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Biológia angol nyelven emelt szint — írásbeli vizsga 1612

Azonosító jel:

BIOLÓGIA ANGOL NYELVEN

EMELT SZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA

2016. május 11. 8:00

Az írásbeli vizsga időtartama: 240 perc

Pótlapok száma Tisztázati Piszkozati

EMBERI ERŐFORRÁSOK MINISZTÉRIUMA

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írásbeli vizsga 1612 2 / 20 2016. május 11.

Biológia angol nyelven — emelt szint Azonosító jel:

Important information

Read the following instructions carefully before you start your work. You have 240 minutes to complete your advanced level examination. Your written paper consists of two parts. For answering correctly the tasks (I-IX.) compulsory for everyone you are awarded 80 points. The last task (X.) contains two versions (A and B). You only have to complete one of them. You can be awarded the total of 20 points for answering only one of the two optional tasks. It means that by answering both you cannot get more points. If you do start answering both optional tasks cross out the one with a pen which you do not want to be included. If you fail to do this the examiners will automatically evaluate the ‘a’ version. Your questions are either multiple choice or open-ended ones. When answering multiple choice questions you need to write one or two capital letters into the empty boxes. These are the letters of the correct answer or answers. Make sure that your answers are unambiguous, otherwise they will not be accepted. If you want to correct your answer cross out the wrong one and write the correct letter next to it. When answering open-ended questions, you need to write technical terms, a few words, a whole sentence or several sentences or an essay. When answering the open-ended questions you need to write your answer on the dotted line (........). Mind your grammar because if your answer is not understandable because of bad grammar, or because it is ambiguous (e.g. it is not clear what the subject of the sentence is), it will not be acceptable even if it contains the correct terms. Points cannot be given for contradictory answers given to the same question. Each correct answer is awarded 1 point, unless otherwise indicated. Use black or blue pen. Do not write anything into the grey boxes

Good luck for your work.

A D A D C B D correct acceptable wrong



I. Double fertilisation 7 points

The flow chart represents the various phases of double fertilisation in Angiosperms. Study the diagram carefully and answer the following questions.

1. Which roman number indicates meiosis in the flow chart? Write the number into the box.

2. Name the structure indicated by letter ‘D’ and ‘E’. …………………………………

3. Which cells are diploids? Write the correct letter into the box.

A) The pollen mother cell, the ‘A’ and the ‘G’ cells B) The pollen mother cell, the ‘G’ and ‘F’ cells C) The cells of the endosperm, the pollen mother cell and the ‘G’ D) The cells ‘A’, ‘G’ and ‘F’ E) The cells ‘A’,’G’ and the cells of the endosperm

4. Describe the function of cell ‘B’. ……………………………………………………..

5. What does the zygote develop into? ………………….................................................

6. Which of the following statements is false?

A) The process IV is: fertilisation. B) The cells of the endosperm are triploids. C) The male gametes are formed in the stamen (anther). D) The first cell of the pollen is formed in the stamen (anther). E) The male gametes are formed in the carpel.

7. Fruit development has already started in the clematis plant on the right of the photo (réti iszalag, Clematis integrifolia). Which one of the cells marked with letters in the diagram can be found in this plant? Write the correct letter into the box.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. TOTAL

+

pollen mother cell

A

B C

D E

H: endosperm of the seed G

I.

II.

III.

IV. V. egg cell F



II. Bell jar model lung (Donders model) 12 points

The bell jar model demonstrates the mechanism of breathing. The tube marked ‘A’ is open at the top. Two balloons (‘D’) are fastened to the openings of the Y-tube marked ‘C’, one to either end. The flexible rubber sheeting marked ‘E’ seals the bottom of the glass jar. The sign on the apparatus says: Pull the rubber sheeting downwards and watch what is happening. 1. What visible change takes place in the model?

