biogenic compounds and the atmosphere: an european perspective
TRANSCRIPT
1 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Biogenic Compounds and the Atmosphere: An European Perspective
Rainer Steinbrecher
Forest Air Chemistry
Air Quality in Europe
From Regional to Local Scales
Outlook: Climate and BVOC
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2 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Air Quality in Europe
IMK-IFU
3 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Air Quality in EuropeO
zone
[µg
m-3
]
July/August 2003 Germany, North-Rhine-Westfalia
4 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Air Quality in EuropeOzone Wank (1780 m asl.), Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 200620
30
40
50
60
70
80
W ank (1780 m)
Monthly means Trend Regression curve
O3
[ppb
]
YEAR
5 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 200620
30
40
50
60
70
80
W ank (1780 m)
Monthly means Trend Regression curve
O3
[ppb
]
YEAR
Air Quality in EuropeOzone Wank (1780 m asl.), Garmisch-Partenkirchen
(E. Scheel, IMK-IFU)
6 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Air Quality in EuropeSurface Ozone: Source AnalysisWaldhof, Germany (O3 background 1998: 39.2 ppbv)
Europe(18.3 ppbv)
Stratosphere(7.7 ppbv)
North America(8.5 ppbv)
Asia(4.7 ppbv)
(Derwent et al., 2004)Transport versus Production?
∗
7 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Master-Chemical-Mechanism MCM
(Derwent et al., 2005)
Aldehyde Cascade: 10-20%
PAN-Radical Storage: 80-90%
Air Quality in Europe
8 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Air Quality in Europe
(Derwent et al., 2006)
• Increase+ 0.48 ppbv per year
• Will continue at a similar rate, despite of stringent emission control measures in the past!
Mace Head, Irland (background ozone)12-months running mean1990 to 2003
Surface Ozone: Trends
What are the Reasons for that?
9 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Air Quality in Europe
(Derwent et al., 2006)
Mace Head, Irland (background ozone)+ 0.48 ppbv per yearTrend 1990 to 2003
Surface Ozone: Trends
What are the Reasons for that?
10 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Air Quality in Europe
(Derwent et al., 2006)
Mace Head, Irland (background ozone)+ 0.48 ppbv per yearTrend 1990 to 2003
Surface Ozone: Trends
What shall we do?
• World wide emission control of ozone precursors have to be set in force
• Only then we will achieve a reduction in surface ozone in Europe (MFR-Scenario)
• Decrease rate of - 0.14 ppbv per year or
– 4 ppbv in 2030
11 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Emissions in Germany: Sources and Trends
Anthropo. tot.
Em
issi
on [G
g]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
25001995 2000 2003
VOC
Anthropo. tot. Agriculture
Em
issi
on [G
g]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
25001995 2000 2003
VOC
Anthropo. tot. Agriculture Forest
Em
issi
on [G
g]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
25001995 2000 2003
VOC
(EMEP 2006; Smiatek, Steinbrecher 2006)
From Regional to Local Scales
12 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Monote
rpene
sIso
prene
Alcoho
lsoth
er VOC
Em
issi
on [%
]
0102030405060
Forests
Alkane
sArom
atics
Alcoho
lsoth
er VOC
0102030405060
Anthroposphere
Emissions in Germany: Source Split
(Smiatek, Steinbrecher 2006; Theloke, Friedrich 2007)
From Regional to Local Scales
13 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
April May June July August September October
Em
issi
on [G
g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
ForestsVOC
1994-2003
Emissions in Germany: Monthly and Annual Variability
April May June July August September October
Em
issi
on [G
g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
ForestsVOC NO
Em
issi
on [G
g]
0481216
Forests
1991-2000
1994-2003
April May June July August September October
Em
issi
on [G
g]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
ForestsAnthroposhere
VOC NO
Em
issi
on [G
g]
0481216
Forests
2004
1991-2000
1994-2003
(EMEP 2006; Smiatek, Steinbrecher 2006)
From Regional to Local Scales
14 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Emissions in Germany: Hourly VariabilityFrom Regional to Local Scales
Trace gases
15 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
30/07/ - 31/07/2002 [CET] 12:00:00 20:00:00 04:00:00 12:00:00
Flux
Rat
e [n
mol
m-2
s-1
]
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0IsopreneΣ Monoterpenes
Norway Spruce ForestEmissions in Germany: Hourly Variability
(Graus et al. 2006)
From Regional to Local Scales
16 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
Alti
tude
[m]
0
5
10
15
20
2503:00 CET
Crown Comp.
HO-Radical
Radicals [ppt]
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
Alti
tude
[m]
0
5
10
15
20
2503:00 CET
NO3-RadicalHO-Radical
Crown Comp.
Forest Air ChemistryNorway Spruce Forest: Night Time
(Forkel et al. 2006)
17 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,20
5
10
15
20
25A
ltitu
de [m
]
Radicals [ppt]
15:00 CET
Crown Com p.
Understory Com p.
HO-Radical
Norway Spruce Forest: Day Time
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,20
5
10
15
20
25
Alti
tude
[m]
15:00 CET
Crown Com p.
Understory Com p.
Radicals [ppt]
NO3-RadicalHO-Radical
(Forkel et al. 2006)
Forest Air Chemistry
18 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
BVOC
Forest Air Chemistry
Ozone
O3 ~ 20 ppb
(VanReken et al. 2006)Pinus taeda
19 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
Global Change and VOCVOC Oxidation in the Atmosphere
20 | R. Steinbrecher | IMK-IFU | 16.03.2007
KIT – die Kooperation vonForschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbHund Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
References:
• R. G. Derwent et al. Atmos. Environ. 1998-2006• EMEP,http://webdab.emep.int, 2006• R. Forkel et al., Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S28• M. Graus et al., Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S43• IPPC, http://www.ipcc.ch, 2007• M. Kesik et al., Biogeosciences 2005, 2, 353• T.M. VanReken et al., ACP 2006, 6, 4403• G. Smiatek,und R. Steinbrecher, Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S166• J. Theloke und R. Friedrich Atmos. Environ. 2007,
doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.026