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Why Biodiesel? Produced locally

Improved air quality

Renewable resource Simple production process

Works in existing infrastructure Todays diesel cars and trucks

Todays distribution system

Todays filling stations

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Brevard Biodiesel seeks to promote the availabilityand use of clean-burning, renewable biodiesel fuel as

a replacement for petroleum by raising public

awareness of its environmental, economic, and

national security benefits.

Brevard BioDiesel was formed in 2004 in BrevardCounty, Florida.

Web site: BrevardBiodiesel.org

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Making Biodiesel

Convert 3-headed Oils into HydroCarbonchains similar to petroleum diesel

Typical Oil, three fatty acid chains attached

to glycerol.

(Trilinoleic Ester, typical of soy oil)

Cetanetypical of petro-diesel

+MethanolH3C-OH

=Typical Biodiesel

Methyl-Ester +

Byproduct: Glycerol

aka Glycerine

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Making Biodiesel

Inputs: Vegetable Oil (Feedstock)

Methanol/Ethanol Catalyst - Lye (Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide)

Water

Outputs: Biodiesel

Dirty Water

Glycerine

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Filter

Glycerin

Methanol Recovery Wash

Transesterification Reactor

Holding/Settling Tank

FEEDSTOCK: Low-FFA Waste Vegetable Oil

Screen

Triglycerides

Free Fatty Acids (FFA)

Water

Catfish & French Fries

Catfish &

French Fries

Triglycerides

FFA

Water

Triglycerides

FFA

Water

NaOH or KOH

Methyl Esters

(biodiesel)

Soaps

Diglycerides

Monoglycerides

Excess Methanol

Glycerin

Excess Methanol

Heat & Time

Heat & Agitation

Methyl Esters

(biodiesel)

Settling & Separation

Compost(KOH only)

Waste Water

Pump & Drive

Soaps

Diglycerides

Monoglycerides

Excess Methanol

Reversible ReactionEquilibrium @ ~60%?Boost using: Excess Methanol Heat (

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Feedstock Choices

Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO)

Virgin Vegetable Oil

Soy Canola (variety of Europes Rapeseed)

Palm

Other: Hemp, Sunflower, Camelina

Tallow Human?

Algae

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Oil Feedstock Yields per Acre

per Year Corn15 gallons

Hemp31 gallons

Soybeans38 gallons Camelina50 gallons

Sunflowers82 gallons

Rapeseed/Canola102 gallons

Jatropha162 gallons Oil palm508 gallons

Algae - 20,000 gallons? (LiveFuels Inc.)

GreenFuel Inc:Algae insmokestack filter stack

Valcent: Vertigro algae

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Other feedstock

considerations Sustainable source?

Palm OilRoundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil: rspo.orgSustainable Biodiesel Summitsustainable-biodiesel.org

Will increased biofuel usage minimize human food production?(Consequently, the 498 million gallons of biodiesel that will be produced between 2006and 2015 will increase farm level soybean prices nearly 10 percent by 2015. Using the USDA 2006Long-Term Baseline forecast for soybean prices as a starting point, soybean farmers can expectincreased biodiesel demand to increase average soybean prices $0.58 per bushel by 2015.)

Chemical properties differfor example palm oil based B100biodiesel will start to gel at about 55 degrees F!

Is there enough? In the US we use 30-40 billion gallons of diesel onour highways each year. We produce ~5 billion gallons of vegetableoil per year. Another datapoint - New York City could produce 53million gallons of biodiesel annually from its waste greases That isabout 5x the annual diesel fuel consumption of its public transitsystem.

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Production System Choices

Batch processing vs. Continuous processing

Small Scale / Batch processing / (Homebrewing)

Appleseed Open Source Reactor (~$200-2000)

FuelMeister (~$3000-$4000)

BioPro (50 gallons in 60 hours) (~$8000)

Medium/Large Scale

Xenerga, Kissimmee, WVO, 5 million gallons per year(MMgy) (~$2,000,000)

ADM, North Dakota, Canola, 85 MMgy

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Appleseed Processor

open-source design improved upon by community

Build-it yourself, $200-$500

Kits:http://www.biodieselwarehouse.com/http://www.b100supply.com/kits.htmlhttp://utahbiodieselsupply.com/

Range from $200 for hardware lesstank/vents, $700 w/tank, $2000 builton-site.

