblh elaalwgj oy lhg lr clrg stmtgcghts.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx le mh be stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;

be(ollagmh\gxprgssblh){

/* stmtgcght(s) wbaa gxgfutg be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh bs trug */}

Be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh gvmaumtgs tl trug t`gh t g oalfn le fljg bhsbjg t`g be stmtgcght

wbaa og gxgfutgj. Be ollagmh gxprgssblh gvmaumtgs tl emasg t`gh t`g ebrst sgt le fljg metgr

t`g ghj le t`g be stmtgcght(metgr t`g falsbhi furay ormfg) wbaa og gxgfutgj.

F prlirmccbhi amhiumig mssucgs mhy hlh-zgrl mhj hlh-huaa vmaugs ms trug mhj be bt bsgbt`gr zgrl lr huaa t`gh bt bs mssucgj ms emasg vmaug.

Ealw Jbmirmc

Gxmcpag#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

bht cmbh (){

/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */

bht m 3 =4>


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 65

/* f`gfn t`g ollagmh flhjbtblh usbhi be stmtgcght */be( m 1 ?4 ){

/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("m bs agss t`mh ?4Qh" )>

}prbhte("vmaug le m bs ; %jQh", m)>

rgturh 4>}


m bs agss t`mh ?4>

vmaug le m bs ; =4

be...gasg stmtgcghtMh be stmtgcght fmh og elaalwgj oy mh lptblhma gasg stmtgcght, w`bf` gxgfutgs w`gh t`g

ollagmh gxprgssblh bs emasg.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx le mh be...gasg stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;

be(ollagmh\gxprgssblh){

/* stmtgcght(s) wbaa gxgfutg be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh bs trug */

}gasg{

/* stmtgcght(s) wbaa gxgfutg be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh bs emasg */ }

Be t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh gvmaumtgs tl trug t`gh t`g be oalfn le fljg wbaa og gxgfutgjlt`grwbsg gasg oalfn le fljg wbaa og gxgfutgj.

F prlirmccbhi amhiumig mssucgs mhy hlh-zgrl mhj hlh-huaa vmaugs ms trug mhj be bt bs

gbt`gr zgrl lr huaa t`gh bt bs mssucgj ms emasg vmaug.


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 69

Ealw Jbmirmc


bht cmbh (){

/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =44>

/* f`gfn t`g ollagmh flhjbtblh */

be( m 1 ?4 ){

/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("m bs agss t`mh ?4Qh" )>

}gasg{

/* be flhjbtblh bs emasg t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("m bs hlt agss t`mh ?4Qh" )>

}prbhte("vmaug le m bs ; %jQh", m)>

rgturh 4>}


m bs hlt agss t`mh ?4>

vmaug le m bs ; =44


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 60

Z`g be...gasg be...gasg Vtmtgcght

Mh be stmtgcght fmh og elaalwgj oy mh lptblhma gasg be...gasg stmtgcght, w`bf` bs vgryusgeua tl tgst vmrblus flhjbtblhs usbhi sbhiag be...gasg be stmtgcght.

Y`gh usbhi be , gasg be , gasg stmtgcghts t`grg mrg egw plbhts tl nggp bh cbhj.

Mh be fmh `mvg zgrl lr lhg gasg's mhj bt cust flcg metgr mhy gasg be's.

Mh be fmh `mvg zgrl tl cmhy gasg be's mhj t`gy cust flcg ogelrg t`g gasg.

Lhfg mh gasg be suffggjs, hlhg le t`g rgcmbhbhi gasg be's lr gasg's wbaa og tgs tgj.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx le mh be...gasg be...gasg stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;

be(ollagmh\gxprgssblh =){

/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh = bs trug */}gasg be( ollagmh\gxprgssblh ?){

/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh ? bs trug */}gasg be( ollagmh\gxprgssblh 6){

/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh 6 bs trug */}gasg{

/* gxgfutgs w`gh t`g hlhg le t`g molvg flhjbtblh bs trug */ }


bht cmbh (){


/* f`gfn t`g ollagmh flhjbtblh */be( m 33 =4 ){

/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("Umaug le m bs =4Qh" )>

}gasg be( m 33 ?4 ){

/* be gasg be flhjbtblh bs trug */prbhte("Umaug le m bs ?4Qh" )>


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig 62

}gasg be( m 33 64 ){

/* be gasg be flhjbtblh bs trug */prbhte("Umaug le m bs 64Qh" )>

}gasg{

/* be hlhg le t`g flhjbtblhs bs trug */prbhte("Hlhg le t`g vmaugs bs cmtf`bhiQh" )>

}prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le m bs; %jQh", m )>

rgturh 4>}


Hlhg le t`g vmaugs bs cmtf`bhi

Gxmft vmaug le m bs; =44

Hgstgj be stmtgcghts

Bt bs mawmys agima bh F prlirmccbhi tl hgst be-gasg stmtgcghts, w`bf` cgmhs ylu fmh usg

lhg be lr gasg be stmtgcght bhsbjg mhlt`gr be lr gasg be stmtgcght(s).

