biochemistry practical

Biochemistry Practical

Dept.of Biochemistry

Zhihong Li ( 李志红 ) PhD

REGULATIONS OF PRACTICAL

Successful experiments usually depend on accurate managements. All students should comply with these regulations.

•1.The students should come into the lab on time. It is prohibit being absent, late or leaving earlier. Anyone who is late for 15 minutes or more should be thought as absenteeism.

2. It is necessary to put on the work clothes before entering the lab. Not permitted to come into if the students are wearing vest, short pants or slipper.

3. Keep quiet and neat in the lab. Any actions, which are not concerned with your experiment, should be avoided.

4. The students should know the content of practical, and write the objectives, principle and procedure on the report book in advance. (you can download the content from our website)

5. Carefully observe the experimental phenomena, record the experimental result and discuss the significance of the experiment.

6. Wash your hands in time after finished the experiment or touched the toxic chemicals.

7. Discard solid wastes in the provided waste containers, not in the sink! Rinse non-hazardous, water-soluble wastes such as small amounts of acids down the drain.

8. Carefully and accurately operate the apparatus. It should be kept in good order after your finishing the operation. It should be compensated according to the cause that results in the damage of the apparatus.

9. Each student should clean the bench, take back the apparatus to Room 2509, treat with the trash, and leave off after the permission of the instructor. The students who are on duty should clean the lab after the experiment according to the duty arrangement sheet. 10. The monitor should collect the report books and hand over them to Room S-2514 (or S-2509) before next experiment.

Contents

1 Volume transfer, accuracy and precision

2 Spectrophotometry & plotting of calibration curve

3 Serum total protein

4 Enzyme inhibition test

5 Alkaline phophatase

6 Serum glucose test

7 Final experimental operation exam

Final practical grade

• Final practical grade=– Daily performance (30%): report book,

attendance, operation and so on.– Final operation exam (35%)– Final writing exam (35%)

• 1/3 absent, can not take part in the final exam.

Volume transfer, accuracy and

precision

BIO - 01

PURPOSE

To learn how to handle pipettes, micropipetts and electronic analytical balance.

To learn how to dispense solution properly.

To learn how to dispose and analyze the experimental data correctly.

Part : Ⅰ PIPETTE

• Volumetric pipette has one calibration mark and is designed to deliver one fixed volume.

• Measuring Pipets include Serological and Mohr pipettes deliver various volumes to varying degrees of accuracy. The measuring pipette is calibrated along its length.

•Two types of pipette are commonly used in lab:

•Volumetric (or transfer) pipets

•Measuring pipets

TECHNIQUES FOR USING PIPETTES

1.Pipettes should be used only with Rubber Bulbs, mouth pipetting should not be allowed.

2.Squeeze the air out of the bulb and press the opening of the bulb against the opening of the pipet. Notice: the tip of the pipet must be kept under the surface of the liquid the entire time suction is applied or air will be sucked into the pipet.

3.Fill the pipette above the calibration mark using a pipette bulb.

4.Quickly remove the bulb and place your index finger (not your thumb) over the end of the pipet..

5.Adjust liquid level to the calibrating line during delivery. The lowest part of the meniscus, when it is sighted at eye level, should be level with calibration line on the pipette.

Right eye level

6. Tip the pipette against the beaker to remove any excess solution.

7. Reset the pipette tip against the wall of the container into which the solution is to be transferred and allow the solution to drain.

Leave the pipette in this position for at least 10 seconds after all the solution appears to have drained out and touch the pipet tip to the side of the flask to remove any droplets.

8. Remove the pipet. DO NOT BLOW OUT THE SOLUTION REMAINING IN THE PIPET.

The pipettes are calibrated in a manner that takes into account the solution which remains at the tip due to surface tension.

These pipettes are generally used in handling reagents and are considered not accurate enough to handle standard and sample.

Part Ⅱ: Micropipet

te

Multi-channel pipette

Single-channel pipette

FUNCTION OF THE MICROPIPETTE

• Micropipettes are Micropipettes are used to transfer small liquid used to transfer small liquid volumesvolumes..

