blaž vukelič: neenakost kot posledica neoliberalizma

7/23/2019 Bla Vukeli: Neenakost kot posledica neoliberalizma

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fikg}zadki mdhi | eihb~bf Eddeiab} ab} sbhdmgoi edbhgjdzihg|fi szgszi~hldedki ~ bmdhb~ielt ~d}b~ihodf zdm% szbn% mz% Fizabf Liahgdf%

G|zdoeb g|li~hlif mi ~ ahimt | mbhbghg \iabei b i~}bzag ge bzbmeg` szi~goi` (Tz% h% Z_ }% :9"9774

szdfdfjifg' mb~bhgf bjli~b fikg}zadki mdhi ei niath}d}eg` shd}eg` }zied`%

_ ~blgf sbmsgbf |ikb}i~hlif mi'% Fdzag ge}ztfde} szdfhli (Jdzk` .Eghbe :393'' kibsgd ab} dhlb sb sbedfielt jbki}dlg` bm djd ge ab} g~hldeld szdab ~blg` |fbeb}gaiz ld zi|hbk |i |imbhd~ield ihg szdabfdzeb mdhb% Szg }df szgfdzli \MI ge D~zbsb ab}m~d zi|hgeg sb}g zi|~bli sb}zbeg}~i< \MI b d tfdzghd szdm~df a fi}dzgihegfmbjzgeif D~zbsdlog si jbhl tzi~eb}ddeb a mbjzgeif ge szb}dft it%

Edbhgjdzihei gmdbhbkgli ~gmg ~d edsb}zdjed ihg szdabfdzed sbdkd mzi~d ab} kzbelb

~bjbmg ge lb odhb szgfdzli nig|fbf mga}i}tzb ge abfteg|fbf% Mzi~i fbzi |ikb}b~g}gifb ge}g}togbeihed ba~gzd t}zd|eb fbed}izeb sbhg}gab szi~ed }zta}tzd |i |ig}bhi}egead szi~god ge bfbkbg}g mdhb~ield }zkb~ b|gzbfi lg` t}zd|eb nbzfgzi}g% Ab b }d}zta}tzd ~|sb}i~hlded fbzi mzi~i ~ield sbdki}g ~ gf fielg fdzg il jg }iab|fielihi ifbzdkthi}bzeb eizi~b }d` ge}g}togl (@iz~dw :33; }z% ?'%

\ edbhgjdziheb gmdlb ~g}ad mzi~d b~simi }tmg |field~ield bogiheg` }bzg}d~ ag lg`|ikb}i~hli mzi~i ge szbkzifb~ mzi~d jhikgeld (_}dkdz . Zbw :393 }z% 9=' }dz szd`bm g|sbhg}gad {dhnizd ~ {bzanizd0 il ~dhli mi ld bogihei sbhg}gai ~dhga sbzijega szbziteag`

zdm}d~ (Mbmbe :33>' ge azg~do |i mdjdhb mzi~b% Ei }i eige edbhgjdziheg tazdsg~shg~ilb ei ba}dzisd~}ab szdfgelield ~zdmeb} ge bjdedf |fieltldlb mztjdebbhgmizeb} ge ~ mztjb ~eiilb edbhgjdziheb ~zdmeb}b7 gemg~gmtihg|fi% Edszdfghldeb}}iag` mdliel bzgd }tmg Nzgdmfieb~i (:399' }zmg}d~ mi ld |i jhig}d~ zd~ged eifd}bsbdkieli mzi~d eiljbhl |idhde tazds aiz |idjei mbjzbmdheb}% Ahltj edbhgjdziheggmdbhbkglg ag sbmsgzi ~g}ab mzi~b ge mzi~eb ed~fdi~ield b d ~ |imelg azg|g sbli~ghd}deld sb bmhbedlg` mzi~eg` szb}gazg|eg` tazdsg` |i zdd~ield kbsbmizag` sbhg}geg`ge bogiheg` szbjhdfb~% ^ }df Ldbs (:393' |i|ei~i sizimba il ld zi~eb edbhgjdzihg|dfsbmabsih t~dzdeb} mzi~ }df si lgf bm~|dh sbfdfjedlb ~hbkb szg zdd~ielt azg|d

ei zi~eg sbifd|ed mzi~d%

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G| mzi~d jhikgeld ~ mzi~b mdhi mdhb~ed sbmsbzd szgszi~hldeb}g |i mdhb%7 Edbhgjdzihed ~zdmeb}d jbf bjzi~ei~ih aiedld%


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9%? [i`gek}beag mbkb~bz[i`gek}beag mbkb~bz93 ld d|eif zdnbzfeg` dabebfag` sbhg}ga |i mzi~d ~ zi|~bltszgszi~hldeg` }zieg ~himd \MI GFN [J ge ifdzgag` }`gea&}ieab~% Ei}ih ld ~ 03% hd}g`

:3% }bhd}li ge ld jgh sz~i eifdelde kbsbmizadft zi|~blt mzi~ Hi}gead Ifdzgad([ghhgifbe 9773'% Ebif O`bfaw (:334' ki deig aiz | edbhgjdzihg|fbf% Ei}ih ld ab}bm|g~ ei }dmil ~bmgheb ~hbkb mzi~d szg gemt}zgihg|ioglg (_dzzi _sgdkdh . _}gkhg}| :330}z% ?'

9%?%9 Bszdmdhg}d~ {i`gek}beadki mbkb~bzi[i`gek}beag mbkb~bz |mzttld eihdmeld tazdsd ge sbhg}gad ([ghhgifbe 9773':337

^gz< Bzkieg|i}gbe bn Dobebfgo Ob&bsdzi}gbe iem Md~dhbsfde} Mg~gmdm [d _}iem< [`w Gedytihg}w Adds

Zggek :399 }z% ::0%

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3(44Kgeg & }zeg mb`bmda Kgeg & zi|sbhbhlg~ mb`bmda

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|i}b }g sbmi}ag egb ~ahltdeg ~ sb~szdld BDOM% Mdhb~eb sbbjeg b ~ }izb}eg atsgeg bm90 mb >4 hd}%


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=%9 ]zk mdhi^ |imelg` mdd}hd}lg` d ei }zkt mdhi mbkililb abzdeg}d szdfdfjd }iab ~ eiljbhl zi|~g}g`mzi~i` aiabz }tmg ~ mzi~i` ~ zi|~blt% \izimg ~shg~i khbjihg|iogld ge obsw&si}d

edbhgjdzihg|fi b mdhi~og mdhdeg sbmbjeg` tazdsb~ sb mztkg }zieg si mzi~d fdm ijb}daftldlb ~ szg~ijhlielt }tlg` ge~d}g}bzld~% Ahltj }dft fdm mzi~ifg bj}ililbsbfdfjed zi|hgad ~ eijbzt ge ge}de|g}d}g tazdsb~% Zi|hged }tmgld aidlb ei }b mi bedbhgjdzihed sbhg}gad eiljbhl ~shg~ihd ei eihdmeld mdli~egad }zki mdhi (Jiedzldd .Kbhmngdhm :33; }z% :?':9' tkb}i~hli}i mi b eglda~ihgngogzieg mdhi~og szia}geb sb~bm ~ DT fiel shiieg i mi bj}ili zi|hgai fdmsbifd|egfg mzi~ifg% ]if aldz ld shiei nhdagjgheb} fieli (shb` ~ abe}gede}iheg`}gsg` jhikgeld' ld mbst}ei nhdagjghei ge `azi}g fiel ~izei bjhgai |isbhg}~d% ]iaednhdagjghed bjhgad mdhi si szi~ }iab sb~|zbilb eddeiab}% I}agebe (~ Jizjgdzg :337 }z%>:9' ei~ili m~d bjhgag


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=>

|iiei nhdagjgheb} ~ fght szghikbmg}~d mdhb~edki ii ge mbhged mdhi sb}zdjifmdhbmilihoi

shiei nhdagjgheb} ~ fght zi|hgeg` eg~bld~ shighi%

Sbhdk shieg` zi|hga ag sb fedelt Jizjgdzgli (:337' sb~|zbilb mztjdeb ge mb`bmab~ebeddeiab} d sbli~hli d mbmi}ei eddeiab} ~ bjhgag datemizedki }zki mdhb~ed ghd eiai}dzdf d sbli~hlilb sbifd|egag | eileglb g|bjzi|jb ag b eilfiel |ig}deg ge sbkb}b~iel tld}g (Kgddoad . Kzb Nbtizkd . Hiw}d Jizjgdzg . _o`dzdz ~ Jizjgdzg :337'% ]ib}dd~ihei babhggei mbmi}eb ~shg~i ei elg`b~b mztjdeb eddeiab} ge g|ahltdeb}(Jizjgdzg :337 }z% >:4'%