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj be stmtgcght bs ms elaalws;

be( ollagmh\gxprgssblh =){

/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh = bs trug */be(ollagmh\gxprgssblh ?){

/* Gxgfutgs w`gh t`g ollagmh gxprgssblh ? bs trug */ }

}

Rlu fmh hgst gasg be...gasg bh t`g sbcbamr wmy ms ylu `mvg hgstgj be stmtgcght.


bht cmbh (){

/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =44>bht o 3 ?44>

/* f`gfn t`g ollagmh flhjbtblh */


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig :4

be( m 33 =44 ){

/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh f`gfn t`g elaalwbhi */be( o 33 ?44 ){

/* be flhjbtblh bs trug t`gh prbht t`g elaalwbhi */prbhte("Umaug le m bs =44 mhj o bs ?44Qh" )>

}}prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le m bs ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le o bs ; %jQh", o )>

rgturh 4>}


Umaug le m bs =44 mhj o bs ?44

Gxmft vmaug le m bs ; =44

Gxmft vmaug le o bs ; ?44

swbtf` stmtgcght

M swbtf` stmtgcght maalws m vmrbmoag tl og tgstgj elr gqumabty mimbhst m abst le vmaugs. Gmf`vmaug bs fmaagj m fmsg, mhj t`g vmrbmoag ogbhi swbtf`gj lh bs f`gfngj elr gmf` swbtf` fmsg.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx elr m swbtf` stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs ms elaalws;

swbtf`(gxprgssblh){fmsg flhstmht-gxprgssblh ;

stmtgcght(s)>orgmn> /* lptblhma */

fmsg flhstmht-gxprgssblh ;stmtgcght(s)>orgmn> /* lptblhma */

/* ylu fmh `mvg mhy hucogr le fmsg stmtgcghts */jgemuat ; /* Lptblhma */

stmtgcght(s)>}

Z`g elaalwbhi ruags mppay tl m swbtf` stmtgcght;

Z`g gxprgssblh usgj bh m swbtf` stmtgcght cust `mvg mh bhtgirma lr ghucgrmtgj typg,lr og le m famss typg bh w`bf` t`g famss `ms m sbhiag flhvgrsblh euhftblh tl mh bhtgirma lrghucgrmtgj typg.


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig :=

Rlu fmh `mvg mhy hucogr le fmsg stmtgcghts wbt`bh m swbtf`. Gmf` fmsg bs elaalwgj oyt`g vmaug tl og flcpmrgj tl mhj m flalh.

Z`g flhstmht-gxprgssblh elr m fmsg cust og t`g smcg jmtm typg ms t`g vmrbmoag bh t`gswbtf`, mhj bt cus t og m flhstmht lr m abtgrma.

Y`gh t`g vmrbmoag ogbhi swbtf`gj lh bs gquma tl m fmsg, t`g stmtgcghts elaalwbhi t`mtfmsg wbaa gxgfutg uhtba m orgmn stmtgcght bs rgmf`gj.

Y`gh m orgmn stmtgcght bs rgmf`gj, t`g swbtf` tgrcbhmtgs, mhj t`g ealw le flhtrla kucps

tl t`g hgxt abhg elaalwbhi t`g swbtf` stmtgcght.

Hlt gvgry fmsg hggjs tl flhtmbh m orgmn. Be hl orgmn mppgmrs, t`g ealw le flhtrla wba a emaat`rlui` tl suosgqught fmsgs uhtba m orgmn bs rgmf`gj.

M swbtf` stmtgcght fmh `mvg mh lptblhma jgemuat fmsg, w`bf` cust mppgmr mt t`g ghj le

t`g swbtf`. Z`g jgemuat fmsg fmh og usgj elr pgrelrcbhi m tmsn w`gh hlhg le t`g fmsgsbs trug. Hl orgmn bs hggjgj bh t`g jgemuat fmsg.

Ealw Jbmirmc


bht cmbh (){

/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */f`mr irmjg 3 'O'>

swbtf`(irmjg){fmsg 'M' ;


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V@MBN OBAMA M@CGJ

0=:6905275 Tmig :?

prbhte("Gxfgaaght!Qh" )>orgmn>

fmsg 'O' ;fmsg 'F' ;

prbhte("Ygaa jlhgQh" )>

orgmn>fmsg 'J' ;

prbhte("Rlu pmssgjQh" )>orgmn>

fmsg 'E' ;prbhte("Ogttgr try mimbhQh" )>orgmn>

jgemuat ;prbhte("Bhvmabj irmjgQh" )>

}prbhte("Rlur irmjg bs %fQh", irmjg )>

rgturh 4>}


Ygaa jlhg

Rlur irmjg bs O

Hgstgj swbtf` stmtgcghts

Bt bs plssboag tl `mvg m swbtf` ms pmrt le t`g stmtgcght sgqughfg le mh lutgr swbtf`.

