TAXONOMYTAXONOMY

IdentificationIdentification, , Naming and

Naming and

Classification of Species

Classification of Species

Hist

ory

of th

e Hi

stor

y of

the

Clas

sifica

tion

Syst

em

Clas

sifica

tion

Syst

em

Why classify organisms?

Why classify organisms? Understand and find them

Understand and find them

more easilymore easily Taxonomy

Taxonomy-branch of -branch of

biology that groups

biology that groups organisms by organisms by characteristicscharacteristics Carolus Linnaeus

Carolus Linnaeus First to classify organisms

First to classify organisms by physical and structural

by physical and structural

similarities-plant and animal

similarities-plant and animal

Current: 3 domains and 6

Current: 3 domains and 6

kingdomskingdoms

3 Domains: A Broader Classification 3 Domains: A Broader Classification SchemeScheme

BacteriaBacteria: Modern : Modern forms of bacteriaforms of bacteria

ArchaeaArchaea: Ancient : Ancient forms of bacteriaforms of bacteria

EukaryaEukarya: Eukaryotes : Eukaryotes (protists, plants, (protists, plants, fungi, animals)fungi, animals)

Current KingdomsCurrent Kingdoms

The 6The 6 kingdomkingdom system of classification is the most system of classification is the most common:common: EubacteriaEubacteria: Prokaryotic organisms: Prokaryotic organisms Archaebacteria: Prokaryotic – extreme conditionsArchaebacteria: Prokaryotic – extreme conditions ProtistProtist: Eukaryotic cells that don: Eukaryotic cells that don’’t fit in the next 3 t fit in the next 3

kingdomskingdoms FungiFungi: Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs with cell : Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs with cell

wallswalls PlantPlant: Multicellular, eukaryotic autotrophs with cell walls: Multicellular, eukaryotic autotrophs with cell walls AnimalAnimal: Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs without : Multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs without

cell wallscell walls

How

are

they

Ho

w a

re th

ey

curr

ently

clas

sified

?

curr

ently

clas

sified

? Evolutionary phylogeny

Evolutionary phylogeny (evolutionary history)

(evolutionary history) DNA and biochemical

DNA and biochemical analysis analysis embryology

embryology Morphology (structure)

Morphology (structure)

What’What’s in a Name?s in a Name?

Sea

Cow

Sea

Cow

(Manatee)(Manatee)

Stink

horn

Stink

horn

Chee

selo

gCh

eese

log

Antb

ear

Antb

ear

(Aardvark)(Aardvark)

(Naked Mole Rat)

(Naked Mole Rat)

https://flic.kr/p/8dGfpRights Reserved under CC BY 2.0

Why do some Why do some organisms

organisms have so many have so many names?

names?

Linna

ean

Syst

em o

f

Linn

aean

Sys

tem

of

Clas

sifica

tion

Clas

sifica

tion

Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature

(Scientific Name)

(Scientific Name) Two-name naming

Two-name naming Important because:

Important because: gives a name to each organism

gives a name to each organism

that everyone can identify.

that everyone can identify.

avoid confusion of common

avoid confusion of common

names names (dog=hound=mutt=mongrel)

(dog=hound=mutt=mongrel)

The first name represents the

The first name represents the

genusgenus and the second name

and the second name

represents the represents the species

species..

Always written in

Always written in italicsitalics or or

underlinedunderlined with the first word

with the first word

capitalized.capitalized. Canis domesticus

Canis domesticus

Scie

ntific

Nam

e

Scie

ntific

Nam

e Ex

ampl

esEx

ampl

es

Panther: Panther: Panthera pardus

Panthera pardus Lion: Lion: Panthera leo

Panthera leo Tiger: Tiger: Panthera tigris Panthera tigris Fox: Fox: Canis vulpes

Canis vulpes Wolf: Wolf: Canis lupusCanis lupus Coyote:

Coyote:Canis latransCanis latrans

What is the What is the value of giving

value of giving scientific scientific names to

names to living living organisms?organisms?

Dich

otom

ous K

eys

Dich

otom

ous K

eys A tool used to identify

A tool used to identify unfamiliar organisms

unfamiliar organisms Describes physical

Describes physical characteristicscharacteristics Separates organisms into two

Separates organisms into two

groups based on shared

groups based on shared characteristicscharacteristics

Phylogenetic TreePhylogenetic Tree Group similar organisms Group similar organisms

together based on together based on inherited characteristicsinherited characteristics

Each branch origin Each branch origin represents common represents common ancestors of the branches ancestors of the branches aboveabove

Part IV. A systematist is exploring a planet in Part IV. A systematist is exploring a planet in another solar system and discovers the another solar system and discovers the following four interesting species. After following four interesting species. After being told that species "A" is very primitive, being told that species "A" is very primitive, our systematist decides to use it as the basis our systematist decides to use it as the basis for a phylogenetic systematic analysis. for a phylogenetic systematic analysis.

CharacterCharacter 1. Eyes present1. Eyes present 2. Spines present2. Spines present 3. Eyes on stalks3. Eyes on stalks 4. "Feet" present4. "Feet" present 5. Antennae present5. Antennae present