biorrefinarias: máquinas de produção de energia e armazenamento geológico de carbono
DESCRIPTION
Café com Física IFSC /USP. Biorrefinarias: Máquinas de Produção de Energia e Armazenamento Geológico de Carbono. Paulo Seleghim Jr. [email protected]. The problem. Energy use by humankind. Power to sustain our life processes. 2500 cal/day. 2000 W. 120 W. 90 W. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Biorrefinarias: Máquinas de Produção de Energia e Armazenamento Geológico de
CarbonoPaulo Seleghim Jr.
Café com FísicaCafé com FísicaIFSC/USPIFSC/USP
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Power to sustain our life processes
Power to support our lifestyle
2500 cal/day
120 W
90 W
2000 W
500 EJ/year
2300 W7 billion people
industry + agriculture (28% = )
transportation sector (27% )
services + residences (36% )
Energy use by humankind
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Typical sugarcane millTypical sugarcane millNon-renewable Carbon based economy
CO2
energychemical compounds
petroleum
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Typical sugarcane millTypical sugarcane millFossil carbon based economy
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Typical sugarcane millTypical sugarcane millRenewable neutral carbon based economy
energybiochemical compounds
CO2
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Typical sugarcane millTypical sugarcane millFossil carbon based economy
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Typical sugarcane millTypical sugarcane millFossil carbon based economy
Already engenders tremendous socio-economic impacts on…
HUMAN CONDITION !
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Typical sugarcane millTypical sugarcane millRenewable negative carbon based economy
energy - biochemical compounds
CO2
CO2
CO2
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Typical sugarcane millTypical sugarcane millFossil carbon based economy
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Typical sugarcane millTypical sugarcane millFossil carbon based economy
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
frequency (%)
area (kha)
$
plantation external
limit (r)
filed operations cost ~ r3
economies of scale ~r2
viability limit
Typical sugarcane mill
state of São Paulo
Agriculture / Industry equilibrium
Typical sugarcane millAgro-Industrial Reference Unit – Processing Scales
30 kha500 tsc/h
lowerviability limit
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Agricultural production + Logistics + Industrial Processing
20 – 40 kha
sunlight water CO2
sugar(35 t/h)
ethanol(42 m3/h)
electricity(50 MW)
solids1-10 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
CO2
2 t/h
harvesting500 t/h
field op.
water1000 t/h
nutrients (1 ton/h)
200 MUS$
Agro-Industrial Reference Unit – Processing Scales
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Carbon capture and storage
Fermentation: 2 tCO2/h
Bagasse and straw combustion: 89 tCO2/h
Potential CO2 capture for a reference sugarcane mill
Annual CO2 capture and storage by the sugarcane sector One mill: 0.43 MtCO2/year
Number of mills: 450 average proc. rate 500tsc/h
Annual CCS: 292 MtCO2/year
Annual CO2 Brazilian emissions
~ 400 MtCo2/year
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dewatering
water
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
boiler andturbines
sugar cane500 tc/h
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
electricity40-50 MW
straw
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dewatering
dewatering
water
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
boiler andturbines
sugar cane500 tc/h
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse
150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
electricity20-30 MW
bagasse150 t/h
straw
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dewatering
dewatering
water
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
boiler andturbines
sugar cane500 tc/h
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
photo-bioreactor
extractionseparation
transes-terification
biodiesel /chemicals
broth
glycerin
nutrientsnutrients
waterwater
electricity10-20 MW
bagasse150 t/h
straw
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chemicals
waterwater
dewatering
dewatering
water
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
boiler andturbines
sugar cane500 tc/h
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
anaerobic digestion
electricity10-20 MW
bagasse150 t/h
straw
methane
nutrientsnutrients
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dewatering
dewatering
water
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
sugar cane500 tc/h
electricity~10 MW
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
CO2
bagasse150 t/h
straw
chemicals
waterwater
anaerobic digestion
methane
nutrientsnutrients
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Production of supercritical CO2 from oxycombustion
cyclone condensereconomizer
biomass
boiler
superheater
power cycle
evaporator
N2
water
supercritical CO2 unit
air
CO2
CO2
air separation unit
oxyfuel boiler
scCO2
power
O2
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Temperature oC
Entropy kJ/kg/oC
separaçãoH2O
pressão de injeção no
reservatório
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Carbon capture and storage
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Carbon capture and storage
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Carbon capture and storage
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Carbon capture and storage
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Carbon capture and storage
Oil and gas 2.5 Gtenough for 6 years
Saline aquifers 2000 Gtenough for 5000 years
Pre-salt ???