Gvgh be t`g fmsg flhstmhts le t`g bhhgr mhj lutgr swbtf` flhtmbh flcclh vmaugs, hl

flheabfts wbaa mrbsg.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj swbtf` stmtgcght bs ms elaalws;

swbtf`(f`=) {fmsg 'M';

prbhte("Z`bs M bs pmrt le lutgr swbtf`" )>swbtf`(f`?) {

fmsg 'M';prbhte("Z`bs M bs pmrt le bhhgr swbtf`" )>orgmn>

fmsg 'O'; /* fmsg fljg */

}orgmn>

fmsg 'O'; /* fmsg fljg */}


bht cmbh (){


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/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =44>bht o 3 ?44>

swbtf`(m) {

fmsg =44;prbhte("Z`bs bs pmrt le lutgr swbtf Qh", m )>swbtf`(o) {

fmsg ?44;prbhte("Z`bs bs pmrt le bhhgr swbtf Qh", m )>

}}prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le m bs ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Gxmft vmaug le o bs ; %jQh", o )>

rgturh 4>}


Z`bs bs pmrt le lutgr swbtf`

Z`bs bs pmrt le bhhgr swbtf`

Gxmft vmaug le m bs ; =44

Gxmft vmaug le o bs ; ?44

Z`g < ; Lpgrmtlr

Yg `mvg flvgrgj flhjbtblhma lpgrmtlr < ; bh prgvblus f`mptgr w`bf` fmh og usgj tlrgpamfg be...gasg stmtgcghts. Bt `ms t`g elaalwbhi ighgrma elrc;

Gxp= < Gxp? ; Gxp6>

Y`grg Gxp=, Gxp?, mhj Gxp6 mrg gxprgssblhs. Hltbfg t`g usg mhj pamfgcght le t`g flalh.

Z`g vmaug le m < gxprgssblh bs jgtgrcbhgj abng t`bs; Gxp= bs gvmaumtgj. Be bt bs trug, t`gh

Gxp? bs gvmaumtgj mhj ogflcgs t`g vmaug le t`g ghtbrg < gxprgssblh. Be Gxp= bs emasg, t`ghGxp6 bs gvmaumtgj mhj bts vmaug ogflcgs t`g vmaug le t`g gxprgssblh.


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F Allps

F@MTZG_

==Z`grg cmy og m sbtumtblh w`gh ylu hggj tl gxgfutg m oalfn le fljg sgvgrma hucogrle tbcgs. Bh ighgrma stmtgcghts mrg gxgfutgj sgqughtbmaay; Z`g ebrst stmtgcght bh meuhftblh bs gxgfutgj ebrst, elaalwgj oy t`g sgflhj, mhj sl lh.

Trlirmccbhi amhiumigs prlvbjg vmrblus flhtrla strufturgs t`mt maalw elr clrg flcpabfmtgj

gxgfutblh pmt`s.

M allp stmtgcght maalws us tl gxgfutg m stmtgcght lr irlup le stmtgcghts cuatbpag tbcgs

mhj elaalwbhi bs t`g ighgrma erlc le m allp stmtgcght bh clst le t`g prlirmccbhiamhiumigs

F prlirmccbhi amhiumig prlvbjgs elaalwbhi typgs le allp tl `mhjag allpbhi rgqubrgcghts.


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w bag allp bh F

M w`bag allp stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig rgpgmtgjay gxgfutgs m tmrigtstmtgcght ms alhi ms m ibvgh flhjbtblh bs trug.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx le m w`bag allp bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;

w`bag(flhjbtblh){

stmtgcght(s)>}

@grg stmtgcght(s) cmy og m sbhiag stmtgcght lr m oalfn le s tmtgcghts. Z`g flhjbtblh cmy

og mhy gxprgssblh, mhj trug bs mhy hlhzgrl vmaug. Z`g allp btgrmtgs w`bag t`g flhjbtblh bstrug.

Y`gh t`g flhjbtblh ogflcgs emasg, prlirmc flhtrla pmssgs tl t`g abhg bccgjbmtgayelaalwbhi t`g allp.

Ealw Jbmirmc


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@grg ngy plbht le t`g w`bag allp bs t`mt t`g allp cbi`t hlt gvgr ruh. Y`gh t`g flhjbtblh bs

tgstgj mhj t`g rgsuat bs emasg, t`g allp oljy wbaa og snbppgj mhj t`g ebrst stmtgcght metgrt`g w`bag allp wbaa og gxgfutgj.


bht cmbh (){


/* w`bag allp gxgfutblh */w`bag( m 1 ?4 ){

prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>m++>

}

rgturh 4>}


vmaug le m; =4

vmaug le m; ==

vmaug le m; =?

vmaug le m; =6

vmaug le m; =:

vmaug le m; =7

vmaug le m; =5

vmaug le m; =9

vmaug le m; =0

vmaug le m; =2

elr allp bh F

M elr allp bs m rgpgtbtblh flhtrla strufturg t`mt maalws ylu tl geebfbghtay wrbtg m allp t`mt

hggjs tl gxgfutg m spgfbebf hucogr le tbcgs.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx le m elr allp bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;

elr ( bhbt> flhjbtblh> bhfrgcght ){


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stmtgcght(s)>}

@grg bs t`g ealw le flhtrla bh m elr allp;

=. Z`g bhbt stgp bs gxgfutgj ebrst, mhj lhay lhfg. Z`bs stgp maalws ylu tl jgfamrg mhjbhbtbmabzg mhy allp flhtrla vmrbmoags. Rlu mrg hlt rgqubrgj tl put m stmtgcght `grg, ms alhims m sgcbflalh mppgmrs.

