book 2 cmykoikos.in/html/newckfinder/userfiles/files/ecoeducation/...cnh«$_m vrb nañnag ~ y : 3 j...

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9. A{Ydmg 1 Owc¡ 22

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11. ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI 1 Am°JñQ> 26

12. C^`Ma àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI 2 Am°JñQ> 28

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14. ^ú` - ^jH$ Ioi 1 Am°JñQ> 32

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17. 1 gßQ>|~a 37

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26. AÞOmù`mVrc Jw§VmJw§V 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 51


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28. eoVrVrc O¡d{d{dYVm 2 Zmoìh|~a 55

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31. newnmcZ 2 {S>g|~a 59

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35. nú`m§Mr AmoiI 1 OmZodmar 67

36. njr-{ZarjU 2 OmZodmar 69

37. njr aoImQ>Z 1 OmZodmar 71

38. H$WmdmMZ 1 OmZodmar 72

39. dñVrcm nmUrnwadR>m 1 OmZodmar 75

40. ZXr ghc (3) 2 \o$~«wdmar 76

41. {dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ-^mJ 1 1 \o$~«wdmar 77

42. ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì 1 \o$~«wdmar 78

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44. hdm_mZ Am{U Kam§Mo àH$ma 2 \o$~«wdmar 80

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46. àXyfUmMo n[aUm_ - {MÌcoIZ 1 _mM© 83

47. JmdmV gmOao hmoUmao gU d àXyfU 1 _mM© 84

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· Amnë`m JQ>mg gmoSy>Z YmdmYmd H$ê$ Zò.

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· {Xboë`m doio_Üò {ZarjU H$ê$Z R>aboë`m {R>H$mUr naV ̀ mdo.

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· joÌôQ>rÀ`m gmo~V

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· · · àXyfUmMo n[aUm_ - {MÌcoIZ "C^`Ma àmUr' AmoiI njr-aoImQ>Z


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u nmdgm_wio qH$dm Hw$Rë`m YŠŠ`mZo nS>Uma Zmhr Aem nÕVrZo nO©Ý`_mnH$ ~gdmdm. CXmhaUmW© - nO©Ý`_mnH$ Va 8-10 B§M C§MrMm Agoc Va 2-3 B§M O{_ZrImcr nm{hOo Am{U Cacocm ̂ mJ da. (ho H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mVrZo qH$dm N>moQ>çm XJS>m§Zr âcocr Hw§$S>r KoD$Z {VÀ`mV nO©Ý`_mnH$ ~gdcm Var Mmcoc.)

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u ho _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo 4 Vo 5 _wcm§Mm EH$ `mà_mUo JQ> H$amdo d EHo$H$m JQ>mcm AmR>dS>çmMm nmD$g _moOÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Úmdr. (_wcm§À`m dJ© H«$_m§H$mà_mUo JQ> R>adë`mg gmono OmB©c.)

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u {Z`{_V {ZarjUmMr gd` cmJUo.

CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`maru emio_Üò nO©Ý`_mnH$ CncãY Zgë`mg

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u nO©Ý`_mnH$ ~Z{dÊ`mMr H¥$Vr - — gm{hË` : ßcmpñQ>H$Mr 1 {cQ>aMr ~mQ>cr, \w$Q>nÅ>r, _mH©$a

noZ, H$mÌr, 4-5 N>moQ>o XJS> qH$dm OmS> dmiy, nmUr.— ßcmpñQ>H$Mr 1 {cQ>aMr ~mQ>cr ({MÌmV XmIdë`mZwgma

gai n¥ð>^mJ Agcocr) ¿`m Am{U {VMm daMm ^mJ {MÌmV XmIdë`mZwgma H$mnm.

— ~mQ>crÀ`m Vimer WmoS>o N>m oQ > o XJS> Q >mH y $Z Vo ~wS>Vrc EdT>o nmUr Q>mH$m d _mH©$a noZZo nmÊ`mMr hr nmVir ~mQ>crda AmIyZ ¿`m.

— `m nmVirÀ`m da \w$Q>nÅ>rMm dmna H$ê$Z g|._r. d B§MÀ`m IwUm§Mr AmIUr _mH©$a noZZo H$ê$Z ¿`m qH$dm IyU Ho$bobr nÅ>r {MH$Q>dm.

— ~mQ>crMm H$mncocm ^mJ {MÌmV XmIdë`mZwgma CcQ>m H$ê$Z ~mQ>crV Q>mH$m. Ë`m`moJo Vmo Zagmù`mà_mUo H$m_ H$aoc.

— AmVm Vw_Mo nO©Ý`_mnH dmnaÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Pmco.— nO©Ý`_mnH$ dmnê$Z EH$Xm nmdgmMo _mnZ Pmë`mda,

nwÝhm Ê`mnydu, nO©Ý`_mnH$ [aH$m_o HŸê$Z Ë`mV nwÝhm N>moQ>o XJS> Q>mH$mdoV d ~mQ>brda AmIboë`m IwUon`ªV nmUr ^amdo. _J nO©Ý`_mnH$ nwÝhm OmJoda Ro>dyZ Xwgè`m {XderMo _mnZ H$amdo.

nmD$g _moO

01

23

45

67

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12

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go§._r

.

B§M

u dfm©À`m eodQ>r `m Zm|XtMm dmna H$ Z Amnë`mcm AmcoI ~Zdm`Mm Amho `mMr H$ënZm _wcm§Zm Úmdr d Ë`mH$aVm AMyH$ {Q>nU _hÎdmMo Amho hoXoIrc gm§Jmdo.

u

ê$

Agm nmD$g dfm©Zwdf} ZrQ> _moOë`mg Amnë`mbm H$m` \$m`Xo hmoVrb, Hw$R>br AmIUr ZrQ> H$aVm `oB©b Ago {dMmamdo.

{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr


O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ _moOUo

H¥ŸVru {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Vmn_mZ-_mnH$ XmIdyZ, Vmn_mZ-_mnH$mMo gd© KQ>H$

åhUOoM, nmam (mercury) (H$mhr _mnH$m§_Üò AëH$mohmob AgVo.), _mnH$mda nm§T>è`m a§JmZo AmIcoco à_mU ho _wcm§Zm XmIdmdo. hdo Agë`mg, {ejH$mZo Vmn_mZ-_mnH$mMo {MÌ \$ù`mda H$mT>mdo.

u Á`m g§emoYH$mZo ‘Celsius’ ̀ m EH$H$m_Yrc Vmn_mZ-_mnH$ nÕV emoYcr Ë`mMo Zmd Anders Celsius Ago hmoVo d Á`mZo Fahrenheit EH$H$m-_Yrc Vmn_mZ nÕV emoYcr Ë`mMo Zmd Daniel Fahrenheit Ago hmoVo, ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. emókm§Mr Zmdo {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ R>odmdrV.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, nmUr {H$Vr {S>J«r gopëgAgcm ~\©$ hmoVo Am{U {H$Vr {S>J«r gopëgAgcm nmUr CH$im`cm cmJVo? `mMr CÎmao _wcm§H$Sy>Z Amë`mda, ~amo~a Vr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.

u _J _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s `mdê$ZM Anders Celsius Zo gopëgAg _mnZ nÕVrVrc à_mU R>adco Amho. `mVrc _mnZ "0' bm Mmcy hmoVo H$maU, nmUr "0 {S>J«r gopëgAg' cm ~\©$ hmoVo Am{U "100' n`ªV KoVco OmVo H$maU "100 {S>J«r gopëgAg'cm nmUr CH$im`cm cmJVo, ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. Vmn_mZ-_mnH$m_Üò AmnU gd©gmYmaUnUo gopëgAg EH$H$> nmiVmo, hohr gm§Jmdo.

u {ejH$mZo {Xcocr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm dhr_Üò {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ho gm§Jmdo H$s ̀ m Vmn_mZ-_mnH$mZo AmnU Ogo Amnë`m

earamMo Vmn_mZ _moOVmo VgoM nmÊ`mMo, O{_ZrMoXoIrb Vmn_mZ _moOy eH$Vmo.

u `mZ§Va, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm AmnU O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ _moOUma AmhmoV Ago gm§Jmdo. Ë`mgmR>r emioÀ`m AmdmamV OmD$Z (_¡XmZ AWdm ~mJ) O{_ZrV PmS>mÀ`m OmS> H$mS>rZo gmYmaU 1 go§._r. Imoc N>moQ>m IÈ>m (Vmn_mZ-_mnH$ AmV OmÊ`mBVH$m IÈ>m) H$amdm. Ë`mV Vmn_mZ-_mnH$ 1 {_{ZQ> C^m Yê$Z R>odmdm d Z§Va Vmn_mZ _moOyZ XmIdmdo. _wcm§Zmhr _mnH$mda Vmn_mZ ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va emioÀ`m OdinmgM BVa XmoZ {R>H$mUr OmD$Z Vmn_mZ _moOUr H$amdr. CXmhaUmW© - emioMo _¡XmZ, ~mJ, añË`mH$S>oMr OmJm, {demb d¥jmImcrc OmJm BË`mXr. _wcm§Zm Vmn_mZ dhrV {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV d nŒËòH$ JQ>mbm Xa AmR>dS²>`mV `mM àËòH$ {R>H$mUr OmD$Z, eŠ`Vmo Xwnmar 12 dmOVm (AWdm BVa H$moUË`mhr R>aboë`m doir na§Vw Xa AmR>dS²>`mbm EH$M R>abobr doi nmimdr) Vmn_mZ _moOm`bm gm§Jmdo d df©âmMr {ZarjUo nwT>rb VŠË`mV âm`bm gm§JmdrV. VŠË`m_Üò Vmn_mZ ̂ aVmZm nŒËòH$ _{hÝ`mMr gamgar {b{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

KQ>HŸŸ_mVr

1 Vm{gH$m

u emioVrc Vmn_mZ - _mnH$ (W_m}_rQ>a) CnH«$_mgmR>r KoD$Z R>odmdm.

u hm CnH«$_ eŠ`Vmo Xwnmar 12 dmOVm ¿`mdm.u _mnZmV _wbm§À`m MwH$m hmoD$ eH$VmV Ë`mH$So>

{ejH$mZo bj R>odmdo d Ë`m gwYmamì`mV.

C{Ôï

nÕVr_moO_mn Am{U {ZarjUo

Vmn_mZ-_mnH$, dhr, noZ, PmS>mMr OmS> H$mS>rgm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

2

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi

OyZCnH«$_mMm _[hZm

u dZñnVtMo AmÀN>mXZAgë`mda O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ Am{U AmÀN>mXZ Zgë`mg O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ `m§_Üò {H$Vr \$aH$ nS>Vmo ho _wcm§Zm H$iUo.

u df©â hm CnH«$_ Ho$ë`m_wio àËòH$ F$Vy_Üò O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV {XgUmam \$aH$ g_OUo.


u dZñnVr Agcoë`m d dZñnVr Zgcoë`m O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV H$mhr \$aH$ {XgVmo Amho H$m Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. `m \$aH$mMm H$mhr \$m`Xm Amho H$m Agohr {dMmamdo d Vmo \$aH$XoIrc dhr_Ü`o {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.

u dfm©À`m eodQ>r Vmn_mZ-Zm|Xtdê$Z Amnë`mbm AmboI ~Zdm`Mm Amho ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. Ë`mH$[aVm AMyH$ Zm|Xr _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV hoXoIrb gm§Jmdo.OyZ

Owc¡

emioÀ`m _¡XmZmVrcO_rZ

_{hZm

añË`mH$S>oÀ`m PmS>mImcrcO_rZ

eoVmVrc/emioÀ`m~mJoVrcO_rZ

Vmn_mZ ({S>J«r gopëgAg_Ü`o)


àË`j eoVrcm gwédmV

H¥ŸVrKQ>HŸŸeoVr

2 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo Ë`m§À`m ^mJmV CJdUmè`m ^mÁ`m§Mr {~`mUo eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z qH$dm ~mOmamVyZ AmYrM {dH$V KoD$Z ̀ mdrV.

u emioÀ`m AmdmamV Á`m {R>H$mUr AmnU dm\o$ V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vmo Aer OmJm AmYrM emoYyZ R>odmdr d JaO Agë`mg nadmZJr H$mTy>Z R>odmdr.

C{Ôï_wcm§Mr eoVrg§X^m©Vcr _m{hVr

àË`j eoVr H$ê$Z AmUIr n¸$s H$aUo.

nÕVrhmVr H$m_ (àË`j H¥$Vr)

{~`mUo, nmUr, _mVr (dm\o$), eoUIV, Iwanr, _mVr _moH$ir H$aÊ`mH$[aVm H$mo`Vm BË`mXr.

gm{hË`

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u

{ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm àíZ {dMmê$Z eoVr_Üò H$moUË`m à{H«$`m hmoVmV `mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm. `m àËòH$ à{H«$òMm H$m` \$m`Xm AgVmo Vo {dMmamdo. Z§Va _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, "AmO AmnU emio_Üò eoVr Mmcy H$aUma AmhmoV.'

u àË`j eoVr Mmcy H$aÊ`mnydu O{_ZrMr _emJV H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo d Ë`mgmR>r H$m` Ho$co nm{hOo Ago {ejH$mZo {dMmamdo.

u _wcm§Zr gm§{JVbobr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ H$mT>mdrV, d _wcm§Zm CÎmao Z Amë`mg {ejH$mZo gm§JmdrV. CXmhaUmW© - VU H$mT>Uo, O_rZ / _mVr _moH$ir H$aUo. `mnwT>rc H$m_ Ogo O{_ZrV eoUIV KmcUo / {_giUo, ~r noaUo BË`mXr XoIrc {chmdo.

u {ejH$mZo hr H$m_o \$ù`mda {c{hë`mda, _wcm§À`m g§»òZwgma 4-5 JQ> H$amdoV. àËòH$ JQ>mZo EH$ dm\$m V`ma H$am`Mm Agë`mZo, `mVrc H$m_o àËòH$ JQ>m_Yë`m _wcm§_Üò dmQy>Z Úmdr.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm emioÀ`m AmdmamV R>a{dcoë`m ^mJmV KoD$Z Omdo d dmâ`mMr cm§~r-ê§$Xr gm§Jmdr. ho dm\o$ gmYmaU 5 \y$Q> cm§~ Am{U 3 \y$Q> ê§$X Ago Agy eH$VmV dm\o$ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$amdo.

u _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m JQ>mà_mUo Cô amhÿZ AmYr dm\o$ _moOyZ V`ma H$am`cm gm§Jmdo. ̀ m_Üò JQ>mVcr 2 _wco H$m_ H$ê$ eH$VmV.

u VU H$mT>m`cm 2 _wco, eoUIV {_giÊ`mgmR>r 2 _wco, {~`mUo noam`cm 2 _wco Ago _wcm§Mo dmQ>n Agy eH$Vo. (O_rZ _moH$ir H$aVmZm _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s Ë`m§Zm O_rZ Imoc IUm`Mr ZgyZ \$º$ _moH$ir H$am`Mr Amho.)

u H$moUVr {~`mUo AmhoV `mdê$Z {~`m§Mr noaUr {H$Vr A§Vamda H$am`Mr, ho R>admdo. CXmhaUmW© - H$moqW~ra, _oWr `mgmR>r OmJm Z gmoS>Vm ~r noacr Var Mmcoc. nU {_aMr, Q>mo_°Q>mo, ^|S>r ho Agoc Va 1.5 Vo 2 \y$Q> A§Va R>odmdo.

u docrdJu` dZñnVrMr ~r Agoc Va 1.5 Vo 1 \y$Q> A§Va Mmcy eH$Vo. _mÌ doc dmT>ë`mda Ë`m§Zm AmYmamMr JaO cmJUma, ho cjmV R>odyZ Ë`mZwgma AmYmamgmR>r H$mR>r cmdmdr.

u AemàH$mao {ejH$mZo _wcm§H$Sy>Z dm\o$ V`ma H$ê$Z ¿`mdo d àËòH$ AmR>dS>çmcm EH$m JQ>mZo `m dmâ`mMr XoIaoI H$amdr d Xa {Xder nmUr Kmbmdo Aer gyMZm Úmdr.

_mJrb B`ÎmoV AmnU eoVrbm ôQ> {Xbr Voìhm H$m` H$m` nm{hbo hmoVo `m~m~V _wbm§Mr COiUr ¿`mdr.

qH$dm {ejH$mZo OmJoÀ`m CnbãYVoZwgma R>admdo.

àËòH$ JQ>mV

`m àËòH$ JQ>mZo Xa AmR>dS>çmV eoVrVbo ~Xb - amonm§Mr dmT>, VUmMo àH$ma BË`mXr Jmoï>tMr Zm|X dhrV H$aÊ`m~m~VMr gyMZm {ejH$mZo Úmdr.

3

OyZCnH«$_mMm _[hZm


KQ>HŸŸ

ZXrMr ghb (1)

2 Vm{gH$m

C{Ôï

nÕVr

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u {ejH$mZo emioÀ`m OdinmgMr dmhVr ZXr emoYyZ R>odmdr d {VWë`m n[agamMr d dZñnVtMr AmoiI ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§À`m _XVrZo H$ê$Z ¿`mdr. {dÚmÏ`mªZm ~gyZ ZXrMo {ZarjU H$aVm òB©c Aer OmJm emoYyZ R>odmdr.

u nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "AmoT>m-ghc' CnH«$_ Á`mà_mUo KoVcm Amho, Ë`mMà_mUo hm CnH«$_ ¿`mdm Am{U VoM _mnX§S> dmnamdoV.

u ghcrMr doi Oa gH$mir 10 À`m AmYr qH$dm g§Ü`mH$mir 4 Z§Va R>odcr Va ZXrda njr Am{U àmUr {XgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>oc.

u ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mMm doJ d nmVir YmoH$mXm`H$ Agë`mg Ë`m {R>H$mUr nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mMm CnHŒ$_ H$miOrnyd©H$ ¿`mdm AWdm JaO dmQ>ë`mg Q>mimdm.

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

4

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi

Owc¡CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

u nmdgmù`mV ZXrÀ`m ê$nmMo {ZarjU H$aUo; ZXrMo d ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmè`mMo _hÎd _wcm§n`ªV nmohmoMdUo.

u ZXr_Üò d ZXrÀ`m n[agam_Üò àËòH$ F$VyV {XgUmao ~Xc _wcm§Zm H$imdoV.

n[ag§ñWm

joÌôQ>, MMm© Am{U {ZarjU

dhr, noZ, noÝgrc, KS>çmi / ñQ>m°ndm°M, H$mJXmMm _moRm ~moim, Xw~uU, _rQ>anÅr, "ZH$memdmMZ' CnH«$_mV ~Z{dbobm ZH$mem

nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "ZH$memdmMZ' CnH«$_mV ~Z{dbobm ZH$mem dmnamdm. Ë`mV ZXr XmIdbr Zgë`mg, _wbm§À`m _XVrZo ZXrMm àdmh, {Xem ZH$memV XmIdmì`m.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ZXr{H$Zmar joÌôQ>rgmR>r Ý`mdo. {VWo Joë`mda _wcm§Zm ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmè`mda ~gdmdo. `m_wio _wcm§Zm ZXr Am{U AmOy~mOyMm n[aga nyU©nUo {Xgoc.

u

u n{hcr 10 - 15 {_{ZQ>o, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {ZarjU H$am`cm gm§Jmdo. `m_Üò ZXrMm {H$Zmam, PmS>m-PwSw>nm§Mr XmQ>r, ZXr_Üò Agcoco XJS> Ym|S>o, Vir, S>~H$s, Ë`m_Üò CJdcoë`m dZñnVr, ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mMm a§J,nmÊ`mMm AmdmO BË`mXrMo {ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. 10 {_{ZQ>o em§V ~gyZ nú`m§Mo doJdoJio AmdmO EoH$Ê`mg d njr ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo JQ> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mdaÀ`m _mVrMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z a§J, ñne©, XJS>mMo / dmiyMo à_mU `mMr Zm|X H$am`cm gm§Jmdr. H$mR>mda {H$Vr àH$maÀ`m dZñnVr {XgV AmhoV Vo _moOm`cm gm§Jmdo. {ejH$mZo _m{hVr Agë`mg ̀ m dZñnVtMr Zmdo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdr.

u _wcm§À`m dhr_Üò Imcrc {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X Agmdr -— nmÊ`mMm a§J — nmÊ`mMm doJ — nmÊ`mMr nmVir— njr, àmUr, H$sQ>H$ — nmÊ`mMm dmna — nmÊ`mVco àXyfU— H$mR>mdaMr _mVr — H$mR>mdaÀ`m d nmÊ`mVë`m dZñnVr

u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOm`Mm Amho ho gm§Jmdo d Ë`mMr H¥$Vr nwT>rcà_mUo gm§Jmdr.— nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mgmR>r 3 _wbm§Zm g_m{dï> H$amdo d ~mH$sÀ`m

_wbm§Zm H$mR>mda, WmoS>o A§Va R>odyZ Cô amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mgmR>r 2 _wbm§Zm ZXrÀ`m EH$mM H$mR>mda

EH$_oH$m¨nmgyZ 20 _rQ>aÀ`m A§Vamda Cô H$amdo. doi _moOÊ`mgmRr {Vgè`m _wbmbm ñQ>m°ndm°M / KS>çmi KoD$Z XmoÝhr _wbm§À`m _Yo Cô H$amdo.

— ZXrÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm Cä`m Agboë`m _wbmZo H$mJXmMm ~moim Q>mH$VmZm "Q>mH$bm' Ago AmoaS>mdo d doi _moOUmè`m _wbmZo ñQ>m°ndm°M gwê H$amdo / KS>çmimV doi nmhmdr.

— hm H$mJXmMm ~moim 20 _rQ>a A§Vamda Cä`m Agboë`m _wbmn`ªV nmohmoMbm H$s Ë`mZo "nmoMbm' Ago AmoaS>mdo d doi _moOUmè`mZo ñQ>m°ndm°M ~§X H$amdo / KS>çmimV doi nmhmdr.

_mJrb B`ÎmoV Pmboë`m AmoT>m-ghbtMr COiUr ¿`mdr d H$mhr gmå` / \$aH$ OmUdVmo H$m ho {dMmamdo.


bmJbobm doi nmhyZ dhrV {bhyZ Rodmdm. `mdê$Z nmÊ`mMm doJ H$mT>Vm ̀ oB©b. CXmhaUmW© - 20 _rQ>a H$aVm "j' goH§$X bmJbo Va 1 goH§$XmV ~moim {H$Vr _rQ>a A§Va OmB©b Ago J{UV H$amdo. `mnŒ_mUo nmÊ`mMm doJ {H$Vr _rQ>a à{V goH§$X Amho Ago {ejH$mZo gm§Jmdo. `mMr Zm|X gJù`m _wbm§Zr dhr_Ü`o H$ê$Z R>odmdr.

— eŠ` Agë`mg BVa F$V§yV, nmdgmù`mÀ`m eodQ>r Am{U {hdmù`mV, CÝhmù`mV hm doJ _moOÊ`mMm CnH«$_ KoD$Z Amboë`m {ZarjUm§Mr VwbZm H$amdr.

u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nwT>rcà_mUo Vº$m V`ma H$ê$Z {ZarjUo _m§S>Ê`mg gm§Jmdr.

u VgoM `m {ZarjUm§dê$Z _wcm§Zm ZXrMo EH$ {MÌ H$mT>m`cm gm§Jmdo.

— H$mJXmÀ`m ~moù`mbm 20 _rQ>a A§Va nma H$am`bm

nmÊ`mMm doJ

nmÊ`mMr nmVir

dZñnVr

nmÊ`mMm dmna

nmÊ`mMm a§J

njr/àmUr

àXyfU

{ZarjUmMoKQ>H$ Owc¡ gßQ¨>o~a \o$~w«dmar


KQ>HŸŸ

_mÂ`m ZXrMr Jmoï>

nmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrcoIZ

dhr, noZ, JmdmMm, VmcwŠ`mMm Am{U amÁ`mMm ZH$mem

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u "ZXrMr ghc' hm CnH«$_ H$aVmZm _wcm§Zr Ho$cocr {ZarjUo øm CnH«$_mVyZ nwT>o `oVrc, Ë`m_wio {ejH$mZo Amnë`m JmdmMm, VmcwŠ`mMm Am{U amÁ`mMm ZH$mem AmUyZ R>odmdm d VmbwŠ`mÀ`m ZH$memV Vr ZXr emoYyZ R>odmdr.

u AmXë`m {Xder _wcm§Zm "ZXrMr ghc' `m CnH«$_mV H$mT>coco {MÌ gmo~V AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

— n`m©`r ObZrVr, àH$me Jmoio, BH$m°bm°OrH$b gmogm`Q>r, nwUo

u g§X^m©gmR>r nwñVH$ :

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

5

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "ZXrMr ghc' `m CnH«$_mV H$mT>coco {MÌ nmhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. _wcm§er Ë`m§Zr {ZarjU Ho$coë`m "ZXrMo ê$n' øm~Ôc AmYr MMm© H$amdr.

u ghcrÀ`m doiocm ~{KVcoë`m dZñnVr, IS>H$, nmUr, njr, àXyfU øm _wX²X`m§§da _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo Imcr {Xcoco àíZ \$ù`mda {chmdoV d _wcm§Zm EH$ EH$ àíZ {dMmamdm -— Vw_À`m JmdmV ZXrMm nŒdoe Zo_H$m Hw$R>o hmoVmo? — ZXrMm CJ_ Hw$R>o hmoVmo?— ZXrMo nmÌ Imoc Amho H$s CWi?— H$mR>m§er dZñnVr / PwSw>no / d¥j AmhoV H$m? H$moUVr?— ZXrMo nmÌ _moH$io dmhVo Amho H$m ~m§Y KmcyZ ~§{XñV Ho$co Amho?— cmoH$ ZXrMm dmna H$em-H$emgmR>r H$aVmV?— ZXrÀ`m Odinmg H$moUH$moUVo njr {XgVmV? Ë`m§Mr Zmdo H$m`? {H$Vr

g§»`oZo ZXrOdi njr {Xgco?— ZXrMm Vi {XgVmo H$m? Agë`mg Vimer H$m` {XgVo? C>XmhaUmW© -

_mVr, XJS>, dZñnVr, H$Mam BË`mXr.— øm ZXrda _moR>m ~m§Y Amho H$m? Agë`mg Zmd?

u hr MMm© H$aV AgVm§Zm {ejH$mZo ZXrMo {MÌ \$ù`mda aoImQ>m`Mm à`ËZ H$amdm. C>XmhaU åhUyZ gmo~V {Xbobo {MÌ nhmdo.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm ZXrMm àdmg ZH$memda H$gm Amho ho emoYÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. `mV {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr. Z§Va _wcm§Zm "ZXrMm àdmg d dU©Z' gm§JUmar EH$ Jmoï> qH$dm {Z~§Y {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.