Khbjihg|iogli ld atsil | edbhgjdziheb sizimgkfb bfbkbghi ~dlb kdbkzinabfbjgheb}mdhb~ed ghd% ]b sbfdeg mi d g|bjzideg mdhi~og dhglb ~ zi|~g}d mzi~d :> gfdz

|egtldlb shib ~blgf abhdkbf ~ zi|~g}g` mzi~i`% Sb mztkg }zieg si ld fbjgheb}aisg}ihi bfbkbghi dhg}d~ szbg|~bmeld ~ zi|~glilbd d mzi~d aldz ~dhlilb eglg }iemizmgkhdmd ~iz}~i mdhi~od~ (Jiedzldd . Kbhmngdhm :33; }z% 93' ge aldz b shid egld% ]bsbfdeg mi mdhi~og ~ zi|~g}g` mzi~i` ed fbzdlb |i`}d~i}g ~glg` ihg odhb b`zieg}~dbj}bldg` shi il lgf kzb|g dhg}d~ szbg|~bmeld1 sbmbjeg` kzbdel b mdhdeg }tmg mdhi~og~ zi|~glilbg` d mzi~i`%

_dhg}~d mdhb~ed ghd b fdm mztkgfg mdli~egag ~shg~ihd ei |fielield ~hbkd gemgai}b~:;ag ld sb sbmi}ag` Ge}dzei}gbeih Hijbtz Bzkieg|i}gbe (:330 }z% 0?' sb~d|iei | mb`bmab~eb

eddeiab}lb% Mzi~d | ~glgf mdhddf ~ahltdeb}g ~ gemgai}d }dz ~dlb ode}zihg|gzieb}lbabhda}g~eg` sbkiliel gfilb eifzd eglb mb`bmab~eb eddeiab} aiz szgai|tld _hgai 71aiemgei~ad mzi~d ab} b ~dmai Ngeai ge Mieai gfilb ~gbab ~ahltdeb} ~gemgai}d `azi}g si eg|ab }bselb eddeiab}g%

Sb~d|i~b fdm |field~ieldf ~hbkd gemgai}b~ ge edbhgjdzihg|fbf tkb}i~hli }tmgJzbendejzdeedz (~ MdFiz}geb :33? }z% =3;' ge ei~ili mi ld ~ \MI ~ mztkg sbhb~gog 73%hd} aiz ;3 $ sbmld}gl kzb|ghb dhg}~glb szbg|~bmeld d jbmb gemgaiheg szg}gag szd~dhgag%\field~ield ~hbkd gemgai}b~ ld sbfdfjeb ~shg~ihb ei azdeld mdhi~ag` szi~go sb

~d}t szdm~df ~ zi|~glilbg` d mzi~i`% MdFiz}geb (:33?' ab} khbjiheb zdg}d~ bfdelifbeb}g |i |isg mdhi~ag` szi~go ~ }zkb~gead sbzi|tfd% ]zdet}ed zi|fdzd edszd}iedkzbeld abeatzdeed mdhb~ed ghd mbfi ge sb ~d}t }dz fgkziogli aisg}ihi mdhi~od sb ~d}tszgghglb mi szdlfdlb eg|ab shiieb mdhb ge hijd sbkbld% Fielg ~shg~ gemgai}b~ d

:> Kzd |i szgfdz jdki fbkieb~% Zd~edld mzi~d ~blgf bhagf g}dfbf }iab d ei de ei ge ngeieogzilbjbki}dld%:; Mdhd hieb~ ~ gemgai}g` d ld ~ hd}g` 9707:334 sb tkb}b~g}~i` Ge}dzei}gbeih Hijbtz Bzkieg|i}gbe (:330'

|fielih ~ ~dgeg mzi~ |i ai}dzd bj}ililb sbmi}ag% Sb~dih d ld hd ~ Jzi|ghglg ei Ag}iladf GemglgSizik~ilt _gekistzlt ge ~ sieglg abe}ie}de si ld b}ih ~ Jdhkglg Siag}iet ge ei Ngeadf%


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mbmi}eb bedfbkbi sb}dkb~ield |i ~gld shid ge }d~ghegf eimbfd}hlg~g` mdhi~od~sb~dtld eddeia sbhbil ~ mztjg%

_hgai 7< Kzingeg szgai| jg~izgi}ed abzdhiogld fdm sb~szdegf Kgegld~gf abdngogde}bf ge

~ahltdeb}lb ~ gemgai}d 9707:334

^gz< Ge}dzei}gbeih Hijbtz Bzkieg|i}gbe [bzhm bn [bza Zdsbz} :330< Geobfd Gedytihg}gd ge }`d Ikd bn

Ngeieogih Khbjihg|i}gbe :330 }z% 0?%

Sbfdfjde mdli~ega |field~ieli zd~ged ge mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g fdm }izdlgfg ge|izimg |mzi~}~deg` zi|hbkb~ mdhi ed|fbegfg b li~ed sbablegead jhikiled (Egkkhd:33? }z% >4' ag bfbkbilb teg~dz|iheb sbazg~ield sbablegeadki ge ge~ihgmadki|i~izb~ieli% Edbhgjdzihg|df sbmsgzi szg~i}g|ioglb sbablegeag` `df ag bfbkbilbhi}eg}~b eim hi}egf ~hbabf (bdjeg sbablegeag ziteg' aiz |fieltldfdmkdedzioglab bhgmizeb}% \i szdfil`ed mbebd bj tsbablg}~g azg~g sbifd|egai ag ld

szdfihb ge edszdfghldeb ~izd~ih (Ztdhh :399'%

]tmg fiazbdabebfai sbhg}gai ld }deb sb~d|iei }zkbf mdhi% _}gkhg}| (:39: }z% :=9:=:' ei~ili ~shg~ ei edsb}zdjeb ~gbab ed|isbhdeb} ag |iszi~hli sb}deogih ~ bjhgaghb~dadki aisg}ihi% Ode}zihed jiead b ~ edbhgjdzihedf kbsbmiz}~t |i~d|ied ab`zielielt eg|ad genhiogld ge d ei |~gield shi bm|b~dlb | |~gieldf bjzd}eg` fdz gebfdlg}~glb azdmg}b~ aiz d mbmi}eb |it}i~g ~gield shi ge kbsbmizab ia}g~eb}%]zk mdhi }iab ~shg~i ei }zeb zi|szg}d~ mb`bmab~ ag lb hi`ab mzi~i tfdzli szdab~|~bmb~ ab} }i bogihei ngaihei ge }tmg fbed}izei sbhg}gai%


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=%: Mi~ei sbhg}gaiMi~ei sbhg}gai ld d bm {i`gek}beadki mbkb~bzi d}i~eg mdh kbsbmizag` szdfdfj%Edbhgjdzihog eifzd |ikb~izlilb eil jb mb`bmegeai beb~i gzbai mi~ed }bseld si

|fdzed ([ghhgifbe 9773' aiz ~ ~dlg fdzg ~dhli d mied%

_{iea (:33>' tkb}i~hli mi b \MI ~|bz mi~eg` zdnbzf ~ mztkg` zi|~g}g` mzi~i` ge mi dei mbhkg zba ~d mzi~d szgjhgtldlb ifdzgadft edbhgjdzihedft mi~edft fbmdht%Zi|hbk |i mi~ed zdnbzfd sb ifdzgadf fbmdht ld }tmg ~ khbjihg|ioglg ag ld bfbkbghi geszbghi }dafb~ield fdm mi~egfg g}dfg mzi~ }bzdl ~ |teielg` `azi}g si }tmg ~eb}zielg` ~|kgjg`% \i mzi~d g|~de BDOM }bzdl edai}dzd fiel jbki}d zi|~g}d mzi~d gezi|~glilbd mzi~d b szg}gag ei szdfdfjd mi~eg` g}dfb~ d jg}~deb ~dlg (_{iea:33>'%