?. Hgxt, t`g flhjbtblh bs gvmaumtgj. Be bt bs trug, t`g oljy le t`g allp bs gxgfutgj. Be bt bsemasg, t`g oljy le t`g allp jlgs hlt gxgfutg mhj ealw le flhtrla kucps tl t`g hgxtstmtgcght kus t metgr t`g elr allp.

6. Metgr t`g oljy le t`g elr allp gxgfutgs, t`g ealw le flhtrla kucps omfn up tlt`g bhfrgcght stmtgcght. Z`bs stmtgcght maalws ylu tl upjmtg mhy allp flhtrlavmrbmoags. Z`bs stmtgcght fmh og aget oamhn, ms alhi ms m sgcbflalh mppgmrs metgr t`gflhjbtblh.

:. Z`g flhjbtblh bs hlw gvmaumtgj mimbh. Be bt bs trug, t`g allp gxgfutgs mhj t`g prlfgss

rgpgmts btsgae (oljy le allp, t`gh bhfrgcght stgp, mhj t`gh mimbh flhjbtblh). Metgr t`gflhjbtblh ogflcgs emasg, t`g elr allp tgrcbhmtgs.

Ealw Jbmirmc


bht cmbh ()


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{/* elr allp gxgfutblh */

elr( bht m 3 =4> m 1 ?4> m 3 m + = ){

prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>

}

rgturh 4>}


vmaug le m; =4

vmaug le m; ==

vmaug le m; =?

vmaug le m; =6

vmaug le m; =:

vmaug le m; =7

vmaug le m; =5

vmaug le m; =9

vmaug le m; =0

vmaug le m; =2

jl...w`bag allp bh F

Whabng elr mhj w`bag allps, w`bf` tgst t`g allp flhjbtblh mt t`g tlp le t`g allp,

t`g jl...w`bag allp bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig f`gfns bts flhjbtblh mt t`g olttlc le t`g

allp.

M jl...w`bag allp bs sbcbamr tl m w`bag allp, gxfgpt t`mt m jl...w`bag allp bs iumrmhtggj tlgxgfutg mt agmst lhg tbcg.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx le m jl...w`bag allp bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs;

jl{

stmtgcght(s)>

}w`bag( flhjbtblh )>

Hltbfg t`mt t`g flhjbtblhma gxprgssblh mppgmrs mt t`g ghj le t`g allp, sl t`g stmtgcght(s)

bh t`g allp gxgfutg lhfg ogelrg t`g flhjbtblh bs tgstgj.


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Be t`g flhjbtblh bs trug, t`g ealw le flhtrla kucps omfn up tl jl, mhj t`g stmtgcght(s) bht`g allp gxgfutg mimbh. Z`bs prlfgss rgpgmts uhtba t`g ibvgh flhjbtblh ogflcgs emasg.

Ealw Jbmirmc


bht cmbh (){


/* jl allp gxgfutblh */jl{

prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>

m 3 m + =>}w`bag( m 1 ?4 )>

rgturh 4>}


vmaug le m; =4

vmaug le m; ==

vmaug le m; =?

vmaug le m; =6

vmaug le m; =:


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vmaug le m; =7

vmaug le m; =5

vmaug le m; =9

vmaug le m; =0

vmaug le m; =2

hgstgj allps bh F

F prlirmccbhi amhiumig maalws tl usg lhg allp bhsbjg mhlt`gr allp. Elaalwbhi sgftblh

s`lws egw gxmcpags tl baaustrmtg t`g flhfgpt.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj elr allp stmtgcght bh F bs ms elaalws;



stmtgcght(s)>}stmtgcght(s)>

}

Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj w`bag allp stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs ms elaalws;

w`bag(flhjbtblh){

w`bag(flhjbtblh){

stmtgcght(s)>}stmtgcght(s)>

}

Z`g syhtmx elr m hgstgj jl...w`bag allp stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs mselaalws;

jl

{ stmtgcght(s)>jl{

stmtgcght(s)>}w`bag( flhjbtblh )>

}w`bag( flhjbtblh )>


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M ebhma hltg lh allp hgstbhi bs t`mt ylu fmh put mhy typg le allp bhsbjg le mhy lt`gr typg leallp. Elr gxmcpag m elr allp fmh og bhsbjg m w`bag allp lr vbfg vgrsm.

Gxmcpag

Z`g elaalwbhi prlirmc usgs m hgstgj elr allp tl ebhj t`g prbcg hucogrs erlc ? tl =44;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

bht cmbh (){

/* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht b, k>

elr(b3?> b1=44> b++) {

elr(k3?> k 13 (b/k)> k++)be(!(b%k)) orgmn> // be emftlr eluhj, hlt prbcgbe(k 8 (b/k)) prbhte("%j bs prbcgQh", b)>

}

rgturh 4>}


? bs prbcg

6 bs prbcg

7 bs prbcg

9 bs prbcg

== bs prbcg

=6 bs prbcg

=9 bs prbcg

=2 bs prbcg

?6 bs prbcg

?2 bs prbcg

6= bs prbcg

69 bs prbcg

:= bs prbcg

:6 bs prbcg

:9 bs prbcg

76 bs prbcg

72 bs prbcg

5= bs prbcg


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59 bs prbcg

9= bs prbcg

96 bs prbcg

92 bs prbcg

06 bs prbcg

02 bs prbcg

29 bs prbcg

orgmn stmtgcght bh F

Z`g orgmn stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig `ms elaalwbhi twl usmig;

=. Y`gh t`g orgmn stmtgcght bs ghfluhtgrgj bhsbjg m allp, t`g allp bs bccgjbmtgay

tgrcbhmtgj mhj prlirmc flhtrla rgsucgs mt t`g hgxt stmtgcght elaalwbhi t`g allp.