C{Ôïu _wcm§Zr Amnë`m OdiÀ`m

ZXrMo ñdê$n H$WoÀ`m ê$nmV {c{hUo.u `mVyZ ZXrMo ~maH$mdo, {VMo _hÎd,

Cn`moJ, {VWco àXyfU, Ë`m_wio _mUgm§Zm d àmÊ`m§Zm hmoUmam Ìmg g_OUo.

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


ZXr- H¥$îUm, eha- dmB©

KQ>HŸŸ

{d{dY àXoemZwgma ~XcUmam nmD$g

nmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

C{Ôï

nÕVrZH$mem d aoIm{MÌ

^maVmMm d _hmamï´>mMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem, noZ / noÝgrc, dhr

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV nS>Umè`m nmdgmMr _m{hVr qH$dm gmYmaU A§XmO {ejH$mcm AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a _hmamï´>mV gmYmaU H$moUË`m {OëømV H$moUVr {nHo$ KoVcr OmVmV `mMrXoIrc _m{hVr {ejH$mZo H$mT>mdr.

u hm CnH«$_ ^yJmocmer OmoSy>Z KoVcm Va _wcm§Zm A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m H$ioc.

u CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda _hmamï´>mMm ZH$mem hmVr H$mT>mdm. Ë`mVco {d{dY ^m¡{VH$d¡{eîQ>ço (åhUOoM S>m|Jaam§Jm, ZX`m BË`mXr) {MÝhm§À`m ñdê$nmV H$mT>mdr. CXmhaU åhUyZ Imcr {MÌ {Xco Amho.

nÕVrZo

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

6

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ^maVmMm ZH$mem XmIdyZ ^maVmV nmD$g H$gm XmIc hmoVmo, gd©àW_ Hw$R>o nS>Vmo, ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. _wcm§Zm gmono Omdo åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mg_moa ̂ maVmMm ZH$mem R>odUo Ano{jV Amho.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm _hmamï´>mMm ZH$mem XmIdyZ Amncm VmcwH$m qH$dm Jmd emoYm`cm gm§JUo.

u _wcm§Zr emoYcoco Jmd ho H$moUË`m {Xeocm Amho Vo {dMmamdo, CXmhaUmW© - _hmamï´> amÁ`mV aËZm{Jar VmcwH$m npíM_ocm Amho.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m JmdmV/VmcwŠ`mV nS>Umè`m nmdgmMm A§XmO {dMmamdm.

u _hmamï´>mVë`m gømÐrMo (npíM_ KmQ>mMo) _hÎd _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. øm S>m|Jaam§JoMm g§~§Y OcMH«$mer OmoS>Vm òV Amho H$m, Ago _wcm§Zm{dMmamdo.

u gømÐr Am{U gmVnwS²`mÀ`m nd©Vam§Jm§_wio _hmamï´>mV nmdgm_Üò {XgUmao H$_r-OmñV à_mUmMo H$maU gm§Jmdo d Imcrc {MÌmà_mUo \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z XmIdmdo.

u `m_Üò, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nO©Ý`N>mòMm àXoe hr g§H$ënZm gm§JUo Ano{jV Amho.


u {d{dY àXoem§_Üò nmdgmMo ~XcUmao ñdê$n g_OUo.

u _hmamï´>mÀ`m nmdgmMm {Oëømà_mUo A§XmO cmdVm ̀ oUo.

u {nH$m§Mm Am{U nmdgmMm g§~§Y g_OUo.

_hmamï´>mVrb

{H$ZmanÅ>rMm ^mJ gôçmXŒrnojm H$_r

nmD$g nS>Vmo

gôçmXŒrÀ`m nd©Vam§JmBWo gJù`mV OmñV nmD$g nS>Vmo

_Ü`_ nmD$g nS>Vmo(nO©Ý`N>mòMm àXoe)

Ogo nydo©H$So> OmVmo Vgo nmdgmMo nŒ_mU H$_r hmoV OmVo

nydo©H$Sy>Z òUmè`m _mog_r dmè`m_wio `m ^mJmV~è`mn¡H$s nmD$g nS>Vmo

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


({ejH$m _m{hVrgmR>r, À`m ZH$memV nmD$g_mZ A§XmOo XmIdbo Amho.)

u _wcm§Zm aoIm{MÌmVyZ Am{U ^yJmocmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo darcAmH¥$VrZwgma amÁ`mVrc {d{dY àXoemVrc nmD$g_mZ XmIdmdo. Ë`mVrc \$aH$ gm§Jmdm.

OmñV nmD$g _Ü`_ nmD$gH$_r nmD$g

g_wXŒ H$moH$U gô`mXŒr Xoe {dX^©

_Ü`_ nmD$g

gmVmam

gm§Jbr

gmobmnya

H$moëhmnya

nwUo

R>mUo

Zm{eH$

Z§Xwa~ma

Ywio OiJmd

Am¡a§Jm~mX

~wbT>mUm

OmbZm

~rS>

Ah_XZ aJ

Cñ_mZm~mX

bmVya

Zm§XoS>

na^UrqhJmobr

dm{e_

AH$mobm

A_amdVr

dYm©

ZmJnyaJmo§{X`m

^§S>mam

M§XŒnya

JS>{Mamobr

`dV_mi

aËZm{Jar

qgYwXwJ©

a `JS>m

_w§~B©

_hmamï´> amÁ`nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrÀ`m àH$mamZwgma à_wI {d^mJ

(H¥$fr hdm_mZ {d^mJ)

1. Om§^mÀ`m O{_ZrMm, A{V nO©Ý`d¥îQ>rMm àXoe (X{jU H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅrMm àXoe) ................... 3100 .......2. {~ZOm§^mÀ`m O{_ZrMm, A{V nO©Ý`d¥îQ>rMm àXoe (CËVa H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅrMm àXoe) ................... 2600 .......3. KmQ>_mÏ`mMm àXoe (npíM_ KmQ> àXoe) ............... 3000 Vo 6000 .......4. g§H«$_U àXoe (1) .................................... 700 Vo 2500 .......5. g§H«$_U àXoe (2) .................................... 700 Vo 1200 .......6. Anwè`m d A{Z`{_V nmdgmMm àXoe .................. 750 nojm H$_r .......7. {ZpíMV nO©Ý`Mm àXoe ............................... 700 Vo 900 .......8. nwaogm d ^anya nO©Ý`d¥îQ>rMm àXoe (_Ü`_ nmdgmMm àXoe) .............................. 1130 .......9. g§{_l IS>H$mnmgyZ V`ma Pmboë`m O{_ZrMm, OmñV nO©Ý`d¥îQ>rMm àXoe ............................ 950 Vo 1700 .......

Vnerb dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý`_mZ ([_. _r.)

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "nmdgmZwgma Ë`m Ë`m ^mJmVrb _yiMr ñWm{ZH$ {nHo$ R>abobr AgVmV' `m{df`r _m{hVr X`mdr.

{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m{hVr_hmamï´>mVrb {d{dY ^mJmVrb nmD$g_mZ


KQ>HŸŸ

nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo H$m` hmoVo?

nmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

u Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dm JmdmÀ`m OdinmgnmÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ Oa H$mhr doJù`m nÕVrZo qH$dm nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo H$aV AgVrc Va Ë`mMr _m{hVr KoUo. CXmhaUmW© - H$mbdm AWdm \$S> nÕV.

u Ë`m {R>H$mUr _wcm§Zm joÌôQ>rgmR>r ZoVm òB©c H$m `mMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.

u hm CnHŒ$_ eŠ`Vmo nmD$g nS>V AgVmZm ¿`mdm.`m_wio _wcm§Zm nmdgmMo nmUr Hw$Ro Hw$Ro OmVo, _waVo Vo g_Oob.

C{Ôï

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, {ZarjU Am{U MMm©

dhr, noZ, noÝg crgm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

7

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo Mma JQ> H$amdoV.u àËòH$ JQ>mcm JmdmV doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr (eoVr, Jmd, emim Am{U

_moH$io _¡XmZ) OmD$Z "nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo H$m` H$m` hmoVo' `m{df`rÀ`m Zm|Xr H$aÊ`mg gm§JUo.

u `m_Üò JmdmV, Kam§da, emim§da nmdgmÀ`m nS>Umè`m nmÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`moOZ Ho$co Amho H$m Vo nmhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. CXmhaUmW© - nÝhir cmdUo, nmdgmMo nmUr gmR>dUo Ë`m . _¡XmZmda nS>Umao nmUr O{_ZrV _waVo Amho H$s dmhÿZ OmV Amho ømMr Zm|X ¿`m`cm gm§Jmdr.

u _wcm§Zm Ë`m-Ë`m {R>H$mUr _moR>çm _mUgm§er, eoVH$è`m§er ~mocÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u dJm©V Amë`mda _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr {ZarjUo {dMmamdrV.u

Ë`m

B Xr

_wbm§er MMm© H$aVmZm nwT>rb _wX²Xo nmohmoMdmdoV- Vù`mV, {d{harV gmR>Umao nmUr, ZXrVbo nmUr _mUgmbm dmnaVm òVo VgoM BVa gOrdm§gmR>rhr _hËdmMo AgVo. añË`mH$So>Zo dmhÿZ OmUmao nmUr O{_ZrMr Yyn H$aV OmVo, Ë`m~amo~a _mVrXoIrb dmhÿZ OmVo B Xr.


Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dmVmcwŠ`mV nS>Umè`m nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ H$go H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo ømMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

O{_ZrV _waVo

{d{harV gmR>Vo

dmhyZ OmVo

gmR>dbo OmVo

Iyn doJmZo dmhVo

Vù`mV, eoVVù`mV gmR>Vo.

ZXrbm {_iVo nmdgmMo nmUr

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo `m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU

_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ H$ê$Z X²`mdr.

KQ>HŸŸ

hdm_mZmMo àH$ma

hdm - hdm_mZ

2 Vm{gH$m

u

{ejH$mZo Aä`mgmdr.u nwTo> {Xboë`m ^maVmÀ`m ZH$memMr a§JrV

N>m`m§{H$V nŒV H$mT>mdr.

^maVmVrc hdm_mZ-àH$mam§{df`rMr _m{hVr

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm ̂ maVmVrc _w»` hdm_mZ-àH$mam§Mr AmoiI hmoUo.

nÕVrMMm©

OJmMm Am{U ^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem, gmo~V {Xboë`m ^maVmÀ`m ZH$memMr a§JrV N>m`m§{H$V nŒV, dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

8

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm OJmMm ZH$mem XmIdyZ Ë`m_Üò "^maV' Xoe XmIdÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. Ë`m_YyZ Jococr AmS>dr aofm {XgVo Amho H$m Vo {dMmamdo? `m aofocm H$m` åhUVmV? _wcm§Mr CÎmao Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "H$H©$d¥Îm' Ago {chmdo. Ë`mZ§Va ^maV XoemÀ`m ImcÀ`m ~mOyZo Jococr AmS>dr aof H$moUVr? Ago {dMmamdo. _wcm§Mr CÎmao EoH$ë`mda {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "{dfwdd¥Îm' Ago {chmdo.

u ^maV Xoe hm `m {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`m Odi Agë`mZo òWrb hdm_mZ ho {deof àH$maMo Amho Ago _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo d `mMmM AmO AmnU Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV ho gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gmo~V {Xboë`m ZH$memMr a§JrV N>m`m§{H$V nŒV XmIdmdr. hdm_mZMm àH$ma d Ë`mV òUmar amÁò `mMr `mXr H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. _J {ejH$mZo Ë`m-Ë`m amÁ`mV Ago hdm_mZ H$m Agob ho {dMmamdo.

u `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem OdiyZ ~Km`bm Úmdm d Ë`mVrc S>m|Jaam§J>m, dmid§Q>, g_wÐ{H$Zmam ̀ m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV, EH$sH$S>o Vr \$ù`mda {chmdrV.

u `m_Üò "{h_mc`', "npíM_ KmQ>', "WaMo dmid§Q>', "qhX _hmgmJa', "Aa~r g_wÐ', "~§JmcMm CngmJa' Aer CÎmao òVrc, Ë`mà_mUo {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda Zmdo {chmdrV. _wcm§Zr gd© CÎmao Z {Xë`mg hr `mXr {ejH$mZo nyU© H$amdr.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s ̀ m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr ̂ maVmVrc hdm_mZ d Ë`mVrc àH$ma R>a{dÊ`mV _hÎdmMr ̂ y{_H$m Amho.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo EHo$H$ KQ>H$ d Ë`m_wio V`ma hmoUmao "hdm_mZ' _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo Ogo {h_mc` nd©Vm_wio _Ü` Am{e`m I§S>mVyZ CÎma {XeoZo ^maVmH$S>o dmhV òUmao W§S> dmao AS>dco OmVmV. Ë`m_wio CÎma ^maVmV D$~Xma hdm_mZ cm^Vo.

u Aem àH$mao {ejH$mZo ̂ maVmVrc _w»` hdm_mZàH$ma g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdo.

— Highland - nd©Vr` erV hdm_mZ— Humid Subtropical - g_ X_Q> erVmoîU hdm_mZ— Tropical Wet & Dry - CîUH$Qr~§Yr` AmXŒ© d H$moaS>o hdm_mZ— Arid - ewîH$ hdm_mZ— Semi - arid - {ZåZ-ewîH$ hdm_mZ

Tropical Wet - CîUH$Qr~§Yr` AmXŒ© hdm_mZ—

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s ̂ maVmV hdm_mZmZwgma ̀ m gd© àXoemV {XgUmao nŒmUr, njr, dZñnVrXoIrb ~XbV OmVmV. CXmhaUmW© - aoVr_` dmid§Q>mV C§Q>, Amgm_ _Üò EH$qeJr Jo§S>m, XmQ> O§JbmV dmK AmT>iVmo BË`mXr.

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


Owc¡

^maVmVrc hdm_mZmMo àH$ma

nd©Vr` erV hdm_mZg_erVmoîU X_Q> hdm_mZCîUH$Q>r~§Yr` AmXŒ© d H$moaS>o hdm_mZewîH$ hdm_mZ{ZåZ-ewîH$ hdm_mZCîUH$Q>r~§Yr` AmXŒ© hdm_mZ

Oå_y Am{UH$mí_ra

{h_mMb nŒXoe

n§Om~

h[a`mUmCËVamI§S>

amOñWmZ CËVanŒXoe

_Ü`nŒXoeJwOamVN>ËVrgJT>

{~hma

Amo[agm_hmamï—

Am§YŒnŒXoe

H$Zm©Q>H$

Ho$aiV{_iZmSy>

Jmodm

bjÛrn

Zdr {Xëbr

PmaI§S>$

Amgm__oKmb`

{_Pmoa_

_{Unya

{Ìnwam

ZmJmb±S>

npíM_~§Jmb

{gpŠH$_

A§X_mZAm{U {ZH$mo~ma

AéUmMbnŒXoe


KQ>HŸŸ

A{Ydmg

n[ag§ñWm

1 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo nwT>o {Xboë`m VŠË`mZwgma H$mhr àmÊ`m§Mr Am{U Ë`m§À`m A{Ydmgm§Mr {MÌo Jmoim H$ê$Z R>odmdr. `m {MÌm§Mr g§»`m 20 - 25 Agmdr.

u `mgmRr {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xboë`m gr.S>r. _Yrb `m CnHŒ$_mgmRrÀ`m \$moQ>mo§Mr Nm`m§{H$V nŒV H$mTy>Z R>odmdr AWdm dV©_mZnÌ / nwñVHo$ / _m{gHo$ ̀ m§_YyZ ho \$moQ>mo O_m H$amdoV.

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm àmÊ`m§Mo A{Ydmg g_OUo.

nÕVrMMm© Am{U Ioi

A{Ydmg d àmUr `m§Mo \$moQ>mo, dhr, noZgm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

9

H¥ŸVru

{~imV amhVmo, gaS>o XJS>mImcr gmnS>VmV, nú`mMm PmS> Aer dmŠò dmnamdr.

qH$dm {VWo amhm`bm bmJVmo.

{ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {bhmdo d MMm© gwê$ H$amdr. _r KamV amhVmo, njr PmS>mda {H§Ÿdm PmS>mÀ`m T>mocrV KaQo> H$aVmo, C§Xra

"A{Ydmg' Ago

A{Ydmg Amho, dmKmMm A{Ydmg O§Jc Amho

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "A{Ydmg' `m eãXmMm H$m` AW© Agoc Ago {dMmamdo. _wcm§Zm gm§{JVcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV. _J {ejH$mZo gm§Jmdo H$s EImÚm àmÊ`mMo amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU, Ë`mMm n[aga åhUOo A{Ydmg.

u _wcm§Zm AmVm "_mUyg' Hw$R>o amhVmo ho {dMmamdo. "Aí_`wJmV qH$dm \$ma \$ma nydu ' _mUyg Hw$R>o amhm`Mm Am{U AmVm AmnU Hw$R>o amhVmo? Ago {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.

u AmnU Amnë`m amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU H$go R>adVmo, ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. CXmhaUmW© - EH$m {M_UrZo Vw_À`m KamV KaQ>o Ho$co Va {VZo Vo KaQ>o H$moUVm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m {R>H$mUr ~m§Ybo Agoc?

u `mda _wcm§Mr doJdoJir CÎmao ̀ oVrc Ogo {VWo H$moUmMm hmV nmohMV Zmhr. Vo KaQ>o bdH$a {XgV Zmhr. KaQ>çmcm dmam, nmD$g `mMm Ìmg hmoV Zmhr. KaQ>o H$am`cm nwaoer OmJm Amho BË`mXr. _J {ejH$mZo _wcm§er AOyZ MMm© H$amdr d "{OWo EImÚm gOrdmcm Ë`mMo AÞ, nmUr {_iVo Am{U gwa{jVVm dmQ>Vo Aem {R>H$mUr gOrd Ë`mMo Ka ~m§YVmo

' ho gm§Jmdo, \$ù`mda {chmdo. `mcmM Ë`m gOrdmMm "A{Ydmg' åhQ>co OmVo Ago gm§Jmdo. ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm dhr_Üò {chm`cm gm§Jmdo.

u gJioM gOrd EH$mM àH$maÀ`m {R>H$mUr amhVmV H$s doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m {R>H$mUr? Ago {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. CXmhaUmW© - gmn Am{U njr XmoÝhr O§JcmV amhV Agco Var gmn {~im_Üò / XJS>mImcr amhVmo Am{U njr PmS>m§da amhVmo. VgoM JmoS>çm nmÊ`mVcm _mgm hm ZXrV qH$dm VcmdmVM {XgUma H$s g_wÐmV nU {XgUma? ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. Aem àH$mao àíZmoÎmam§À`m ghmæ`mZo H$mhr CXmhaUo ÚmdrV.

u _wcm§Zm ho g_Odmdo H$s Ogo Amnë`mcm àmÊ`m§dê$Z Ë`mMm A{Ydmg AmoiIVm ̀ oVmo VgoM A{Ydmg ~KyZ A§XmO ̀ oVmo H$s BWo H$moUH$moUVo àmUr Agy eH$VmV.

u hr g§H$ënZm ZrQ> H$iÊ`mH$[aVm {ejH$mZo EH$ Ioi ¿`mdm.u `m IoimgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo 4 JQ> H$amdo Am{U gyMZm Úmdr H$s JQ>mcm

EH$ \$moQ>mo XmIdcm OmB©c. hm \$moQ>mo àmÊ`mMm Agy eH$Vmo qH$dm EImÚm A{YdmgmMm. Oa àmÊ`mMm Agoc Va Ë`mMm A{Ydmg gm§Jm`Mm Am{U A{YdmgmMm \$moQ>mo Agoc Va àmÊ`mMo Zmd gm§Jm`Mo. {ejH$mZo AmcQy>Z-nmcQy>Z àËòH$ JQ>mcm àíZ {dMmamdo.


CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u \$moQ>mo XmIdm`Mr gmo` Zgë`mg A{Ydmg Am{U àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§JyZ hm Ioi KoÊ`mV ̀ mdm.

u `mZ§Va doi Caë`mg, {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm "O§Jb' `m A{YdmgmV H$moUVo AgVmV Ago {dMmamdo, Ë`mMr ̀ mXr \$i`mda H$amdr.

N>moQo> N>moQo> A{Ydmg


A{Ydmg / N>moQo A{Ydmg>

àmUr

O§Jb

PwSw>no

XJS>

PmS>o

Tmobr

~ri

q^VrVcr \$Q>

Vio, ZXr

{demb d¥j

S>mo§JamVbo H$S>o

dmid§Q>

Obme`

JdVmi àXoe

Añdb, dmK

njr, _mH$S>

njr, Kw~S>, Ima, nmonQ>, CX_m§Oa

qdMy, gmn

nmb

njr, N>moQ>o àmUr

nmUnjr - ~XH$, ~Jim BË`mXr. nmUdZñnVr - H$_i

_Y_mí`m§Mo nmoio, eoH$ê$

{JYmS>

C§Q>, H$mQo>ar dZñnVr - H°$ŠQ>g

{Q>Q>dr, _miT>moH$, Ym{dH$, _mi{Q>Q>dr

_Ja, _mgm, njr, gmn

C§Xra, Kwg, ggm

KQ>HŸŸ

H$sQ>H$m§Mr AmoiI

àmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm H$sQ>H$m§~m~V A{YH$_m{hVr {_iUo.

nÕVrMMm©

dhr, noZ, {d{dY H$sQ>H$m§Mo \$moQ>mo

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

10

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "H$sQ>H$m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço' ̀ m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.

u H$sQ>H$m§Mr H$moUH$moUVr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV, Vo _wcm§Zm {dMmê$Z, Vr {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdr.— H$sQ>H$m§Mo Ad`d - S>moHo$ (Á`mda H$sQ>H$mMo Vm|S>, S>moio, ñneuH$m

AgVmV), N>mVrMm ̂ mJ Am{U nm`mÀ`m 3 OmoS>çm. — n§I (gd© H$sQ>H$m§Zm ZgVmV)— An¥ð>d§er` (`mMm AW© _wcm§Zm àíZmoËVamVyZ g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdm.)— W§S> aº$mMo àmUr

— \w$â\w$go ZgVmV nU A§Jâ {N>Ðo AgVmV Á`mVyZ H$sQ>H$ œmg KoVmV.

u H$sQ>H$ åhUë`mda H$moU-H$moUVo àmUr _wcm§À`m S>moù`mg_moa òVmV ho {dMmamdo d Ë`m§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ H$mT>mdr.

u _wcm§Zr gm§{JVcoë`m Zmdm§_YyZ {ejH$mZo H$moUË`mhr 3 H$sQ>H$m§Mo \$moQ>mo _wcm§Zm XmIdmdo d `m \$moQ>mo_Yë`m H$sQ>H$m§À`m Ad`dm§_Üò H$m` gmå` Amho Vo {dMmamdo.

u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ R>odmdr.u hr MMm© Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s \w$cnmIamMr Air

qH$dm H$moe H$moUr nm{hco Amho H$m? \w$cnmIê$ {H$Vr {Xdg OJVo?u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo \w$cnmIamMo OrdZMH«$ \$ù`mda H$mT>mdo d _wcm§Zm

g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdo.\w$cnmIamMo OrdZMH«$ - A§S>o - Air - H$moe - \w$cnmIê$

Am°JñQ>

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u

embo` dmMZmb`mV {df`r nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.

u g§X^m©gmR>r nwñVHo$ :

{ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr H$sQ>H$m§~m~V nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ ¿`mdr.

u H$sQ>H$m§

— Insects, M. S. Mani, National Book

Trust of India

— H$sQ>H$ n[aM` d g§J«h, S>m°. nw. {d. Omoer

\w$cnmIamMoOrdZMH«$ Air

H$moeH$moe \$moSy>Z ~mhoa òVmZm \w$cnmIê$

\w$cnmIê$

A§S>r

u

— _Y_mer _Y V`ma H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ H$aVo.— "amV{H$S>m' Omo {H$S>m Amho, `m_Üò \$º$ Za {H$S>m AmdmO

H$aVmo.— "_Y_mer' hr A§Q>mQ>uH$m hm I§S> gmoS>ë`mg Am»`m

OJm_Üò AmT>iVo.— "Pwai' hm H$sQ>H$, OJmVcm gJù`mV Mni H$sQ>H$ Amho.

hm H$sQ>H$ 1 _rQ>aMo A§Va 1 goH§$XmV nma H$ê$ eH$Vmo.— "Pwai' hm EH$_od Agm H$sQ>H$ Amho Omo Ë`mÀ`m

S>moŠ`m{edm` 1 AmR>dS>m {Od§V amhÿ eH$Vmo H$maU Ë`mMr ídgZ`§ÌUm S>moŠ`mda ZgyZ earamV AgVo.

