BIOTECHNOLOGY

Speaker:

Ananda Kumar Saha

Department of Zoology, R.U.

Biotechnology: The development and utilization of biological processes for obtaining maximum benefits to man and other forms of life. Biotechnology: The use of living organisms for the manufacture of useful products: It may involve algae, bacteria, fungi, yeast cells of higher animal and plants.

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering: : The formation of new The formation of new combinations of heritable material by the combinations of heritable material by the insertion of nucleic acid molecules into any insertion of nucleic acid molecules into any virus, bacterial plasmids or other vector virus, bacterial plasmids or other vector system so as to allow their incorporation into a system so as to allow their incorporation into a host organism in which they do not naturally host organism in which they do not naturally occur but in which they are capable of occur but in which they are capable of continued propagation (Smith, 1996).continued propagation (Smith, 1996).

Genetic EngineeriGenetic Engineeringng is the production of new is the production of new genes and alteration of genomes by genes and alteration of genomes by substituting or adding new genetic material.substituting or adding new genetic material.

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Traditional Biotechnology (Old)Traditional Biotechnology (Old) New Biotechnology (Modern)New Biotechnology (Modern)

Traditional BiotechnologyTraditional Biotechnology: : The The Traditional biotechnology refers to the Traditional biotechnology refers to the conventional technology which have conventional technology which have been used for many centuries. Beer, been used for many centuries. Beer, Wine, Cheese and many foods have Wine, Cheese and many foods have been produced using traditional been produced using traditional biotechnology.biotechnology.

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

The Traditional biotechnology is an The Traditional biotechnology is an art rather than a science.art rather than a science.

Modern BiotechnologyModern Biotechnology: : Capability Capability of science to change the genetic of science to change the genetic material for genetic new products material for genetic new products for specific requirement through for specific requirement through recombinant DNA technology.recombinant DNA technology.

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)

SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGYSCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. 1. Health care: Health care:

(a) In 1982, human insulin (humulin) (a) In 1982, human insulin (humulin) has been produced by has been produced by microorganisms in fermenters.microorganisms in fermenters.

(b) Hepatitis B vaccines (Recombivax (b) Hepatitis B vaccines (Recombivax HB), genetically engineered vaccines HB), genetically engineered vaccines produced biotechnologically.produced biotechnologically.

2. 2. Gene TherapyGene Therapy: : This is in a way, genetic This is in a way, genetic engineering of humans, which would engineering of humans, which would allow a person suffering from a disabling allow a person suffering from a disabling genetic disorder to lead a normal life.genetic disorder to lead a normal life.

3. 3. ImmunotechnologiesImmunotechnologies: : Monoclonal Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) for diagnosis and antibodies (MABs) for diagnosis and therapy. Antibodies, special sets of therapy. Antibodies, special sets of proteins present in humans that enable proteins present in humans that enable them to fight incursion of their bodies by them to fight incursion of their bodies by harmful chemicals or microorganisms.harmful chemicals or microorganisms.

SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)

Gene therapyGene therapy

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

Gene TherapyGene Therapy

4. Tissue culture: Tissue culture of both plant and animal cells. These are used for Micropropagation of elite or exotic materials (such as orchids), production of useful compounds such as taxol (the widely used anti-cancer drug) and vanillin, and preparation in the laboratory of “natural” tissues such as arteries for arterial graft or skin for burn victims.

SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)

5. 5. Stem cell techniquesStem cell techniques: : Which would Which would involve purification and isolation of involve purification and isolation of stem cells from various tissues and stem cells from various tissues and develop into the desired tissue which develop into the desired tissue which could then be used, for example, for could then be used, for example, for transplantation.transplantation.

6. 6. New DNA technologiesNew DNA technologies: : These These include DNA fingerprinting, sequencing include DNA fingerprinting, sequencing of genomes, development and use of of genomes, development and use of new molecular markers for plant new molecular markers for plant identification and characterization.identification and characterization.

SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)

Stem CellStem Cell

Stem Cell TherapyStem Cell Therapy

7. Organotransplantation: Xenotransplantation that is transplantation into humans of organs from other animals. It appears that pig may be the most suitable for this biochemically, anatomically and immunologically. 8. Bioremediation: Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to detoxify pollutants, present in the environment usually as soil or water sediments.

SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)

BioremediationBioremediation

9. Human Genome Project (HGP): Human genome has been sequenced and chromosome map has been developed in various laboratories world-wide through coordinated efforts. 10. Bioinformatics: Application of information sciences to increase the understanding of biology, biochemistry and biological data.

SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contd.)

Thank you