………………………………………………………

2. Which organs or organ parts are represented by the different parts of the model marked by the letters? (5 points)

A: ……………………………………………………

B: ……………………………………………………

C: ……………………………………………………

D: ……………………………………………………

E: ……………………………………………………

The graph below shows the changes of some physical parameters of the model. Let us suppose that the person carrying out the experiment was pulling down the rubber sheeting (‘E’) fast and at a steady speed for two seconds and was holding it in the stretched position for a while. 3. Match the parameters listed below to the appropriate letters to show which curve corresponds to which parameter. One of the letters can be matched with two parameters. (4 points)

• the volume of the bell jar • the pressure inside the bell jar • the pressure inside the balloons • the volume of the balloons • the speed of air moving into the balloons

A: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

B: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

C: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

D: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

E

A

D

C

B

idő

a vizsgált változó mértéke

B

A

C

D

0 6 s54321

The measure of the parameter tested

Time



4. Which time period shows the phase of inspiration?

A) The period between the 2nd and the 3rd second. B) The period between the 3rd and the 4th second. C) The period between the 2nd and the 4th second. D) The period between the 2nd and the 5th second. E) The period between the 3rd and the 5th second.

5. Which time period corresponds with the contraction of the breathing muscles?

A) The period between the 2nd and the 3rd second. B) The period between the 3rd and the 4th second. C) The period between the 2nd and the 4th second. D) The period between the 2nd and the 5th second. E) The period between the 3rd and the 5th second.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. TOTAL



III. Cystic fibrosis 9 points “Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common and best studied inherited ion channel disorders, which is caused by the lack of ion channels in glandular epithelial cells. On average, 1 out of every 2500 infants carries the recessive mutation in a homozygous form. Heterozygous individuals show no symptoms of the disease and they are mostly unaware that they are carriers. Although cystic fibrosis affects various organs, including the intestine, pancreas and reproductive tract, the respiratory tract usually shows the most severe symptoms. Victims of the disease produce thickened, sticky mucus, which is very hard to propel out of the airways. Affected individuals usually suffer from chronic lung inflammation. The gene responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF) was identified in 1989 and soon the base sequence of the gene and the order of amino acids of the corresponding protein (CFTR) were determined. The protein turned out to constitute a chloride channel embedded in the membrane of glandular epithelial cells. 70% of the mutant CF genes were found to lack three base pairs which code for the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe). Subsequent research revealed that the protein lacking this particular amino acid failed to be processed normally in the endoplasmic reticulum and as a result never reached and got built into the cell surface membrane. People carrying the mutated alleles in a homozygous state showed a complete lack of ion channels in their plasma membrane.” 1. Write the letters of the correct statements into the empty boxes. (2 pont)

A) The CF gene is present in all the cells of the body but only carries the mutation in the epithelial cells.

B) The CF gene is present in all the cells of the body but it is only expressed in the epithelial cells.

C) The CF gene is only present in the epithelial cell and therefore it can only be mutated in these cells.

D) The mutation occurs during the lifetime of the affected individuals. E) The affected individuals inherit the mutated gene from their parents.

2. With the help of the codon dictionary work out the three base pairs missing from the mutated CF gene. Write the appropriate letters of the bases into the boxes below. Coding strand of the DNA The complementary (‘silent’) strand of the DNA

3. Where is the synthesis of this protein carried out?

A) On the free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. B) On the ribosomes bound to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. C) In the cell nucleus parallel with the transcription. D) Inside the endoplasmic reticulum. E) In the lysosomes.

4. Based on the information of the excerpt name one such membrane bound cellular organelle where the transport of this protein (CFTR) with incorrect amino acid sequence can get stuck. …………………………………………………………………………………………………



5. Based on the figures found in the excerpt calculate the frequency of the disease causing allele. Let us suppose that the population is in equilibrium with regard to the given allele. 6. What are the chances of a healthy person carrying the mutant allele in this population? Write down your calculations and round your result off to 5 decimal places. 7. A healthy married couple turns to the genetic counsellor. They are enquiring about their chances of having a child suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). They both have a sibling suffering from cystic fibrosis but their parents are healthy. Support the answer of the genetic counsellor with calculations. (2 points) Codon dictionary:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. TOTAL



IV. Glucose tolerance test 6 points

The glucose tolerance test is a standard method to test for diabetes. The blood samples of three individuals (A, B and C) were tested. They each consumed 1g of glucose per kilogram of body weight dissolved in water on an empty stomach. Then each had their blood sugar content measured at 30-minute intervals. The results are shown in mmol/litre in the graph. According to the data obtained person ‘C’ suffers from diabetes.