— "_Y_mer' {VMo n§I, 1 goH§$XmV 90 doim hcdVo.— S>mgm§_Üò \$º$ "_mXrM' MmdVo. Za S>mg H$YrM MmdV

Zmhr.— EH$ _Y_mer Ooìhm 4000 \w$cm§_Ycm ag {nVo, Voìhm Hw$R>o

1 M_Mm BVH$m _Y V`ma hmoVmo.

J§_V åhUyZ nwT>rb _m{hVr Úmdr-u `mMà_mUo BVa H$sQ>H$m§Mohr OrdZMH«$ AgVo Ago _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo d ~rQ>c ̀ m H$sQ>H$mMo OrdZMH«$ g_Odmdo.

Air(hw_Ur)

A§S>r

H$moe

am`Zmogoam°g ~rQ>cMoOrdZMH«$

nyU© dmT> Pmbobm~rQ>c


u ho Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo H$sQ>H$m§~Ôc _wcm§Zm Imcrc A{YH$ _m{hVr Úmdr -— OJm_Üò H$sQ>H$m§À`m A§XmOo 55 cmI OmVr gmnS>VmV.

— H$sQ>H$m§Mr {ZgJm©Vrb ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr Amho. namJr-^dZmMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© H$sQ>H$ H$aVmV. `m_wio eoVrbm _XV hmoVo, O§JbmVrb {d{dY PmS>r-PwSw>no amIbr OmVmV.

— H$sQ>H$m§Mo S>moio _moR>o J_VrXma AgVmV. hOmamo NmoQ`m NmoQ`m ZoÌm§§eH$m§Zr ~Zboë`m `m Smoù`m§Zm "g§`wŠV Smoio' Ago åhUVmV. `mVë`m àËòH$ ZoÌm§§eH$m_YyZ {XgUmè`m {MÌm§Mo EH$ EH${ÌV {MÌ V`ma hmoVo d Ë`mdê$Z H$sQ>H$mbm AmOy~mOyÀ`m n{agamMm A§XmO ̀ oVmo.

— ImÚ àËòH$ OmVrà_mUo doJdoJio AgVo.CXmhaUmW© : ® \w$bnmIao,$$_Y_mer - \w$bmVrb _H$a§X, namJH$U® ZmH$VmoSm - JdV, \w$bo, YmÝ`, {~`m® H$mS>r{H$Sm - PmSmMr nmZo

KQ>HŸŸ

ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI

àmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§{df`r nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcocr _m{hVr dmMyZ ¿`mdr.

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§À`m \$moQ>mo§Mr Nm`m§{H$V àV H$mTy>Z Ro>dmdr AWdm _m{gHo$ / nwñVHo$ / dV©_mZnÌ ̀ mVyZ ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mo \$moQ>mo O_m H$amdoV.

u ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§{df`r

embo` dmMZmb`mV nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.

nÕVrMMm©

dhr, noZ, ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mo \$moQ>mo

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

11

u {ejH$mZo ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§À`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.u _wcm§Zm d¡{eîQ>ço {dMmê$Z Vr \$ù`mda {chmdrV.— n¥ð>d§er` (`mMm AW© _wcm§Zm àíZmoËVamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_OmdyZ

gm§Jmdm.)— A§S>r KmcUmao— A§Jmda Idco— erV aº$mMo

u AmT>mdm KoD$Z Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV Am{U _wcm§Zr gm§{JVcocr Zmdo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.

u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm darc àmÊ`m §M o A{Ydmg Am{U ImÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr {dMmamì`m d Ë`m \$ù`mda VŠË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV {chÿZ H$mT>mì`mV.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm H$mhr \$moQ>mo XmIdmdo, CXmhaUmW© - _Ja Am{U gwga, doJdoJù`m àH$maMo gmn, gaS>o Am{U nmcr.

u XmIdcoë`m àËòH$ \$moQ>mo_Üò H$mhr \$aH$ Amho H$m, ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo d Ë`mMr CÎmao \$ù`mda {chÿZ ¿`mdrV.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ̀ m àmÊ`m§Mo OrdZMH«$ g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdo.u H$mhr AndmXmË_H$ ganQ>Umao àmUr A§S>r Z KmbVm WoQ> {nëbm§Zm OÝ_

XoVmV ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

A§S`mVyZ {nëby ~mhoa òVmZm

g_wXŒr H$mgdmMo OrdZMH«$

{nëbm§Mm g_wXŒmH$So>

àdmgnyU© dmT> Pmbobog_wX«r H$mgd

g_wX«{H$Zmè`mdaA§S>r KmbVmZm H$mgd

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_iUo.

gaS>m

gmn

H$mgd

_Ja

nmc

A{Ydmg ImX²`

Am°JñQ>

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


H$s øm àmÊ`m§À`m OJÊ`mZo _mUgmcm H$gm \$m`Xm hmoD$ eH$Vmo qH$dm Oa ho àmUr ZgVrc Va _mUgmcm H$mhr \$aH$ nS>oc H$m?

u hr MMm© H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm AÞgmIirMo CXmhaU Úmdo - H$mgd Oa ZXr_Üò Agoc, Va Vmo gJir KmU ImD$Z Q>mH$Vmo Á`m_wio nmUr ñdÀN> amhVo. nmUr ñdÀN> am{hco Va _mUgmcmXoIrc \$m`XmM hmoUma. Oa gmn g§nco Va eoVmVco C§Xra H$moU ImUma? eoVmVco C§Xra dmT>co Va eoVrMo ZwH$gmZ åhUOoM _mUgmMo ZwH$gmZ. Aer CXmhaUo XoD$Z {ejH$mZo ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§Mo _mUgmÀ`m Am`wî`mVco _hÎd gm§Jmdo.

u

CXmhaUmW© -

u hr _m{h r _wcm§Zm dhr_Üò {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

gmnm§Zm _mam`À`m _mUgmÀ`m àd¥Îmr{df`r MMm© H$amdr, _wbm§Mo AZw^d {dMmamdoV. _Zwî`dñVr EImÚm {R>H$mUr Oer dmT>Vo Vgo ganQ>Umao àmUr gmn H$_r hmoD$ bmJVmV.

V

u ømda MMm© Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ganQ>Umè`m àmÊ`m§~Ôc A{YH$ _m{hVr Úmdr.— Amnë`m XoemV 408 hÿZ OmñV àH$maMo ganQ>Umao àmUr

gmnS>VmV.— ^maVr` Kar`mc `mMr g§»`m qMVmOZH$[aË`m H$_r

Pmcr Amho.— H$mgdmMo Amnë`m XoemV 7 àH$ma AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_Üò

JmoS>çm nmÊ`mVcm H$mgd Am{U Imè`m nmÊ`mVë`m H$mgdmMm g_mdoe Amho.

— Amnë`m XoemV 4 àH$maÀ`m KmoanS>r AmT>iVmV.— Vm{_iZmSy> amÁ`mV ̂ maVmVcr gJù`mV _moR>r nmÊ`mVcr

KmoanS> gmnS>Vo.— Amnë`m XoemV 240 àH$maMo gmn AmT>iVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s

52 àH$maMo gmn {dfmar AmhoV. qH$J H$mo~«m hm gJù`mV _moR>m Am{U {dfmar gmn Amho.

u hr _m{hVr gm§JyZ Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm àíZ {dMmamdm


_hÎdmMr gyMZm - {ejH$mZo Vmn_mZ ̀ m§À`m Zmo§Xr KoÊ`mMr AmR>dU

_wcm§Zm nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo H$ê$Z X²`mdr.

KQ>HŸŸ

C^`Ma AmoiIàmÊ`m§Mr

àmUr

2 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr "C^`MaàmÊ`m§{df`r' nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r. _Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ ¿`mdr.

u CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr ~oS>H$mMo {MÌ "{MÌH$coÀ`m' {ejH$mH$Sy>Z MmQ>© nonada H$mTy>Z ¿`mdo.

u C^`Ma àmÊ`m§{df`r embo` dmMZmb`mV nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm C^`Ma àmÊ`m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_imdr.

nÕVrMMm©

~oS>H$mMm \$moQ>mo / aoIm{MÌ, dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

12

H¥ŸVru {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm "C^`Ma àmUr' åhUOo H$moUVo Vo {dMmamdo d ̀ m àmÊ`m§Zm

Ago Zmd H$m {Xco Agoc Agm àý {dMmamdm.u _wcm§Zr àmÊ`m§Mr CXmhaUo gm§{JVë`mda, {ejH$mZo Vr \$ù`mda {chmdr d

Ë`mMr H$m` H$m` d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV Vo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.u \$ù`mda C^`Ma àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo {c{hVmZm {ejH$mZo H$miOr ¿`mdr H$s

AemM àmÊ`m§Zm C^`Ma àmUr åhUVmV Oo O{_Zrda Am{U nmÊ`mV œmg KoD$ eH$VmV. CXmhaUmW© - ~oSy>H$, H$moH$U n[agamV AmT>iUmao XodJm§Sy>i ({ggr{b`Z)

u H$mgd qH$dm _Ja ho àmUr C^`Ma AmhoV H$m ? Ago {dMmamdo. ho àmUr œmg ¿`m`cm àËòH$ doiocm nmÊ`mÀ`m da òVmV. Ë`m_wio Oar ho àmUr nmÊ`mV Agco Var øm§Zm C^`Ma àmUr åhUVm òUma Zmhr, ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u _wcm§Zm Imcrcà_mUo C^`Ma àmÊ`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jmdr :>— n¥ð>d§er` àmUr — W§S> aº$mMo àmUr— ho àmUr Ë`m§À`m ËdMoZo œmg KoVmV - øm àmÊ`m§Zm ídmg KoÊ`mgmR>r

ZmH$nwS>çm Va AgVmVM nU ho Ë`m§À`m ËdMoZohr ídmg KoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`m§Mr ËdMm Amobga AgVo Am{U ËdMoImbr ~marH$ ~marH$ aº$dmhrÝ`m§Mo Omio AgVo. Amobga ËdMoV nmÊ`mVbm d hdoVbm Am°pŠgOZ {daKiVmo, aŠVdm{hÝ`m Vmo AmV emofyZ KoVmV Am{U H$m~©Z S>mÀm°ŠgmB©S> ~mhoa Q>mH$VmV. `m_wio nmÊ`mImbr VgoM O{_ZrImbr AgVmZm ̀ m àmÊ`m§Zm ídmg KoVm ̀ oVmo.

Am°JñQ>

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

~oS>H$mMr earaaMZm

nmoQ>

S>moHo$

S>moio

YS

_mJMm nm`

nwT>Mm nm`

nm`mÀ`m 2 ~moQ>m§_Ycm

nS>Xm

H$mZmMm nS>Xm

~moQo>

ZmH>>>nwSr

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mdarb ~oS>H$mMo {MÌ _wcm§Zm XmIdyZ ~oS>H$mMo Ad`d g_Odmdo - S>moHo$, S>moio, Vm|S>, Or^, _mJMo nm`, nwT>Mo nm`, nm`mÀ`m 2 ~moQ>m§_Ycm nS>Xm. ho Ad`d _wcm§Zm nwT>o òD$Z {MÌmV XmI{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u _wco Oer òD$Z EH$ EH$ Ad`d XmIdVrc Vgo Ë`m§Zm àËòH$ Ad`dmMo H$m`© {dMmamdo.— Or^ : ~oS>H$m§Mr Or^ Iyn _moR>r AgVo, Ë`m§À`m

earamnojm XwßnQ> cm§~rMr. ̀ m_wio Ë`mbm {H$So> nH$S>m`bm _XV hmoVo.

— nm` : ~oS>H$m§Mo _mJMo nm` Ë`m§À`m nwT>À`m nm`m§nojm cm§~ AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm cm§~ CS>çm _maÊ`mH$[aVm Vo Cn`moJr nS>VmV.

— ~moQ>m§_Ycm nS>Xm : nmÊ`mV nmohVmZm hm nS>Xm Cn`moJr nS>Vmo.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo C^`Ma àmÊ`m§Mo {ZgJm©Vco H$m`© _wcm§Zm g_Odmdo. CXmhaUmW© - ~oSy>H$ eoVmVrb CnXŒdr {H$So> ImVmo Ë`m_wio {nH$m§Mo g§ajU hmoVo.

u

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ~oS>H$mMr A§S>r, N>moQ>m H$m Ago {dMmamdo. Imbr {Xbobo ~oS>H$mMo

OrdZMH«$ \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z _wcm§Zm g_OmdyZ u da gm§{JVcoë`m gd© Jmoï>r _wcm§Zm dhr_Üò {chÿZ ¿`m`cm

gm§Jmì`mV.

_hmamï´>mVë`m H$mhr ̂ mJmVbo ~oSy>H$ ho \$º$ Ë`m Ë`m ̂ mJmVM gmnS>VmV. CXmhaUmW© - gømÐrVbo PmS>mdaMo ~oSy>H$. Vo OJmV BVaÌ Hw$R>oM ZmhrV. Aem Ordm§Zm àXoe{Zð> åhUVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho ho _wbm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

~oSy>H$ H$Yr nm{hbm Amho

gm§Jmdo.

~oSy>H$ (nyU© dmT> Pmbobm)

A§S>²`m§Mmnw§OH$m

qS>^H$ (Q°>S>nmob)

nm` AgbobmqS>^H$

N>moQ>m ~oSy>H$

u

~oS>H$ Amnbr A§S>r nmÊ`mV Amobga OmJr KmbVo. EH$mdoir hOmamo A§S>r EH${ÌV EH$m nw§OŠ`mV KmVbr OmVmV, øm nw§OmŠ`m~mhoa EH$ JwiJwirV ómd AgVmo Á`m_wio A§S>çm§Mo ̂ jH$m§nmgyZ ajU hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

— A§S>çmÀ`m EH$m noernmgyZ XmoZ, XmoZmnmgyZ Mma Aem nÕVrZo AZoH$ noer V`ma hmoV A§S>çmMr hiyhiy dmT> hmoD$ bmJVo. A§So> KmVë`mnmgyZ gmYmaU 6 Vo 21 {XdgmV A§S>çmVyZ qS>^H$ (tadpole) ~mhoa òVmo. A§S>çmVrb Caboë`m AÞÐì`mda hm qS>^H$ WmoSo> {Xdg OJVmo. ̀ mbm Vm|S>, eonyQ> d nyU© dmT> Z Pmbobo H$„o (gills) AgVmV. Vo nmÊ`mVrb JdV / dZñnVrbm {MH$Qy>Z amhVmV. Ë`m§ZVa gmYmaU 7 Vo 10 {Xdgm§Zr Vo nmÊ`mV nmohÿ bmJVmV d nmÊ`mVrb e¡dmb ImVmV.

— Ë`m§ZVa hiyhiy Ë`m§Mo H$„o Zmhrgo hmoD$Z, ËdMm V`ma hmoVo, XmV òVmV. A§So> KmVë`mnmgyZ gmYmaU 6 Vo 9 AmR>dS>çm§Zr `m qS>^H$mbm N>moQ>o N>moQ>o nm` òD$ bmJVmV, S>moHo$ ì`dpñWV {Xgy bmJVo d eara WmoSo> bm§~ hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m AmhmamV AmVm H$mhr dZñnVr, _obobo {H$So> XoIrb òD$ bmJVmV. A§So> KmVë`mnmgyZ gmYmaU 9 AmR>dS>çm§Zr hm qS>^H$ _moR>r eonyQ> Agboë`m, N>moQ>çm ~oS>H$mgmaIm {Xgy bmJVmo.

— `m ~oS>H$mMr dmT> gwê$ AgVmZm Ë`mMr eonyQ> N>moQ>r hmoVo, \w$â\w$go V`ma hmoVmV d hiyhiy Ë`mMr dmT> nyU© hmoD$Z Vmo nmÊ`m~mhoa òD$Z ahm`bm bmJVmo. `mg A§So> KmVë`mnmgyZ gmYmaU 12 Vo 16 AmR>dSo> bmJVmV. ~oS>H$mMr OmV H$moUVr Amho d Ë`mMm AmOy~mOyMr n`m©daUr` pñWVr (CXmhaUmW© - Obme`mVrb nmUr, Vmn_mZ) `mZwgma ~oS>H$mÀ`m nyU© dmT>rgmR>r {H$Vr {Xdg bmJVrb ho R>aVo.

— ~oS>H$mZo KmVboë`m hOmamo A§S>çm§n¡H$s H$mhr A§S>çm§nmgyZM nwT>o ~oSy>H$ V`ma hmoVmo. H$mhr A§S>r nyU© dmTy eH$V ZmhrV Va H$mhr A§S>r nmÊ`mVrb _mgo, ~XH$, H$sQ>H$ d BVa àmUr `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Imëbr OmVmV.

~oS>H$mÀ`m OrdZMH«$mVrb _w»` Q>ßno -

— r {H§$dm


~oS>H$mMo OrdZMH«$


KQ>HŸŸ

gñVZ àmÊ`m§Mr AmoiI

àmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm gñVZ àmÊ`m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_imdr.

nÕVrMMm©

noZ, dhr

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

13

u gñVZ àmÊ`m§À`m AmYr {eH$coë`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm AmT>mdm {ejH$mZo ¿`mdm.

u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chÿZ R>odmdrV -— n¥ð>d§er` àmUr— CîU aº$mMo àmUr— A§Jmda Ho$g AgUmao àmUr— A§S>r Z KmcVm ZdrZ Ordmcm OÝ_ XoUmao àmUr— ñVZJ«§Wr AgUmao àmUr— {nëbm§Zm XyY nmOUmao àmUr

u AmT>mdm KoVë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {d{dY gñVZ àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV.

u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo VŠË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV \$ù`mda {chmdrV. u hm Vº$m H$mT>ë`mda, {ejH$mZo

_wcm§Zm darc àmÊ`m§À`m A{Yd mg m {df` r Am {U ImÊ`mÀ`m gd`r § {df`r _m{hVr {dMmamdr d darcVŠË`m_Üò âmdr. `mgmR>r _wcm§Zm gmono àíZ {dMmadoV. CXmhaUmW© - dmK Hw$R>o amhVmo? H$m` H$m` ImVmo? BË`mXr.

u VŠË`mVrb _m{hVr {chÿZ Pmë`mda _wcm§Zm VŠË`mdê$Z `m àmÊ`m§Mo H$mhr JQ> H$aVm òV AmhoV H$m {dMmamdo. CXmhaUmW© : \$io - dZñnVr ImUmao, àmUr ImUmao, dZñnVr d àmUr XmoÝhr ImUmao. _wcm§H$Sy>Z CÎmao Amë`mda Ë`m§Zm emH$mhmar, _m§gmhmar Am{U {_lmhmar ̀ m g§km§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úmdr.

u `m dJuH$aUmMm AW© _wcm§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdm.— emH$mhmar : dZñnVr (nmZo, \$io, \w$bo) ImUmao— _m§gmhmar : _m§g ImUmao— {_lmhmar : _m§g Am{U dZñnVr XmoÝhr ImUmao

u hm Vº$m _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Imcrc A{YH$ _m{hVr Úmdr :— ^maVm_Üò 410 àH$maMo gñVZ n«mUr AmT>iVmV.

Am°JñQ>

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

ImX²À{Ydmg

_mUyg

dmK

KmoS>m

Hw$Ìm

dQ>dmKyi

Ima

_mH$S>

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u {ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr gñVZ àmÊ`m§-~m~VMr nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ ¿`mdr.

u gñVZ àmÊ`m§{df`r embo` dmMZmb`mV nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.

A§Jmda Ho$g AgUo $

— `mn¡H$s 81 àH$maÀ`m àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m qMVm dmQ>Ê`mBVH$r H$_r Pmbr Amho. `mMr CXmhaUo - Am{e`mVcm qgh, O§Jcr Hw$Ìr, dmK, O§Jcr _m§Oa, cm§S>Jm, ^maVr` hÎmr BË`mXr.

— dQ>dmKyi hm CS>Umam EH$_od gñVZ àmUr Amho.— gñVZ àmUr hm BVa àmÊ`m§nojm nŒJV, CËHŒ$m§V _mZbm

OmVmo. Vmo ñdV:À`m {nëbm§Mo g§JmonZ AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$ Am{U Zo_Ho$nUmZo H$aVmo. CXmhaUmW© - hËVr, dmK.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s øm àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m Oa dmT>dm`Mr Agoc Va Amnë`mcm H$m` H$amdo cmJoc?

u `mMo CÎma _wcm§Zm XoVm Amco Zmhr, Va {ejH$mZo g_Odmdo H$s Oa øm àmÊ`m§Mm A{Ydmg dmT>dcm Am{U {Q>H$dcm VaM ho àmUr dmMVrc Am{U Ë`m§À`m g§»`oV dmT> hmoB©c.

u hr gd© _m{hVr _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m dhr_Ü`o {chm`bm gm§Jmdr.

ñVZ J«§Wr {nëbm§Zm OÝ_


KQ>HŸŸ

^ú`-^jH$ Ioi

àmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo AÞ-_Zmoè`mMm ({na°{_S>Mm) {dMma H$ê$Z nwT>rcà_mUo {MR²>R>çm ~Zdmì`mV - 15 "JdV', 10 "ZmH$VmoS>m', 5 "gaS>m', 2 "gmn', 1 "Jê$S>', 5 "_mUyg'.

u {MR²>R>çm ~Z{dVmZm {ejH$mZo AÞ-_Zmoè`mVrc EH$m JQ>mcm EH$ a§J dmnamdm (H$mJXmMm AWdm AjamMm a§J) CXmhaUmW© - CËnmXH$ (JdV) {haì`m a§JmV, emH$mhmar (ZmH$VmoS>m) Vn{H$ar a§JmV BË`mXr.

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm AÞgmIirVrc KQ>H$m§Mo _hÎd g_OUo.

nÕVrIoi

{MR²>R>çm, 35 goâQ>r {nÝg

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

14

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§À`m gh^mJmZo "AÞgmIir Am{U AÞOmio' `m CnH«$_mVrc Jmoï>tMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.

u dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo XmoZ JQ> H$amdoV. dJm©_Üò 60 _wco Agë`mg EH$m JQ>mV 33 _wco d Cacocr gd© _wco Xwgè`m JQ>mV {d^mJmdr. n{hë`m JQ>mVrc 33 _wcm§Zm {MR²>R>çm X²`mì`mV d goâQ>r {nZZo JUdoemcm AS>H$dÊ`mg gm§Jmì`mV.

u dJm©_Üò 40 nojm _wco H$_r Agë`mg _wcm§Mo gma»`m g§»òMo XmoZ JQ > H$amdoV d 6 Vo 7 "JdV', 4" ZmH$VmoS>m', 3 "gaS>m', 2 "gmn', 1 "Jê$S>'

AemnŒH$mao EH$m JQ>mg {MR²>R>çm Úmì`mV.u Xwgè`m JQ>mcm Jmoc H$ê$Z Cô amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo d {MR²>R>çm bmdcoë`m

_wcm§Zm Jmocm_Üò Cô H$amdo. JmobmV Cô am{hcoë`m H$mhr _wbm§Zm "_mUyg' Ago {b{hbobr {MÇ>r Úmdr.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s AÞgmIirMr gédmV Jmocm_Yrc _wcm§n¡H$s H$moUmnmgyZ hmoB©c? "JdV' Ago CÎma Amë`mda, gJù`m "JdV' Pmcoë`m _wcm§Zm EH$m am§JoV eoOmar eoOmar ~gÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u _J {ejH$mZo `m JdVm_Üò H$moU Amnco AÞ emoYVo Ago {dMmamdo.. _J "ZmH$VmoS>m' Pmcoë`m _wcm§Zm n{hë`m am§JoÀ`m _mJo WmoS>o A§Va R>odyZ ~gÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.Aem àH$mao AÞgmIir OmoS>V "AÞ-_Zmoam' nyU© H$amdm. "AÞ-_Zmoam' `m eãXmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úmdr. AÞ-_Zmoè`mVrc CËnmXH$, emH$mhmar, _m§gmhmar ̀ m gd© JQ>m§Mr AmoiI _wcm§Zm MM}Ûmao H$ê$Z X²`mdr.

u AmVm {ejH$mZo "_mUyg' Aer {MÇ>r Agboë`m _wbm§Zr nwT>o òD$Z JdV H$mnÊ`mMr H¥$Vr H$amdr Ago gm§Jmdo. _J n{hë`m am§JoVrb JdV H$_r Pmbobo XmIdmdo. CËnmXH$m§_Yrc (JdV) H$mhr _wcm§Zm CRy>Z ~mhoa Cô amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. AmVm _wcm§Zm àíZ {dMmamdm H$s Ago Ho$ë`mg darc AÞ-_Zmoè`mMo H$m` hmoB©c?

u CËnmXH$ H$_r Pmco Va emH$mhmar àmUr H$_r hmoVrc d Ë`m_wio _m§gmhmar àmÊ`m§Zm nwaogo ̂ ú` {_iUma Zmhr d Ë`m§Mr g§»`mhr H$_r hmoB©c qH$dm _J ho _m§gmhmar àmUr Ogo {~~Q>çm _Zwî`dñVrVrc eoir, ~H$ar, Jm`, Hw$Ìo `mÀ`m§da hëcm H$aVrc Ago CXmhaU X²`mdo. `mdê$Z {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, CËnmXH$ åhUOoM O§Jco, JdVmi ^mJ dmM{dUo ho AÞ-_Zmoam {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r JaOoMo Amho.

u `mZ§Va n{hë`m JQ>mÀ`m {MR²>R>çm Xwgè`m JQ>mg XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm darbà_mUo AÞ-_Zmoam ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdm. n{hë`m JQ>mVrb _wcm§Zm JmobmV Cô amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. Aem àH$mao Ioi IoiV AÞ-_Zmoè`mVrc gd© ñVa _hÎdmMo Agë`mMo _wcm§Zm g_Odmdo.

