biodiversity biovii
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
1/21
BIODIVERSITY
Biology VII
Lilit Rusyati, S.Pd.
January, 2010 Created by Biology Teacher
[email protected]/www.lilitrusyati.blogspot.com
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
2/21
A. Level of Biodiversity
Variety of living things,number of kinds.
Ecosystem diversity
different habitats, niches,
species interactions. Species diversity
different kinds of organisms,relationships among species.
Genetic diversity different genes &
combinations of genes.
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
3/21
B. Biodiversity in Indonesia
1. The riches of floras in Indonesia
- DR. Sampurno Kadarsan
a. The wet tropical forest
b. The seasonal forest
c. The savanna forest land
d. The steppe
2. The riches of faunas in Indonesia
- Wallace & Weber
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
4/21
1. The wet tropical forest/tropical rain forest Tropical forests are characterized by the greatest
diversity of species. They occur near the equator.
Tropical rain forests are highly common in Africa, Asia,
Central America, South America and on many Pacific
Islands.
Temperature is on average 20-25 C and varies little
throughout the year: the average temperatures of the
three warmest and three coldest months do not differ
by more than 5 degrees. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with annual rainfall exceeding
2000 mm.
Soil is nutrient-poor and acidic. Decomposition is rapid and soils are subject to heavy
leaching.
Canopy in tropical forests is multilayered and continuous, allowing little lightpenetration.
Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may contain as many as 100 different
tree species. Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots, mostly
evergreen, with large dark green leaves. Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines
(lianas), ferns, mosses, and palms are present in tropical forests.
Fauna include numerous birds, bats, small mammals, and insects.
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
5/21
2. The seasonal forest
The seasonal forests can be found in India, South
East Asia, West Africa, the West Indies and
Northern Australia.
They are located between the tropical rain forests
and the tropical savannas.
Characteristics of the seasonal forest :
1. These forests have a distinct wet and dry season. They have fewer climbingplants than the tropical rain forests.
2. Many species are deciduous in eastern North America, western Europe and
Asia. They grow well in areas that have wet and dry seasons. The trees
shed their leaves in the dry season. The trees are not close together.
3. The oldest trees in the tropical seasonal forest are the bristle conepines. They are believed be more than 4600 years old.
4. Trees in the tropical seasonal forests tend to be larger than trees in eastern
Canadian forests. They grow to heights of 100 feet (30 metres).
5. Monkeys and frogs, spiders, kangaroos, koalas and rabbits live in the
tropical seasonal forest.
Teak tree
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
6/21
3. The savanna forest land
A savanna, or savannah, is a grassland ecosystem
characterized by the trees being sufficiently small orwidely spaced so that the canopy does not close.
It is often believed that savannas feature widely
spaced, scattered trees, however in many savanna
communities tree densities are higher and trees are
more regularly spaced than in forest communities.
Savannas are also characterized by seasonal water
availability, with the majority of rainfall being confined
to one season of the year. Savannas can be associated
with several types ofbiomes.
Savannas are frequently seen as a transitional zone,occurring between forest and desert or prairie.
Savannas cover 20% of the globe not including oceans.
The largest amount of Savannah is in Africa.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(forest)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(forest)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland -
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
7/21
4. The steppe Steppe-tundra is a sparse dry-climate vegetation type which was
widespread during Pleistocene times at mid-latitudes ofNorth
America and Eurasia, but no longer exists today.
The characteristics of steppe-tundra are inferred indirectly from
knowledge of the habitat preferences of the individual plant
species that were present in this vegetation, and from related
zoological and sedimentological evidence.
The terms steppe and tundra tend to imply a dense sward with
organic-rich soils, and so in this sense the term is misleading. For
convenience, the steppe-tundra can be divided into two types, a
more 'steppe-like' variant and a more 'tundra-like' variant.
For the tundra-like vegetation, analogies have been drawn with a treeless vegetation that presently
occurs in scattered patches on well drained south-facing hillslopes in north-eastern Siberia,
although the modern-day equivalent is thought to have too dense a ground cover of vegetation.[2]
Ground cover amounted to no more than about 50%, with mainly herbaceous plants but a few
scattered low shrubs and occasional stunted trees in sheltered spots. Peat accumulation wouldhave been negligible, and the soil would have had a much lower organic content than most
present-day tundra such as Ubsunur Hollow .[1]
The more steppe-like variant, containing a higher proportion of steppic species, would seem if
anything to have had an even sparser vegetation cover. The best analogy would be with semi-
desert transitional steppes that occur today at the northern fringes of the central Asian desert.
The steppe-tundra supported grazing megafauna such as bison, horses, and mammoths.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe-tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe-tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafaunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafaunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe-tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe-tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene -
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
8/21
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
9/21
1. The Spreading of Fauna in the West
Indonesian Region (Asiatis type)
Many found the kind of big mammal, exceptpocked mammal.
The diversity of colorful bird is very low.
Found the kinds of monkeys (primitive primate),mainly in Kalimantan.
Found endemic mammal, such as one hornedrhinoceros, two horned rhinoceros, orang utan,bear, cat, siamang, tarsius, bekantan, and kukang.
Found endemic bird, such as jalak bali bird, whiteeagle, red forest chicken, and the chicken pegarsalvadori.