1. Person ‘A’ weighs 80 kg and has a total blood volume of 5 litres. Your task is to calculate what percentage of the administered glucose was present in the blood plasma after 30 minutes. Let us suppose that the total amount of glucose was absorbed into the blood and that there were no other factors contributing to the blood glucose level. Write down each step of your calculation. The molar mass of glucose is 180g/mol. (2 points)

2. What is the reason for the fact that the blood sugar level only achieved its maximum level

after 30 minutes in person ‘A’? Discuss it briefly. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. What happened ultimately to most of the sugar absorbed in the healthy person ‘A’? ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

120 perc906030

15

10

5

a vér cukortartalma (mmol/liter)

A

B

C

sugar content of blood (mmol/litre

minutes



4. After 90 minutes the blood sugar level slightly dropped in person ‘C’ as well. How can it be explained?

…………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. The test does not provide conclusive evidence whether person ‘C’ suffers from type I or

type II diabetes, in other words whether it is the lack of insulin or the general malfunctioning of the carbohydrate metabolism that causes the problem. What should be measured in the above experiment to prove that it was type I diabetes that caused the problem. What would we experience then?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. TOTAL

V. Sponges and flat worms 10 points

Compare and contrast the characteristics of sponges and flatworms. Use the correct letters in your answer.

A) Sponges B) Flatworms C) Both of them D) Neither of them

1. They have foreguts and midguts.

2. They are chemotrophs.

3. They typically have a digestive system with two openings.

4. Their gas exchange takes place by diffusion over their entire body surface.

5. They reproduce asexually by budding.

6. Their eyespots can detect the intensity and direction of light.

7. They have striated muscle tissue.

8. They have pseudotissue.

9. The group includes parasitic species.

10. Their archenteron is lined with flagellated collar cells (choanocytes).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. TOTAL



VI. Chloroplasts and mitochondria 14 points The interaction and balance between the anabolic and catabolic biochemical processes in autotrophic organisms like plants is apparent at the level of individual plants but it can also be interpreted between producers and consumers at the level of the ecosystem. Study the diagrams carefully and answer the following questions.

1. ………………………………………… 2 …………………………………………… Write the chemical equation of photosynthesis and biological oxidation below the corresponding cellular organelle. Glucose is to be used in both equations. (2 points) Match the chemical compounds in the equations with the capital letters found in the large arrows of the diagram on the left. Write the chemical symbols on the dotted line next to the appropriate letter. The matching for letter ‘D’ has already been done for you. (3 points) 3. A: ………………………….

4. B: ………………………….

5. C: ………………………….

D: C6H12O6

6. Write the chemical symbols of the equations into the appropriate empty arrows of the

diagram on the right. One of the arrows is to be left empty. (4 points) There is a cycle of chemical reactions operating in both the chloroplast and mitochondrion (shown by small arrows in the diagrams). Write the appropriate letters next to the statements about the two different cycles.

A) Citric acid cycle (Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle) B) Dark phase (Calvin cycle) C) Both of them D) Neither of them

terminális oxidációTerminal oxidation

fotorendszer II. I. = photosystems II. I.



7. During the cycle the carbon atoms of the intermediates are oxidised.

8. Carbon dioxide enters this cycle.

9. Reduced NADPH+H coenzymes are formed in the cycle.

10. It is only carried out in the dark.

11. It is only carried out in the presence of oxygen in the cells.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. TOTAL

VII. The endosymbiotic theory 7 points The endosymbiotic theory about the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts was put forward by Lynn Margulis. 1. Which of the following statements support the theory? Write the appropriate letters into

the boxes. (3 points)

A) DNA can be found in mitochondria. B) The chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane. C) Starch is made in the chloroplast. D) Mitochondria divide independently. E) Processes carried out in the chloroplasts are cyclic. F) Photosynthesis requires light.

2. If the endosymbiotic theory is correct the traditional view of the phylogenetic tree has to

be altered. How?

A) Eukaryotes and prokaryotes should be considered to be of the same age. B) In addition to branches arising, fusions have to be assumed as well. C) Modern bacteria have to be regarded as the ancestors of present eukaryotes. D) The chronologically unidirectional process at some points has to be

illustrated as cyclical. E) Genetic similarities cannot be regarded as the measure of relatedness.

3. Endosymbiosis is known to exist between other living organisms. Name one such

relationship and describe the advantages for both partners. (3 points) Between …….............................……....and ……………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1. 2. 3. TOTAL



VIII. Soil — plant — element 10 points

The graphs show the distribution of the amount of calcium, phosphorous and nitrogen in the soil, root, trunk and canopy level of tropical rainforests of different ages.