Am°JñQ>

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


AÞ-_Zmoam

CËnmXH$(JdV)

emH$mhmar àmUr(ZmH$VmoS>m)

_m§gmhmar àmUr (gaS>m)

_m§gmhmar àmUr (gmn)

_m§gmhmar àmUr

(Jê$S)>

nmMdm ñVa

Xwgam ñVa

Mm¡Wm ñVa

{Vgam ñVa

n{hbm ñVa

u CnHŒ$_ KoVmZm doi Caë`mg, \$ù`mda AÞ-_Zmoam H$mTy>Z Ë`mVrc {d{dY ñVa _wcm§Zm XmIdmdoV d dhrV {bhyZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.


~m^yi PmS>m{df`rÀ`m H${dVm

H¥ŸVrKQ>HŸŸdZñnVr

C{Ôï

nÕVrMMm©

~m^yi PmS>mMo {MÌ/\$moQ>mo, dhr, noZ, MmQ© nona

gm{hË`

2 Vm{gH$m

u dg§V ~mnQ> d B§{Xam g§V `m§À`m ~m^yi PmS>m-{df`rÀ`m Imcr {Xcoë`m H${dVm dmMmì`mV.

u XmoÝhr H${dVm§_Üò ~m^yi PmS>mÀ`m doJdoJù`md¡{eîQ>çm§Mo dU©Z Amco Amho, Vo g_OyZ ¿`mdo.H${dVoMo agJ«hU Mm§Jë`m arVrZo hmoÊ`mgmR>r "^mfm' {df`mÀ`m {ejH$mMr _XV ¿`mdr.

u emioOdiÀ`m n[agamV ~m^yi PmS> emoYyZ R>odmdo.

u dg§V ~mnQ>m§À`m H${dVoVrb ~m^yi PmS>mMm "Q>UH$nUm' Va B§{Xam g§Vm§À`m ~m^yi PmS>mMm "ZmOyH$nUm Am{U gm¢X`©' {ejH$mZo Aä`mgmdo.

H${dVoVrb

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u _wcm§Zm n[agamV ZoD$Z ~m^yi PmS> XmIdmdo d {VWoM hr Vm{gH$m ¿`mdr (n[agamV PmS> Zgë`mg nwñVH$mVrc ~m^yi PmS>mMo {MÌ / \$moQ>mo _wcm§Zm XmIdmdo d XmoÝhr H${dVm \$ù`mda {bhmì`mV.)

u {ejH$mZo ~m^yi PmS>m{df`rÀ`m XmoÝhr H${dVm MmQ>© nonada {chmì`mV d Vo H$mJX ~amo~a KoD$Z OmdoV. Vo H$mJX gJù`m§Zm {XgVrb Ago Yê$Z XmoZ _wcm§Zm Cô amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u ~m^yi PmS> nmhyZ Vwåhmbm H$m` dmQ>bo Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. AmVm H$drbm H$m` dmQ>bo Vo nmhy`m Ago gm§JyZ H${dVm dmMmì`mV.

u H${dVm dmMVmZm _wcm§Zm ~m^yi PmS>mÀ`m doJdoJù`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z Úmdr. CXmhaUmW© - {ndirY_H$ Jmoc-Jmoc \w$co, e|Jm, H$mQo>, PmS>mMm AmH$ma, Q>UH$ cmHy$S>, Ë`mdaë`m nú`m§Mr KaQ>r BË`mXr. ~m^yi PmS>mMo H$moUH$moUVo Cn`moJ Vwåhmbm _mhrV AmhoV Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.

u EH$mM PmS>m{df`r XmoZ ì`º$s¨Zr Ho$coë`m ̀ m H${dVm§_Üò PmS>mMr H$moUVr XmoZ {^Þ ê$no OmUdVmV ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.

u H${dVocm N>mZer Mmc cmdyZ _wcm§Zm Ë`m åhUmd`mg gm§Jmì`m.u _wcm§À`m AmdS>rÀ`m EImX`m PmS>m{df`r Ë`m§Zr N>moQ>rer H${dVm H$amdr

Agohr gm§Jmdo. ̀ mH$aVm _wcm§Zm 10 Vo 15 {_{ZQo doi X²`mdm.

15

u H${dVm§_Üò Amcoco ~m^yiPmS>mMo dU©Z _wcm§Zm g_Omdo.

u {ZgJm©Vrc KQ>H$m§Mo dU©Z H$am`cm "H${dVm' ho gwÕm EH$ gwaoI _mÜ`_ Amho ho _wcm§Zm g_Omdo.

Am°JñQ>

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


'~m^wiPmS>'

Añgc cmHy$S>, ^¸$_ JmR>VmR>a H$Um, Q>UH$ nmR>

dmam ImV Jmam ImV ~m^wiPmS> C^|M AmhoXohm \w$Q>co ~mam \$m§Q>oA§JmdaMo {nH$co H$mQ>o

Am^mim§V IwngwZ ~moQ>| ~m^wiPmS> C^|M AmhoA§JmdaMr cdcd {_Q>cr_mÏ`mdaMr hiX {dQ>cr

N>mVmS>mMr T>cnr \w$Q>cr ~m^wiPmS> C^|M AmhoOJc| Amho, OJV| AmhoH$mHw$iVrZo ~KV| Amho

Im§ÚmdaVr gwVmamMo KaQ>| KoD$Z CôM AmhoQ>H²$.... Q>H²$... Q>H²$... Q>H²$...{MQ>a² \$Q>H²$... {MQ>a² \$Q>H²$....

gwVmanjr åhmVmè`mcm gmocV Amho, emofV AmhoAmR>dVo V| ^cVo AmhoCam§V _mÂ`m gcVo Amho

Am§V H$mhr H$iVo Amho, Am§V \$ma OiVo AmhoAñgc cmHy$S>, ^¸$_ JmR>

VmR>a H$Um, Q>UH$ nmR>dmam ImV Jmam ImV ~m^wiPmS> C^|M Amho.

- dg§V ~mnQ>

~mîr

cdcd {hadrJma nmcdr H$mQ>çm§Mr da _mohH$ OmirK_K_ H$[aVr cmocH$ {ndio \$m§Xr Va H$mimoIr H$mir

{Pa{_a PaVr e|Jm ZmOyH$ docm§Q>rMr diUo diUoË`m gmè`mVyZr {Pa{_a PaVr a§J Z^mMo cmo^gdmUo

Hw$ga H$cmH¥$Vr Aer ~mîr {Vcm Z R>mdr ZmJa arVrXya Hw$R>oVar ~m§YmdaVr PwHw$Z Oamer C^r EH$Q>r

A§JmdaVr Ioi{d amKy cmJQ> eoù`m nm`mOdir~mi JwamIr hmoD${Z`m _Z a_Vo VoWo gm§OgH$mir

òWo òD$Z ZdoM hmoD$Z coD$Z {hado ZmOyH$ coUoA§JmdaVr _mIw{Z Ad¿`m Yw§X gwdm{gH$ {ndio CQ>Uo..

- B§{Xam g§V


KQ>HŸŸ

OmoS>çm cmdm - PmS>mMr nmZo Am{U PmS>mMo Zmd

dZñnVr

1 Vm{gH$m

C{Ôï

nÕVrIoi, MMm©, {ZarjU

dhr, noZ, noÝg crgm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u CnH«$_mAmYr {ejH$mZo emioÀ`m n[agamVrc PmS>m§Mr nmZo O_m H$amdrV. gmYo Am{U g§`wº$ nmZm§Mo {H$_mZ Xhm-Xhm Z_wZo Jmoim H$éZ AmUmdoV. OmoS>çm cmdÊ`mMm Ioi Agë`mZo àËòH$ PmS>mMr EH$ NmoQ>r \$m§Xr d EH$ nmZ AmUmdo. EHy$U 20 OmoS>çm hmoVrc - 10 gmÜ`m d 10 g§`wº$ nmZm§À`m.

u gmYo nmZ d g§`wº$ nmZ `mVrc \$aH$ Aä`mgyZ R>odmdm.

u Amnë`m AmOy~mOybm ghO gmnS>Umar nmZo - gmYr nmZo - Am§~m, Om§^yi, ̂ moH$a, ~Hw$i, noê$, Omñd§X, dS>, qnni, C§~a, ô§S>, {edU, H$X§~ BË`mXr.g§`wº$ nmZo - qMM, Jwb_mohmoa, ~m^yi, Jwbm~, {earf, nO©Ý`d¥j, eodJm, e_r, ~hmdm, nig, H$a§O BË`mXr.

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

16

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$Vrc aoIm{MÌmZwgma \$ù`mda gmYo d g§`wº$ nmZ `mMo aoIm{MÌ H$mT>mdo. (gmYo d g§`wº$ hr Zmdo {bhy Zò). _wcm§Zr Aer nmZo nm{hbr AmhoV H$m? Ë`m§Zm H$m` åhUVmV ho _wcm§Zm _mhrV Amho H$m? Ago {dMmamdo. _wcm§Mr _m{hVr OmUyZ ¿`mdr d Ë`mZ§Va Zmdo gm§Jmdr.

u `mZ§Va O_m Ho$coë`m nmZm§Mo XmoZ JQ> H$amdoV, EH$m JQ>mV PmS>m§À`m NmoQ²>`m \$m§X²`m R>odmì`mV d EH$m JQ>mV PmS>m§Mr gwQ>r nmZo Ro>dmdrV. àËòH$ JQ>mV àËòH$ PmS>mMr nmZo Agbr nm{hOoV.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV.u AmVm _wcm§Zm ̀ m XmoZ JQ>mVë`m PmS>m§À`m ̀ mo½` OmoS>çm cmdyZ PmS>m§Mr Zmdo

AmoiIÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. _wcm§Zm JQ>m-JQ>mZo ho H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.u ho H$aVmZm _wcm§Zm gmÜ`m nmZm§À`m OmoS>çm cJoM O_Vrc nU g§`wº$ nmZmV

Ë`m§Mm Jm|Yi hmoD$ eH$Vmo. CXmhaUmW© - qMM, Jwc_moha.u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm gmYo nmZ d g§`wº$ nmZ ̀ mVrc \$aH$ nmZo XmIdyZ g_OmdyZ

gm§Jmdm. nmZmÀ`m XoR>mH$S>rc ^mJ \w$Jra AgVmo (bulbous leaf base), _w»` Xm§S>m d nmZmMm XoR> ̀ m§À`m ~oMŠ`m_YyZ \y$c CJdVo (flowers from

axil) BË`mXr ~m~r nmZo XmIdyZ g_OyZ gm§Jmì`mV. \w$Jra ^mJmÀ`m da EH$M nmZ Agob Va gmYo nmZ. CXmhaUmW© - Am§~m. \w$Jra ^mJmÀ`m da EH$mnojm OmñV nmZo AgVrb Va g§`wº$ nmZ. CXmhaUmW© - qMM, ho _wbm§À`m bjmV AmUyZ Úmdo.

g§`wº$ nmZ

gßQ>|~aCnH«$_mMm _[hZm

_wcm§Mr {ZarjUj_Vm dmT>mdr d PmS>mÀ`m nmZm§er AmoiI ìhmdr.

gmYo nmZ

nmZm§Mo nŒH$ma

XoR>mMm \w>>>>Jra ^mJ

XoR>mMm \w>>>>Jra ^mJ

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

ñWm{ZH$, AñWm{ZH$ dZñnVter AmoiI

dZñnVr

1 Vm{gH$m

nÕVr_wcmIV, MMm©

H$mJX, noZ, noÝg crgm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u {ejH$mZo nargamVrb ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$ PmSo> àË`j ~KyZ `mdr d Ë`m§Mr Zmdo emoYyZ R>odmdrV.

u {ejH$mZo ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$ PmS>m§Mr nwT>o {Xcocr A{YH$ _m{hVr dmMmdr.

u nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb ñWm{ZH$ dZñnVtMo _hÎd gm§JUmam coI dmMmdm.

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

17

u {ejH$mZo _mJrc CnH«$_mÀ`m doir {Xcocm J¥hnmR> _wcm§Zr Ho$cm Amho H$m Vo {dMmamdo.

u H$mhr _wcm§Zm dJm©V Amncr `mXr dmMyZ XmIdÊ`mg gm§Jmdr d EH$sH$S>o {ejH$mZo Vr \$ù`mda {chmdr.

u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm PmS>r d PmS>r ̀ mVrc \$aH$ {dMmamdm. Ë`m§Mr CÎmao Amë`mda {ejH$mZo hr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> H$ê$Z gm§Jmdr. _wX²X

u `mZ§Va \$ù`mda {c{hcoë`m PmS>m§À`m Zmdmg_moa Ë`m-Ë`m PmS>mMm Xoe {ejH$mZo eŠ` VoWo {chmdm.

u _wcm§Zr O§JcmVrc PmS>m§Mr A{YH$ ̀ mXr _wcmIVrXaå`mZ Ho$cr Agë`mg Vr {dMmamdr. hr Zmdo gd© _wcm§Zm H$iÊ`mgmR>r \$ù`mda {chmdrV d Ë`mZ§Va _wcm§Zm ñWm{ZH$ PmS>m§Mo _hÎd WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jmdo. CXmhaUmW© -ñWm{ZH$ àmUr / njr `m§Zm Amgam nwa{dUo, n[ag§ñWocm nyaH$ nÕVrZo dmT>Uo, ñWm{ZH$ hdm_mZmZwgma dmT>rgmR>r ̀ mo½` BË`mXr.

u \$ù`mdarc ̀ mXr d hr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

ñWm{ZH$ AñWm{ZH$

Oo PmS> Amnë`m O§JbmV ZgVo Am{U _mUyg naXoemVyZ m_ AmUyZ BWo bmdVmo Vo AñWm{ZH$.

PmS>mMo Zmd ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$

gßQo§>~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

`m CnHŒ$_mÀ`m AmYr _wcm§Zm J¥hnmR> åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m 10 PmS>m§Mr `mXr H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. hr KoD$Z KamVrb / JmdmVrb d{S>bYmè`m _§S>ir§er MMm© H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. `mVrb H$moUVr PmS>o ñWm{ZH$ (Xoer) AmhoV (_yiMr Amnë`m O§JbmVbr), H$moUVr AñWm{ZH$ (~mhoê$Z AmUyZ bmdbobr) AmhoV Vo {dMmê$Z PmS>mÀ`m Zmdmg_moa ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$ Ago {bhyZ AmUmd`mg gm§Jmdo. eŠ` Pmë`mg Amnë`m O§JbmVrb BVa PmS>m§Mr `mXrXoIrb _wbmIVr-Xaå`mZ ~ZdÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar

C{ÔïdZñnVtÀ`m _yi ñWmZm{df`r_wcm§Zm _m{hVr ìhmdr d ñWm{ZH$ / AñWm{ZH$ dZñnVt_Yrc \$aH$ Ë`m§Zm g_Omdm.

~hmdm ( )ñWm{ZH$

{Jarnwîn ( )AñWm{ZH$

{Zc{Jar (AñWm{ZH$)

nig ( )ñWm{ZH$

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u Amnë`m n[agamV {XgUmè`m dZñnVt_Üò dS>, qnni, nig, nm§Jmam `mgma»`m PmS>m§~amo~aM Jwc_moha, OH$ma§X, nO©Ý`d¥j Aer PmS>oXoIrc AgVmV.

u dZñnVr åhUOo _yiÀ`m Amnë`m O§JcmMm ^mJ Agcoë`m dZñnVr Va dZñnVr åhUOo Amnë`m Xoemì`{V[aº$ OJmÀ`m BVa ^mJmVyZ AmUyZ bmdcoë`m dZñnVr. ~hþVoH$ doim `m dZñnVr emoôgmR>r~mJoV AWdm añË`mH$S>ocm cmdë`m OmVmV.

AñWm{ZH$ñWm{ZH$

AñWm{ZH$

AñWm{ZH$


Zoh_r {XgUmè`m PmS>m§Mr `mXr ñWm{ZH$/AñWm{ZH$

u Amnë`m XoemVhr R>am{dH$ ^m¡Jmo{cH$ àXoemVrc ñWm{ZH$ dZñnVt_Üò AgUmam \$aH$ cjmV KoÊ`mOmoJm Amho.


darb VŠË`mV {Xbobr PmS>m§Mr emñÌr` Zmdo hr {ejH$mÀ`m A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV, Vr _wcm§Zm gm§JUo Ano{jV Zmhr, `mMr {ejH$mZo Zmo§X ¿`mdr. hr emñÌr` Zmdo "{ÛZm_H$aU nÕVr' Zwgma XoÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ `m{df`rMr A{YH$ _m{hVr nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xbr Amho.

PmS>

H$mQ>ogmda / Silk Cotton tree

H$a§O

dS> / Banyan tree

qnni / Peepal

Jwc_moha / Flamboyant tree

nO©Ý`d¥j / Rain tree

{earf

_hmê$I

OH$ma§X /Jacaranda

gmVdrU / Devil's tree

noëQ>mo\$moa_ / Copperpod tree

nig / Flame of the Forest

nm§Jmam / Indian Coral tree

{Jarnwîn / Gliricidia

{Zc{Jar

~hmdm / Indian Laburnum

qMM / Tamarind

Q>UQ>Ur, KmUoarObnUu / Water hyacinth

emór` Zmd

Bombax ceiba

Pongamia pinnata

Ficus benghalensis

Ficus religiosa

Delonix regia

Albizia saman

Albizia lebbeck

Ailanthus excelsa

Jacaranda mimosifolia

Alstonia scholaris

Peltophorum roxburghii

Butea monosperma

Erythrina suberosa and

Erythrina stricta

Gliricidia sepium

Eucalyptus sp.

Cassia fistula

Tamarindus indica

Lantana camara

Eichhornia crassipes

_yi Xoe

^maV^maV

^maV

^maV

_mXmJmñH$a

_opŠgH$mo, ~«mPrc

^maV

^maV

X{jU A_o[aH$m

^maV

X{jU-nyd© Am{e`m

^maV

^maV

_Ü` A_o[aH$m, _opŠgH$mo

Am°ñQ´>o{b`m

^maV

^maV

_Ü` d X{jU A_o[aH$mX{jU A_o[aH$m

KQ>HŸŸ

nmdgmV CJdUmè`m dZñnVr

dZñnVr

1 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, MMm©

dhr, noZ, noÝg c, a§JrV ISy>-nopÝgcr r

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr {ejH$mZo nmdgmù`mV n[agamV CJdyZ òUmè`m dZñnVtMr Zmdo ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§À`m _XVrZo g_OyZ ¿`mdrV.

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb "{~`m§Mm I{OZm' hm boI dmMmdm.

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

18

u {ejH$mZo dJm©V _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr H$s nmD$g gwê$ Pmë`mda AmOy~mOycm Ë`m§Zm H$m` H$m` ~Xc {XgVmV? _wco gm§JVrc H$s.. nmÊ`mMr S>~H$s V`ma hmoVmV, gJir PmS>o {hadrJma hmoVmV, nmÊ`mMo Amohmoi dmhÿ cmJVmV, gJirH$S>o {hado hmoVo, JdV CJdyZ ̀ oVo.. Aer MMm© H$aVm H$aVm _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s N>moQ>çm N>moQ>çm ZdrZ dZñnVr CJdcoë`m {XgVmV H$m? Hw$R>o Hw$R>o {XgVmV? `mZ§Va gm§Jmdo H$s Aem dZñnVr añË`mH$S>ocm, q^Vrda, H$m¡cm§da, \$aerÀ`m _Üò CJdyZ òVmV... Aem àíZmoÎmam§Ûmao _wcm§Zm {df`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úmdr.

u `mZ§Va dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV d Ë`m§Zm emioOdiÀ`m n[agamVrc ~mJ, q^V, \$aer ̀ mda nmdgmù`mV CJdyZ Amcoë`m dZñnVtMo [ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u H$moUH$moUË`m, {H$Vr àH$maÀ`m dZñnVr {Xgë`m d Ë`m§Mo dU©Z _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo, O_ë`mg {MÌ H$mT>mdo Ago gm§Jmdo. {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Zmdo {c{hÊ`mg _XV H$amdr.

u {ZarjUmgmR>r 15 {_{ZQ>o ÚmdrV d Z§Va 4-5 _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr {ZarjUo dmMyZ XmIdÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. ho H$aV AgVmZmM {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda Zmdo {chmdrV. (CXmhaUmW© - VoaS>m, ZoMo, JdVmMo àH$ma BË`mXr.)

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s øm dZñnVr Aem AMmZH$ nmdgmù`mV H$em CJdV AgVrc? `m _mVrV AmYrnmgyZ Ë`m§Mo "~r' Agoc H$m? _J _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, _mVrVcm {~`m§Mm hm "Nw>nm I{OZm' Amnë`mcm nmdgmù`mVM g_OVmo. ̀ m {~`m df©â _mVrV AgVmV, nmD$g nS>cm H$s CJdyZ òVmV. `m dZñnVtMo Am`wî` H$_r AgVo, H$mhtMo nmdgmù`mnwaVo Va H$mhtMo nmdgmZ§Va EH$-XmoZ _{hZo. Ë`m§Zm \w$co - \$io - ~r òÊ`mMr à{H«$`m nmdgmù`mXaå`mZ hmoVo d "~r' nwÝhm _mVrV OmVo, nwT>À`m dfu CJdÊ`mgmR>r. Aem àH$mao _mVrVë`m {~`m§À`m I{OÝ`mMr AmoiI _wcm§Zm H$ê$Z Úmdr. CXmhaUmXmIb eodi§, Hw$aSy>, Q>mH$im, H$aQ>wb§, Kmoiy `m nmdgmir ̂ mÁ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jmdr.

u `m nmdgmir ^mÁ`m§nŒ_mUoM H$mhr Am¡fYr dZñnVrXoIrb nmdgmù`mV {_iVmV ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

gßQo§>~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

C{Ôï

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi




_wcm§Zm nmdgm_wio n[agamVë`m dZñnVt_Üò hmoUmam ~Xc g_Omdm d nmdgmMo _hÎd g_Omdo.

KQ>HŸŸ

JdVmMo àH$ma

dZñnVr

2 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, _wcmIV

dV©_mZnÌ, H$mJX, noZ, noÝg c, MmQ>© nonar

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

19

u {ejH$mZo dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo 4 Vo 5 _wcm§Mm EH$ Ago JQ> H$amdoV.u _wcm§Zm eoVmÀ`m ̂ mJmV qH$dm JmdmV {OWo doJdoJir JdVo {XgVrc Aem

_moH$ù`m ̂ mJmV KoD$Z Omdo.u `m ̂ mJmV JQ>mZo {\$ê$Z 5 Vo 6 doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m JdVm§Mo Z_wZo _wcm§Zm

O_dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. u JdVmMm Z_wZm O_m H$aVmZm Vmo dV©_mZnÌmÀ`m XmoZ nmZm§_Üò Xm~yZ

Ë`mda dOZ / OS> nwñVH$ R>odÊ`mg _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.u `m_Üò gmYmaU, H$mir Hw$gir, nm§T>ar Hw$gir, ndÝ`m, _madoc Aer

JdVo {_iVrc.u `mZ§Va {ejH$, d`ñH$a _§S>ir, eoVH$ar, JdV H$mnUmao H$m_Jma

`m§n¡H$s Oo H$moUr joÌôQ>rÀ`m doir {XgVrb Ë`m§Zm àíZ {dMmê$Z `m gd© JdVm§Mr _m{hVr VŠË`mV {Xcoë`m _wX²X`m§Zwgma O_m H$amdr.