• It is a precision instrument calibrated in microliters (μL). 1ml = 1000 (μL)

• It was invented in 1957 by Heinrich Schnitger iIt was invented in 1957 by Heinrich Schnitger in Germany.n Germany.

• These pipettes operate by piston-driven These pipettes operate by piston-driven air displacement.air displacement.

CAREFUL HANDLING OF THEMICROPIPETTE

• The micropipette must be handled with great care, to avoid damage.

• A damaged micropipette may produce imprecise measurements and this could affect the results of the experiment.

• Do not rough-handle or drop the micropipette.

Structure of micropipette•Push botton

• handle • tip ejector

• digital volume indicator

• tip ejector arm

• tip holder

ti p0.5-20µl

20-200µl100-1000µl

Select proper Pipette:

Micropipette have different volume range.

P5000 1,000 ~ 5,000μlP1000 200 ~ 1,000 μlP200 50 ~ 200 μlP100 20 ~ 100 μlP20 2 ~ 20 μlP10 0.5 ~ 10 μl

How to handle micropipette:

MicropipettesMicropipettes

• Micropipettes have Micropipettes have 3 positions3 positions::

– Rest position.Rest position.

– First stop. First stop.

– Second stop.Second stop.

Volume Adjustment Knob:

Digital Volume Indicator:

Pipettors – 3 Volumes:Step 1: Set and read the VolumeStep 1: Set and read the Volume

Operating the MicropipetteOperating the Micropipette

• Hold the micropipette in one hand and with the other hand, turn the volume adjustment knob (or shaft) until the volume indicator displays the desired volume.

• IF THE VOLUME ADJUSTMENT KNOB IS HARD TO TURN, STOP AND CALL THE INSTRUCTOR.

• DO NOT TRY TO FORCE THE KNOB TO TURN BECAUSE YOU WILL DAMAGE THE MICROPIPETTE.

• Do not adjust the micropipette volume above or below that recommended range (!!!).

Example of tip sizes:

Attaching the disposable tip

Operating the Micropipette-2Operating the Micropipette-2

Step 2: Attach the Disposable TipStep 2: Attach the Disposable Tip• Select a box containing the correct size tips to be used.• Place the pointed end of the micropipette shaft into one of the tips. • Press down and twist slightly to ensure an airtight seal, then lift-up the micropipette with tip attached.•YOU MUST NEVER USE THE MICROPIPETTE WITHOUT A TIP ATTACHED !!!


Step 3: Depress the Plunger to the First Stop

Step 5: Draw up the sample

Step 5: Pause

•To aspirate the sample into the tip, allow the pushbutton to return slowly and smoothly to the fully extended UP POSITION. NEVER LET THE PLUNGER SNAP UP!

•Wait a few seconds to ensure that the full volume of sample is drawn into the plastic tip. WAIT LONGER FOR LARGER VOLUMES or MORE VISCOUS ("SYRUP-LIKE") SUBSTANCES.

Step 4: Immerse Tip in Sample


Step 6: Withdraw the Tip

• Remove the tip from the sample liquid. Be sure No liquid remain on the OUTSIDE of the tip. • Visually examine the tip to make sure it contains reagent and that there are no bubbles present.

Operating the Micropipette-5Operating the Micropipette-5Step 8: Dispense the Sample•Step 7: To dispense the solution from the

pipette: a) Touch the tip end to the side wall of the receiving vessel. b) Depress the plunger to the FIRST STOP. c) Pause for at least one second .d) Press the plunger to the SECOND STOP (the second point, of greater resistance, at the bottom of the stroke) to expel any residual liquid in the tip (like "blowing out" a glass pipette).

(a) Start Dispensing

(b) 1st Stop = Dispense

(c) 2nd Stop = Expel

Operating the Micropipette-6Operating the Micropipette-6Step 8: Withdraw the Pipette•With the plunger fully depressed, withdraw the pipette from the receiving vessel carefully.

Step 9: Release the Plunger•Gently allow the plunger to return to the UP position.