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
10/21
2. The Spreading of Fauna in the East
Indonesian Region (Australis type)
Many poucked mammals (marsupials) are found,while big mammals are rarely raterary found.
The diversity of colorful birds is very high.
No species of monkeys (primitive primates) arefound.
Highly endemic animals, such as marsupials,Cendrawasih birds, Komodo dragons, Cuscus,Deer-hogs, Anoa, Butterflies, Macaca, Maleobirds, Lemur, and Musang Celebes can be foundin this area.
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
11/21
C. Benefits of Biodiversity
1. Ecological
Ecosystem
functions
Ecosystem services
Cleaning water,
habitat & breeding
areas for wildlife
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
12/21
2. Economic New food sources : Grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
13/21
3. Culture
Medicines
Plants
Jellyfish & sea
anemones
Nudibranchs
4. Science
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
14/21
How much biodiversity ?1.72.0 million species
Estimates to 100 million
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
15/21
D. Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction and
populationreductions
Hunting and
overharvesting Tiger
Dodo
Whales
Sharks Habitat loss
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
16/21
Extinction and
populationreductions
Pollution
Climate change Invasive species
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
17/21
E. Conservation of Biodiversity
1. In situ
- Reservation of biodiversity done in the original livingplace (its habitat).
- Ex : Gunung Leuseur National Park (Sumatra), KerinciSeblat National Park (Sumatra), Way Kambas National
Park (Sumatra), Tanjung Putting National Park(Kalimantan), Ujung Kulon Natinal Park (Java), GunungGede-Pangrango National Park (Java), BaluranNational Park (Java), Lore Lindu National Park(Celebes), Morowali National Park (Celebes), Komodo
National Park (small Sundanese), Tangkoko BatuangusNatural Reservation (Celebes), Lorentz NaturalReservation (Irian Jaya), Wasur Natural Reservation(Irian Jaya).
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
18/21
2. Ex situ
- Reservation of biodiversity (plants and animals) byexclusion from their habitat and keeping them in anotherplace.
- Collection garden, germ plasm garden, botanical garden,the storage in cold temperature chambers, the zoo.
- Ex : Medan zoo (North Sumatra), Asam Kumbang Crocodile
Park in Medan (North Sumatra), Mini Zoo in Lahat (SouthSumatra), Pematang Siantar Zoological Park (north Sumatra),Kinantan Zoological and Culture Park in Bukittinggi (WestSumatra), Sriwijaya Zoo Foundation in Palembang (SouthSumatra), Tourism Development Foundaion in Pekanbaru(Riau), Aneka Rimba Zoo (Jambi), Ragunan Zoo (Jakarta), Jaya
Ancol Centre of Sea Life (Jakarta), Seaworld Indonesia(Jakarta), Bird Park-TMII (Jakarta), Tamansari Zoological ParkFoundation Bandung (West Java).
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
19/21
Vocabulary Adaptation : modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for
existence under the conditions of its environment. Behavior : 1.anything that an organism does involving action and response to
stimulation; 2.the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment. Biodiversity : the number of gene, species, and ecosystems in plants and animals
which show various of shapes, appearances, frequencies, dimensions, and otherproprties.
Biome : a major ecological community type (as tropical rain forest, grassland, ordesert)
Biota : the entire organisms in a region, that is the union between plants (flora) andanimals (fauna).
Conifer : any of an order (Coniferales) of mostly evergreen trees and shrubs havingusually needle-shaped or scalelike leaves and including forms (as pines) with truecones and others (as yews) with an arillate fruit.
Deciduous : falling off or shed seasonally or at a certain stage of development in the
life cycle. Ecosystem : the complex of a community of organisms and its environment
functioning as an ecological unit.
Endemic : the spreading of organisms which is limited in a certain region.
Erode : to wear away by the action of water, wind, or glacial ice (flooding eroded thehillside).
Ex situ : the condition of the living organism outside its habitat (its living place).
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
20/21
Food chain : an arrangement of the organisms of an ecological community according tothe order of predation in which each uses the next usually lower member as a foodsource.
Food web : the totality of interacting food chains in an ecological community.
Gene : the part of chromosome which regulates the transfer of hereditary factors,formed by a number of nucleic acids which are composed into macromolecule calledDNA.
Habitat : the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally livesand grows.
In situ : the condition of the living organism inside its habitat (its living place/its originalnatural environment).
Nutfah plasm : the substance found in each group of living organisms and is heredityproperty which can be used and developed to create superior species or new cultivar.
Predator : an animal that lives by predation (a mode of life in which food is primarilyobtained by the killing and consuming of animals).
Prey : an animal taken by a predator as food.
Taiga : a moist subarctic forest dominated by conifers (as spruce and fir) that beginswhere the tundra ends.
Temperate : having a moderate climate which especially lacks extremes in temperatur.
Tropics : either of the two parallels of terrestrial latitude at a distance of abouttwentythree degrees north or south of the equator where the sun is directly overheadwhen it reaches its most northerly or southerly point in the sky.
Variation : the difference found between two individuals of one species.
Vegetation : the number of all plants found in a certain region; also plants which cover a
part or all of Earth surface.
-
8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii
21/21
SUCCESS
FOR YOU ^_^