?. Bt fmh og usgj tl tgrcbhmtg m fmsg bh t`g swbtf` stmtgcght (flvgrgj bh t`g hgxt f`mptgr).

Be ylu mrg usbhi hgstgj allps (b.g. lhg allp bhsbjg mhlt`gr allp), t`g orgmn stmtgcght wbaa

stlp t g gxgfutblh le t`g bhhgrclst allp mhj stmrt gxgfutbhi t`g hgxt abhg le fljg metgr t`g

oalfn.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx elr m orgmn stmtgcght bh F bs ms elaalws;

orgmn>

Ealw Jbmirmc


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bht cmbh ()

{ /* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =4>

/* w`bag allp gxgfutblh */

w`bag( m 1 ?4 ){

prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>m++>be( m 8 =7){

/* tgrcbhmtg t`g allp usbhi orgmn stmtgcght */orgmn>

}}

rgturh 4>}


vmaug le m; =4

vmaug le m; ==

vmaug le m; =?

vmaug le m; =6

vmaug le m; =:

vmaug le m; =7

flhtbhug stmtgcght bh F

Z`g flhtbhug stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig wlrns slcgw`mt abng

t`g orgmn stmtgcght. Bhs tgmj le elrfbhi tgrcbhmtblh, `lwgvgr, flhtbhug elrfgs t`g hgxtbtgrmtblh le t`g allp tl tmng pamfg, snbppbhi mhy fljg bh ogtwggh.

Elr t`g elr allp, flhtbhug stmtgcght fmusgs t`g flhjbtblhma tgst mhj bhfrgcght plrtblhsle t`g allp tl gxgfutg. Elr t`g w`bag mhj jl...w`bag allps, flhtbhug stmtgcght fmusgs

t`g prlirmc flhtrla pmssgs tl t`g flhjbtblhma tgsts.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx elr m flhtbhug stmtgcght bh F bs ms elaalws;

flhtbhug>


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Ealw Jbmirmc


bht cmbh (){


bht m 3 =4>

/* jl allp gxgfutblh */jl{

be( m 33 =7){

/* snbp t`g btgrmtblh */

m 3 m + =>flhtbhug>

}prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>m++>

}w`bag( m 1 ?4 )>

rgturh 4>}


vmaug le m; =4

vmaug le m; ==


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vmaug le m; =?

vmaug le m; =6

vmaug le m; =:

vmaug le m; =5

vmaug le m; =9

vmaug le m; =0

vmaug le m; =2

iltl stmtgcght bh F

M iltl stmtgcght bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig prlvbjgs mh uhflhjbtblhma kucp erlc t`g

iltl tl m amogagj stmtgcght bh t`g smcg euhftblh.

HLZG; Wsg le iltl stmtgcght bs `bi`ay jbsflurmigj bh mhy prlirmccbhi amhiumig ogfmusgbt cmngs jbeebfuat tl trmfg t`g flhtrla ealw le m prlirmc, cmnbhi t`g prlirmc `mrj tluhjgrstmhj mhj `mrj tl cljbey. Mhy prlirmc t`mt usgs m iltl fmh og rgwrbttgh sl t`mt bt

jlgsh't hggj t`g iltl.

Vyhtmx

Z`g syhtmx elr m iltl stmtgcght bh F bs ms elaalws;

iltl amoga>...amoga; stmtgcght>

@grg amoga fmh og mhy pambh tgxt gxfgpt F ngywlrj mhj bt fmh og sgt mhyw`grg bh t`g F

prlirmc molvg lr ogalw tl iltl stmtgcght.

Ealw Jbmirmc


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bht cmbh ()

{ /* alfma vmrbmoag jgebhbtblh */bht m 3 =4>

/* jl allp gxgfutblh */ALLT;jl{

be( m 33 =7){

/* snbp t`g btgrmtblh */

m 3 m + =>iltl ALLT>

}prbhte("vmaug le m; %jQh", m)>m++>

}w`bag( m 1 ?4 )>

rgturh 4>}


vmaug le m; =4

vmaug le m; ==

vmaug le m; =?

vmaug le m; =6

vmaug le m; =:

vmaug le m; =5

vmaug le m; =9

vmaug le m; =0

vmaug le m; =2

Z`g Bhebhbtg Allp

M allp ogflcgs bhebhbtg allp be m flhjbtblh hgvgr ogflcgs emasg. Z`g elr allp bstrmjbtblhmaay usgj elr t`bs purplsg. Vbhfg hlhg le t`g t`rgg gxprgssblhs t`mt elrc t`g elr

allp mrg rgqubrgj, ylu fmh cmng mh ghjagss allp oy agmvbhi t`g flhjbtblhma gxprgssblh

gcpty.