VŠË`mMm Z_wZm -

u JdVmMr _m{hVr O_m H$aVmZm Ë`mMm Cn`moJ (CXmhaUmW© - ho JdV Imëë`mg OZmdamcm XyY OmñV òVo; Kamg_moaÀ`m _m§S>dmda KmcÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr) Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço (CXmhaUmW© - Hw$gir JdV nm`mcm Q>moMVo), Aem àH$maMr _m{hVr {_idmdr.

u Z§Va {ejH$mÀ`m _XVrZo gd© _wcm§Zr JdVmÀ`m _m{hVrMm EH${ÌV Vº$m ~Zdmdm d dJm©V cmdmdm.

u `m VŠË`mda O_m Ho$boë`m JdVm§Mo Z_wZoXoIrb {MH$Q>dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

C§MrJdVmMoñWm{ZH$ Zmd Cn`moJ BVa d¡{eîQ>ço

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

u JdV d Ë`mMo {d{dY àH$ma, Cn`moJ, d¡{eîQ>ço `m{df`r nwTo> {Xcocr _m{hVr {ejH$mZo dmMmdr.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm joÌôQ>rgmR>r ZoÊ`mgmR>r, {OWo JdVmMo doJdoJio àH$ma {XgVrc Aer OmJm emoYyZ R>odmdr.

u eŠ` Pmë`mg, JmdmVrc d`ñH$a _§S>ir, eoVH$ar, JdV H$mnUmao H$m_Jma `m§Zm joÌôQ>rgmR>r ~mobdmdo.

gßQo§>~a

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u n[agamVrc ñWm{ZH$ JdVm§À`m {d{dY OmVter _wcm§Mr AmoiI ìhmdr d Ë`m§Mo Cn`moJ, _hÎd g_Omdo.

u JdVmÀ`m OmVr CJdyZ `m`Mr doi, Ë`m§Mr OmVrZwê$n Agcocr d¡{eîQ>ço, Cn`moJ _wcm§Zm g_Omdo.

C{Ôï

S>mo§Jar_madob

H$mir Hw$gir nm§T>ar Hw$gir

Hw$gir

ndÝ`m



Zoh_r {XgUmè`m JdVmÀ`m H$mhr OmVr


Zoh_r {XgUmè`m JdVmÀ`m H$mhr OmVr

A.HŒ$. JdVmMo ñWm{ZH$ Zmd emñÌr` Zmd C§Mr Cn`moJ BVa d¡{eîQ²>`o

2. nm§T>ar Hw$gir 50 Vo 120 go§._r.

4. _madob 50 Vo 150 go§._r.

5. S>mo§Jar, JmoJa,dmKZIr

20 Vo 120 go§._r.

6. Hw$gir 100 Vo 200 go§._r.

3. ndÝ`m 10 Vo 120 go§._r.

H$modio JdV, Jwam§gmR>rMmam åhUyZ Cn`wŠV.

Jwam§Zm CË _ àVrMmMmam åhUyZ dmnaVmV.`mV nmofU_yë` OmñVAgVmV.

V

Jwam§Zm Mmam åhUyZ dmnaVmV.

Jwam§Zm Mmam åhUyZ dmnaVmV.

Jwam§Zm CË _ àVrMmMmam åhUyZ dmnaVmV.

V

1. H$mir Hw$gir 20 Vo 100 go§._r.

Aristida setacea

Dichanthium

annulatum

Chrysopogon

fulvus

Themeda

triandra

Sehima

nervosum

Heteropogoncontortus

H$modio JdV, Jwam§gmR>rMmam åhUyZ Cn`wŠV.H$mhr ^mJmV ho JdV Kad Kamg_moarb _m§S>demH$mam`bm dmnaVmV.

_miamZmda, añË`mH$S>obm IS>H$mi^mJmV {XgVo.\w$bo - \$io : Owb¡ Vo OmZodmar

{ZH¥$îQ> O{_ZrVbdH$a CJdyZ `oVo dO{_ZrMr Yyn amoIVoåhUyZ _hËËdmMo.\w$bo - \$io : gßQo§~a Vo Zmoìho§~a_miamZmda AmT>iVo.\w$bo - \$io : gßQo§~a Vo {S>go§~a

_miamZmda, eoVmÀ`m~m§Ymda d añË`mH$S>obm AmT>iVo. \w$bo - \$io : Owb¡ Vo {S>go§~a

_miamZmda AmT>iVo. \w$bo - \$io : Owb¡ Vo {S>go§~a

AmoT`mH$mR>r dS>mo§JaCVmamda AmT>iVo. \w$bo - \$io : gßQo§~a Vo Zmoìho§~a

gd© àH$maMo JdV O{_Zrdarb _mVr Yê$Z Ro>dV Agë`mZo VŠË`mV JdVm§Mr

H$mhr ñWm{ZH$ Zmdo {Xbr AmhoV. {ejH$mZo CnHŒ$_ KoVmZm Amnë`m ̂ mJmVrb ñWm{ZH$ Zmdo dmnamdr.

O{_ZrMr Yyn amoIÊ`mg Cn`moJr AgVo. darb


KQ>HŸŸ

PmS>m§Mo Cn`moJ

dZñnVr

1 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrMMm©, _wcmIV

H$mJX, noZ, noÝg cr

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u nwpñVHo$gmo~V PmS>m§À`m _m{hVrMm Aä`mg H$amdm, PmS>m§Mo {d{dY Cn`moJ OmUyZ ¿`mdoV.

u emioÀ`m n[agamVrc, JmdmVrc PmS>m§Mr Zmdo d Ë`m§À`m Cn`moJm{df`r _m{hVr {_idmdr.

{Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm PmS>m§Mr _m{hVr AmUcr Amho H$m Ago {dMmê$Z, 4 Vo 5 _wcm§À`m døm ~Kmì`mV, _wcm§Zr _m{hVr H$moUmH$moUmcm {dMmacr hohr {dMmamdo.

u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda Imcr {Xë`mZwgma Vº$m AmImdm.u AmUcocr _m{hVr JQ>mZwgma _wcm§Zm dmMÊ`mg gm§JyZ Vr EH$sH$S>o VŠË`mV

âmdr.u EImX²`m PmS>mMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo, Ë`mMm H$moUVm ^mJ H$emgmR>r

dmnacm OmVmo `mMr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {_imcr Zgë`mg Vr {ejH$mZo X²`mdr / {chmdr.

u àËòH$ PmS>mMm Cn`moJ {c{hVmZm _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr, Ë`m§Zr `mVrc H$moUH$moUVo Cn`moJ nm{hco AmhoV Vo {dMmamdo. CXmhaUmW© - gmJmMo cmHy$S> Hw$R>o Hw$R>o dmnaco OmVo? OZmdam§Zm ImÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m PmS>mMm nmcm {Xcm OmVmo?

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm hm Vº$m dhrV {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdm d PmS>m§Mo Ago AZoH$ Cn`moJ Agë`mZo PmS>m§Mo ajU, OmonmgZm H$aUo {H$Vr _hÎdmMo Amho Vo _wcm§Zm g_Odmdo.

VŠË`mMm Z_wZm -

u PmS>mÀ`m {d{dY ̂ mJm§MmH$emH$emgmR>r dmna Ho$cm

OmVmo `m{df`rMr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {_imdr. {deofV: PmS>m§Mo ñWm{ZH$ Cn`moJ g_OmdoV.

u PmS>mMr _mUgmgmR>r Agcocr Cn`wº$Vm g_Omdr.

gßQ>|~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar{ejH$mZo dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo 4 Vo 5 _wcm§Mm EH$ JQ> Ago JQ> ~ZdmdoV. `m CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr J¥hnmR> åhUyZ àËòH$ JQ>mcm emioOdiÀ`m / KamOdiÀ`m H$moUË`mhr nmM Vo Xhm PmS>m§Mr `mXr ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. _wcm§Zm hr `mXr KoD$Z {ejH$, dS>rbYmar _§S>ir, eoVH$ar `m§À`mer ~mocÊ`mg gm§Jmdo d `m PmS>m§Mm H$gm - H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo, Ë`mMm H$moUVm ^mJ H$emgmR>r dmnacm OmVmo ̀ mMr _m{hVr {dMmê$Z dhr_Üò {chÿZ AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. `m_Üò PmS>mMo cmHy$S>, nmcm, \$io, \w$bo, _wio `m gd© ^mJm§Mm Cn`moJ {dMmaÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.

20

H«$.

1.

2.

OZmdam§gmR>rCn`moJ (nmird nŒmUr)

\$im§À`mgmbr ImVmV

KaH$m_mgmR>r/eoVrgmR>r Cn`moJ

bmH$S>m§nmgyZXmao, {IS>Š`m~ZdVmV.

PmS>mMo Zmd

Am§~m

ASw>igm

_mUgmgmR>rCn`moJ

\$io ImVmV,H¡$è`m§Mo bmoUMo~ZdVmV.

PmS>mMo gmbImoH$ë`mdaAm¡fYr.

- -

C{Ôï

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

ZXr ghc (2)

n[ag§ñWm

2 Vm{gH$m

u"ZXr ghc' hm CnH«$_ VrZ doim R>odÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo, F$Vwà_mUo AmoT>çm_Üò hmoUmam ~Xb _wcm§Zm H$imdm d Ë`mMà_mUo AmoT>çmer {ZJS>rV Agcoco KQ>H$ åhUOoM dZñnVr, njr, àmUr ̀ m§Mm AmoT>çmer Agcocm g§~§Y H$imdm.

u ghcrMr doi Oa gH$mir 10 À`m AmYr qH$dm g§Ü`mH$mir 4 Z§Va R>odcr Va AmoT>çmda njr Am{U àmUr {XgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>oc.

u ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mMm doJ d nmVir YmoH$mXm`H$ Agë`mg Ë`m{R>H$mUr nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mMm CnHŒ$_ H$miOrnyd©H$ ¿`mdm AWdm JaO dmQ>ë`mg Q>mimdm.

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, MMm© Am{U {ZarjU

dhr, noZ, noÝg c, KS>çmi / ñQ>m°ndm°M, H$mJXmMm _moRm ~moim, Xw~uU (CnbãY Agë`mg), " ZXr-ghc (1)' _Yrb VŠVm

r

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u `m CnH«$_m_Üò AmYrÀ`m "ZXr-ghc (1)' CnH«$_mZwgma {ZarjUo ¿`mdrV.

u `m {ZarjUm§_Üò Imcrc ~m~tMr Zm|X H$amdr.— nmÊ`mMm a§J— nmÊ`mMm doJ— nmÊ`mMr nmVir — H$mR>mdaÀ`m d nmÊ`mVë`m dZñnVr— njr, àmUr, H$sQ>H$— nmÊ`mMm dmna— nmÊ`mVco àXyfU

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr {ZarjUo "ZXr-ghc (1)' _Yrb VŠË`mV gßQ¨>o~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m aH$mÝ`mV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

u gd© {ZarjUo {chÿZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nmdgmù`mZ§Va ZXr d Ë`mÀ`m n[agamV H$go ~Xc hmoV OmVmV Ago {dMmamdo Am{U _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr.

C{Ôïu ZXr d ZXrÀ`m n[agam_Üò

àËòH$ F$VyV {XgUmao ~Xc _wcm§ZmH$imdoV.

u _wcm§Mr ZXrer EH$ nŒH$maMr OdirH$ d ~m§{YcH$s {Z_m©U ìhmdr.

gßQ>|~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

21

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


nmÊ`mMm doJ

nmÊ`mMr nmVir

dZñnVr

nmÊ`mMm dmna

nmÊ`mMm a§J

njr/àmUr

àXyfU


KQ>HŸŸ

añË`mH$S>oÀ`m dZñnVr

dZñnVr

2 Vm{gH$m

H¥ŸVr

u gmYmaUV: añË`mH$S>ocm dS>, qnni, nO©Ý`d¥j, {earf, _hmê$I, OH$ma§X, gmVdrU, Jwc_moha, noëQ>mo\$moa_ Aer PmS>o cmdcocr {XgVmV. H$mhr PmS>o gmdcrgmR>r Va H$mhr emoôgmR>r, AmH$f©H$ \w$cm§gmR>r añË`mH$S>ocm cmdbr OmVmV. `m PmS>m§{df`r nwTo> {Xcocr A{YH$ _m{hVr {ejH$mZo dmMmdr.

u {ejH$mZo emioÀ`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m añË`mH$S>ocm {XgUmè`m PmS>m§Mr Zmdo `m CnH«$_mnydu _mhrV H$ê$Z ¿`mdrV.

u hm CnH«$_ _wcm§Zr gH$mir 7 Vo 9 AWdm Xwnmar 4 Vo 6 `m doimV Ho$ë`mg A{YH$ Mm§Jcr {ZarjUo {_iVrc. Ë`m_wio CnH«$_mgmR>r eŠ`Vmo Aer doi {ZdS>mdr.

u dZñnVr, njr

embo` dmMZmb`mV `m§{df`r nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm emioOdiÀ`m EImX²`m añË`mda KoD$Z Omdo d añË`mH$S>ocm {XgUmè`m PmS>m§er AmoiI H$ê$Z X²`mdr. _wcm§Zm PmS>m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV, Ë`m§Zm Z Amë`mg {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm PmS>m§Mr Zmdo AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$amdr.

u dhr_Üò PmS>mÀ`m Zmdm~amo~aM Ë`mMo dU©Zhr {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. CXmhaUmW© - nmZo (_moR>r / ~marH$), \w$cm§Mm a§J, \$im§Mm / AmH$ma / a§J, PmS>mda nú`m§Mr KaQ>r AmhoV H$m, H$moUH$moUVo njr PmS>mda {XgVmV, gmdcr (OmñV / H$_r), PmS>mMm AmH$ma (JmocmH$ma / C^Q> / ngaQ>) Aem àH$maMr _m{hVr {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. `m_Üò PmS>m{df`r nydu nm{hcoë`m Jmoï>tMmhr _wco g_mdoe H$ê$ eH$VmV.

u `mgmR>r 15 Vo 20 {_{ZQ>o doi X²`mdm.u Z§Va dJm©V òD$Z H$mhr _wcm§Zm _m{hVr dmMyZ XmIdÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. ho

H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda añË`mH$S>oÀ`m PmS>m§Mr `mXr {chmdr d Z§Va àËòH$ PmS>mMo EImXo d¡{eîQ>ç _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo, CXmhaUmW© - gmdcr XoUmao PmS>, gw§Xa \w$cm§Mo PmS>, nú`m§gmR>r _hÎdmMo PmS> (Iyn \$io, \w$co Agcoco) BË`mXr. Aem àH$mao PmS>mMo Zmd d Ë`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç Aer `mXr V`ma H$amdr.

u

H$amdr. u Aer Mm§Jbr PmSo> VmoS>m`À`m H$mhr ~mVå`m / àg§J Ë`m§Zr ~{KVbo

AmhoV H$m ̀ mda MMm© H$amdr. u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm J¥hnmR> åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m KamOdiÀ`m añË`mH$S>ocm

Agcoë`m, eoVrÀ`m ~m§Ymda Agcoë`m PmS>m§Mr ̀ mXr KamVrc _§S>itÀ`m _XVrZo ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

àËòH$ PmS> bmdbobo Amho H$s Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m Ambo Amho `mMr MMm©

C{Ôï_wcm§Mr n[agamVrc PmS>m§er A{YH$ AmoiI ìhmdr d _wcm§Mr {ZarjUj_Vm dmT>mdr.

nÕVrjoÌôQ>

H$mJX, noZ, noÝg cr

gm{hË`

Am°ŠQ>mo~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

22

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


añË`mH$S>ocm Zoh_r {XgUmar H$mhr PmS>o -

{ejH$m§gmR>r A{YH$ _m[hVr


Ficus benghalensis

Albizia saman

Peltophorum roxburghii

Albizia lebbeck

Ailanthus excelsa

Jacaranda mimosifolia

Delonix regia

Azadirachta indica

Ficus racemosa

Tamarindus indica

Emblica officinalis

Syzygium cumini

Mangifera indica

Ficus religiosa

Pongamia pinnata

Alstonia scholaris

dS>

nO©Ý`d¥j

noëQ>mo\$moa_

{earf

_hmê$I

OH$ma§X/Zrc_mohmoa

Jwc_mohmoa

Zr_

C§~a

qMM

Amdim

Om§^yi

Am§~m

qnni

H$a§O

gmVdrU

gmdcr, \$im§da AZoH$ njr òVmV

gXmh{aV PmS

gmdcr, AñWm{ZH$ PmS

gmdcr, AmH$f©H$ {ndir \w$co

AñWm{ZH$ PmS

gmdcr, gwdm{gH$ \w$co

cdH$a dmT>Vo

AmH$f©H$ {Zir \w$co, AñWm{ZH$ PmS

AmH$f©H$ cmc \w$co, AñWm{ZH$ PmS>

gmdcr

gmdcr,\$im§da AZoH$ njr òVmV

gmdcr, ImÊ`m`mo½` \$i

\$im§da AZoH$ njr òVmV, ImÊ`m`mo½` \$i

gmdcr, \$im§da AZoH$ njr òVmV,

ObX dmTUmao,

ImÊ`m`mo½` \$i, gXmh{aV PmS

gmdcr, \$im§da AZoH$ njr òVmV,

ImÊ`m`mo½` \$i,

gXmh{aV PmS

gmdcr,\$im§da AZoH$ njr òVmV

gmdcr, AmH$f©H$ \w$co, Vob{~`m {S>PobH$aVm g§^mì` n`m©`, gXmh{aV PmS

gmdcr d gw§Xa nm§T>ar \w$co, gXmh{aV PmS

PmS>mMo Zmd d¡{eîQ>çoemór` Zmd

KQ>HŸŸ

_mVrMo {d{dY àH$ma d Ë`mMo Cn`moJ

_mVr

1 Vm{gH$m

{ejH$mZo Amnë`m ^mJmV {XgUmè`m _mVrÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo Z_wZo O_m H$amdoV. `m_Üò emioOdiMr _mVr, ZXrH$mR>Mr _mVr, S>m|JamÀ`m nm`Ï`mOdiMr _mVr Agmdr.

C{Ôï_hmamï´>mV H$moUH$moUË`m àH$maMr _mVr {_iVo d {VMm Cn`moJ H$emH$emgmR>r hmoVmo ho _wcm§Zm H$imdo.

nÕVrMMm©

_hmamï´>mMm Am{U ^maVmMm ZH$mem, n[agamVrb _mVrMo Z_wZo, dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

23

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mm AmYrÀ`m dfu {eH$coë`m m§À`m àH$mam§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm. ̂ maVm_Üò H$moUË`m VrZ àH$mam§Mo gmnS>VmV ho {dMmamdo, d _wcm§Zr CÎmao gm§{JVë`mda Vr \$ù`mda {chmdrV.

u ^maVmMm ZH$mem _wcm§Zm XmIdmdm d Ë`m_Üò ̀ m VrZ àH$mam§Mo Hw$R>o Hw$R>o {XgVmV ho {dMmê$Z, ZH$memV XmIdm`cm gm§Jmdo.

u _hmamï´>mV H$moUË`m àH$maMo {XgVmV Vo {dMmamdo, d VoXoIrc \$ù`mda {chmdoV.

u {ejH$mZo _J _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s Oa Amnë`m _hmamï´>m_Üò "H$mir _mVr' gmnS>Vo, Va H$moH$U ̂ mJmV "cmc _mVr' H$er H$m` {_iVo?

u `mMo CÎma _wcm§Zm Z XoVm Amë`mg, {ejH$mZo H$mù`m Mo ê$nm§Va Om§ä`mV H$go hmoVo ho _wcm§Zm g_Odmdo.

u Ooìhm H$mù`m ISH$mVrb X«mì` nXmW© {daKiyZ ISH$mMr Yyn hmoVo Voìhm "Om§^m' hm V`ma hmoVmo, Ë`mÀ`m _yiÀ`m amgm`{ZH KQ>H$m§_Üò ~Xb hmoVmo. hr Yyn nmÊ`mMm qH$dm dmè`mMm gVV _mam Pmë`m_wio hmoD$ eH$Vo. øm à{H«$òcm ~amM H$mi åhUOo H$mhr bmI dfo© CcQ>mdr cmJVmV ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u hr _m{hVr {Xë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§g_moa _hmamï´>mMm ZH$mem R>odmdm d H$moUË`m àH$maMr _mVr Hw$R>o {_iVo ho {dMmamdo. VgoM Ë`mMo H$maUXoIrc _wcm§ZmM {dMmamdo.

u ZH$mem XmI{dë`mda, _hmamï´>mV H$moUË`m {d{dY n[ag§ñWm / àXoe {XgVmV ho {dMmamdo, _wcm§Zm Z O_ë`mg gm§Jmdo d Vo \$ù`mda {chmdo.— g_wÐ{H$Zmam — S>m|Ja— nR>ma (S>m|Jami ̂ mJmVrc)— XoemMm àXoe (nR>ma)

u ho {c{hë`mda, àËòH$ {R>H$mUr H$moUË`m àH$maMr _mVr {XgVo ho {dMmamdo d Ë`mà_mUo {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdo.— g_wÐ{H$Zmar - dmbwH$m_` H$moaS>r — H$moH$Um_Üò - cmc _mVr— S>m|Ja / Xoe / nR>ma - H$mir _mVr— gømÐr nd©Vmdarb A{V nmdgmÀ`m nŒXoeVrc nR>mao - cmc _mVr— gømÐrÀ`m H$S`mMm ̂ mJ - cmc _mVr

u {ejH$mZo Amnë`mM ̂ mJmV {XgUmè`m _mVrMo {d{dY àH$ma dJm©V _m§Sy>Z Ro>dmdo d _wcm§Zm XmIdyZ darb 4 àH$mam§n¡H$s `mV H$moUVo {XgV AmhoV Vo d Ë`mVrc _mVrÀ`m H$Um§Mr {d{dYVm ~Km`bm gm§Jmdo.

u `m{edm` Amnë`m ZXr{H$Zmar {_iUmar _mVr hr AË`§V Mm§Jë`m àVrMr, gwnrH$ _mVr AgVo H$maU Ë`mV Jmi gmMcocm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio øm _mVrcm

IS>H$IS>H$

IS>H$

IS>H$

IS>H$m

IS>H$

Am°ŠQ>mo~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


® H$YrH$Yr `m _mVrMm a§J {ndiga {Xgy eH$Vmo. Ooìhm OmñV à_mUmV nmUr emofco Voìhm øm _mVr_ÜòH$mOygmaIr PmS>o CÎm_[aË`m dmTy> eH$VmV.

® hr _mVr H$moH$UnÅ>m, gô`mÐr Am{U nR>mao Aem {R>H$mUr {XgyZ ̀ oVo.

® Ka~m§YUrgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo. — JmimMr _mVr® hr _mVr gd© ZXr{H$Zmar {XgyZ ̀ oVo.® ZXrZo àËòH$ nwam~amo~a dmhyZ AmUbobm Jmi H$mR>mda

gmMyZ nya _¡XmZo V`ma hmoVmV, Ë`mda JmimMr _mVr V`ma Pmbobr {XgyZ ̀ oVo.

® AË`§V gwnrH$ _mVr, åhUyZ eoVrH$aVm _hËËdmMr. ® hr _mVr {dQ>m V`ma H$am`cm, {d{dY àH$maÀ`m _yVu

V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr OmVo. eoVmVë`m _mVrMr àV dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mV {_gibr OmVo.

® `mM _mVrnmgyZ {d{dY àH$maMr _mVrMr _S>H$s V`ma Ho$cr OmVmV.

u `m gd© àH$maÀ`m _mVtZm H$mhr EH$ YmoH$m V`ma hmoVmo Amho. ~m§YH$m_, añVo~m§YUr BË`mXr H$m_m§_wio _mVr IUyZ H$mT>br OmVo d dm`m OmVo, ho _wbm§Zm bjmV AmUyZ Úmdo.

u {ejH$mZo hr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm dhr_Üò {chÿZ ¿`m`cm gm§Jmdr.

"JmimMr _mVr' AgoM åhQ>co OmVo.u ho gm§{JVë`mda {ejH$mZo AmÎmmn`ªV {Xcocr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm

dhr_Üò {chm`bm gm§Jmdr.u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo Imcr {Xcoë`m àËòH$ àH$maÀ`m _mVrMr

_m{hVr _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdr, _hÎdmMo _wX²Xo \$ù`mda {chÿZ Vo _wcm§Zm g_OdmdoV.— dmbwH$m_` H$moaS>r® Aem àH$maÀ`m _mVr_Üò dmiy, Jmi Am{U {MH$Q>

_mVrMo à_mU gmaIo AgVo.® hr _mVr {H$ZmanÅ>rOdi {XgyZ ̀ oVo.

— H$mir _mVr® øm _mVrV bmoh, A°ë`w{_{ZA_, _°½Zo{eA_ Am{U

MwZm (lime) hr KQ>H$VÎdo OmñV gmnS>VmV.® `mV Zm`Q´>moOZ Am{U \$m°ñ\$moagMo à_mU Iyn H$_r

AgVo.® hr _mVr nmUr ghOmghOr emofyZ KoV Zmhr d Ë`m_wio

Aem _mVrda nmUr A{YH$ à_mUmV gmMy eH$Vo.® `m _mVrV "H$mnyg' ho nrH$ A{YH$ KoVco OmVo. Ë`m_wio

øm _mVrcm 'black cotton soil' åhQ>co OmVo.® _hmamï´>mV 70-80% _mVr ̀ m àH$maMr AmT>iVo>.

— cmc _mVr® øm _mVrV bmoh Am{U A°ë`w{_{ZA_ X«ì`m§Mo

Am°ŠgmB©S> OmñV AgVo. `m_wio hr _mVr cmc a§JmMr AgVo.