Step 11: Discard the Tip•Step 10: Discard the tip by depressing the tip ejector button, as shown below. A fresh tip should be used for each sample to prevent sample carryover.

Press ejector button to discard tip.

Step-wise Operation of the Step-wise Operation of the MicropipetteMicropipette

• Set volume.Set volume.• Attach disposable tip.Attach disposable tip.• Depress the plunger to Depress the plunger to 11stst stop stop..• Immerse tip in sample and Draw up Immerse tip in sample and Draw up

sample.sample.• Withdraw the tip.Withdraw the tip.• Dispense the sample by pushing the Dispense the sample by pushing the

plunger to the plunger to the 22ndnd stop stop..• Withdraw the pipette and release the Withdraw the pipette and release the

plunger.plunger.• Discard the tip.Discard the tip.

Pippetting Guidelines and PrecautionsPippetting Guidelines and PrecautionsFor optimal reproducibility, use the following pipettin

g procedures:

(1) Consistent SPEED and SMOOTHNESS when you press and release the PLUNGER

(2) Consistent pressure on the PLUNGER at the FIRST STOP

(3) Consistent and sufficient IMMERSION DEPTH

(4) Nearly VERTICAL POSITIONING of pipette

(5) AVOID ALL AIR BUBBLES: Since the plastic pipette shaft can be damaged if liquids are drawn beyond the

tip into the shaft.

(6) NEVER lay the pipette on its SIDE nor INVERT the pipette if liquid is in the tip.

Part : Accuracy and PrecisionⅢPart : Accuracy and PrecisionⅢ

• In Science, we want measurements to be both accurate and precise.

• What is the difference between them?

Accuracy and PrecisionAccuracy and Precision

• Accuracy is a measure of rightness.– It means "capable of providing a correct reading or

measurement." – It refers to how closely a measured value agrees wi

th the actual value.• Precision is a measure of exactness.

– Precise means “repeatable, reliable, getting the same measurement each time.”

– It refers to how closely individual measurements agree with each other.

Three Three targets targets with three with three arrows arrows each to each to shoot.shoot.

Can you hit the bull's-eye?Can you hit the bull's-eye?

Both accurate and precise

Precise but not accurate

Neither accurate nor precise

How do How do they they compare?compare?

Error Sources

• Instrumental errors• Natural errors• Personal errors

Instrumental Errors

• Caused by imperfections in instrument construction or adjustment

• Examples – imperfect spacing of graduations, nominally perpendicular axes not at exactly 90°, level bubbles or crosshairs misadjusted …

• Fundamental principle – keep instrument in adjustment to the extent feasible

Natural Errors

• Errors caused by conditions in the environment that are not nominal

• Examples – temperature different from standard, atmospheric pressure variation, gravity variation, magnetic fields, wind and so on

Personal Errors

• Errors due to limitations in human senses or dexterity

• Examples – ability to read a micrometer, steadiness of the hand, estimate between graduations, …

• These factors may be influenced by conditions such as weather, insects, hazards, …

• Some of the afore-mentioned errors (instrumental, natural, and personal) occur in a systematic manner and others behave with apparent randomness.

• They are therefore referred to as systematic and random errors.

Systematic Errors

• Sources:– Instrumental,

physical and human limitations.• Example: Device is

out-of calibration.

• How to minimize them?– Careful calibration.– Best possible

techniques.

• Are TYPICALLY present.

• Measurements are given as:

Measurement + Systematic ErrorOR

Measurement - Systematic Error

Random Errors• ALWAYS present.

• Measurements are often shown as:

Measurement ± Random Error

• Sources:– Operator errors– Changes in

experimental conditions

• How to minimize them?– Take repeated

measurements and calculate their average.