Sbhdk bogihed sbhg}gad ~dhli mi~ei sbhg}gai |i szd~himtlb fd`ieg|df zdmg}zgjtogldmb`bmab~ ~ mztjg (Egkkhd :33?1 _{iea :33>'% _zdmg 73% hd} ld |idhi g|ktjhli}g }bnteaoglb |izimg eglg` mi~eg` }bsdel ge }zblg` sbkbld~ |i mi~ed bhili~d (Bzkiegi}gbenbz Dobebfgo Ob&bsdzi}gbe iem Md~dhbsfde} :399 }z% 90'% ]iab d ld d mbmi}ebsb~dihi zi|hgai ~ dabebfag eddeiab}g sbifd|egab~ ~ mztjg% ]tmg eileb~dlg }zdemgaidlb ei }b mi b d szbkzdg~eg mi~ag ge mi~ag ei szdfbdeld |fielihg dszi~ gfieiljbki}dlg zi|zdm |izimg ~dldki szdfbdeli ge szg`bmab~ }tmg ~d fbeb}g |ishid~ield mi~ab~% Ab} tkb}i~hli BDOM (Bzkiegi}gbe nbz Dobebfgo Ob&bsdzi}gbe iem

Md~dhbsfde} :399 }z% 90' }b szdm}i~hli ~dhga g||g~ |i mzi~d% Jbki}dlg b eifzdszd}edlg szg g|bkgjielt mi~ab~ jbhl sbkb}b gfilb mi~ed ~d}b~ihod ag d lgfsbfikilb g|bkeg}g shight bj~d|eb}g mb mzi~d ihg szdfbdeld szdeddlb ~ mi~ed bi|d%Eihbki mzi~ ld sb fedelt BDOM |fielield g|mi}ab~ ag eimsb~szdeb htglb szdm~dfjbki}dlgf ge bjmi~g}d~ szdfbdeli }dz }ziendzld~ ei szgfdz ~ mi~ed bi|d%

Mded ~himd shb` ~ \MI b eiahbelded |egd~ielt mi~ab~ jbki}gf il eil jg }bsb~dihb kbsbmizab ia}g~eb}% _ }df d }d~gheg dabebfg}g ed }zgelilb il eil }iaeimi~ei sbhg}gai ed jg szgeiihi abzg}g (Aztkfie :33;j1 _}gkhg}| :39: }z% 0>'% _}gkhg}|

(:39: }z% 99=' }zmg odhb eiszb}eb mi ld szi~ |~gield mi~ab~ eiljbki}dlg` ~ itOhge}beb~d ~himd ~shg~ihb ei kbsbmizab zi} ge |fielield eddeiab}g% Jbki}dlg eilmdeizli ed jg eifdelihg ge~d}goglif ifsia htat|egf mbjzgeif ab} b `gd ge i~}bfbjghg(Nziea :334 }z% 9=9'%

Edbhgjdzihg|ft ld jhg|t }tmg gmdli deb}ed mi~ed }bseld ag eil jg sb~gihi ia}g~eb}kbsbmiz}~i (JMS' ge |isbhdeb}% Bj}ilihi jg hd dei mi~ei }bseli |i bjmi~g}d~bdjeg` mb`bmab~ (Adde ~ Filode ^dzjg Jiwiz . ba :33;'% Eiljbhl zi|gzldei ld ~


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edamielg` bogihg}geg` mzi~i` D~zbsd :0 (Mteoie . Sd}dz :337' ag b jghd sbszdszgielt sbjtmegab~ gmdiheb babhld |i gfshdfde}ioglb mi~ed zdnbzfd% ]ifailelgmi~eg g}dfg b d dhd zi|~glihg |i}b ld jgh ~shg~ szdfdfj ag lg` gfi zdmg}zgjtoglainteaogli mi~ed sbhg}gad fielg% Sbhdk }dki ld jghi fb ge}dzdeg` atsge fieli ab} ~

|i`bmeg` mdfbaziogli` (Filode d} ih% :33; }z% >;'% Bj szgb}eb}g fbedki zdmeldkizi|zdmi ld t~dmji deb}ed mi~ed }bseld }di~edli tkb}i~hlilb Ntd} Sdgo`h ge _oìdndz

(:330' aiz eil jg jgh dmde bm zi|hbkb~ mi ld ~ bmbjeg` |i`bmeg` mdfbaziogli` d egbt~dmhg% Deb}eb mi~eb }bselb bjgileb sbmsgzi eil~glg zi|zdm il d |fieli elg`b~bmi~eb jzdfd eiszb}tldlb si lg gemgai}g ge zdmelg zi|zdm :7 % }tmgld t~dmjd deb}edmi~ed }bseld tkb}i~hlilb mi jg d |izimg eld sb~gihi mb`bmab~ei eddeiab} il jg d~dlg mdh mi~edki jzdfdei g| jbki}g` szdeddh szdm~df ei eglg (Ih}gk d} ih% ~ Ntd} d}ih% :330' ge zdmelg hbl (@b . _}gzb` Mtejiz . Sbktd ^de}tzi ~ Ntd} d} ih% :330 }z%>::' bj filèg` szdfdfji` ~ szgm |isbhdeb}g ge JMS (Jzb{egek . Jzb{egek @ddz .

]zdmd Ntd} d} ih% ~ Ntd} d} ih% :330 }z% >::'% Oiledz Kzbjb~da ge Ab|ifdzega (:33>'~ hb~deag }tmglg b t~dmjg deb}ed mi~ed }bselg tkb}i~hlilb mi ld szbkzdg~ebbjmi~d~ield |i mzi~b jhikgeld szgfdzedld%

T~dmji deb}ed mi~ed }bseld jg edg|bkgjeb sb~|zbghi sb~dield mztjded eddeiab}g gesb~|zbghi mbhkbzbed sbhdmgod ei mztjdeb zi~eb}dld }dz }df ei eileglg zi|zdm ag ldjhg|t zd~geg ge zdmelg hbl ag ld sbfdfjde kdedzi}bz JMS&li% Sbmbjeb }zmgf |i mi~edzdnbzfd ag |fieltldlb mi~eb jzdfd |i eiljbki}dld il d hiàb |i tazdsg ag eil jgsb~gd~ihg |isbhdeb} ge JMS azg~ilb edki}g~ed da}dzeihgld ~ bjhgag mztjded

eddeiab}g ge ~d` eldeg` sbhdmgo%

Ngaihei sbhg}gai ~blb zdmg}zgjt}g~eb nteaoglb sbfdfjeb ~shg~i ei zi|sbzdmg}d~zi|sbhbhlg~dki mb`bmai ~ kbsbmiz}~t% ^ mzi~i` BDOM jg godz jzd| mzi~ed gebogihed sbhg}gad }zeg mb`bmda sb~|zbgh jg}~deb ~glb mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}(Bzkiegi}gbe nbz Dobebfgo Ob&bsdzi}gbe iem Md~dhbsfde} :399 }z% ::0'%

=%? _bogihei sbhg}gaid deb}i~ei szgfdzli~i fdm zi~elb bogihed mzi~d ge mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}lb sbaidmi }i mdli~egai edki}g~eb sb~d|iei< ~dli ab} ld ~hbki bogihed mzi~d fieli ldmb`bmab~ei eddeiab} (_hgai 93'%

:0 Fdm mztkgf ~ Ihjieglg Jg@ Jbhkizglg ei dadf ~ D}beglg Hi}~glg Hg}~g zeg Kbzg Fiadmbeglg eiFimizadf ge Sbhladf ~ Zbfteglg ei _hb~iadf ~ _zjglg Tazilgeg Jdhbztglg ge Ztglg%

:7 Sbmbjeb d ld mbkilihb }tmg ~ _hb~deglg ab ld jghi deb}ei mi~ei }bseli szdmfd} mgatgld ~ li~eb}g% Ab

b szgszi~hlihg ieihg|d bj fbeg t~dmjg ld Filode bmdhi~og (:33;' tkb}b~gh mi jg | t~dmjb hb~iadkifbmdhi eil~d g|ktjghg eilzd~edlg bjt}eb si szgmbjghg eiljbki}dlg%


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_hgai 93< Kzingeg szgai| sb~d|i~d fdm mzi~b jhikgeld ge eddeiab}lb ~ bjmbjlt

