biol 3301 - genetics ch2a - monohybrid cross st

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    Mendelian Genetics

    • Around 1857, Mendel began breeding garden peas tostudy inheritance.

    • Pea plants have several advantages for genetics.   Pea plants are available in !any varieties "ith distinctheritable features #traits$ "ith different variants#characters$.

    • %sed &uantitative #yes'no$ characters

    • %sed pure lines(

    )hite "hite "hite "hite

    *ed red red red

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    Mendelian Genetics

    • +o analye the trans!ittance of traits, !ade

    crosses bet"een garden peas varieties "ith

    discrete traits( "hite flo"ers'purple flo"ers

    • %sed se-ual reproduction in plants yes,

     plants have se- too

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    Mendelian Genetics

    • /irst pair of plants na!ed parental

    generation, P.

    • *e!oved anthers fro! one #purple flo"er$

     plant, used pollen fro! another variety

    #"hite flo"er$

    • 0elf pollination cross pollination

    • *eciprocal crosses

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    true-breeding,

    purple-flowered

    plant

    true-breeding,

    white-flowered

    plant

    cross-fertilize

    pollen

    pollen

    all purple-flowered

    plants

    Parental

    generation (P)

    First-generation

    offspring (F1)

    Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc

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    Monohybrid 2ross

    • 2ollected seeds, planted the! and obtained

    ne-t generation 33333333333333333333 

    • All flo"ers on these plants "ere 33333333 

    • 4et the! 333333333333333333333 

    • 2ollected seeds, planted the! and obtained

    ne-t generation 33333333333333333333 

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    !"# purple $"# white

    Second-

    generation

    offspring (F2)

    First-

    generation

    offspring (F1)

    self-fertilize

    Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc

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    Monohybrid 2ross

    • Plants in / generation had

     33333333333333 flo"ers in proportion

    appro-i!ately 33333333333333333 

    • All other crosses that follo"ed the

    inheritance of one trait produced si!ilar

    results and the sa!e ratio

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    Mendel6s conclusions

    • ach character is deter!ined by 33333333333333333333333333333333333 

    • ach organis! has 33333333333333 discrete

    factors per character • +"o units 333333333333 during ga!etesfor!ation

    • +he units do not !i- in hybrid, but one unit can 333333333333 the develop!ent of another 

    • id not !atter if the particulate factor "as contributed bythe !other or the father #reciprocal crosses i.e. fe!ale or!ale !eiosis$ not always!

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    *ule of 0egregation 9r /irst 4a"

    • uring the for!ation of ga!etes, the paired

    unit factors 3333333333333333333333333,

    rando!ly so that each ga!ete receives oneor the other "ith e&ual li:elihood

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    Modern ter!inology

    • +he trait #or character$ is coded by 333333333333 

    • Gene is located on 33333333333333, the location

    of the gene on the chro!oso!e is called 33333333333333333333 

    • ach organis! has a pair of each chro!oso!e  

     33333333333333, n

    • ach chro!oso!e contains the gene, but !ay

    contain different variant of a gene ; 3333333333 

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    Modern ter!inology

    • 0ince each organis! has a pair of chro!oso!es

    #one fro! the !other and one fro! the father$,

    alleles !ay be the sa!e 3333333333333333333or different 333333333333333333333333 

    • 9ne allele can !as: the appearance of another

    gene 333333333333333333333 

    • Allele that is !as:ed ; 333333333333333333 

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    Modern ter!inology

    2apital letter A 3333333333333333333 

    0!all letter a 333333333333333333333 

    AA 333333333333333333333333333333 

    Aa 333333333333333333333333333333 

    aa 3333333333333333333333333333333 

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    l

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    PP  P  P 

     purple parent

    all P sper& and eggs 

    pp   p

    white parent

    all p sper& and eggs

     p

    Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc

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    '$offspring

     p

     p

    P  p

    P  p

    sper& eggs

    or 

    ga&etes fro& '

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     pp p

    P  p p

     p

    ga&etes fro&

    '$ plants

    eggs

    '2 

    offspring

     p

    P P 

    PP 

    sper&

    P  p

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    ho&ozygous parent

     A A A A

    ga&etes

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    heterozygous parent

     A   a a A

    ga&etes

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    • A Punnett square 

     predicts the results

    of a genetic cross bet"een

    individuals

    of :no"n

    genotype.

    Copyright© 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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    P    p

    PP 

     p

     pp

    P  p

    eggs

    P  p

    self-fertilize

     pP 

    $

    2

    $

    2

    $

    2

    $

    2

    $

    #    s    p

        e    r    &

    $

    #

    $

    #

    $

    #

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    Branch diagram

    Parent 1 Parent Phenotype

    = P

    = p

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    +est cross

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    Figure 3-4a  Copyright © 200% Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc

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    4oss of function