Absolute error : E = Xi - XT

Relative error :

(1) Accuracy and error

100%rT

EE

X

Where, Xi: measured value; XT: True value

(2) Precision and deviation standard deviation (SD or S)

Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) or Coefficient of Variation (CV)

%100X

SCV

Mean: X= n

xxx n 21

Volume Accuracy Precision

　 ulerror （ u

l ）error

（％） S.D. （ ul ） R.S.D. （ ul ）

P20

2 ±0.1 ±5.0 ≤0.03 ≤1.5

5 ±0.1 ±2.0 ≤0.04 ≤0.80

10 ±0.1 ±1.0 ≤0.05 ≤0.50

20 ±0.2 ±1.0 ≤0.06 ≤0.30

P100

20 ±0.35 ±1.8 ≤0.10 ≤0.5

50 ±0.40 ±0.8 ≤0.12 ≤0.24

100 ±0.80 ±0.8 ≤0.15 ≤0.15

P200

50 ±0.5 ±1.0 ≤0.20 ≤0.40

100 ±0.8 ±0.8 ≤0.25 ≤0.25

200 ±1.6 ±0.8 ≤0.30 ≤0.15

P1000

200 ±3 ±1.5 ≤0.60 ≤1.30

500 ±4 ±0.8 ≤1.0 ≤0.20

1000 ±8 ±0.8 ≤1.5 ≤0.15

Accuracy and Precision of MicropipetteAccuracy and Precision of Micropipette

How to use electronic analytical balance

• Operation 1. Check to ensure that the horizontal

position of the balance is level. Each balance is equipped with a level indicator.

2. Switch on /power3. Tare ,make scale “0.000”4. Weight ： record the weight

• Attention • Horizontal-level bubble gauge

Pipette1) Prepare a electronic balance2) Prepare 200 ml of distilled water3) Prepare a glass beaker4) Weigh the glass beaker and Tare out the balance (i.e.,

make the scale 0.000)5 ） Select glass pipettes and rubber bulb6 ） Dispense 3.8ml (or 1.6ml) distilled water in the beak

er and read the balance and record the weight7) Repeat 2~3 times and record the weight of each time8 ） Calculate the Volume using the recorded weight and

Temp-Density conversion table.9 ） Calculate

PRACTICE

1) Prepare a electronic chemical balance2) Prepare 200 ml of distilled water and measure the temperature3) Prepare a glass beaker 4) Weigh the glass beaker and Tear out the balance (i.e., make the scale 0.000)5) Dispense 550 µl (or 160 µl) distilled water in the beaker

and read the balance and record the weight6) Repeat 2~3 times and record the weight of each time.7) Calculate the Volume using the recorded weight and Temp-Density conversion table.8) Calculate

MicropipetteMicropipette

ResultsPipette

Required

volume (ml)

3.8 (or 1.6)

Roll number

number1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

011

12

Measured Mass

(g)

Measured

Volume(ml)

Absolute Error

Relative Error

Mean of measuredvolume

SD

MicropipetteRequired volume

(µl)

550 (or 160 )

Roll number

number1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

011

12

Measured Mass

(g)

Measured Volume

(ml)

Absolute Error

Relative Error

Mean of measured volume

SD

Volume (ml)= Mass (g) / Density (g/cm3). Note the significant digits.

Table. the different density of water at different temperature

T(0C)Density(g/

cm3)T(0C) Density(g/cm3) T(0C)

Density(g/cm3)

0 0.999 868 12 0.999 525 24 0.997 326

1 0.999 927 13 0.999 404 25 0.997 074

2 0.999 968 14 0.999 271 26 0.996 813

3 0.999 992 15 0.999 126 27 0.996 542

4 1.000 000 16 0.998 970 28 0.996 262

5 0.999 992 17 0.998 802 29 0.995 973

6 0.999 968 18 0.998 623 30 0.995 676

7 0.999 929 19 0.998 433 31 0.995 369

8 0.999 876 20 0.998 232 32 0.995 054

9 0.999 869 21 0.998 021 33 0.994 731

10 0.999 728 22 0.997 799 34 0.994 399

11 0.999 632 23 0.997 567 35 0.994 059

Discussion

• How about the accuracy and precision of your operation (pipette and micropipette)?

• What are the precautions when you operate the pipette and micropipette?

Next experiment

• Spectrophotometry & Plotting of Calibration Curve

biochemistry practical

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