KQ>HŸŸ

^yê$nm§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI

_mVr

2 Vm{gH$m

u {OWyZ AmOy~mOyÀ`m O{_ZrdaMo {d{dY KQ>H$ {Xgy eH$Vrc Aer EImXr emioOdiMr / JmdmVcr OmJm qH$dm S>m|Ja {ejH$mZo emoYyZ H$mT>mdm. CXmhaUmW© - S>m|JamMm CVma, nR>ma, O§Jc, JdVmi ^mJ, AmoT>o, EImXr ZXr, Kao, N>moQ>o Vio, g_wÐ BË`mXr. (`mn¡H$s 3-4 KQ>H$ Var {Xgco nm{hOoV Aer OmJm emoYmdr.)

nÕVrjoÌôQ> Am{U {ZarjU

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

24

u {ejH$mZo R>a{dcoë`m {R>H$mUr _wcm§Zm joÌôQ>rgmR>r KoD$Z Omdo.u gd© _wcm§Zm EHo$ {R>H$mUr ~gm`cm cmdmdo d dhrV Ë`m{R>H$mUÀ`m {Xem

{c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmì`m. `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm doiodê$Z d gy`m©dê$Z {Xem AmoiIÊ`mg _XV H$amdr.

u {Xem {chyZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`mg_moa H$m`-H$m` {XgV Amho Vo {dMmamdo. {OWn`ªV ZOa OmV Amho, {VWo {XgUmè`m gd© Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$m§Mr ̀ mXr V`ma H$am`cm gm§Jmdr. ̀ mgmR>r 15 Vo 20 {_{ZQ>o X²`mdrV.

u S>m|JaCVmamMm ^mJ Agë`mg, `mXr_Üò S>m|Ja, ZXr, eoVr, Kao, N>moQ>o AmoT>o, nR>ma, H$S>m, O§Jc, Y~Y~m Ago ̀ oD$ eH$Vo.

u g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mMm ^mJ Agë`mg S>m|JaCVma, {H$Zmam, g_wÐ, ZXr, ImS>r Ago ^mJ Agy eH$VmV. nR>mar ^mJ Agë`mg gnmQ> O_rZ, PwSw>no, Kao / dñVr AgoXoIrc dU©Z Agy eH$Vo.

u _wcm§Mr ̀ mXr Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo 4 Vo 5 _wcm§Zm ̀ mXr dmMÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.u hr ̀ mXr {chÿZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {VWë`m ̂ yê$nm§Mr aMZm gm§JyZ

_m{hVr X²`mdr.u `m§ZVa {ZgJm©Mr OS>UKS>U d _mUgmMo ApñVËd `m§Mm g§~§Y H$gm Amho

`mda _wbm§er MMm© H$amdr. eoVr Hw$R>o Ho$br OmVo? _mUgmMr dñVr Hw$R>o Ho$br OmVo? Va {OWo nmUrgmR>m CnbãY Agob Aem {R>H$mUr. VgoM eoVrgmR>r _mVrMr àV _hÎdmMr. Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dm AmOy~mOybm H$mhr ZdrZ ~m§YH$m_, {dH$mgH$m_o, ImUH$m_, YaUo Pmbr AmhoV H$m? Ë`m_wio ^yê$no ~Xbbr AmhoV H$m? Ago àíZ {dMmê$Z _wbm§er MMm© H$amdr.

u {XgUmè`m Ñí`mMo {MÌ qH$dm dU©Z _wcm§Zm {VWoM ~gyZ H$am`cm gm§Jmdo.

Am°ŠQ>mo~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm AmOy~mOyÀ`m ^yê$nm§Mr AmoiI hmoUo.

AmoT>m d H$mR>mMo O§Jb EH$gwar bmJdS>

PwSw>nr O§Jb

Vio

eoVr

ZXr

nwamUd¥j

JdVmi àXoe

dñVr

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

n[ag§ñWoVrc nañnamdc§~Z

n[ag§ñWm

1 Vm{gH$m

hdm - PmS>o; _mVr - PmS>o; nmUr - PmS>o; _mVr -nmUr; nmUr - àmUr Aem OmoS²`m {b{hboë`m {MÇ`m ²~Zdmì`mV. dJm©V OodTr _wco AgVrb Ë`mÀ`m {Zåå`m g§»òBVŠ`m {MÇ`m V`ma H$amì`mV. EH$ ²OmoSr Agcoë`m AZoH$ {MÇ`m MmbVrb.²

C{Ôïn[agamVrc KQ>H$m§Mm EH$_oH$m§er Agcocm g§~§Y _wcm§Zm H$imdm.

nÕVrMMm©, g§dmXcoIZ, ^y{_H$mXe©Z

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

25

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "n[agamVrc KQ>H$m§er AmoiI' ̀ m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.

u Ë`m CnH«$_mV V`ma Ho$coë`m gOrd-{ZOud KQ>H$m§À`m `mXrMr COiUr H$amdr d EH$sH$S>o Vr ̀ mXr \$ù`mda {chmdr.

u V`ma Ho$coë`m `mXr_Yë`m KQ>H$m§_Üò H$mhr g§~§Y Amho H$m, Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo d nwT>rb OmoS²>çm \$ù`mda {chmì`mV.— CXmhaUmW© - hdm - PmS>o

_mVr - PmS>onmUr - PmS>o_mVr - nmUrnmUr - àmUr BË`mXr

u darc OmoS>çm§_Ycm EH$ Oar KQ>H$ Zgcm Va H$mhr \$aH$ nS>oc H$m? Ago `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.

u hr MMm© H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo Imcrcà_mUo _wX²X`m§Mm g_mdoe H$amdm.CXmhaUmW© - _mVr - PmS>o : {ZgJm©_Üò ho XmoÝhr KQ>H$ _hÎdmMo AmhoV. `mn¡H$s EH$ Oar KQ>H$ Zgcm Var Xwgam KQ>H$ amhÿ eH$Uma Zmhr. PmS>m§Zm Ë`m§Mo nmofU _mVrVyZ {_iVo d _mVrcm VoM nmofU {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r PmS>mÀ`m Jicoë`m nmZm§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Ooìhm hr nmZo O{_Zr_Üò Hw$OVmV, Voìhm ̀ m nmZm§_Yco ZÌ, \$m°ñ\$moag BË`mXr KQ>H$ _mVr_Üò nwÝhm {_giVmV. ̀ m_wio _mVrVbr H$_r Pmcobr AÞÐìò nwÝhm ̂ ê$Z {ZKVmV.

u _mVr - àmUr : _mVr_Üò Agcoco g|{Ð` KQ>H$ ho _mVrVë`m Jm§Sy>i, _w§½`m `m àmÊ`m§Mo VgoM gyú_Ordm§Mo AÞ AgVo. ho ImÚ Imëë`mda ømM àmÊ`m§Mr {dð>m _mVrMm XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mg / {Q>H$dÊ`mg _XV H$aVo. Jicocr nmZo, H$ù`m, \$io, _moR>çm àmÊ`m§Mr {dð>m `m gd© Jmoï>r ho gyú_Ord ImVmV d Ë`mVco ZÌ, H$~©, \$m°ñ\$moag, qPH$ ho KQ>H$ _mVrV {_gim`cm _XV H$aVmV.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Mo XmoZ-XmoZ Mo JQ> H$ê$Z EHo$H$m JQ>mbm {MÇr CMbÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. Pmcoë`m MM}À`m AmYmao, JQ>mbm {_imcoë`m OmoSrVrb KQ>H$m§Mm nañnag§~§Y "g§dmX' ñdê$nmV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.

u H$mhr _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mo g§dmX dJm©g_moa gmXa H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. `m_Üò Amnmnë`m ̂ y{_Ho$V OmD$Z _wcm§Zm ~mocÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

CnH«$_mMm _[hZmAm°ŠQ>mo~a

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

AÞOmù`mVrc Jw§VmJw§V

n[ag§ñWm

2 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo AÞgmIir-AÞOmio ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r KQ>H$m§Mr ̀ mXr ~ZdyZ R>odmdr. ̀ mgmR>r nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "AÞgmIir d AÞOmio' ̀ m CnH«$_mVrc {Xcoco KQ>H$ ¿`mdoV d ̀ mì`{V[aº$ nmÊ`mVë`mhr gOrdm§Mr Zmdo {chmdrV CXmhaUmW© - _mgm, Oocr{\$e, ñQ>ma{\$e, VgoM nmÊ`mVco gyú_Ord Am{U _mVr_Yco gyú_Ord ̀ m§MmXoIrc g_mdoe Agmdm. (PmS>r, \w$co, njr `m§Mr {d{eï> Zmdo, gy`©, \w$cnmIao, nV§J, H$sQ>H$, àmUr, IoH$S>m, _mgm, e¡dmc, H$dH$, ~waer, OrdmUy BË`mXr. Zmdo {chmdrV.)

u hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mgmR>r {ZXmZ 15 AÞgmIù`m hmoD$ eH$Vrc BVHo$ KQ>H$ \$ù`mdarb `mXrV AgmdoV.

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb "Jmoï dmK AZ² _Y_merMr' hm boI dmMmdm.

C{Ôï

nÕVrJQ>-AÜ``Z, H¥$Vr, MMm©

4 Vo 5 _moR>o MmQ>© nona, noZ, a§JrV nopÝgc , dhrrgm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

26

u {ejH$mZo "AÞgmIir d AÞOmio' ̀ m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.u

u `m CnH«$_mVrc KQ>H$m§Mr Zmdo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdrV d \$ù`mda `mXr H$amdr. AmVm _wcm§Zm g_wÐmVrc Ordm§Mr Zmdo {dMmê$Z Vrhr `mXrV {chmdrV. `mì`{V[aº$ {ejH$mZo ñdV: ~Z{dcoë`m `mXrVrc Zmdohr {chmdrV.

u `mZ§Va dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo 4 Vo 5 JQ> H$amdoV d Ë`m§Zm MmQ>© nona ÚmdoV. _wcm§Zm EH$Ì JQ>mV ~gyZ, H$mJXmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr "gy`©' {chÿZ Ë`mÀ`m AmOy~mOybm JmobmH$ma nÕVrZo \$ù`mdarb gd© KQ>H$ {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. gy`m©nmgyZ AÞgmIirMr gwédmV H$aÊ`mV gm§Jmdr. \$ù`mda {b{hcoco gd© KQ>H$ dmnê$Z N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm AÞgmIù`m H$mJXmda ~mUm§À`m ghmæ`mZo OmoSy>Z H$mT>mì`mV VgoM EH$ KQ>H$ _wco EH$mnojm OmñV doim {chÿ eH$VmV Ago gm§Jmdo, Ogo 3 dmK, 4 Jê$S> Aem àH$mao. AÞgmIù`m OmoS>VmZm a§JrV nopÝgbMm dmna H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo H$m_ Mmcy AgVmZm XoIaoI H$amdr d gm§Jmdo H$s EH$m àmÊ`mMo ImÚ AZoH$ àH$maMo N>moQ>o àmUr Agy eH$VmV Ogo H$moëhm gaS>çmbm ImVmo, nú`mcm ImVmo Am{U gí`mcmhr ImVmo. Aem àH$mao {dMma H$ê$Z AÞgmIù`m EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>mì`mV. gmo~V {Xboë`m AmH¥$Vrà_mUo AÞOmio V`ma hmoV Amho ho {ejH$mZo nmhmdo.

AÞOmio nm{hbo H$s Amnë`mbm {ZgJm©Vrb nañnamdb§~Z g_OVo. AÞOmio ho gJirH$So>, gJù`m àH$maÀ`m hdm_mZmV AJXr A{VCîU Agboë`m dmid§Q>r ^mJmVhr VgoM g_wÐm_ÜòXoIrb AgVo ho _wbm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

AÞOmù`m_Üò AgUmar Jw§VmJw§V d àËòH$ KQ>H$mMo {ZgJm©Vco H$m`© _wcm§Zm H$imdo.

Am°ŠQ>mo~aCnH«$_mMm _[hZm

gy`©

nmZ

JdV

e¡dmb\y$bJdV

N>moQ>m _mgm

emH©$

gy`©njr

H$moH$sim~waer

Airnjr

H$moëhm

ZmH$VmoS>m

N>moQ>m njr

gmn

~oSy>H$Jê$S>

h[aU

amZHw$Ìm

Ima Jê$S>

_mH$S>

\$io

{~~Q`m{JYmS>

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u Aem àH$mao _wcm§Zr MmQ>© nonada gd© KQ>H$ EH$_oH$m§er OmoSy>Z Pmë`mda "AZoH$ AÞgmIù`m {_iyZ ho AÞOmio H$go V`ma Pmco' `mda _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr. Omù`mVrb Jw§VmJw§VrH$S>o _wcm§Zm ~Km`cm gm§Jmdo.

u `m_Üò {ejH$mZo EH$sH$S>o ho gm§Jmdo H$s EImÚm àmÊ`mMo "^ú`-àmUr' {ZgJm©V g§»òZo Iyn AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ̂ jH$ àmÊ`mMr g§»`m H$_r Pmcr Va Ë`mÀ`m ̂ ú` àmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m AmnmoAmn dmT>Vo Am{U Am»Ir gmIir {dñH$irV hmoVo. åhUOoM, CXmhaUmW© - Oa dmKm§Mr g§»`m H$_r Pmcr Va haUo Iyn dmT>Vrc, JdV H$_r hmoB©c Am{U eoVrMohr ZwH$gmZ hmoB©c åhUOoM _mUgmMo ImÚ (eoVr-YmÝ`) H$_r hmoB©c. Ë`m_wio dmKmcm dmMdUo Iyn _hÎdmMo Amho Am{U dmK dmMdm`Mm Agoc Va dmKmMo Ka åhUOo O§Jc dmMdUo AË`§V JaOoMo Amho. Aem àH$mao CXmhaU gmono H$ê$Z _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u

u `mMà_mUo _Y_mí`m H$_r Pmë`m Va H$m` hmoB©b Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. _wcm§Mr CËVao Amë`mda, {ejH$mZo nwTrc _wX²X`m§da _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr - _Y_mí`m H$_r Pmë`m Va {ZgJm©Vrb namJr^dZmÀ`m H$m`m©da H$gm {dnarV nraUm_ hmoB©b, Ë`m_wio eoVrMo H$go ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b, eoVr CËnÞ H$go H$_r hmoB©b BË`mXr.

u n[agamMm àËòH$ KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm AgyZ Vmo `mo½` à_mUmV n[ag§ñWoV AgUo JaOoMo Amho d `m gd© n[ag§ñWm / AÞOmio {Q>H$co VaM _mUyg AmZ§XmZo OJy eH$Vmo ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

dmKm§Mr g§»`m H$em_wio H$_r hmoV Amho? _mUgmZo Ë`mMr {eH$ma H$aUo ̀ mo½` Amho H$m? ho _wbm§Zm {dMmamdo.


AmT>mdm 1

H¥ŸVr

27

1 Vm{gH$m

u Imcr {Xcoë`m àíZm§_YyZ d AmYr Pmcoë`m CnH«$_m§À`m AmYmao ñdV: H$mhr àíZ V`ma H$ê$Z, àíZm§Mr ̀ mXr àíZ_§OwfogmR>r V`ma R>odmdr.

u {ejH$mZo {Zå_m doi _wcm§Zr V`ma Ho$coë`m àíZ_§OwfogmR>r X²`mdm. ̀ m_Üò _wcm§Zr {H$Vr àíZ H$mT>bo ho _hËËdmMo ZgyZ nŒ{HŒ$`m d _wcm§Mm gh^mJ _hËËdmMm Amho.

u AmT>mdm H¥$VrV _wbm§Zr AZwnpñWV amhÿ Zò `mMr {ejH$mZo H$miOr ¿`mdr.

C{Ôï_wcm§Zr AmYr Ho$coë`m CnH«$_m§Mr COiUr H$aUo.

nÕVràíZ_§Oyfm

noZ, dhr

gm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

CnH«$_mMm H$mbmdYru {ejH$mZo Imcr {Xcoco àíZ, àíZ_§OwfoÀ`m ñdê$nmV KoUo Ano{jV Amho.u {ejH$mZo 6 Vo 7 _wcm§Mm EH$ JQ> Ago dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV.u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JQ>mà_mUo ~gyZ ¿`m`cm gm§Jmdo d àËòH$ JQ>mMo EH$ Zmd

R>adÊ`mg _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. `mgmR>r {ZgJm©Vrc KQ>H$m§Mr Zmdo XoVm òVrc CXmhaUmW© - "H$m§MZ', "nig', "Am§~m', "Om§^yi', "h[aU', "dmK', "Jdm' BË`mXr.

u àíZ_§OwfoH$aVm Amdí`H$ Vo {Z`_ {ejH$mZo R>admdo.u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda JwU {c{hÊ`mgmR>r JQ>m§À`m Zmdmà_mUo Vº$m ~Zdmdm.

"MyH$ H$s ~amo~a', "[aH$må`m OmJm ̂ am', EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao X²`m' - Aem àíZm§Zm 1 JwU Am{U "dU©Z H$am' nÕVrÀ`m àíZm§Zm 2 JwU X²`mdoV.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Imcrcà_mUo àíZ {dMmamdoV. -— AmnU nmD$g H$moUË`m CnH$aUmZo _moOVmo?— AmnU O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ H$emZo _moOVmo? Ë`mMo EH$H$> H$m`?— H$emMo Vmn_mZ OmñV AgVo? CKS>çm _mVrMo H$s AmÀN>mXZ Agcoë`m

_mVrMo? {H$Vr \$aH$ AgVmo ? H$m ?— eoVmV nrH$ bmdÊ`mAmYr, eoVH$ar H$m` H$aVmo?— nO©Ý`_mnZmMm Vº$m âVmZm, H$moUË`m _{hÝ`m_Üò gdm©V OmñV

nmD$g nS>ë`mMo {XgyZ Amco?— ZXrÀ`m ghcrÀ`m doiocm {Xgcoë`m H$moUË`mhr nmM PmS>m§Mr Zmdo

gm§Jm.— ZXrÀ`m ghcrÀ`m doiocm {Xgcoë`m H$moUË`mhr nmM nú`m§Mr Zmdo

gm§Jm.— eoVr H$aVmZm AmnU H$moUH$moUVr AdOmao dmnaVmo? Ë`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.— ZXrVë`m / AmoT>çmVë`m nmÊ`m_Üò Am°pŠgOZ H$gm {_giVmo?— ZXr_Üò _mgo gmnS>Uo Mm§Jco H$s dmB©Q>?— PmS> _mVrcm H$m` H$m` XoVo? H$moUË`mhr VrZ Jmoï>r gm§Jm.— _mVr PmS>mcm H$m` H$m` XoVo? H$moUË`mhr VrZ Jmoï>r gm§Jm.— _hmamï´>m_Üò gJù`mV OmñV nmD$g Hw$R>o nS>Vmo?- n{íM_ _hmamï´>,

_Ü` _hmamï´> H$s nyd© _hmamï´>— S>m|Jam§À`m am§Jm§_wio nmdgmda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo?— nmdgmMo nmUr Hw$R>o Hw$R>o gmR>Vo?— dmKmMo ̂ ú` àmUr H$moUH$moUVo? Mma Zmdo gm§Jm.— ~oSy>H$ ̀ m àmÊ`mMo ̂ ú` H$m`?— ^maVmVrb hdm_mZmMo àH$ma gm§Jm.— gmYo nmZ åhUOo H$moUVo d g§`wº$ nmZ åhUOo H$moUVo, ho \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z

XmIdm.— ~m^yi PmS>mMo dU©Z H$am. (VrZ - Mma dmŠò)

Zmoìh|~aCnH«$_mgmR>r doi


\$iPmS>m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.PmS>m§Mo nmM Cn`moJ gm§Jm.JdVmMo {d{dY Cn`moJ gm§Jm.

— ~oSy>H$ \$º$ O{_ZrdaM amhVmo. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?— "A{Ydmg' åhUOo H$m`?— Kw~S> ho PmS>mÀ`m T>mocr_Üò amhVmV. Ë`m_wio "PmS>' ho

Kw~S>mMm A{Ydmg Amho. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?— H$moUVohr VrZ àmUr Am{U Ë`m§Mo A{Ydmg gm§Jm.

Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dm JmdmOdi JdVmi ^mJ {XgVmV H$m? Ë`m ̂ mJmMo gm§Jm.AmnU _mVrMo {H$Vr àH$ma ~{KVco?Amnë`m JmdmV qH$dm JmdmOdi _mVrMo {H$Vr àH$ma {_iVmV?

u `m§ZVa {ejH$mZo _wbm§ZmM JQ>m-JQ>mV àíZ H$mT>Ê`mg d EHo$H$m JQ>mZo nwT>o ̀ oD$Z àíZ_§Oyfm KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

—

—

—

—

—

—

emioOdi qH$dm añË`mH$S>oZo Vwåhmcm {Xgcoë`m VrZ — ZmH$VmoS>m, gaS>m, H$moir, _Y_mer `mn¡H$s H$m` doJio Amho Vo gm§Jm.

— Jm§Sy>i hm ganQ>Umam àmUr Amho. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm.— H$mgd hm ganQ>Umam àmUr Zmhr. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm.— PmS>m§Zm AmnU PmS>o H$Yr åhUVmo?— nmM Xoer) PmS>m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.— emioÀ`m AmdmamV nmdgmù`mV CJdUmè`m dZñnVtMr

Zmdo gm§Jm._mVr_Üò Amnë`mcm H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$ gmnS>VmV?^ú` åhUOo H$moU?^jH$ åhUOo H$moU?gñVZ àmÊ`m§Mr Mma d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm."^wê$nm§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI' _Üò AmnU H$m` {eH$cmo?Amnë`m JmdmMr "Vm|S>AmoiI' Vwåhr H$er H$ê$Z X²`mc? H$moUH$moUVo ̂ m¡Jmo{cH$ KQ>H$ {XgVmV?emioOdi Amnë`mcm H$moUH$moUË`m dZñnVr qH$dm PmS>o {XgVmV?

AñWm{ZH$ñWm{ZH$ (

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KQ>HŸŸ

eoVrVrc O¡d{d{dYVm

eoVr

2 Vm{gH$m

u `m CnH«$_mgmR>r eoVm_Üò joÌôQ> H$am`Mr Agë`mZo {ejH$mZo emioÀ`m OdiÀ`m eoVH$è`mMr nadmZJr KoD$Z R> odmdr d ôQ>rXaå`mZ eoVH$è`mg CnpñWV amhÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u eŠ`Vmoda _moRo> joÌ\$i Agbobo eoV {ZdS>mdo. `m_wio _wcm§Mo JQ>mVrb H$m_ doJdoJi`m {R>H$mUr hmoD$ eHo$b.

u eoVmVrc O¡d{d{dYVm _wcm§Zm ì`dpñWV {XgÊ`mgmR>r `m CnH«$_mMr doi eŠ`Vmo gH$mir 10 À`m AmYrMr Ro>dmdr.

u dZñnVr, njr, \w$cnmIao `m§

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ R>odmdr.

embo` dmMZmb`mV {df`r nwñVHo$ Agë`mg gmo~V R>odmdrV.

C{Ôï

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, {ZarjU, coIZ

dhr, noZ, Xw~uU (CncãY Agë`mg)

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

28

u {ejH$mZo dJm©V _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV d joÌôQ>rXaå`mZ njr, \w$cnmIao, H$sQ>H$, àmUr, PmS>r BË`mXr nhm`Mo Amho d hr {ZarjUo dhrV {chm`Mr AmhoV ho gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm JQ>m-JQ>mZoM eoVmÀ`m doJdoJù`m ^mJmV OmD$Z {ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMm njr, PmS>o BË`mXr Z H$ië`mg eoVH$è`mcm qH$dm {ejH$mcm {dMmamdo Aer gyMZm XoÊ`mV ̀ mdr.

u ~{KVcoë`m nú`mMo Zmd _m{hVr Zgë`mg, Ë`mMo dU©Z åhUOoM - a§J, gmYmaU AmH$ma d Vmo njr H$m` H$aV hmoVm ho gd© _wX²Xo dhr_Üò {chÿZ R>odÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u nú`m§à_mUoM H$sQ>H$m§MoXoIrb {ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. EImXm H$sQ>H$ Hw$R>ë`m a§JmMm Amho , AmH$ma Ho$dT>m Amho , H$m` ImVmo Amho ̀ m~amo~arZoM Ë`mMr gmYmaU g§»`m {H$Vr Amho `mMm A§XmO KoD$Z {ZarjUo {chm`bm gm§JmdrV.

u _wcm§Zm {ZarjUmgmR>r 20 - 25 {_{ZQ>o XoÊ`mV ̀ mdr.u _wcm§Mo {ZarjU Pmë`mda Ë`m§Zm eoVmV eoVH$è`mg_moa {ZarjU Ho$coë`m

gd© àmÊ`m§Mo-nú`m§Mo dU©Z / Zmdo gm§Jm`cm cmdmdrV. eoVmÀ`m ~m§Ymda bmdë`m OmUmè`m dZñnVt{df`r MMm© H$amdr.

u Ë`mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s ̀ m_Yco H$moUVo àmUr,

`m~m~V

eoVH$è`mg ñWm{ZH$ àmUr - nú`m§Mr Zmdo dmnê$Z hr _m{hVr XoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u `m MM}Vrc _wX²Xo _wcm§Zm dhr_Üò {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

njr, H$sQ>H$ eoVrbm, {nH$m§Zm _XV H$aV AmhoV? H$go? {H§$dm H$moUVo àmUr, njr,

H$sQ>H$ {nH$m§Zm Anm` H$aV AmhoV? ̀ mH$aVm H$m` H$aVm ̀ oB©b?

eoVmVrc O¡d{d{dYVoMo{ZarjU d àËòH$ KQ>H$mMm eoVrgmR>r Agcocm Cn`moJ _wcm§Zm H$iUo.