9773:33:?3

^gz< Szgzdldeb sb Ge}dzei}gbeih Hijbtz Bzkieg|i}gbe [bzhm bn [bza Zdsbz} :330< Geobfd Gedytihg}gd ge }`d

Ikd bn Ngeieogih Khbjihg|i}gbe :330 }z% 071 }gsg mzi~d jhikgeld szgzdldeg sb< K% Dsgek&Iemdzde ]`d

}`zdd {bzhm bn {dhnizd oisg}ihgf 9779%

Ge}dzei}gbeih Hijbtz Bzkieg|i}gbe (:330 }z% 07' ei sbmhikg }d szgfdzli~d tkb}i~hli mi d~ bsi|b~ieg` bjmbjlg` 97;09707 ge 9773:33: eiahbe azg~thld eg jg}~deb szdfdegh }id si sb~dihi }iab bjdk bogihed mzi~d?9 aiabz }tmg eddeiab}%

Ed khdmd ei }demdeob szdfdfj ~ eiljbhl zi|~g}g` mzi~i` d ~dmeb eg fbkbd kb~bzg}g b

dedf fbmdht mzi~d jhikgeld ihg eldedf sbsbhedf tagelielt |izimg gfshdfde}iogldedbhgjdziheg` sbhg}ga% Ab} tkb}i~hli}i Fiee ge Zghdw (:33>' d eg abe~dzkdeod a dedffbmdht si si hi`ab kb~bzgfb b atsgei` mzi~ ag b ~bl bj}bldg fbmdh bogihedsbhg}gad szghikbmghd zi|fdzif ge }df si b`zieghd tazdsd ag b d bjedhg ~ szd}dahb}g%

Szi~ }iab ab} szg }zkt mdhi ld }tmg szg g}dfg` mzi~d jhikgeld szgb}ei }dafb~iheb}% Ab}fdeg}i Fiee ge Zghdw (:33>' mzi~d | |egd~ieldf }zbab~ fdm elgfg }tmg }zbab~

?3

Szgai|ied b eiljbhl zi|~g}d mzi~d adz b |ield ei ~bhlb eiljbhl sbsbheg sbmi}ag |i szdfhlield }zdemb~%?9 Dmde bm zi|hbkb~ ld }izield szdjg~ih}~i (Sgdzbe ~ Ge}dzei}gbeih Hijbtz Bzkieg|i}gbe :330 }z% 07'%


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bogihed sbhg}gad szg~ijhlilb }tld ge~d}gogld% Mbmi}de zi|hbk |i szdfgelield g}dfb~mzi~d jhikgeld b mdfbkzinad szdfdfjd ge khbjihg|iogli ag b lgf jghd g|sb}i~hlded~d zi|~g}d mzi~d ~ sbmbjedf bjdkt (Fiee . Zghdw :33>' si ~demiz b jghg tgeag eieddeiab} zi|hgeg%

Ei _hgag 93 df d mbmi}eb b|eigh g}dfd mzi~d jhikgeld ge }df sbai|ih mi b~izgiogld ~ eddeiab}g fdm sbifd|egfg g}dfg mzi~d jhikgeld field% Szg ahigngaioglgmzi~ df hdmgh zi|gzldedft Dsgek&Iemdzdeb~df fbmdht (Dsgek&Iemdzde 9779 ge:33?' mzi~ jhikgeld'% dszi~ ld eisz~df fd}t }zk kzd |i sbdjeb bjhgab a~i|g}zki aldz }i li~eb ge |idjeb szdshd}dei(Abhizg d} ih% :33:'% \izimg ~dhgadki zdmeldki zi|zdmi ~ }d` g}dfg` ag szdm}i~hli~bhgheb ji|b }iab hd~god aiabz mdegod ge |iabzdegeldeg` mztjdeg` zi|fdzgl b sbhg}ged

szdfdfjd }di~edld }df si }tmg zdnbzfd ag jg sb~|zbghd sb~dield mb`bmab~ededdeiab}g% \i}b d ld eddeiab} ~ }d` mzi~i` ~ ~dlg fdzg szgdhi sb~dd~i}g dhd ~|imeldf mdd}hd}lt (Bzkiegi}gbe nbz Dobebfgo Ob&bsdzi}gbe iem Md~dhbsfde} :399'%

_bogihmdfbazi}ag fbmdh ld |eighde |i aiemgei~ad mzi~d ge ~dhli |i szb}gt}db|gzbfi ih}dzei}g~b edbhgjdzihg|ft il eifd}b ~bjbmd sbifd|egai ~ dabebfadffght |i tsdedlb dabebfab mdli~eb} ~gmg fb}g~ioglb ~ mztjdeg zdmg}zgjtoglg

?:Obbsdzi}gbe ! obfsd}g}gbe b|gzbfi bmdhb~ield ! }dafb~ield%


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siz}gogsioglg ge |itsielt (Dsgek&Iemdzde 9779'% Mzi~i gkzi }t eilfbedlb ~hbkb% \g|ldfb Ngead b aiemgei~ad mzi~d bzbmde ld|gab~eb&ath}tzeg szb}bz aiz ld dmbmi}de izktfde} mi ld ~ ~d}t szgb}eb gmdbhbab ge kdbsbhg}geb sb~d|b~ield mzi~ ab}

ld |eigheb |i iekhdab kb~bzdi kbsbmiz}~i ag b fdm sz~gfg gfshdfde}gzihi

edbhgjdzihed sbhg}gad% Mbhkbhd}eg zi|~bl fbmdhi bogihed mdfbaziogld ld ~shg~ih ei tsdebahltjb~ield eldkb~dft zi|azblt (Fiee . Zghdw :33> }z% 93>'%

Fdmg}dzieag fbmdh ld sb~d|ie ai}bhgab }zimgoglb fdmg}dzieag` mzi~ ge ~sd}b}lbszdjg~ih}~i ~ bogiheb ge mztgeab babhld% Bjgileb d bogiheg szbjhdfg zdtldlb |eb}zilmztge ge edszbng}eg` bzkieg|iogl sbm bazghldf Odza~d% _g}df jhikgeld }dfdhlg ei eidhttjgmgizeb}g aiz sbfdeg mi hi`ab mzi~i sbdd hd ab mztgei ihg Odzad~ eg}i |fbegzdg}g szbjhdfi (Abhizg zeia&Fdkhg . bleb~g :33: }z% >3'%

Tkb}i~hlif mi b jghd zi|~g}d mzi~d BDOM ~ sbmbjedf bjdkt g|sb}i~hldedkhbjihg|ioglg ge | elb sb~d|iegf szdfdfjif ~demiz d ld fbmdh mzi~d jhikgeld hdsbig szdfgelih ab|g i% ]b ld ~shg~ihb }tmg ei szdfdfjd ~ eddeiab}g ag b jghd ~mzi~i` | ge}g}togbeihg|gziegf zdmelgf zi|zdmbf sbiedld ge fiel |idhded% Bsiif}tmg mi ld g}df mzi~d jhikgeld d ~dmeb sbfdfjde mdh mztjd ge d bsgzi eiszd~himtlbd ~zdmeb}d% ^demiz si }b ed ~dhli |i ~d edamield bogihg}ged mztjd%Edai}dzd b szg}bsbf ba }dzisgld ~ zdhi}g~eb azi}adf it ~ dhlg mi d gf szdl|edjglb b}ieab~ edamieldki bogihg|fi ei eb~b ~|sb}i~ghd fbmdhd bogihed jhikgeld ged bmmihlghd bm g|zi|g}b bogiheg` fbmdhb~ jhikgeld%

=%= G|bjzid~ieldG|bjzid~ield ~dhli |i ~dhgadki szbziteadki sbzijegai |i}b ld dei bm mdli~eb}g mzi~dag ld eilsbkb}dld mdhdei szg~i}g|iogld% Kzd |i szdeb ia}g~eb}g zdm}d~ gebmkb~bzeb}g mzi~d ihg li~eg` ge}g}togl ei |idjegad (Jdhngdhm . Hd~ge :33: }z% 97' ge

ld jhg|t edbhgjdziheg gmdlg b sbsbhedf mdhb~ielt }zki ge ~g}ag mzi~g% Szg~i}g|ioglb dsbkb}b sb~d|tld | mdzdkthioglb ge t~ilieldf eb~g` }zkb~ (Jdhngdhm Hd~ge :33: }z% 97'%