CO2 storage capacity (CarbMap project)
Sugarcane sector 292Mta,
total Brazilian emissions 400Mta…
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Example of commercial plants in operation
Reference sugarcane mill: 0.43 MtCO2/year
Global CCS Institute 2012, The Global Status of CCS: 2012
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Example of commercial plants in operation
Reference sugarcane mill: 0.43 MtCO2/year
Global CCS Institute 2012, The Global Status of CCS: 2012
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operatingparamete
rs
Process optimization approach
uniform random
ethanol +electricity + scCO2
characteristicdistributions
Inputs that miximize outputs
How to set the control variables in order to increase probability of optimal
conversion, given the variability of all uncontrolled variables ?
dewatering
dewatering
water
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
Ox
yco
mb
ust
ion
bo
iler a
nd
turb
ine
s
electricity~10 MW
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
CO2
bagasse150 t/h
straw
chemicals
water
anaerobic digestion
methane
nutrients
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Process optimization approach
Monte Carlo simulations (simplified example)
dewatering
dewatering
water
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
boiler andturbines
juice
bagasse
150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
bagasse150 t/h
straw
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Process optimization approach
control variable
stochastic variables
dewatering
dewatering
water
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
boiler andturbines
juice
bagasse
150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
bagasse150 t/h
straw
Monte Carlo simulations (simplified example)
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Simulation variables
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Carbon capture and storage by a sugarcane mill
Optimization approach – operation envelope
power(MW)
ethanol(m3/h)
baseline ethanolproduction (meth,min)
baseline powergeneration (Wmin)
maximum powergeneration (Wmax)
maximum ethanolproduction (meth,max)
energyconservation
operatingenvelope
target operating region
dewatering
dewatering
water
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
boiler andturbines
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse
150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
electricity20-30 MW
bagasse150 t/h
straw
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Carbon capture and storage by a sugarcane mill
Optimization approach – operation envelope
power(MW)
ethanol(m3/h)
baseline ethanolproduction (meth,min)
baseline powergeneration (Wmin)
maximum powergeneration (Wmax)
maximum ethanolproduction (meth,max)
energyconservation
operatingenvelope
target operating region
scCO2
dewatering
dewatering
water
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
Ox
yco
mb
ust
ion
bo
iler a
nd
turb
ine
s
electricity~10 MW
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
CO2
bagasse150 t/h
straw
chemicals
water
anaerobic digestion
methane
nutrients
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power(MW)
ethanol(m3/h)
baseline ethanolproduction (meth,min)
baseline powergeneration (Wmin)
maximum powergeneration (Wmax)
maximum ethanolproduction (meth,max)
energyconservation
operatingenvelope
target operating region
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Carbon capture and storage by a sugarcane mill
Optimization approach – operation envelope
scCO2
dewatering
dewatering
water
CO2
2 t/h
vinasse500 m3/h
molasses
mechanicalprocessing
juiceextraction
cookingcrystallization
juicefermentation
sugarcentrifugation
winedistillation
Ox
yco
mb
ust
ion
bo
iler a
nd
turb
ine
s
electricity~10 MW
ethanol43-76 m3/h
juice
bagasse150 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
fermentable sugars
bagassepre-treatment
cellulosehydrolization
NFFs
CO2
bagasse150 t/h
straw
chemicals
water
anaerobic digestion
methane
nutrients
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Processing pathways (hem. are fermented or burned)
Conversion of sugarcane into ethanol and electricity
de-wateringcombustion
de-wateringcombustion
hydrolysisfermentation
cellulose hemicellulose lignin sucroseashes water
ethanol energy
c1 c2 c3
C6H10O5 C5H8O4 C73H139O13
pre-treatmentfermentation
fiber sucroseashes water
a f s w
tops + leaveswater + sucrose
bagassejuice straw
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energy conservation limit
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Process optimization approach
control results: fiber + water contents
More fiber and less water
(53%) litigation: dewatering versus sc water content
13% to 25% fiber
70 %to 55% water
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Process optimization approach
burning x hydrolysis (hemicelluloses are burned)
optimality optimality
Two optimal operating states85% + 15%
15%t +o 85%
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Process optimization approach
burning x hydrolysis (hemicelluloses are fermented)
Much more robust conversion process !
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Process optimization approach
more lignin, more hemicellulosesless cellulose
fiber composition (hemicelluloses are burned)
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Process optimization approach
idem, slightly more robust process
fiber composition (hemicelluloses are fermented)
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sucrose/starch (+water)
lignocellulosic fiber (-water)
Industrial biorefineries evolution
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1G+2G BRFs will evolve to 1G2G and possibly to 2G only
BRFs at much higher processing scales…
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Obrigado…Paulo Seleghim Jr.
Café com FísicaCafé com FísicaIFSC/USPIFSC/USP