Zmoìh|~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

g|{Ð` eoVrbm ôQ>

eoVr

2 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, _wbmIV Am{U boIZ

noZ, dhr

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

29

u {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm eoVH$è`mbm {dMmam`À`m àíZm§Mr `mXr H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo, _wbmImVrÀ`m doir Hw$R>bo àíZ H$moUr {dMmam`Mo Vo R>adyZ X²`mdo d R>a{dboë`m eoVmV _wbm§Zm KoD$Z Omdo.

u {ejH$mZo eoVH$è`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z Úmdr. _wbm§À`m àíZm§Zr eoVH$è`mÀ`m _wbmImVrg gwédmV H$amdr. `m_Üò {ejH$mZohr àíZ {dMmê$Z _wbmImVrXaå`mZ gd© _wX²X`m§Mr _m{hVr {_iob Ago ~Kmdo. _m{hVr XoV AgVmZm eoVrVrb {d{dY à{H«$`m _wbm§Zm XmIdÊ`m~m~V eoVH$è`mg gm§Jmdo.

u eoVH$ar _m{hVr XoV AgVmZm Oa H$mhr àíZ _wbm§Zm gwMbo Va Vohr Ë`m§Zr dhr_Üò {bhÿZ Z§Va eoVH$è`mg {dMmamdo Ago gm§Jmdo.

u _wbmIV Pmë`mda, eoVH$è`mZo {Xbobr _m{hVr {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm {bhm`bm gm§Jmdr.

u g|{Ð` eoVr, Z¡g{J©H$ n[ag§ñWm§Zm H$_r YmoH$m H$gm nmoh MdVo Vo dJm©V gm§Jmdo.

mo {ejH$mZo

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

u {ejH$mZo JmdmVrb g|{Ð` eoVr H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`mMr _m{hVr {_idyZ Ë`mÀ`mer g§nH©$ gmYmdm d CnH«$_m{df`r _m{hVr XoD$Z joÌôQ>rMr doi R>admdr.


u {ejH$mZo eoVH$è`mbm H$ënZm XoD$Z R>odmdr H$s _wbm§Zm H$moUH$moUË`m _wX²X`m§~Ôb _m{hVr gm§JUo Ano{jV Amho. ho _wX²Xo Imbrbà_mUo Agy eH$VmV. `m_Üò g|{Ð` eoVrÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m d¡{eï²>`m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. — eoVH$è`mMo Zmd, {H$Vr df© g|{Ð` eoVr H$aV

Amho ?— g|{Ð` eoVr åhUOo H$m` ?— AmYrnmgyZ g|{Ð` eoVr H$aVm H$m?— H$moUVr {nHo$ KoVmV ?— eoVr H$aVmZm H$m` H$m` H$aVmV? — gmYmaU CËnÞ {H$Vr ̀ oVo?

{S>g|~a

— CËnmXZ {dH$Vm H$m ?— IVo / H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ / {~`mUo {dH$V ¿`m`Mm IM© dmMVmo H$m ?— g|{Ð` {nH$mda H$sS> Amë`mg H$m` H$aVm? VU Ambo Va H$m` H$aVm? — AÞmÀ`m MdrV / JwUdÎmoV \$aH$ AgVmo H$m?

C{Ôï_wbm§Zm g|{Ð` eoVr_Yrb {d{dY à{H«$`m§Mr _m{hVr hmoUo.

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

g|{Ð` eoVr Am{U amgm`{ZH$ eoVr `m§Mr VwcZm

eoVr

1 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo "g|{Ð`' eoVr~Ôc OmñVrV OmñV _m{hVr {_idyZ Vr g_OyZ ¿`mdr.

u `mgmR>r AmgnmgÀ`m eoVH$è`merXoIrc MMm© H$aVm ̀ oB©c.

u `m CnHŒ$_mV òUmao ZdrZ d AdKS> eãX {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gmono H$ê$Z gm§JmdoV.

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm g|{Ð` Am{U amgm`{ZH$ eoVrg§~§{YV _m{hVr XoUo d `mVrb VwcZm XmI{dUo.

nÕVrMMm©

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

30

u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "g|{Ð`' Ago {chmdo d Ë`m eãXmMm AW© _wcm§Zm {dMmamdm. "eoVr H$aVmZm Ooìhm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr agm`Zo dmnacr OmV ZmhrV Ë`mcm g|{Ð` eoVr åhUVmV. ̀ m àH$maÀ`m nÕVr_wio O{_ZrMo ZwH$gmZ hmoV Zmhr' ho gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s Amnë`m JmdmV H$moUË`m àH$maMr eoVr Ho$cr OmVo? amgm`{ZH$ H$s g|{Ð`? AmÎmmn`ªV Vwåhr {OVŠ`m doiocm eoVH$è`mbm ôQ>co AmhmV, Ë`m_Üò H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m eoVr H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMr _m{hVr {_imcr Amho? g|{Ð` eoVrV H$m` H$m` H$aVmV?

u `mMr CÎmao _wco XoV AgVmZm, Vr {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "g|{Ð` eoVr' `m erf©H$mÀ`m Imcr {chmdr. Ë`m_Üò gmYmaU nwT>rb CÎmao Agy eH$VmV - A_¥VnmUr, H$mo§~S>rIV, eoU BË`mXr.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm `m gmoß`m Zmdm§H$Sy>Z nwT>rb g§km§H$So> Ý`mdo d Ë`m§Mo AW© ñnîQ> H$amdo.

g|{Ð` eoVr :

— A_¥VnmUr O¡{dH$ {_lUmMm, O¡{dH$ IVmMm dmna— H$mo§~S>rIV — doJdoJir {nHo$ KoUo — eoU — O¡{dH$ nÕVrZo H$sQ>H$ {Z`moOZ

u ho gd© _wX²Xo {c{hë`mda, {ejH$mZo àËòH$ _wX²X`mda MMm© H$amdr (`mgmR>r nwTo> {Xcocr A{YH$ _m{hVr ~Kmdr) d Ë`mMr CXmhaUoXoIrc _wcm§Zm {dMmamdrV.

u hr _m{hVr XoVmZm {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdo.u `mZ§Va amgm`{ZH$ eoVr åhUOo H$m`? d Ë`mV H$moUH$moUVr agm`Zo dmnacr

OmVmV ̀ mMr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {dMmamdr.u _wcm§Mr CÎmao XoD$Z Pmcr, qH$dm _wcm§Zm CÎmao XoVm Amcr Zmhr Va,

{ejH$mZo CÎmao \$ù`mda {chmdrV - "amgm`{ZH$ eoVr åhUOo O{_ZrMr / _mVrMr àV Z dmT>dVm ~møñdê$nm_Üò {nH$m§Zm agm`Z nwadyZ Ë`mMo CËnmXZ dmT>dUo. `m_Üò gVV agm`Zm§Mm ^{S>_ma Ho$ë`m_wio O{_ZrMr àV ImcmdVo. _mVr_Üò AgUmao gyú_Ord Zï> hmoVmV, Ë`m_wio _mVrMr _yiMr CËnmXZmMr j_Vm H$_r hmoVo.'

u {ejH$mZo ho _wX²Xo EH$sH$S>o \$ù`mda {chmdoV d `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm `m XmoZ nÕVtMr VwcZm H$aUmam EH$ Vº$m dhrV ~Zdm`cm gm§Jmdm.

_wcm§Zm g|{Ð` eoVr_Üò H$m` H$m` nm{hbo Ago {dMmamdo.

—

{S>g|~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u _wcm§Mm Vº$m ~ZdyZ Pmë`mda, _wcm§Zm àíZ {dMmaV {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda gd© _wX²X`m§§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z EH${ÌV Vº$m ~Zdmdm, d _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s "n[ag§ñWm {OVH$s _O~yV {VVHo$ eoVrcm ZwH$gmZ H$_r'. _J `mVrc H$moUVr nÕVr eoVrgmR>r, {nH$m§gmR>r Am{U Amnë`m Amamo½`mgmR>r Mm§Jcr Amho?

g|{Ð` eoVr amgm`{ZH$ eoVr

g|{Ð` eoVr_Üò g|{Ð` KQ>H$ åhUOoM eoU, àmÊ`m§Mr {dð>m, dZñnVr BË`mXr H§$nmoñQ> åhUyZ dmnaco OmVmV.

`m nÕVrV KoVcocr {nHo$ Amamo½`mcm Mm§Jcr AgVmV.

H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo àXyfU hmoÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aV Zmhr.

O{_Zr_Yë`m Mm§Jë`m gyú_Ordm§Zm Ìmg hmoV Zmhr Ë`m_wio O{_ZrMm nmoV dmT>{dÊ`mg _XVM hmoVo.

øm eoVr_Üò O{_ZrÀ`m n[ag§ñWocm Y¸$m cmJV Zmhr.

amgm`{ZH$ eoVr_Üò O{_ZrV qH$dm {nH$m§da agm`ZmMr \$dmaUr H$aÊ`mV òVo. CXmhaUmW© - `w[a`m, Wm`_oQ> BË`mXr.

`m nÕVrV KoVcocr {nHo$ Amamo½`mcm hmZrH$maH$ R>ê$eH$VmV.

_mVr d nmUr `m§Mo àXyfU hmoVo.

agm`Zo dmnaë`m_wio _mVr_Yë`m gyú_Ordm§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo d CnÐdr H$sQ>H$m§~amo~a Mm§Jë`m H$sQ>H$m§Mmhr Zme hmoVmo.

agm`Zo dmnaUo O{_ZrÀ`mn[ag§ñWocm nyaH$ ZgVo.

g|{Ð` eoVr

u O¡{dH$ {_lU / O¡{dH$ IV : åhUOoM Amnë`m KamV AgUmè`m nmird àmÊ`m§Mr {dð>m, VgoM Amnco Cacoco AÞ, ^mOrnmbm qH$dm {dKQ>Z hmoUmao H$moUVohr nXmW© EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Oa _mVr_Üò nwaco Va 20-30 {XdgmZ§Va Ë`mMo IV V`ma hmoVo d ho IV _mVrMr àV dmT>{dÊ`mg AË`§V Cn`moJr R>aVo. O¡{dH$ nXmWm©Mo {dKQ>Z Pmë`m_wio H$~©, \$m°ñ\$ag, H°$pëe`_ BË`mXr `m§Mo à_mU _mVrV Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.

u doJdoJir {nHo$ KoUo : R>am{dH$ O{_Zrda Oa EH$mM àH$maMr {nHo$ dfm©Zwdf} KoV am{hco Va H$mcm§VamZo Ë`m O{_ZrMr àVhr ImcmdVo. `m_wio CËnmXZmV \$aH$ nS>Vmo d Vo H$_r hmoVo. CXmhaUmW© - gcJ 5 Vo 7 df© \$º$ "D$gM' KoVcm Va O{_ZrMo Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ H$_r hmoD$Z {VMr àV ImcmdVo. Ë`m_wio g|{Ð` eoVr nÕVrV {d{dY nŒH$maMr nrHo$ KoVbr OmVmV d _mVrMr àV amIbr OmVo.

u O¡{dH$ nÕVrZo H$sQ>H$ {Z`moOZ : agm`Zm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Oa H$sQ>H$ {Z`moOZ Ho$co, Va dmB©Q> H$sQ>H$m§~amo~a Mm§Jë`m Am{U eoVmV JaOoÀ`m AgUmè`m H$sQ>H$m§MmXoIrc Zme hmoVmo. Oa Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$ dmnê$Z {Z`moOZ Ho$co, Va H$moUmcmM Ìmg hmoUma Zmhr. CXmhaUmW© - agm`Zo dmnaÊ`mnojm H$Sw>qZ~mMm nmcm / Ywar qH$dm Jmo_yÌ Ago Z¡g{J©H$ nÕV dmnacr Va {nH$mgmR>r Zìho Va _mVrgmR>rXoIrc Vo Mm§Jco AgVo.





KQ>HŸŸ

newnmcZ

eoVr

2 Vm{gH$m

{ejH$mZo newnmcZm{df`r nwpñVHo$gmo~V gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ R>odmdr.

{Xcoë`m

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm newnmcZmMm B{Vhmg,gX²`pñWVr Am{U newnmcZmMm n[ag§ñWm§er, AW©emñÌmer Agcocm g§~§Y H$iUo.

nÕVrMMm©, coIZ

dhr, noZ, OJmMm ZH$mem

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

31

u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda "newnmcZ' Ago {chmdo d _wcm§Zm ̀ m eãXmer {ZJS>rV AgUmar gd© _m{hVr {dMmamdr.— H$moUH$moUË`m àmÊ`m§Zm _mUgmZo nmico Amho? d Ë`mMr H$maUo H$m`?

u `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda Imcrcà_mUo Vº$m H$amdm d _wcm§Zm nwT>o ̀ oD$Z Ë`mV _m{hVr {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

u H$maUo {c{hVmZm {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr.u CXmhaUmXmIc Vº$m -

u AmnU nmicoë`m àmÊ`m§gmaIo {XgUmao H$mhr O§Jcr àmUr AmhoV H$m? Ago {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. amZHw$Ìo, amZ_m§Oa, Jdm Aer CÎmao H$mhr _wco XoVrc. _wcm§Zm Z Amë`mg {ejH$mZo ho gm§Jmdo. ̀ mdê$Z nmird àmUr ho _yi O§Jcr àmÊ`m§nmgyZM V`ma Pmco AmhoV Ago g_OVo ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u hr MMm© Pmë`mZ§Va, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm newnmcZmÀ`m B{VhmgmMr Jmoï gm§Jmdr, nwT>rb _wX²Xo dmnê$Z Jmoï V`ma H$amdr. _hÎdmMo _wÔo \$ù`mda {chmdoV.— \$ma nydu ̀ m àmÊ`m§Zm hmVmiUoM _mUgmcm AdKS> hmoVo. ho H$mcm§VamZo

eŠ` Pmco.

{S>go§~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

Jm`

~¡c

åh¡g

eoir / ~H$ar

_|T>r

Sw>¸$a

Hw$Ìm

H$m|~S>r

hÎmr

nmird àmUr

KmoS>o

C§Q>

`mH$

XyY, eoU, Jmo_yÌ `mgmR>rIV, B§YZ,

eoVr, dmhVyH$ `mgmR>r

XyY, eoU `mgmR>r

c|S>çm, XyY, _m§g `mgmR>rIV,

cmoH$a, _m§g `mgmR>r

_m§g, Ma~r `mgmR>r

g§ajU, `mgmR>r{eH$ma, {Xem emoYUo

A§S>r, _m§g `mgmR>r

OS> dñVy, nS>cocr PmS>o, Am|S>Ho$CMcÊ`mgmR>r; `wÕ, dmhVyH$$`mgmR>r$

aW, `wÕ, Zm§JaUo (BVa XoemV) `mgmR>r

dmhVyH$, YmdÊ`mMr ñnYm©,

dmhVyH$, `mgmR>r`wÕ, XyY

bmoH$a, XyY `mgmR>r

àmUr nmiÊ`mMr H$maUo

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


Amho.— 8000 eoir-_|T>r nmcZ Mmcy Pmco.— {¼ñVnyd© 5000 dfmªnydu newnmcZmcm Omoa Amcm.

Am{e`m I§S>m_Üò gdm©V A{YH$ à_mUmV ho {Xgy cmJco hmoVo. (ho gm§JVmZm {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mr nyd© {¼ñV / {¼ñV _¥Ë`y ̀ mMr COiUr ¿`mdr.)

— {¼ñVnyd© 4000 dfmªnydu KmoS>çm§Mm dmna `wÕmgmR>r Am{U dmhVyH$ gJù`mV OmñV hmoD$ cmJcm.

— O_©Zr_Üò Va `wÕmgmR>r hÎmr, dmK Am{U qgh `m àmÊ`m§MmXoIrc dmna Ho$cm Jocm hmoVm. (ho gm§{JVë`mda _wcm§Zm OJmÀ`m ZH$memV "O_©Zr' emoYÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.)

— newnmcZ gmYmaU 10,000 dfmªnydunmgyZ Mmcy Pmco

{¼ñVnyd© dfmªnydu


— _mUgm§Zr àmUr nmim`cm gwédmV H$aÊ`mAmYrM, O§Jcm_Yco H$mhr àmUr CXmhaUmW© - amZHw$Ìr, amZ_m§Oa, amZSw>¸$a BË`mXr _mUgm§À`m dñVrÀ`m Amgnmg òD$Z amhÿ cmJco. Ë`mZ§Va ̀ m àmÊ`m§Zm nmico Joco.

— newnmcZ d eoVr Mmcy Pmë`m_wioM ^Q>Š`m O_mVrVcm _mUyg pñWa Pmcm d Ë`m_wio "dñVr'Mr g§H$ënZm Amcr.

— newnmcZ AZoH$ Jmoï>tgmR>r Ho$co OmV Ago - _m§g, eoVrMr H$m_o, dmhVyH$, XyY, cmoH$a BË`mXr.

— AmVmhr H$mhr g_mO eoVr Z H$aVm \$ŠV newnmcZmda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. CXmhaUmW© - _hmamîQ—>mVrb YZJa, {h_mb`mVrb JwOa.

u {ejH$mZo hr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m dhr_Üò {chm`cm gm§Jmdr.

KQ>HŸŸ

\$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>rcm ôQ>

n[ag§ñWm

2 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, _wcmIV Am{U MMm©


gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u {ejH$mZo emioOdiMr EImXr \$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>r emoYyZ {VWë`m _mbH$mMr nadmZJr KoD$Z Ro>dmdr.

u \$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>r_Üò OmÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo gH$miMr doi R>admdr åhUOo {VWco njr d àmUr _wcm§Zm {Xgy eH$Vrc.

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

32

u _wcm§Zm J¥hnmR> åhUyZ V`ma H$amd`mg gm§{JVcocr àíZmdcr {ejH$mZo ~Kmdr. Ë`m_Üò H$mhr _wÔo am{hco Agë`mg {ejH$mZo Vo gm§JmdoV d _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u ho àíZ Imcrcà_mUo Agy eH$VmV -— ~mJoMr / dmS>rMr OmJm {H$Vr Amho ( J§wRo> / EH$a )?— n{hbr bmJdS> H$Yr Pmbr? — BWo nydu H$m` hmoVo (Hw$R>br n[ag§ñWm hmoVr?)— {H$Vr PmS>o AmhoV ? hrM PmS>o H$m cmdcr ?— PmS>m§_Üò A§Va {H$Vr R>odmdo bmJVo? — Hw$R>br PmSo>/PwS>wno VU åhUyZ H$mnVm?— nmUr {H$Vr cmJVo ?— PmSo> dmT>m`bm / \$io X`m`bm {H$Vr df} bmJVmV.— PmS>m§Zm H$moUVm amoJ hmoVmo H$m ? Hw$R>bo H$sQ>H$ AgVmV?— H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ dmnamdr cmJVmV H$m ?— hr \$io Hw$R>o OmVmV? ~mOmamMo Zmd ? BË`mXr.— dmS>r / \$i~mJoMr XoIaoI H$am`cm {H$Vr IM© ̀ oVmo ?— øm dmS>r_Üò {H$Vr _mUgo H$m_ H$aVmV ?— EImX`m dfu \$io H$_r Amcr Va H$m` H$aVm ?— BWë`m PmS>m§da njr KaQ>r H$aVmV H$m? Hw$R>bo njr?— ~mJoV gmn / ~oSy>H$ {XgVmV H$m?

u `mZ§Va dJm©Vrc _wcm§À`m g§»òZwgma {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdo Am{U dmS>r_Üò/\$i~mJoV OmÊ`mAmYr _wcm§Zm joÌôQ>r~m~VÀ`m gyMZm X²`mì`mV.

u dmS>rV/\$i~mJoV Joë`mda _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m JQ>mV ~gdyZ AmOy~mOycm {XgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr Zm|X H$am`cm gm§Jmdr. Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mo dJuH$aU O¡{dH$ Am{U AO¡{dH$ Aem JQ>m§_Üò H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u {VWo {XgUmao njr, àmUr, N>moQ>o H$sQ>H$, dZñnVr BË`mXr gJù`mMr Zm|X H$amdr. _wcm§Zm PmS>o AmoiIVm Amcr ZmhrV Va {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr. qH$dm _wcm§Zr dmS>rÀ`m _mcH$mcm PmS>m§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV.

u `m {ZarjUm§gmR>r 15-18 {_{ZQ>o XoÊ`mV `mdr. {ZarjUo nyU© Pmë`mda _wcm§Zm EH$m {R>H$mUr ~gdyZ nwT>rb MMm© H$amdr.

u {Xgcoë`m KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U àmUr-nú`m§Mm H$mhr g§~§Y cmJVmo Amho H$m Vo _wcm§Zm ~Km`cm gm§Jmdo. EImXr AÞgmIir V`ma hmoD$ eH$Vo H$m Vo {dMmê$Z, _wcm§Zm {chm`cm gm§Jmdr.

u AÞgmIir {chÿZ Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JmdmV ~{KVcoë`m ~mJo_Üò Am{U øm dmS>r_Üò H$moUË`m àH$maMm \$aH$ {XgV AmhoV Vo {dMmamdo d _wcm§er ̀ mda MMm© H$amdr.

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm _mZd{Z{_©V n[ag§ñWoMr AmoiI, Aä`mg d {Z`moOZ g_OUo.

{S>go§~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar`m CnH«$_mÀ`m 1 - 2 {Xdg AmYr _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s, nwT>rc Vm{gHo$cm "\$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>r'cm ôQ> X`m`Mr Amho. {VWo \$i~mJ qH$dm dmS>r _mcH$mcm àý {dMmam`Mo Agë`mZo, _wcm§Zr Amncr {H$_mZ 10 àíZm§Mr ̀ mXr V`ma H$ê$Z AmUmdr Ago gm§Jmdo. `m_Üò gmYmaU ~mJoMr/dmS>rMr OmJm {H$Vr Amho?, dmS>rV {H$Vr PmS>r AmhoV? amoO {H$Vr nmUr cmJVo? PmS>m§Zm amoJ hmoVmo H$m? Ago àíZ Agy eH$VmV ho gm§Jmdo.

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u \$i~mJoÀ`m / dmS>rÀ`m {Z`moOZmMm _wcm§Zm A§XmO `mdm `mgmR>r _wcm§Zm dmS>rYmaH$mcm Ë`m§À`m àíZmdcrVrc àíZ {dMmam`cm gm§Jmdo.

u Aem àH$mao _wcmIV Pmë`mZ§Va, _wcm§Zm Pmcocr MMm© dhr_Ü`o {chm`cm gm§Jmdr.


KQ>HŸŸ

_gmë`mMr PmS>o - ñcmB©S> emo

dZñnVr

1 Vm{gH$m

u nwpñVHo$gmo~V "ñcmB©S> emo' ~KyZ Ë`mV {Xcoë`m _m{hVrMm Aä`mg H$amdm. `m _m{hVrMm dmna _wcm§Zm "ñcmB©S> emo' XmIdVmZm H$amdm.

u "ñcmB©S> emo'Mr gmo` Zgë`mg, {ejH$mZo nwT>o {Xcoë`m A{YH$ _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao hm CnHŒ$_ ¿`mdm.

{Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb

nÕVrÑH²$lmì` _mÜ`_mMm dmna, MMm©

àmoOoŠQ>a, ^maVmMm d OJmMm ZH$mem

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u "ñcmB©S> emo' _wcm§Zm XmIdVmZm gmo~V {Xcocr _m{hVr gm§Jmdr.u "ñcmB©S> emo' Pmë`mda ̀ mVrc H$moUH$moUVr PmS>o _wcm§Zr nm{hcr AmhoV d

Ë`m§Mo AOyZ H$m` Cn`moJ Ë`m§Zm _mhrV AmhoV, Ë`m§À`m Kar H$moUH$moUVo _gmë`mMo nXmW© dmnaco OmVmV ̀ mda MMm© H$amdr.

u hr PmS>o Hw$R>ë`m àXoemV, hdm_mZmV Mm§Jbr dmT>VmV ho gm§Jmdo. `mH$aVm ZH$mem dmnamdm.

u PmS>mMm H$moUVm ^mJ _gmbm åhUyZ dmnaVmV, H$moUVr à{H«$`m H$ê$Z dmnaVmV hoXoIrb _wbm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

33

C{Ôïu _gmë`mÀ`m

PmS>m§Mr AmoiI _wcm§Zm ìhmdr.u `m PmS>m§Mm H$moUVm ^mJ "_gmë`mMm

nXmW©' åhUyZ H$gm dmnacm OmVmo ̀ mMr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {_imdr.

{d{dY

{S>g|~a

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm


Zoh_rÀ`m dmnamVë`m _gmë`mÀ`m PmS>m§Mr ̀ mXr -(Imbrb `mXrV _gmë`mMo Zmd, H§$gmV Á`m dZñnVrnmgyZ hm _gmbm {_iVmo {VMo emñÌr` Zmd d Ë`mnwT>o dZñnVrMr, _gmë`mMr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.)