Edbhgjdzihei sizimgkfi ~dzlifd mi jb ed~gmei zbai }zki ~bmghi a jbhlgf bhif% ]zk ab}isbhg}geg szb}bz jb }iab jbhl ed~}zihde fiel jb jgzbaziogld ~d fbeb}g |i ziogbeihebg|jgzb sb}zbegab~ bhag g}df jb deb}i~eb sb}ih jbhlg (Isshd :339 }z% =9?'% Mzi~i|ikb}b~g fbeb}g |i mdhb~ield (eb~g`' }zkb~ ge }df szb}bz |i ~dlb }dafb~iheb}ai}dzd sbhdmgoi eil jg jghi }tmg ~gli aiab~b} }bzg}d~% Eihbki mzi~d ld }bzdl ~|sb}i~g}g}zk | t}zd|egfg sbkblg |iabebmilb ge ge}g}toglifg | eifdebf mi t}~izg sbmld}edki ge}dafb~ihedki sbifd|egai (Bhde ~ Isshd :339 }z% =9='% Oghl }bzdl eg ifbszg~i}g|iogli bhadki g}dfi ifsia g|jbhlield szbmta}g~eb}g g|bjzid~ihedki szbodig}bieb si }tmg szdfgelield teg` eiz}b~ | eifdebf t}~izlieli sbmld}egai ge

sb}zbegai sbkb}b jzd| azg}ged mg}ieod mb sb}zbeg}~i%


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fbkbd ~dmeb kb~bzg}g b debfdzeg sb~d|i~g ihg abzdhioglg fdm g|bjzid~ieldf gemb`bmab~eb eddeiab}lb |hi}g adz ld g|bjzid~ield mbhkbzbde szbod%

Jzgk`btd (:33=' d }zgeli | mdheb szg~i}g|ioglb mb sbhed si ld ads}gde il fdeg mi jg

}iab egldft hblt |fielihg fbeb}g |i g|bjzid~ieli gfdz jg |fielihg }tmgmztjdeb fbjgheb} eddeiab}g b`zielihg }i}t ytb sbifd|egad si szdst}ghg

(sb'sbhedft mdhb~ielt }zki% _zdm}~i |i g|bjzid~ield jg jghi }iab bm~gei szdm~df bm|fbeb}g }izd~ ihg }zki sbblgh% Dfsgzged ieihg|d Ikig}gli (:337 }z% ?3=?3>' aidlbei }b mi ld ~ mzi~i` DT mdhd ngeieeg` zdm}d~ ag d eifdeli |i teg~dz|g}d}ebg|bjzid~ield sb~d|ie | ~glgf mdhddf ~sgieg`% ]b sblieltld | eglgfg bhegeifg agbfbkbilb gzba ~sg ~ szbkzifd ge }df gzbab mb}bseb} }tmgli% Bsii }tmg ~gbababzdhioglb fdm ~ggeb JMS ge mb}bseb}lb g|bjzid~ieli% Jbki}dld mzi~d }bzdl hildngeieogzilb }tmgl ge }df }zdfglb a ei |eielt }dfdhlddf kbsbmiz}~t% [ghagebe (:33;

}z% :03' ld mb (ifdzgad' szg~i}g|iogld bhadki g}dfi jbhl azg}gde1 fdeg mi }i egszd~dzldei ge mi d ed ~d aiaed b sbhdmgod% Bsb|izli ei ge}dzdd atsge ag sbmsgzilbszg~i}g|ioglb g|bjzid~ieli% ]d eil jg dhdhd szbfb~gzi}g hi}ed ge}dzdd ge sbkhdm ei ~d}fdm}df ab lg` g|bjzi|jdei jhikgeli b}zba b|gzbfi }tmde}b~ ed azjg% Tkb}b~g}~d eisbmzblt szg~i}g|iogld bh}~i }bzdl sbfdeglb mi eg fgdheb sbsbheb bfdld~ieldszg~i}g|iogld bhadki g}dfi àzi}g si }tmg ed sbsbhei szg~i}g|iogli% _if godz|ikb~izlif }d|b mi ld ~ ge}dzdt mzi~d mi g|bjzitld ge ~|kili mzi~hlied ag jbmb ab|g|eield ge abe}zta}g~eb }dz bjdedf azg}geb zi|fghlield kzimghg jbhlb mztjb szg`bmeb}g%]b bjdedf sbfdeg mi mzi~i |ikb}i~hli }tmg }zeb fiel |iegfg~d szbkzifd ag szgeiilb

d tsbzijgf dabebfag g|zi| ~ bogbhbadf abe}da}t mztjdeb mbmieb ~zdmeb} ag ld egetleb fbkbd g|fdzg}g ihg ngeieeb b~zdmeb}g}g%

Ab} fdeg Fgaidh Ihdpiemdzbe (:399 }z% 97>' ld fedeld bogihmdfbazi}ad hd~godeiszb}eb fedelt edbhgjdzihed mdegod }tmg khdmd g|bjzid~ieli% Hd~goi |ikb~izli atsedbhd |i zi|hged hbld ge }df gf aiedld hbd~ield tdeod~ mgliab~ ge }tmde}b~ eidabebfad ~hbkd ag lg` jbmb bszi~hlihg ab} bmzihg% T}dfdhltld lg` | fielb }bselbeddeiab}g fdm mztjdegfg zi|zdmg aiz sbfdeg ~dlb mztjdeb szi~geb} ge ab`d|glb%Edbhgjdzihei mdegoi ld eiszb}eb szdszgiei mi jb hbd~ield sb jbmbg dabebfag ~hbkg

jbhl szbmta}g~eb ge a~ihg}d}eb%

Szg}bs ag ki tjdzd sbifd|ei mzi~i ~shg~i ei mztjdeb fbjgheb} ge }df mbhkbzbeb}tmg ei dabebfab eddeiab} sbifd|egai% Ed khdmd ei g}df atsed ihg hbded bhd dsbli~hlilb }tmg zi|hgad khdmd ei mztgeab b|imld% Ihdpiemdzbe (:399 }z% 97>' ei~ilitkb}b~g}~d ~dmad ikdeogld |i bh}~b mi ~ ~dgeg mzi~ ~dhli eihdmeld

szg~bg}g mzikdki ge a~ihg}d}edki g|bjzid~ieli% ^}bs ~ dhg}b ag gfi }tmg eil~gld shid ld}iab bfdlde (]bzo`d :334 }z% =::' aiz ~shg~i ei mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}%

^ zi|~glilbg` mzi~i` ld g|bjzid~ield d sbfdfjedlg mdli~ega |field~ieli

mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g ge zi|~bli kbsbmiz}~i tkb}i~hli Fia{iei (:399 }z% ;::'% ^}d` mzi~i` ld g|bjzid~ield sb~d|ieb }tmg sgfdeb}lb ag ld g|zdmeb sbfdfjei |ig~hldelad fbeb}g ge }df |fielield bjdki zd~ged% Zifoìemzie ge _ig`ldd (~Fia{iei :399 }z% ;:;' }i szdszgiei mi jg szg~i}g|iogli bh}~i Q~ mzi~i` ~ zi|~bltbs% J% ^%V hiàb d sbkhbjghi mztjded zi|hgad ge |fielihi }delb a sb~dd~ielt aiab~b}g

li~eg` bh%

=%4 Hgjdzihg|iogli ge mdzdkthiogli }zkb~ged ge ge~d}goglSzg ieihg|g ~shg~b~ hgjdzihg|iogld ge mdzdkthiogld }zkb~ i~}bzlg ei~ililb zi|hged tkb}b~g}~dkhdmd sbhdmgo ei mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}% Dmde bm zi|hbkb~ ld }di~eb} hbd~ieli}b~z}eg` tgeab~ edbhgjdziheg` sbhg}ga bm mztkg` szdfdfj ab} b eb~d }dèbhbkgldfbjgheb} mdhb~ed ghd mdfbkzinad szdfdfjd ge szdfdfjd ~ g|bjzi|jg }dz eijbzt~dge (Ohiza @gk`nghh md Bhg~dgzi Oifsgeb . Zd`fie :399 }z% :7'% Szg zi|gai~g~|zbab~ ge sbhdmgo ld }bzdl edg|bkgjei ieihg|i ~dldki eijbzi sb}deogiheg` szdfdehlg~aag ~shg~ilb ei mb`bmab~eb eddeiab} aiz ld hiàb }di~eb szg szgfdzli~i`% Szbjhdfi}gegb hiàb }tmg ~`bmeg sbmi}ag ge fd}bmbhbkgli elg`b~dki |jgzieli shb` ~ zi|~glilbg` dmzi~i`%