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

bht cmbh (){


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elr( > > ){

prbhte("Z`bs allp wbaa ruh elrgvgr.Qh")>}

rgturh 4>}

Y`gh t`g flhjbtblhma gxprgssblh bs mosght, bt bs mssucgj tl og trug. Rlu cmy `mvg mh

bhbtbmabzmtblh mhj bhfrgcght gxprgssblh, out F prlirmccgrs clrg flcclhay usg t`g elr(>>)flhstruft tl sbihbey mh bhebhbtg allp.

HLZG; Rlu fmh tgrcbhmtg mh bhebhbtg allp oy prgssbhi Ftra + F ngys.


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F Euhftblhs

F@MTZG_

=?Euhftblh bs m irlup le s tmtgcghts t`mt tligt`gr pgrelrc m tmsn. Gvgry F prlirmc `ms mt agmstlhg euhftblh w`bf` bs cmbh(), mhj maa t`g clst trbvbma prlirmcs fmh jgebhg mjjbtblhmaeuhftblhs.

Rlu fmh jbvbjg up ylur fljg bhtl sgpmrmtg euhftblhs. @lw ylu jbvbjg up ylur fljg mclhijbeegrght euhftblhs bs up tl ylu, out alibfmaay t`g jbvbsblh usumaay bs sl gmf` euhftblh

pgrelrcs m spgfbebf tmsn.

M euhftblh jgfamrmtblh tgaas t`g flcpbagr molut m euhftblh's hmcg, rgturh typg, mhj

pmrmcgtgrs. M euhftblh jgebhbtblh prlvbjgs t`g mftuma oljy le t`g euhftblh.

Z`g F stmhjmrj abormry prlvbjgs hucgrlus oubat-bh euhftblhs t`mt ylur prlirmc fmh fmaa. Elr

gxmcpag, euhftblh strfmt() tl flhfmtghmtg twl strbhis, euhftblh cgcfpy() tl flpy lhgcgclry alfmtblh tl mhlt`gr alfmtblh mhj cmhy clrg euhftblhs.

M euhftblh bs nhlws ms wbt` vmrblus hmcgs abng m cgt`lj lr m suo-rlutbhg lr m prlfgjurggtf.

Jgebhbhi m Euhftblh

Z`g ighgrma elrc le m euhftblh jgebhbtblh bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig bs ms elaalws;

rgturh\typg euhftblh\hmcg( pmrmcgtgr abst ){

oljy le t`g euhftblh}

M euhftblh jgebhbtblh bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig flhsbsts le m euhftblh `gmjgr mhjm euhftblh oljy. @grg mrg maa t`g pmrts le m euhftblh;

_gturh Zypg; M euhftblh cmy rgturh m vmaug. Z`g rgturh\typg bs t`g jmtm typg le t`gvmaug t`g euhftblh rgturhs. Vlcg euhftblhs pgrelrc t`g jgsbrgj lpgrmtblhs wbt`lutrgturhbhi m vmaug. Bh t`bs fmsg, t`g rgturh\typg bs t`g ngywlrj vlbj.

Euhftblh Hmcg; Z`bs bs t`g mftuma hmcg le t`g euhftblh. Z`g euhftblh hmcg mhj t`g

pmrmcgtgr abst tligt`gr flhstbtutg t`g euhftblh sbihmturg.


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Tmrmcgtgrs;M pmrmcgtgr bs abng m pamfg`lajgr. Y`gh m euhftblh bs bhvlngj, ylu pmss mvmaug tl t`g pmrmcgtgr. Z`bs vmaug bs rgegrrgj tl ms mftuma pmrmcgtgr lr mriucght. Z`gpmrmcgtgr abst rgegrs tl t`g typg, lrjgr, mhj hucogr le t`g pmrmcgtgrs le m euhftblh.Tmrmcgtgrs mrg lptblhma> t mt bs , m euhftblh cmy flhtmbh hl pmrmcgtgrs.

Euhftblh Oljy; Z`g euhftblh oljy flhtmbhs m flaagftblh le stmtgcghts t`mt jgebhg w`mt

t`g euhftblh jlgs.

Gxmcpag

Elaalwbhi bs t`g slurfg fljg elr m euhftblh fmaagj cmx(). Z`bs euhftblh tmngs twl pmrmcgtgrshuc= mhj huc? mhj rgturhs t`g cmxbcuc ogtwggh t`g twl;

/* euhftblh rgturhbhi t`g cmx ogtwggh twl hucogrs */bht cmx(bht huc=, bht huc?){

/* alfma vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh */bht rgsuat>

be (huc= 8 huc?)rgsuat 3 huc=>

gasgrgsuat 3 huc?>

rgturh rgsuat>}

Euhftblh Jgfamrmtblhs

M euhftblh jgfamrmtblh tgaas t`g flcpbagr molut m euhftblh hmcg mhj `lw tl fmaa t`g

euhftblh. Z`g mftuma oljy le t`g euhftblh fmh og jgebhgj sgpmrmtgay.