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Other small processors

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Small System Costs/Sources Where/How to get

Vegetable Oilrestaurants, Prefilter WVOhttp://www.thecarycompany.com/containers/ez-strainers.html

Water settles to bottom of waste oil, scoop from topor press oil from seeds:http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_supply.html#Oilpress

Methanol/Ethanolracing fuelhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_supply.html#methsSunoco Racing Alcohol = Methanol $205.00 for 55 gallons

Sodium/Potassium HydroxideRed Devil Lye = NaOHKOH $2-$3/lb at http://www.braintan.com/50lbs for $96 @ http://www.chemistrystore.com/potassium_hydroxide.htm

What to do with GlycerineMaking soap:http://biodiesel.infopop.cc/eve/ubb.x/a/tpc/f/739605551/m/520604982http://www.utahbiodieselsupply.com/biodieselsoap.php

Compost?but probably not if NaOH, only KOHhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_glycerin.html

Convert to Syngas?

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Small System Regulations

Zoning considerations. For example, City of Melbourne incorporatesFlorida Fire Prevention Codehttp://www.fldfs.com/sfm/florida_fire_prevention_code_2004.htm

Limits on storage of material, methanol is one of most concern.

Recommend talking to nearest fire station captain before starting toreview your plans and configuration.

TaxesFederal excise tax: http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p510.pdfanalysis of excise tax re: biodiesel: http://www.unclefed.com/Tax-Bulls/2002/rr02-76.pdfFL State excise tax: ???

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Larger Processing

Supercritical process:

No catalyst

High temp/pressure

Continuous

Ultrasonic/Cavitation:

99% conversion, 5mins

50% less catalyst

Higher purity glycerolbyproduct

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Installed Cost Estimates

Roughly $1 per gallone.g. 10 Mmgy plant costs about

$10,000,000

Links to feasibility studies:

http://biofuels.coop/education/#feasibility

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World Biodiesel Production

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Government Incentives

Jobs Creation Act of 2004Up to $1.00 per gallon tax

credit (to blender of biodiesel)

Energy Policy Act Credits for using Biodiesel in fleets

(EPAct)

Minnesota requires 2% of diesel in state be biodiesel

(2005+). Washington state B2/Dec2008. Brazil B2.

Thailand B2.

More:

http://biofuels.coop/pdfs/13_taxes.pdf

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Consumer Vehicles - US 23% of US car buyers considering clean diesel, expect +15mpg gain, will

pay +$1500. Europe now > 50% diesel for new cars.(July 2007, up from 12% 2006)Europe average mpg: 36 US average mpg: 22

Ford F-1502009

Audi Q7 and A42008

Honda Accord2009

VW Jetta TDI2008

Also: BMW Series 3/5/6 (2008), Cadillac CTS (2009), Saturn Aura (2010),Mercedes 320 series (42 states, 2007). Hyundai SUV. Nissan. Toyota. Jeep LibertyCRD (42 states, 2007 B5). VW Touareg (42 states). VW Tiguan. VW Golfdiesel/hybrid?

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Looking Ahead

Biodiesel can be a piece of a comprehensive renewable energysolution.

Feedstock selection can impact economic, environmental, andchemical processes.

Traditional vegetable oil alone is very unlikely to source thetransportation fuel needs of the world.

Algae might prove an order of magnitude more important in comingyears.http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html

15,000 square miles of algae ponds would be needed to replace all petroleumtransportation fuels with biodiesel.$46.2 billion per year for all the algae farms, to yield all the oil feedstocknecessary for the entire country. Compare that to the $100-150 billion the USspends each year just on purchasing crude oil from foreign countries, with all of

that money leaving the US economy.