Edsbzdmed }tld eihbjd ag b zd|th}i} szb}d }zkb~ged ge fbjgheb}g aisg}ihi eil jg~shg~ihd ei sb~dd~ield mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g tkb}i~hlilb }d~gheg i~}bzlg ab} b Jitge Ktizgkhgi ]ig Zdt~dew ge Hg Ihmdzbe ge Egdhde O`bg Ldede ge Zbi (~ Ohiza d}ih% :399 }z% :7?9'% ]dl }zmg}~g szg}zltldlb }tmg Mzgnngdhm Kgzfi @dezw ge ]iwhbz (:393'il ld sbhdmgoi }dèbhbab eiszdmeg` ge~d}gogl }tmg sb~dield sb~szid~ieli sbg|bjzideg mdhb~eg ghg aiz eddeiabfdzeb sbzi|mdhg tkbmed sbhdmgod ~hikiel% Sb mztkg}zieg Fghieb~g (:334' ge _wh{d}dz (~ Ohiza d} ih% :399 }z% :7?9' ed tkb}i~hli}iebjdeg` }i}g}geb |eigheg` szdfdfj ~ ~zdmeb}g eddeiab}g aiz szgi }tmg b szbjhdft

szgfdzhlg~b}g }tmgl ge zi|hgeg` szg}bsb~%

Ngo`dz (:339' khdmd hgjdzihg|iogld }zkb~ieli tkb}i~hli mi d mb`bmab~ei eddeiab}sb~di d ld mzi~i jbki}i | eizi~egfg ~gzg% d si ld ~ mzi~g bjghld mdhb~ed ghd aiz ldszgfdzeb |i mdhb~eb ge}de|g~ed siebkd d eddeiab} szi~ghbfi |fieli% Fdm}df [ikhd(:33;' bodeltld mi hgjdzihg|iogli ~shg~i ei sb~dd~ield mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g ag sz~i`g}zb zi}d ei}b si d t}ihg% [ikhd (:33;' d tkb}i~hli mi ld tgeda eddeiab}g eihgjdzihg|ioglb hgedizeb sb|g}g~de aiz sbfdeg mi ~ mzi~i` | ~dlb dabebfab eddeiab}lbhgjdzihg|iogli sb}dai `g}zdld%


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Tkb}b~g}~d sb~d|ied | hgjdzihg|ioglb hiàb ahdedf | tkb}b~g}~ifg dhgai ge Jimii(:393' ag fdeg}i mi gfilb ~`bmed }tld ge g|`bmed ge~d}gogld }dz bmsz}b} |i }zkb~ieldedlied tgead ge mi b ~shg~g ei eddeiab} sdogngeg khdmd ei sbifd|eb mzi~b aiz ldbm~geb }tmg bm zi|sbzdmg}~d ge~d}gogl sb zi|hgeg` siebki`% ^dhli }tmg mi ei

sbifd|egab~b eddeiab} ~ ~dhgab ~dlg fdzg ~shg~ilb tazdsg ag df lg` d szdt

ghmdegfb }zk mdhi ngaihei bogihei sbhg}gai ge g|bjzid~ield ag b edbm~geg bm

hgjdzihg|iogld }zkb~ieli ge edsbzdmeg` }tlg` ge~d}gogl hiàb si ei bjdk }zkb~ieli godz~shg~ilb%

=%> ]zie|gogli edamielg` bogihg}geg` mzi~]zie|gogli bogihg}geg` mzi~ ~ mdfbazi}ged ge aisg}ihg}ged mztjd ld sbfdeghigfshdfde}ioglb edbhgjdzihg|fi ab} zi|~bled sizimgkfd% Ab} tkb}i~hli}i Jiemdhl ge

Fi`}tki (:393' ~ zi|gab~ielt sbhdmgo }zie|gogld edamielg` bogihg}geg` mzi~ D~zbsdb ei sb~dd~ield eddeiab}g ~shg~ihg eihdmelg eb}zielg ge |teielg mdli~egag' kzd |i sbfielaield eim|bzi eim ~blgf g~hldeldf% _de(9777 }z% 93' ~gmg szi~ zi|~bl ge eiszdmai sbifd|egai }dz hb~d}~i ~ ~bjbmgsbifd|egai mi g~g g~hldeld ag ki odeg ab} eige zi|~bli% Zd~gei ge sb~dd~ieldeddeiab}g }b szi~ kb}b~b bedfbkbi}i%

4%0 ^shg~ ei jzt}b mbfig szbg|~bmTkb}i~hlif mi b sbhdmgod mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g sbzdmed ge edsbzdmed% Mztjdegmdli~egag mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g ag df lg` ei~dmdh gfilb ~shg~ ei tsdeb}kbsbmiz}~i jbmgg zi} JMS aiabz }tmg }zilield zi}g%

\izimg sbhdmgo mztjded }zi}gngaiogld b sbifd|ed atsged sb}gelded ei zbj mztjd aizsbfdeg mi gfilb fiel fbeb}g |i szgsd~ield a tsd`t sbifd|ed mztjd (Ohtj md

Fimzgm :399 }z% 94' ihg si g |izimg edszi~geb}g }dki szdszb}b ed dhglb |i}b jbhlsbkb}b bmdhtldlb ei ednbzfiheg` }zkg`% Edszi~gde bmeb d hiàb aid }tmg ~ sg`bhbagsbkbmjg1 fb}g~iogli |i mdhb ld fieli }df si }tmg szbmta}g~eb} mdhb~ed ghd (Szdfie~ Jdzeida :33>'% Sb|g}g~eg tgeag ~dld mztjded ab`d|gld ge bogihedki aisg}ihi ~shg~ilb}tmg ei ~glb (Nbi ~ Bzkiegi}gbe nbz Dobebfgo Ob&bsdzi}gbe iem Md~dhbsfde} :399 }z%40' ge jbhl }zileb}eb eizi~eieb kbsbmizab zi} (Ndzzbeg d} ih% :330'% Azgfgeihsb~|zbde |izimg eddeiab}g si ~shg~i ei kbsbmizab abmb%

Mztjdei fbjgheb}g |mzi~ld ge g|bjzid~ield gfilb mbhkbzbed tgead ei kbsbmizab

ia}g~eb}% ^d ijde}g|fi |izimg edt}zd|ed |mzi~}~ded bazjd azbegeg` jbhd|eg ihgmtd~eg` fb}del jb szi~ }iab ~shg~ihb ei fielb tsdeb} kbsbmiz}~i% Sbhdmgod(ed't}zd|ed g|bjzideb}g sbsthiogld si d jbmb bmzi|ghd dhd ei mbhkg zba ab jbszgfielab~ihb mbhbdeg` g|bjzi|jdeg` szbnghb~ iegzield sbhdmgo si ld hiàb mbhkb}zileb%

Khdmd edsbzdmed sb~d|i~d fdm mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}lb ge zi}lb JMS&li zd|th}i}g }tmglegb deb}eg% Edai}dzd }tmgld aidlb lieb sb|g}g~eb sb~d|i~b fdm mb`bmab~ebeddeiab}lb ge eglb kbsbmizab zi}lb mztkd si odhb eiszb}eb% Mbfgegog Nhbzip ge mdKzbb} (:330 }z% >4=' b szdszgieg mi ld }b sbhdmgoi eddeb}ed fd}bmbhbkgld ge hijd

a~ihg}d}d sbmi}ab~ ahltj }dft si ~ ~bldf szdkhdmt }tmgl tkb}i~hlilb mi szdded }tmgldaidlb ei edki}g~eb ge }i}g}geb |eigheb sb~d|i~b fdm mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}lb gekbsbmizab zi}lb%

@iieb~ ge G|zidhg (:399' }i szdszgiei mi ei kbsbmizab zi} ~shg~i szdm~dfszdfgelield zi~eg mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g ge mi ld }iab eiljbhld b`zieli}g eldeb }ijgheb}%Ei szgfdzt \MI tkb}i~hli}i mi hiàb |field~ield eddeiab}g ihg eldeb sb~dd~ield (|i~d ab} 393 sb Kgegld~df ai|ihegat' szg~dmd mb tsimi kbsbmizad zi}g% d ishgogziftkb}b~g}d~ @iieb~i ge G|zidhgli (:399' |imelg }zdemg sb~dd~ieli mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g