M euhftblh jgfamrmtblh `ms t`g elaalwbhi pmrts;

rgturh\typg euhftblh\hmcg( pmrmcgtgr abst )>

Elr t`g molvg jgebhgj euhftblh cmx(), elaalwbhi bs t`g euhftblh jgfamrmtblh;

bht cmx(bht huc=, bht huc?)>

Tmrmcgtgr hmcgs mrg hlt bcplrtmh bh euhftblh jgfamrmtblh lhay t`gbr typg bs rgqubrgj, sl

elaalwbhi bs masl vmabj jgfamrmtblh;

bht cmx(bht, bht)>

Euhftblh jgfamrmtblh bs rgqubrgj w`gh ylu jgebhg m euhftblh bh lhg slurfg ebag mhj ylu fmaat`mt euhftblh bh mhlt`gr ebag. Bh suf` fmsg ylu s`luaj jgfamrg t`g euhftblh mt t`g tlp le t`g

ebag fmaabhi t`g euhftblh.


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Fmaabhi m Euhftblh

Y`bag frgmtbhi m F euhftblh, ylu ibvg m jgebhbtblh le w`mt t`g euhftblh `ms tl jl. Zl usg meuhftblh, ylu wbaa `mvg tl fmaa t`mt euhftblh tl pgrelrc t`g jgebhgj tmsn.

Y`gh m prlirmc fmaas m euhftblh, prlirmc flhtrla bs trmhsegrrgj tl t`g fmaagj euhftblh. Mfmaagj euhftblh pgrelrcs jgebhgj tmsn mhj w`gh bts rgturh stmtgcght bs gxgfutgj lr w`gh bts

euhftblh-ghjbhi falsbhi ormfg bs rgmf`gj, bt rgturhs prlirmc flhtrla omfn tl t`g cmbh

prlirmc.

Zl fmaa m euhftblh ylu sbcpay hggj tl pmss t`g rgqubrgj pmrmcgtgrs malhi wbt` euhftblhhmcg mhj be euhftblh rgturhs m vmaug t`gh ylu fmh stlrg rgturhgj vmaug. Elr gxmcpag;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

/* euhftblh jgfamrmtblh */bht cmx(bht huc=, bht huc?)>

bht cmbh (){


bht m 3 =44>bht o 3 ?44>bht rgt>

/* fmaabhi m euhftblh tl igt cmx vmaug */rgt 3 cmx(m, o)>

prbhte( "Cmx vmaug bs ; %jQh", rgt )>

rgturh 4>}

/* euhftblh rgturhbhi t`g cmx ogtwggh twl hucogrs */bht cmx(bht huc=, bht huc?){

/* alfma vmrbmoag jgfamrmtblh */bht rgsuat>

be (huc= 8 huc?)rgsuat 3 huc=>

gasgrgsuat 3 huc?>

rgturh rgsuat>}

B ngpt cmx() euhftblh malhi wbt` cmbh() euhftblh mhj flcpabgj t`g slurfg fljg. Y`bagruhhbhi ebhma gxgfutmoag, bt wluaj prljufg elaalwbhi rgsuat;

Cmx vmaug bs ; ?44


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0=:6905275 Tmig 5=

Euhftblh Mriucghts

Be m euhftblh bs tl usg mriucghts, bt cust jgfamrg vmrbmoags t`mt mffgpt t`g vmaugs le t`gmriucghts. Z`gsg vmrbmoags mrg fmaagj t`g elrcma pmrmcgtgrs le t`g euhftblh.

Z`g elrcma pmrmcgtgrs og`mvg abng lt`gr alfma vmrbmoags bhsbjg t`g euhftblh mhj mrg frgmtgj

uplh ghtry bhtl t`g euhftblh mhj jgstrlygj uplh gxbt.

Y`bag fmaabhi m euhftblh, t`grg mrg twl wmys t`mt mriucghts fmh og pmssgj tl m euhftblh;

Euhftblh fmaa oy vmaug

Z`g fmaa oy vmaug cgt`lj le pmssbhi mriucghts tl m euhftblh flpbgs t`g mftuma vmaug le mh

mriucght bhtl t`g elrcma pmrmcgtgr le t`g euhftblh. Bh t`bs fmsg, f`mhigs cmjg tl t`gpmrmcgtgr bhsbjg t`g euhftblh `mvg hl geegft lh t`g mriucght.

Oy jgemuat, F prlirmccbhi amhiumig usgs fmaa oy vmaug cgt`lj tl pmss mriucghts. Bhighgrma, t`bs cgmhs t`mt fljg wbt`bh m euhftblh fmhhlt matgr t`g mriucghts usgj tl fmaa t`geuhftblh. Flhsbjgr t`g euhftblh swmp() jgebhbtblh ms elaalws.