1. Plants require phosphorous to manufacture which of the following compounds? (2 points)

A) ATP B) DNA C) amino acids D) cellulose E) starch

2. Plants require nitrogen to manufacture which of the following compounds? (2 points)

A) DNA B) fats C) cellulose D) starch E) amino acids

Write the appropriate capital letters into the boxes next to the statements. A) Phosphorous B) Nitrogen C) Both of them D) Neither of them

3. In old forest stands large proportions of it is taken up into the plants.

4. During the process of succession there is a manifold increase in its quantity.

5. Most plants can take it up in elementary form.

6. In old forest stands the roots and the trunks of trees require it in approximately equal proportions.

7. Account for the rapidly decreasing nitrogen content of the soil in the first 10 years following the cutting down of the forest.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Explain the rapid decrease in the amount of phosphorous in the first 10 years.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. TOTAL

kg / ha

Age (year)

Phosphorous

nitrogen

root

soil

leaf

trunk

leaf

root

soil

trunk



IX. The skull in Leonardo’s drawing 5 points

The drawing coming from the notebook of Leonardo depicts the skull and the vertebral column. Leonardo emphasised the close unity of the vertebrae and the skull and that is why he did not highlight the unique way in which the first two cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis) can move. Describe the movement these two vertebrae, unlike the others, can bring about. 1. The first cervical vertebra, the

atlas:

……………………………………

……………………………………

…………………………………..

2. The second cervical vertebra, the

axis:

……………………………………………

……………………………………………

3. The foramen magnum, which ensures the connection between the spinal cord and the brain, can clearly be seen in the drawing. Describe which part of the brain the spinal cord connects to and name one of its biological functions. (2 points)

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

4. Of the facial bones the palate is also shown in the drawing. In the process of

swallowing the hind and soft part of the palate is moved. What is the function of this

reflexive movement?

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

1. 2. 3. 4. TOTAL



X. Optional tasks 20 points A) Body fluids In the field of capillaries 13 points

Unfortunately we are all too familiar with the sad pictures depicting starving children with bloated belly arriving through different media channels. The condition is caused by changes in the movement of fluids across the capillaries and results in the body fluids accumulating in the interstitial space. The principles of the healthy movement of fluids are shown in the diagram. Based on the diagram and your knowledge answer the following questions. 1. Name the types of body fluids found in the space marked ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘E’ in the diagram. (3 points)

C:…………………………………………………………………

D: ………………………………………………………………..

E:…………………………………………………………………

2. What is one of the most important differences between the body fluids marked ‘C’ and

‘D’ with regard to their composition? Write the letter of the correct answer into the box.

A) The glucose concentration of fluid ‘D’ is higher than that of ‘C’. B) The protein (albumine) concentration of fluid ‘C’ is higher than that of ‘D’. C) The NaCl concentration of fluid ‘C’ is higher than that of ‘D’. D) The protein (albumin) concentration of fluid ‘D’ is higher than that of ‘C’. E) The NaCl concentration of fluid ‘D’ is higher than that of ‘C’.

cells

Venal side Arterial side



The direction of fluid movement across the capillaries shown by the large arrows in the diagram is determined by the resultant of two opposing pressure forces. The forces are indicated by ‘A’ and ‘B’ and their relationship is shown in the lower diagram. Write the appropriate letter into the boxes next to the numbered statements.

A) The curve marked ‘A’ B) The curve marked ‘B’ C) Both of them D) Neither of them

3. It shows the hydrostatic pressure of the blood.

4. It shows the osmotic pressure of the blood.

5. Its size only depends on the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries.

6. Its size primarily depends on the protein (albumin) concentration of the blood.

7. It causes the fluid to flow out of the capillaries at the arterial side of the capillaries.

Fill the gaps in the following text by choosing from the words given below.

protein, fat, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, capillaries, lymph vessels, interstitial space, cells In case of sustained starvation the (8)…………………….. content of the blood is beginning

to be broken down. This leads to a decrease in the (9)……………………… of the blood,

which is normally responsible for causing the fluid to flow into the (10)………………………

As a result, the fluid building up in the (11)…………………....... causes the belly of the

children to become bloated.