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Kihhb ge Zboi&_ikih (:399' fdeglb mi gfi sb~dd~ield eddeiab}g ~shg~ ei eglbkbsbmizab zi} il ngaihei sbhg}gai zd|th}gzi }iab ~ kbsbmizag ia}g~eb}g aiabz }tmg ~sbzi|mdhg}~g mb`bmab~ ~ mztjg% GFN ld godz szdszgie mi ld azi}abzbeb |dhb deb}i~eb|ikei}g kbsbmizab zi} ~demiz ld bj tsb}d~ielt mbhkbzbed }zileb}ed zi}g }b jbhl

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Mbhbdei zi~de mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g ld godz sb}zdjei il sbmjtli kbsbmizabgegogi}g~b (Oìtm`tzg . Zi~ihhgbe ~ Jdzk . B}zw :399 }z% 9=' ~demiz hiàb szd~dhgaieddeiab} sb~|zbg sbhg}geb ihg ngeieeb azg|b% ]b ~dhli }tmg |i ia}tiheb azg|b ag ldsb~d|iei szd~dhgagf |imbhd~ieldf (Jdzk . B}zw :399 }z% 9='%

B }df amil ld eddeiab} szd~dhgai eg liedki bkhili% Bodei ld ~d|iei ei ~zdmeb}d ~sbifd|eg mztjg ge |kbmb~geab }zimgoglb sbifd|eg` mzi~% ]i sbfdfjeb ~shg~i eimieielb eddeiab} ei ai}dzb d ~ ~blg 433&hd}eg ieihg|g eddeiab}g bsgzi}i St}}dzfie ge[dgh (:393'% Tkb}i~hli}i mi b mzi~d ag b ~bl |kbmb~geag zi|~bl t}dfdhlghd ei ~dhgagzi|ebhgab}g (mdegfb }g}d aldz ld jghi szgb}ei abhbeg|iogli si }tmg febgebszgdhld~ield' mied jbki}dld ge jbhl ~dzld}eb eddeiad%

Aid }bzdl mi |kbmb~gead sbhdmgod atsil | d tkb}b~hldegfg zi|hgaifg ~ g}dftmzi~d jhikgeld ~shg~ilb ei mieielb zi~de eddeiab}g% G|ldfi b edai}dzd mzi~d ag bmbg~dhd ba }dzisglb ge szia}geb d| eb szdfdeghd mztjdebdabebfag g}df% Ed khdmd

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ei }b si ~dhli mi d ld eddeiab} ~ szia}geb ~d` mzi~i` sb~dihi aiz ld sb~dihb|iazjhldeb} szdm~df ~ mztji` ag b jbhl bjt}hlg~d ei mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}% Ab} dtkb}i~hlif ei sbmhikg ieihg| ld azi}abzbeb zi} fbkbd mbdki}g zdhi}g~eb deb}i~ebszi~g g||g~ |i bmbjei kbsbmiz}~i si ld }zileb}eb ge mbhkbzbeb mbdkield zi}g (khdl

Jdzk . B}zw :399' ei ai}dzdki bg}eb eiljbhl ~shg~i }tmg eddeiab}%


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Eddeiab} fd sbfgeli ei babhlab At|}ed}b~b azg~thlb49 Kzbfiei ge Aztdkdzli (~[gfie :399 }z% 0;0' ag tkb}i~hli}i mi d bedeid~ield babhli eg |fielihb ifb sb

djg ihg |izimg kbsbmizad zi}g si si |izimg mzi~eg` ge fdmeizbmeg` sbhg}ga% Sbmbjebld | eddeiab}lb |hi}g mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}lb ag ~ |imelg` mdd}hd}lg` zi}d ge d ed jbt}i~ghi ifbmdleb ifsia ifb | t}zd|egfg tazdsg% d g sbbmgf edail babhlag`ibogiogl ~ szgfdzt mi zi}g eddeiab}g ed jbfb t}i~ghg jb hdmghb khbjihebdkzd~ield ed|imb~bhleg` hltmg ag lg` ld godz szg|imdhi d fdmeizbmei kbsbmizai azg|i%^demiz ~dzlifdf mi ld fbkbd t}~izg}g ed hd babhlt szgli|eb mztjb si si }tmghltmdf szgli|eb mztjb | fielgfg g|st}g edki}g~eg` da}dzeihgl ei hltmg ge mi d fdzedbhgjdzihed khbjihg|iogld ag lb Szifbeb (:33? }z% 9?:' bsgd ab} azdi}g~ebmd}ztaoglb ~ gf fielg fdzg szdedd ei hltmg ge mztjb% Edbhgjdzihg|df szgeii }d~ghed

mztjded ge kbsbmizad sbhdmgod }tmg }zbad ag sbkb}b egb ~ zdmgt eid sb|bzeb}g|izimg szd~dhgad bzdmb}bdeb}g ei dabebfad zd|th}i}d%

^ fikg}zag eihbkg df mih sbtmizda edbhgjdzihegf sbhg}gaif ab} sb~|zbg}dhlgoifmb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g |izimg }zd` zi|hbkb~% Sz~g ld szdszgield edbhgjdzihed sizimgkfdmi ld eddeiab} edg|bkgjei odhb etlei ge mi ld eldeb |field~ield odhb abmhlg~b |ikbsbmizab ~bjbmb ge dabebfglb ab} |eieb}% Mztkg zi|hbk b ~dszgb}eg edbhgjdziheg~|bzog zi~eieli ge ~zdmeb}d hltmg ge ge}g}togl mztjd }dz kbsbmiz}~i ge elg`b~d dmihldjbhl edbhgjdzihed ~zdmeb}d% ]zd}lg zi|hbk si ld etleb} azg}gedki zi|fghlieli b bj}bldg`

edbhgjdziheg` kbsbmizag` ~|bzog` ~ mieielg isi}geg mztjg% Zi~eb |i}b edbhgjdzihg|dfszgaidf ~dmgfde|gbeiheb% Ed hd ab} gmdbhbkglb ifsia febkb gzd ab} eige ~himielishd} sbhg}ga zi|~bleg fbmdh ge |eie}~deb sizimgkfb% Edbhgjdzihg|df ld }iab eimkzimeliaisg}ihg|fi ag d bmhgeb mbsbheltld | khbjihg|ioglb ge }d`ebhbagf eiszdmabf aiz ~abfjgeioglg bfbkbi `g}zb ge tgeab~g}b gzldeld gmdl }dz elg`b~b gfshdfde}ioglb% ^demiz}b sbfdeg mi gfshdfde}gzifb gmdld ag b eif dz~gzied% Ab} obsw&si}d gmdldsbgfdetldf }g}d ag d edszdfghldeb szdeiilb fdm mztjifg szdab ~|~bmb~ fbgge}g}togl ki}daddsdzld~ ihg szdab fdmgld~% ^daiabz si |i edbhgjdzihg|df ab} abfshdadeg}df ~dhli mi ki sbmsgzilb }d~ghed ge}g}togld ag szbmtogzilb ihg zdszbmtogzilb

edbhgjdzihed ~zdmeb}d ge }df szgsbfbzdlb a b`zielielt }i}ti ytb%

Bfdelded ~zdmeb}d shb` gemg~gmtihg|df ge szbng}ei eizi~eieb} d fg |mglbszbjhdfi}ged |i zi|~bl mztjd% @azi}g ~shg~ilb ei zi~de mzi~d jhikgeld% Szgsimegagjbki}dlg` zi|zdmb~ d eifzd |izimg edbhgjdziheg` ~zdmeb} ge fbeb}g khbjihedfbjgheb}g aisg}ihi g|bkgjilb bj~d|eb}gf mb (~bld' eiogbeihed mzi~d gfdz|fieltldlb a~ihg}d}b bogiheg` }bzg}d~ ge d mbmi}eb sbsdtldlb szd`bm ~ edbhgjdzihg|df%