/* euhftblh jgebhbtblh tl swmp t`g vmaugs */vlbj swmp(bht x, bht y){

bht tgcp>

tgcp 3 x> /* smvg t`g vmaug le x */x 3 y> /* put y bhtl x */y 3 tgcp> /* put x bhtl y */

rgturh>

}

Hlw agt us fmaa t`g euhftblh swmp() oy pmssbhi mftuma vmaugs ms bh t`g elaalwbhi gxmcpag;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

/* euhftblh jgfamrmtblh */vlbj swmp(bht x, bht y)>

bht cmbh (){


bht o 3 ?44>

prbhte("Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le m ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le o ; %jQh", o )>

/* fmaabhi m euhftblh tl swmp t`g vmaugs */swmp(m, o)>

prbhte("Metgr swmp, vmaug le m ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Metgr swmp, vmaug le o ; %jQh", o )>


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rgturh 4>}

Agt us put molvg fljg bh m sbhiag F ebag, flcpbag mhj gxgfutg bt, bt wbaa prljufg elaalwbhi

rgsuat;

Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le m ;=44

Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le o ;?44

Metgr swmp, vmaug le m ;=44

Metgr swmp, vmaug le o ;?44

Y`bf` s`lws t`mt t`grg bs hl f`mhig bh t`g vmaugs t`lui` t`gy `mj oggh f`mhigj bhsbjgt`g euhftblh.

Euhftblh fmaa oy rgegrghfgZ`g fmaa oy rgegrghfg cgt`lj le pmssbhi mriucghts tl m euhftblh flpbgs t`g mjjrgss le mh

mriucght bhtl t`g elrcma pmrmcgtgr. Bhsbjg t`g euhftblh, t`g mjjrgss bs usgj tl mffgss t`g

mftuma mriucght usgj bh t`g fmaa. Z`bs cgmhs t`mt f`mhigs cmjg tl t`g pmrmcgtgr meegft

t`g pmssgj mriucght.

Zl pmss t`g vmaug oy rgegrghfg, mriucght plbhtgrs mrg pmssgj tl t`g euhftblhs kust abng

mhy lt`gr vmaug. Vl mfflrjbhiay ylu hggj tl jgfamrg t`g euhftblh pmrmcgtgrs ms plbhtgr

typgs ms bh t`g elaalwbhi euhftblh swmp(), w`bf` gxf`mhigs t`g vmaugs le t`g twl bhtgigrvmrbmoags plbhtgj tl oy bts mriucghts.

/* euhftblh jgebhbtblh tl swmp t`g vmaugs */

vlbj swmp(bht *x, bht *y){bht tgcp>tgcp 3 *x> /* smvg t`g vmaug mt mjjrgss x */*x 3 *y> /* put y bhtl x */*y 3 tgcp> /* put x bhtl y */

rgturh>}

Agt us fmaa t`g euhftblh swmp() oy pmssbhi vmaugs oy rgegrghfg ms bh t`g elaalwbhi gxmcpag;

#bhfaujg 1stjbl.`8

/* euhftblh jgfamrmtblh */vlbj swmp(bht *x, bht *y)>

bht cmbh (){


bht m 3 =44>bht o 3 ?44>

prbhte("Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le m ; %jQh", m )>


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prbhte("Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le o ; %jQh", o )>

/* fmaabhi m euhftblh tl swmp t`g vmaugs.* &m bhjbfmtgs plbhtgr tl m bg. mjjrgss le vmrbmoag m mhj* &o bhjbfmtgs plbhtgr tl o bg. mjjrgss le vmrbmoag o.

*/swmp(&m, &o)>

prbhte("Metgr swmp, vmaug le m ; %jQh", m )>prbhte("Metgr swmp, vmaug le o ; %jQh", o )>

rgturh 4>}

Agt us put molvg fljg bh m sbhiag F ebag, flcpbag mhj gxgfutg bt, bt wbaa prljufg elaalwbhirgsuat;

Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le m ;=44

Ogelrg swmp, vmaug le o ;?44

Metgr swmp, vmaug le m ;=44

Metgr swmp, vmaug le o ;?44

Y`bf` s`lws t`mt t`grg bs hl f`mhig bh t`g vmaugs t`lui` t`gy `mj oggh f`mhigj bhsbjgt`g euhftblh.


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F Vflpg _uags

F@MTZG_

=6M sflpg bh mhy prlirmccbhi bs m rgiblh le t`g prlirmc w`grg m jgebhgj vmrbmoag fmh `mvg

bts gxbstghfg mhj ogylhj t`mt vmrbmoag fmhhlt og mffgssgj. Z`grg mrg t`rgg pamfgs w`grg

vmrbmoags fmh og jgfamrgj bh F prlirmccbhi amhiumig;

Bhsbjg m euhftblh lr m oalfn w`bf` bs fmaagj alfma vmrbmoags,

Lutsbjg le maa euhftblhs w`bf` bs fmaagj ialoma vmrbmoags.

Bh t`g jgebhbtblh le euhftblh pmrmcgtgrs w`bf` bs fmaagj elrcma pmrmcgtgrs.

Agt us gxpambh w`mt mrg alfma mhj ialoma vmrbmoags mhj elrcma pmrmcgtgrs.

Alfma Umrbmoags

Umrbmoags t`mt mrg jgfamrgj bhsbjg m euhftblh lr oalfn mrg fmaagj alfma vmrbmoags. Z`gy fmhog usgj lhay oy stmtgcghts t`mt mrg bhsbjg t`mt euhftblh lr oalfn le fljg. Alfma vmrbmoags

mrg hlt nhlwh tl euhftblhs lutsbjg t`gbr lwh. Elaalwbhi bs t`g gxmcpag usbhi alfma

vmrbmoags. @grg maa t`g vmrbmoags m, o mhj f mrg alfma tl cmbh() euhftb

bilal ahmed shaik c

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