Blood pressure - essay 7 points In your essay describe the factors affecting blood pressure. Include the following points:

1. What is the reason behind the two different (lower and higher) pressure values? Give their standard values. (3 points)

2. What is the reason behind the difference between the arteries and veins with regard to their blood pressure values? (1 point)

3. What effect does the short term stress have on the blood pressure values through neural and hormonal regulations? (Which neurons and hormones are exactly responsible for bringing about this effect?) (3 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Essay TOTAL

Write your essay on page 18-19. Make your essay concise and preferably not longer than 1 page.



X. Optional tasks 20 points B) Gaia The privileged planet 10 points

Jim Lovelock was put in charge of a NASA space research project aiming at developing a method to signal the presence of life in other planets. The project prompted him to approach the existence of life on Earth in a novel way. The chemical composition of the real Earth can be compared to that of the neighbouring planets as well as to calculated values applying to a theoretical Earth which is similar in every respect to the real one but without life. Some of the figures provided by Lovelock are shown in the table below.

THE REAL EARTH

%

THE EARTH WITHOUT LIFE (CALCULATED)

%

VENUS %

AIR CO2 0,03 99,0 96,5 N2 78,0 0 3,5 O2 21,0 traces traces Ar <1,0 <1,0 0,007 OCEANS H2O 96 85 - salts 3,5 13 - nitrates traces 1,7 - 1. The existing levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen on Earth are mostly maintained by the

process of photosynthesis carried out by plants. Work out how many dm3 of oxygen are released into the atmosphere while producing 1 kg of plant carbohydrate (glucose). The molar mass of glucose is 180 g/mol. The volume of one mole gas can be considered to be 24 dm3. (2 points)

2. It is not in the body of living organism (biomass) that the largest proportions of the carbon

dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere is stored in a fixed form. Name three further substances occurring in nature whose carbon content originate from the atmosphere. (3 points)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………



3. The elementary nitrogen gas of the atmosphere cannot be used by most organisms but it is

still an indicator of life according to Lovelock. Name the type of organisms which produce it.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Nitrates only occur in traces in natural waters. Name a process by which the concentration

of nitrate ions is reduced in nature.

……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. One of the consequences of environmental load is the altered concentrations of naturally

occurring substances. The increasing nitrate concentrations of soil water and the green house effect are both anthropogenic effects which are caused partly by the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words! You do not need to use all the words. (3 points)

shorter longer fertilisers radioactive substances water nitrogen oxygen (O2)

The atmospheric carbon dioxide allows the solar radiation to pass through the atmosphere but

partly absorbs the radiation with wavelengths ……………………. than visible light reflected

by the surface of the earth. The atmospheric …………………… molecules have similar

effects. The increasing nitrate levels of the soil water can partly be attributed to the excessive

use of ………………………..

Gaia’s green gown — essay 10 points Lovelock considers the Earth as a single self regulating system and refers to it as Gaia, the Greek goddess of the Earth. In your essay describe the role plants and fungi play in this system. Include the following points: 1. The function of plants and fungi in the process of soil formation as well as their role in

soil protection and maintenance. (4 points) 2. The role of plants in the formation of non-renewable energy sources. (2 points) 3. The role of plants in regulating the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

(1 point) 4. The different ways in which plant biomass can be used as a renewable energy source.

Discuss the possible advantages and disadvantages. (3 points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Essay TOTAL

Write your essay on page 18-19. Make your essay concise and preferably not longer than 1 page.



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Maximum

score Achieved

score

I. Double fertilisation 7

II. Bell jar model lung (Donders model) 12

III. Cystic fibrosis 9

IV. Glucose tolerance test 6

V. Sponges and flat worm 10

VI. Chloroplasts and mitochondria 14

VII. The endosymbiotic theory 7

VIII. Soil — plant — element 10

IX. The skull in Leonardo’s drawing 5

Total score of the test: 80

X. Optional essay or problem solving task 20

Total score of the written examination: 100

marking teacher Date: ………………………………….. ________________________________________________________________________________________

elért pontszám egész számra

kerekítve / achieved score rounded to an

integer

programba beírt egész pontszám

/ integer score

written into the programe

Feladatsor / Test

Választható esszé vagy problémafeladat / Optional essay or problem solving task

javító tanár / marking teacher

jegyző / administrator

Dátum/Date: ………………………… Dátum/Date: …………………………………

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