49 Azg~thli ld |~bei}d bjhgad%


81/96

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Szg ieihg|g edbhgjdziheg` sbhg}ga tkb}i~hlif sbhdmgod ei mb`bmab~eb eddeiab} ei}d~gheg` sbmzblg` ag b edsbzdmeb ihg sbzdmeb sb~d|iei | zi|sbzdlieldf mb`bmai% ]zkmdhi }iab ~shg~i ei }zeb zi|sbzdmg}d~ shi bogihei sbhg}gai ~shg~i ei jzt}b mb`bmdangaihei sbhg}gai si ei abeeg zi|sbhbhlg~g mb`bmda% Edai}dzd mztkd edbhgjdzihed sbhg}gad

b | mb`bmab~eb eddeiab}lb sb~d|ied jbhl sbzdmeb mdegfb g|bjzid~ield agmbhkbzbeb ~shg~i ei tfd}g}d~ sbifd|egai ei }zk mdhi hgjdzihg|iogli ge mdzdkthiogli}zkb~ ag atsil | khbjihg|ioglb ~shg~i ei edbhgjdzihed sbhg}gad% Sbmbjeb ld }zie|goglagfgkbsbmiz}~g ag b sbzdmeb szdab bjhgab~ieli sbhg}ga }zki mdhi ngaihed ge bogihedsbhg}gad ~shg~ihi ei mieield zi~eg mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g%

Ahltj tkb}b~hldegf sb~d|i~if fdm edbhgjdzihegfg sbhg}gaifg ge eddeiab}lb ed fbzdf}zmg}g mi ld |field~ield eddeiab}g azi}abzbei zdg}d~ | elb sb~d|ieg` edki}g~eg`da}dzeihgl% ]b eiljbhld bzgdf szgfdzbf< }iableld sb~gield mi~ab~ eiljbki}dlgf jg

godz }iabl |fielihb eddeiab} sb Kgegld~df abdngogde}t ~demiz }b ed jg szgedhb}iablelg` sb|g}g~eg` sbhdmgo deiab}g% ]bzdl ld }zdji tazdsi}g gf szdl ab |iedfb|i|ei~i}g |field~ield mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g godz hiàb sbhdmgod t}g odhb}eikdedziogli%

dhgf sbtmizg}g d tkb}b~g}d~ mi ei mb`bmab~eb eddeiab} sbfdfjeb ~shg~i }tmg g}dfmztjded jhikgeld ag ld ~sd} ~ mztjdeb babhld ge bmzii eldkb~d ~zdmeb}d% ^ mzi~iàldz ld zdmelg zi|zdm sbfdfjedlg fbedlg ld |field~ield ~hbkd mzi~d fiel |idhdebàzi}g si ld }tmg bmeb mb eddeiab}g mztkide ge d ki jbhl szbjhdfi}g|gzi% ]zimgogli ge

kdbsbhg}gei ei~d|ieb} mzi~ }iab gkzi sbfdfjeb ~hbkb szg bjhgab~ielt sbhg}ga (gege}de|g}d}g edbhgjdziheg` tazdsb~' |i |field~ield mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g%

Mb`bmab~ei eddeiab} eg szbjhdfi}gei ifi sb djg }di~ed b elded sbhdmgod ab} b|fielield bogihed ab`d|gld bogihedki aisg}ihi ge |itsieli sg`bhbad sbhdmgodsb~dield azgfgeihi sbhijield |mzi~li ge szgiab~ied g~hldelad mbjd ~shg~ eig|bjzi|jded fbeb}g ge mztjdeb fbjgheb} sbkhijhlield zd~ged |fielield sbhg}gedsiz}gogsiogld ge odhb dabebfad sbhdmgod ag ~shg~ilb ei eglb kbsbmizab zi}% Ahltjhbdedft bjzi~ei~ielt zi|hgeg` mdli~egab~ tkb}i~hlif mi b }d~gheg fdm djbl

sb~d|ieg% ^dli bogihei bmmihldeb} fdm hltmfg sbkhbjg zi|hgad |fieli mztjdebab`d|glb bogiheg aisg}ih ge |itsield% ]b ~d si ~shg~i ei jbhl bsi|eb md~gie}eb} ~mztjg fielb sbhg}geb siz}gogsioglb ge |mzi~}~ded sbhdmgod ag gfilb ed ei|imeld|izimg ~dldki ijde}g|fi }tmg edki}g~ed dabebfad sbhdmgod% Szg sbhdmgoi` eddeiab}gtkb}i~hlif d }b mi ld ~ edai}dzg` szgfdzg` }dab zi|fdlg}g ~|zbad ge sbhdmgodmb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g il d hiàb sbli~hli }%g% |iizie azbk ~|zbab~ ge sbhdmgomb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g }iab ei azi}da aiabz }tmg mbhkg zba% ^dli mb`bmab~ei eddeiab}hiàb ~shg~i ei hijd g|`bmged sbkbld |i tsd` ~ g~hldelt ge ei mztjdeb fbjgheb}szg dfdz ld d ~dmeb eilsbfdfjedlg mdli~ega szi~ mztgei g| ai}dzd sbifd|ega g|~gzi%


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Szi~ }b szdshd}ield mdli~egab~ b}dtld tkb}i~hlield szi~g` ~|zbab~ ge sbhdmgomb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g ai}dzgf d bbilb }d~gheg zi|gab~ihog }dki szbjhdfi%

Mbmi}ei mgfde|gli mb`bmab~ed eddeiab}g ld khbjiheb} szbjhdfi}gad% \ khbjihg|ioglb d

szdfgailb fdld genbzfioglai }dèbhbkgli si eif bfbkbi `g}zdld azbdeld genbzfiogl%]b szdblif ab} sb}deogiheb szbjhdfi}geb d lb |mztgf hb~dab hi}eb}lb

szgfdzlieli fdm ijb ab} lb bfdeli Fghieb~g (:33='% Edamil b d hltmld szgfdzlihgszdm~df | hi}egf fgazbbabhldf ~ ai}dzdf b g~dhg% ]dzg}bzgl ai}dzgf d szgfdzlifbsi ld | khbjihg|ioglb zidh% Sb}ihg fb khbjihei ~i aiz sbfdeg mi d hltmld edszgfdzlifb ~d ifb |eb}zil mzi~ ifsia }g}d eiljbhl zd~ed |idelilb fb}g}g zi|hgad fdmmzi~ifg ei g}df abe}gede}t ge odhb ei shied}t% ]b hiàb szg~dmd mb eb~g` }zdel |i}b dfszdszgie mi ld }zdji }dft szghikbmg}g kbsbmiz}~b% Szdm eifg b eifzd d }d~gheg g||g~galdz jb sb}zdjei mztjdei ab`d|gli ag lb eddeiab} |fieltld< sb~dd~ield }d~ghi

szdjg~ihod~ sbhdmgeb hiab}i khbjihed sbmedjed szdfdfjd ge sbhdmgeb fielg mb}bsmb ~bmd |field~ield bjdki eizi~eg` ~gzb~ ge edbjeb~hlg~g` dedzkde}b~ ia}tiheikbsbmizai azg|i izijai sbfhim ge ~dszgb}ei }zdeli ei Jhgeldf ~|`bmt%

Ed }zdfgf a dkihg}izg|ft adz ~iel ed ~dzlifdf% _hdmgf tkb}b~g}~if _}gkhg}|i (:39:' mild sbedfield \MI edsifd}eb ge O`bfadki (Ebif O`bfaw< ]`d Dfdzkgek [bzhmBzmdz< g} zbb} btz hdkiow :39:' mi ld D~zbsi og~ghg|ioglg mihi abeods} mzi~d jhikgeldag eil ki ed |iszi~gfb |izimg hdmdeli \MI%

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83/96

;7

HG]DZI]TZI GE ^GZG

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94% Jdzk I% K% . B}zw L% M% (:399'% Dytihg}w iem Dnngogdeow< G }`dzd i }zimd&bnnjd}{dde }`d }{b bz mb }`dw kb ìem ge ìem2 Ngeieod . Md~dhbsfde}% Eilmdeb9;% ds}dfjzi :39: ei shd}edf eihb~t }}s"3>":4"jtged"wbtzfbedw":4~gd{%`}fh2Rz69

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?9% Ohiza M% S% @gk`nghh L% md Bhg~dgzi Oifsgeb L% . Zd`fie _% _% (:399'% NMG]doèbhbkw _sghhb~dz Kzb{}` iem Geobfd Gedytihg}w< I _dhdo}g~d _tz~dw% Khbjih

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88/96

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