XmbMrZr / V_mbnÌ (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

gXmh[aV d¥j ^mVmVrb npíM_ KmQ>mÀ`m O§JbmV AmT>iVmo. `m PmS>mMo AmVbo ImoS> åhUOo Xmb{MZr Va nmZo åhUOo V_mbnÌ. Xmb{MZrV ânya Am¡fYr JwUY_© AmhoV. Xmb{MZrMo Vob gyú_Ord {damoYH$ Am{U ~waer à{V~§YH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio nXmW© {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>rhr Xmb{MZrMm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Xmb{MZrMm Cn`moJ _Yw_oh, H$H©$amoJ, CƒaŠVXm~, öX`{dH$ma, AH$mbr dmY©Š` Aem ì`mYtZm Xÿa R>odm`bm hmoVmo. Xmb{MZrÀ`m dmgmZo ñ_aUeŠVrV gwYmaUm hmoVo. ñd`§nmH$mVgwÕm AZoH$ nXmWm©V Xmb{MZr dmnabr OmVo. V_mbnÌgwÕm _gmë`m§_Üò dmnabo OmVo.

Om`\$i (Myristica fragrans)

Om`\$iMm d¥j _yiMm B§S>moZo{e`m _Ybm Amho. `m PmS>mÀ`m \$imVrb "~r' bm AmnU Om`\$i åhUVmo. Om`\$imMm Cn`moJ Vob, gm¢X`© àgmYZo Am{U Am¡fYm§_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo. Am`wd}XmV Om`\$i Iyn _hËdmMo Amho. nmoQ>mMo {dH$ma d ËdMmamoJmda Om`\$i JwUH$mar Amho. em§V Pmon òÊ`mggwÕm Om`\$i Cn`moJr Amho. nMZ{H«$`m gwYmaUo, XmVXwIr Xÿa H$aUo, _|Xybm MmbZm XoUo, ZOa gwYmaUo Ago AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. ñd`§nmH$mVgwÕm ømMm Iyn Cn`moJ Amho.

bd§J (Syzygium aromaticum)

bd§JmMo PmS> gXmh[aV Amho. ho PmS> _yiMo B§S>moZo{e`m _Ybo Amho. øm PmS>mÀ`m H$ù`m åhUOo AmnU dmnaVmo Vr bd§J. `m H$ù`m Iyn gwJ§YrV AgVmV. bd§Jm§Mm Cn`moJ ñd`§nmH$mV _gmë`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.

u

hm

u

u

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


{_ar (Piper nigrum)

_yiMm X{jU ^maVmVrb O§JbmV AmT>iUmam H$mo AmT>iVmo. ̀ m dobmMr

\$io åhUOo gmR>r

{Oao (Cuminum cyminum)

{Oè`mMo NmoQo> PwSwn AgVo Am{U _yiMo ̂ maVmVrb Amho. åhUOo AmnU KamoKar dmnaVmo Vo {Oao. {Oè`mMr \$moS>Ur

{Xboë`m ̂ mÁ`m d S>mitMm ñdmX Iyn N>mZ ̀ oVmo. ømÀ`mV bmoh Am{U "A', "~', "B©' OrdZgËd ânya AmhoV. {Oè`m_wio nMZeº$s Am{U ñ_aUeº$s dmT>Vo, H$moboñQ´>m°b H$_r hmoVo, ËdMm gw§Xa Am{U ñdñW hmoVo, amoJà{VH$maH$ eŠVr dmT>Vo, gXu, ImoH$bm Am{U Vmn ̀ oV Zmhr.

qhJ (Ferula assa-foetida)

hr dZñnVr _yiMr BamUMo dmid§Q> d A\$Jm{UñVmZ _Ybr Amho. `m N>moQ>`m dZñnVrÀ`m gmoQ>_wimnmgyZ {ZKmbobm {MH$ dmidyZ qhJ V`ma H$obm OmVmo. qhJ Xmb, ̂ mOr, gm§~a BË`mXr nXmWm©V dmnabm OmVmo. øm{edm` ho nXmW© AnyU© dmQ>VmV. qhJmbm nmoQ>mMm {_Ì _mZVmV. AnMZ, nmoQ>XþIr Am{U nmoQ>mÀ`m BVa {dH$mam§da qhJ JwUH$mar Amho. bhmZ _wbm§nmgyZ Vo åhmVmè`m bmoH$m§n`ªV gJù`m§ZmM qhJ \$m`Xoera Amho. S>moHo$XþIr, AY©{eer, XmVXþIr, H$mZ XwIUo, ídgZmÀ`m g_ñ`m ømda qhJmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

XJS>\y$b

O§JbmV {d{dY nŒH$ma {XgVmV. Ë`mVrb H$mhr OmVr

ë`m

u

H$m {_arMm dob Amnë`mH$S>o H$UmVhr bmdbobm

H$mio {_ao. ømbm _gmë`m§Mm amOm _mZbo OmVo. {_è`m§Mm Cn`moJ \$ŠV OodUmV ñdmX dmT>dÊ`m Zmhr Va ñdmñÏ`dY©H$ åhUyZ gwÕm Amho. S>moù`m§Mr H$miOr ¿`m`bm {_ao dmnabo OmVmV. ídgZamoJ, nmoQ>mMo {dH$ma ømda ho JwUH$mar Amho. dOZ H$_r H$aÊ`mg {_ao _XV H$aVmV. ËdMm gVoO amhÊ`mg Cn`moJ hmoVmo. gXu ImoH$ë`mda Cn`wŠV Amho d ^yH$ gwÕm dmT>dVmo.

u

`mÀ`m {~`m

u

u (Parmelia sp.)

XJS>\y$bmMo Amnë`m Añgb ^maVr` ñd`§nmH$mV _gmbm åhUyZ

dmna OmVmV. H$~m~, añgm Aem nXmWmªÀ`m _gmë`m_Üò `mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. emH$mhmar Am{U _m§gmhmar nXmWmª_ÜòAmdOy©Z ømMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. ømbm EH$ Vrd« ñdmX AgVmo Ë`m_wio WmoS>çm à_mUmV dmnabo Var nwaogo AgVo.

ù`m

ñd`§nmH$mV nXmWmªZm ñdmX òÊ`mgmR>r `mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Am`wd}XmV AZoH$ Am¡fYm§_Üò bd§J dmnabr OmVo. bd§J S>moù`m§gmR>r Cn`moJr, nMZepŠVdY©H$, {VIQ>, nmMH$ Am{U ê$MrH$maH$ Amho. bd§J VhmZ, CMH$s, ImoH$bm, aŠV{dH$ma Zmhrgo H$aVo. XmVm§À`m {haS>çm _O~yV H$am`bm gwÕm bd§J Cn`wº$ Amho.

dobMr (Elettaria cardamomum)

dobMr ho _yiMo X{jU ^maVmVrb NmoQ>o Amho. `m dZñnVrMo \$i åhUOo dobMr. dobMr ñd`§nmH$mV _gmë`mgmR>r dmnabr OmVo. {VIQ> Am{U JmoS> XmoÝhr nXmWmª_YyZ dobMrMm dmna hmoVmo. dobMrMo Am¡fYr JwUY_© gwÕm AmhoV. dobMrMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV. nMZ gwYmaUo, \w$â\w$gmMo {dH$ma d _yÌqnS>mMo {dH$ma Xÿa H$aUo, Ho$gm§Zm _O~yV H$aUo, ËdMm gVoO H$aUo, XmVmÀ`m g_ñ`m Xÿa H$aUo BË`mXr.

{Va\$i (Zanthoxylum rhetsa)

{Va\$i hm _yiMm ̂ maVmVrb, _Ü`_ AmH$mamMm nmZPS>rMm d¥j Amho. gmb, _wimMo gmb Am{U \$io Am¡fYm§_Üò Cn`wŠV AmhoV. _wimMr gmb aoMH$ Amho. gmb MmdyZ Imëë`mg AYmªJdm`y Am{U XmVXþIrda Cn`moJr Amho. aº$ ewÕ H$aÊ`mggwÕm `mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. \$im§Mm Cn`moJ nmoQ>mMo {dH$ma, Owbm~ øm_Üò hmoVmo. {~`m§Mm Cn`moJ _gmë`m§_Üò hmoVmo.

hiX (Curcuma longa)

^maVmVrb O§JbmV hiXrMr NmoQ>r PwSwno AmT>iyZ òVmV. ^maVmV gJù`mV OmñVr Cn`moJmV òUmè`m _gmë`m§_Üò hiXrMo Zmd gdm©V àW_ ̀ oVo. ñd`§nmH$mV AZoH$ nXmWmª_Üò hiXrMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Am¡fYm§_Üò gwÕm hiXrMo AZoH$ Cn`moJ AmhoV. hiX hr nmofH$ Amho. Moham COiUo, ZOa VrúU H$aUo, XmV ~iH$Q> H$aUo, gm§YoXþIr H$_r H$aUo,nmoQ>mMo {dH$ma Xÿa H$aUo Ago hiXrMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo AmhoV.

u

PwSw>n

u

u


u _mohar (Brassica juncea)

_mohar hr ñd`§nmH$mVrb àËòH$ nXmWm©V \$moS>Ur XoVmZm bmJUmar gJù`mV n{hbr Jmoï>. EH$m PwSw>nmÀ`m H$mù`m Vn{H$ar {~`m åhUOo AmnU dmnaVmo Vr _mohar. ho PwSw>n _yiMo {h_mb`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mÀ`m ^mJmV dmT>Umao. `mbm {ndù`m a§JmMr gw§Xa \w$bo òVmV. _moharMm ImÚnXmWm©Vrb dmna nydm©nma MmbV Ambm Amho. hm dmna àm_w»`mZo ̂ maV, nm{H$ñVmZ, ~m§JbmXoe, O_©Zr `m ^mJmV hmoVmo. _moharÀ`m nmZm§Mm dmnahr H$mhr ImÚ-nXmWmª_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo. _mohar, _moharMr nmdS>a, noñQ>, Vob, gm°g Aem {d{dY àH$mao _mohar ñd`§nmH$mV dmnabr OmVo. CÎma ^maV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZmV _w»`Îdo _moharMo Vob ñd`§nmH$mV dmnaVmV. bmoUMo ~Z{dÊ`mVbm _mohar hm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. _mohar Am{U Ë`mnmgyZ H$mT>bobo Vob ho XmoÝhr Am¡fYr AmhoV. _moharMo Vob gXu, A§JXwIr, gm§YoXwIr, ñZm`y§Mo XwIUo, g§{YdmVmda Cn`moJr Amho. ho Vob Ho$gm§ZmXoIrb bmdVmV. _mohar_Üò "~' d "B©' OrdZgÎd _moR>`m à_mUmV AgVo, Ë`mM~amo~a H°$pëeA_, _±JoZrO, bmohXoIrb AgVo.

_gmë`mV AmdS>rZo gJirH$So> dmnabo OmUmao {VIQ> ho bmb {_aMr dmidyZ {VÀ`mnmgyZ ~Z{dbo OmVo. ho {_aMrMo PwSw>n _yiMo A_o[aHo$Mo. 16 ì`m eVH$mV nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§~amo~a {_aMrMo ^maVmV AmJ_Z Pmbo. AmVm `m dZñnVrÀ`m AZoH$ OmVtMr bmJdS> OJâ Ho$br OmVo, Ë`mVrb H$mhr H$_r {VIQ> Va H$mhr A{V {VIQ> AmhoV, H$mhtMo AmH$ma bm§~ Va H$mhtMo Jmob AmhoV. g§nyU© OJmV doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m ImÚnXmWmª_Üò {_aMrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.{_aMr dmidyZ ~Z{dbobo {VIQ> ho àm_w»`mZo Am{e`m I§S>mV _gmbm åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. bmb {_aÀ`m§_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV "H$' OrdZgÎd AgVo d Ë`mM~amo~a "~' OrdZgÎd, nmoQ>°{eA_, _°¾o{eA_ Am{U bmoh gwÕm AgVo. `m {_aÀ`m§Mo H$mhr Am¡fYr JwUY_©hr AmhoV. {_aMrVrb KQ>H$Ðì`m_Üò OrdmUy à{V~§YH$, doXZmem_H$, H$°Ýga Am{U _Yw_oh à{V~§YH$ JwUY_© AmhoV. ̀ mMm dmna doXZmem_H$ _b_ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. gm§YoXwIrdahr Cn`wŠV.

u {VIQ> (Capsicum annuum)


KQ>HŸŸ

eoVrVrc {~`mUm§Mm Aä`mg - ~mOmaôQ>

eoVr

2 Vm{gH$m

{ejH$mZo Ë`m§À`m JmdmV ~mOma âÊ`mMm {Xdg ~KyZ Ë`m {Xder hm CnH«$_ ¿`mdm.

nÕVr~mOmaôQ>>, coIZ

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u `m ~mOmaôQ>rMm CX²Xoe OmñVrV OmñV ñWm{ZH$ Am{U doJdoJù`m {~`mUm§Mr _m{hVr {_idUo Agm Amho ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u {ejH$mZo dJm©VM _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdo d àËòH$ JQ>mZo OmñVrV OmñV {~`mUo, Ë`m§Mr Zmdo, Cn`moJ, cmJdS>rMm H$mi, eoVH$è`mMo Zmd, Ë`mÀ`m JmdmMo / nmS>çmMo Zmd, {~`mUm§Mr qH$_V d H§$nZr ̀ m gd© Jmoï>tMr _m{hVr AmUmdr ho gm§Jmdo. ho _wX²Xo _wcm§Zm dhrV {chÿZ KoÊ`mMr gyMZm X²`mdr. ~mOmamV {~`mUo {dH«o$Ë`m§~amo~arZo IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amboë`m J«mhH$ eoVH$è`m§erXoIrb ~mobmdo ho gm§Jmdo.

u JmdamZ / JmdR>r {~`mUo Am{U ~mOmamV doJdoJù`m H§$nZrMr {_iUmar {~`mUo `mV H$m` \$aH$ Amho ? H$mhr H§$nÝ`m§À`m {~`mUm§~amo~a Ë`m§MrM {d{eï> CËnmXZo (CXmhaUmW© - H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$) dmnaUo Amdí`H$ AgVo H$m? Xadfu ZdrZ àVrMo {~`mUo ̀ oVo H$m? eoVH$ar {~`mUo gmR>dVmV H$m? {~`mUo noT>çm Hw$R>o AmhoV H$m? hoXoIrb _wcm§Zm {dMmaÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u ~mOmamV Joë`mZ§Va, JQ>mZwgma _wcm§Zr {\$amdo d _m{hVr KoVë`mda R>am{dH$ {R>H$mUr 30 {_{ZQ>m§Z§Va gd© _wcm§Zm ̂ oQ>Ê`mg gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va dJm©V ̀ oD$Z {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zr O_{dcocr _m{hVr Ë`m§Zm dmMÊ`mg gm§JyZ, {~`mUm§Mr {d{dYVm d ñWm{ZH$ {~`mUm§Mo _hÎd `mda MMm© H$amdr.

34

C{ÔïñWm{ZH$ {~`mUm§Mr _m{hVr _wcm§Zm {_imdr.

OmZodmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi




KQ>HŸŸ

nú`m§Mr AmoiI

àmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrMMm©

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "nú`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço' `m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.

u nú`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço H$moÊmH$moUVr AmhoV, Ago _wcm§Zm {dMmê$Z, Vr {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.— n¥ð>d§er` AgVmV.— gd© nú`m§Zm A§Jmda {ngo AgVmV.— CîU aº$mMo AgVmV.— A§S>r KmcVmV.— nú`m§Zm CS>Ê`mgmR>r n§I AgVmV.

u _wcm§Zm H$mhr nú`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm`cm cmdmdrV d {ejH$mZo Vr VŠË`mÀ`m ê$nmV \$ù`mda {chÿZ ¿`mdr.

u \$ù`mda nú`m§Mr Zmdo {chÿZ Pmë`mda, àËòH$ nú`mÀ`m amhÊ`mÀ`m OmJo{df`r Am{U ImX²`m{df`r _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. hr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.

u Ë`mM~amo~a {ejH$mZo nú`m§Mm AmH$ma, a§J, Ë`mMr d¡{eîQò (MmoM, nm`, n§I) BË`mXr {df`r _wcm§Zm _m{hVr {dMmamdr.

u _wcm§Zm gd© CÎmao XoVm Amcr ZmhrV Va {ejH$mZo Vr Imcrc _m{hVrMm dmna H$ê$Z gm§JmdrV :— ~XH$ : nmÊ`mV {XgVo, N>moQ>o

_mgo, H$sQ>H$ ImVo, JQ>m~amo~a amhVo, n§I Amoco hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m n§Im§da VocmMm Wa AgVmo.

— H$mdim : O§JcmV, dñVrOdi amhVmo, {_lmhmar Amho, ̀ mcm ñdÀNVm {_ÌXoIrc åhUVmV.

— Kw~S> : amÌr OmñV g{H«$` AgVmo, gaS>o, gmn, A§S>r ImVmo, PmS>m§À`m T>mocrV, XJS>m§À`m ImUrV amhVmo.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm nú`m§Mo OrdZMH«$ H$go AgVo Vo {dMmamdo. H$moUr nú`mMr KaQ>r, A§S>r nm{hcr AmhoV H$m Vo {dMmamdo.

u \$ù`mdarc Vº$m _wcm§Zm dhrV {b{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdm.u {ejH$mZo AmVm _wcm§Zm, nú`m§Mr {ZgJm©V H$m` ^y{_H$m Amho, njr

n[agam_Üò H$m Agco nm{hOoV ho {dMmamdo. njr H$m` H$m` H$aVmV? {H$S>o ImVmV H$m? \w$cmVrc _Y KoVmV H$m? Ago gmono àíZ {dMmê$Z _wcm§Zm nú`m§Mr {ZgJm©Vcr ̂ y{_H$m ñnï> H$amdr.

OmZodmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm nú`m§{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr {_iUo.

35

ImX²À{Ydmg

~XH$

H$mdim

Kma

Kw~S>

nmonQ>

njr

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u

embo` dmMZmb`mV {df`r nwñVHo$ Agë`mg Vr dJm©V AmUyZ R>odmdrV.

u g§X^m©gmR>r nwñVHo$ :

{ejH$mZo hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mAmYr nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb nú`m§~m~VMr _m{hVr Aä`mgyZ ¿`mdr.

u nú`m§

— XmoñVr H$ê$`m nú`m§er, {H$aU nwa§Xao— njr-Amnbo g»Io eoOmar, {H$aU nwa§Xao— njr-nmUWirVbo, {H$aU nwa§Xao— The book of Indian Birds, Salim Ali

u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV d Imcrcà_mUo WmoS>r A{YH$ _m{hVr _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdr, \$ù`mda {chmdr -— njr namJrH$aUmMr _hÎdmMr ̂ y{_H$m gmH$maVmV.— njr H$sQ>H$ ImVmV Á`m_wio {nH$m§da qH$dm \$im§da H$sS>

nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r hmoVo.— nú`m§À`m {dð>o_YyZ PmS>m§À`m {~`m nS>ë`m H$s PmS>mÀ`m

"~r'cm A§Hw$a \w$Q>m`cm _XV hmoVo.— H$mhr njr {ZgJm©V "ñdÀNVm {_Ì' åhUyZ _mobmMo H$m_

H$aVmV.u \$ù`mdarc _wX²Xo _wcm§Zm dhrV {chÿZ KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.


KQ>HŸŸ

njr-{ZarjU

àmUr

2 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo ̀ m CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr emioOdi qH$dm JmdmOdi 1 - 2 {R>H$mUr, {OWo njr {ZarjU hmoD$ eH$Vo Aer OmJm emoYyZ R>odmdr - ZXr, AmoT>m, ñWm{ZH$ PmS>m§Mo dZ, ImS>r, g_wÐm-OdiMr dmS>r, _miamZ ̀ mn¡H$s H$mhr OmJm.

u njr OmñV H$ê$Z gH$miÀ`m (7 Vo 9) qH$dm g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m (4 Vo 6) doimV {XgVmV, Ë`m_wio hm CnH«$_ Aem doir KoÊ`mV ̀ mdm.

u Amnë`m n[agamV AmT>iUmè`m nú`m§Mo \$moQ>mo Am{U Zmdo _wcm§Zm XmIdÊ`mgmR>r O_m H$ê$Z R>odmdrV. "nú`m§Mr _m{hVr Agcoco nwñVH$' KoD$Z R>odmdo. nwTo> {Xcocr A{YH$ _m{hVr dmMmdr.

u JmdmVrc nú`m§Mr _m{hVr Agcoë`m ì`º$sg joÌôQ>rÀ`m doir _mJ©Xe©ZmgmR>r ~mocdmdo.

u g§X^©gm{hË` `mXr_Yrb njr{df`H$ nwñVHo$ {ejH$mZo dmMmdrV d nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r._Yrb _m{hVr dmMyZ R>odmdr.

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, {ZarjU, Zm|Xr.


gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm joÌôQ>rgmR>r ZoÊ`mAJmoXa H$mhr Jmoï>r g_OyZ gm§Jmì`mV.— _mVr, XJS>, PmSo> `mV CRy>Z {XgUma ZmhrV Ago _iH$Q> a§JmMo H$nSo>

KmbmdoV.— R>acoë`m {R>H$mUr Joë`mda _wcm§Zr A{O~mV AmdmO H$ê$ Zò. AmdmO

Ho$ë`mg {VWo AgUmao njr CSy>Z OmVrc Am{U H$moUË`mM àH$maMo {ZarjU H$aUo eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr.

— {VWo OmÊ`mAJmoXa Oa _wcm§Zr Xw~uU H$er hmVmimdr Vo {eHy$Z KoVco Va njr-{ZarjU gmono OmB©c.

— njr {Xgë`mda Ë`mMo {ZarjU dhrV {chmdo - AmH$ma, a§J, MmoM, AmdmO `mMr _m{hVr. (nú`mMm AmH$ma " {M_Ur +, {M_Ur - , H$mdim +, H$mdim -, Agm Zmo§XVm ̀ oVmo.)

u {ejH$mZo 5 Vo 10 _wcm§Mm EH$ Ago JQ> H$amdoV Am{U R>acoë`m {R>H$mUr _wcm§Zm ZoD$Z ~gdmdo.

u {ZarjU H$aVmZm _wcm§Zm Oar nú`m§Mr Zmdo _mhrV ZgVrb qH$dm AmR>dcr ZmhrV Var doJdoJù`m nú`m§Mo àH$ma ~KyZ Ë`m§Mr g§»`m dhr_Üò {chm`cm gm§Jmdr.

u {ZarjU H$aVmZm nú`mMo dU©Z, Vmo njr Z¸$s H$m` H$aV Amho, åhUOoM ImVmo Amho, ~gcm Amho, KaQ>çm_Üò Amho `mMrXoIrc Zm|X KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u njr ~KV AgVmZm, Zoh_r {XgUmè`m nú`m§nojm H$mhr doJio njr {XgV AmhoV H$m ho _wcm§Zm ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {ZarjU H$aÊ`mgmR>r 20-30 {_{ZQ>o ÚmdrV.u Ë`mZ§Va _wcm§À`m dhrVrc Zm|Xr ~KyZ {H$Vr àH$maMo njr {Xgco Vo

{dMmamdo. {ejH$mZo ñWm{ZH$ d ñWbm§V[aV nú`m§~Ôb ~mobmdo.

~wb~wb +, ~wb~wb -

u Imbrb njr Amnë`mcm R>am{dH$ A{YdmgmV {Xgy eH$VmV -


C{Ôï_wcm§Zm doJdoJù`m nú`m§Mr AmoiI ìhmdr Am{U njr-{ZarjUmMr gd` cmJmdr.

OmZodmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

36

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


_miamZ \$i~mJ/dmS>r/O§Jc

S>mo§Ja g_wÐ {H$Zmam/ImS>r

ZXr/AmoT>m

g_wÐ JéS>

VwVmar

gwVmanjr

amo{hV (âboq_Jmo)ñdJu` ZV©H$

gr Jbgy`©njr

YZoe

_mi{Q>Q>dr

cmdar

Ym{dH$

I§S>çmJ S>ê$

I§S>çm

Jm`~Jim

{Q>Q>dr

{MÌ~cmH$

H$_bnjr

ZXrgya`

Q>Z©

ggmUm

H$moVdmc

_moa

{eH«$m

~wb~wb

{Q>Q>dr

amIr~Jim

u gd©Ì ghO {XgUmao njr - ~wb~wb, X

u joÌ^oQ>rMm A{Ydmg VŠË`mV {Xboë`m H$moUË`m A{Ydmgm-gmaIm Amho Vo ~Kmdo d gmYmaU H$moUVo njr {XgVrc ̀ mMm A§XmO ¿`mdm. VŠË`mV {Xboë`m gd© A{Ydmgm§_Ü`o gbJVm AgVo d Ë`m_wio EImX`m A{YdmgmVrb Ë`mÀ`m OdiÀ`m BVa A{YdmgmVXoIrb {Xgy eH$VmV `mMr{ejH$mZo Zmo§X ¿`mdr.

gy`©njr, nmonQ>, `mi, Mî_odmbm, I§S>çm, H$mo{H$i, Vm§~Q>, H$moVdmb,

^maÛmO BË`mXr.

njr


KQ>HŸŸ

njr-aoImQ>Z

àmUr

1 Vm{gH$m

u `m CnH«$_mV {MÌH$boÀ`m {ejH$mMr _XV hmoUma Agë`mZo Ë`m {ejH$mg Vm{gHo$gmR>r ~mobdmdo.

u nú`m§{df`rMr nwñVHo$ / _m{gHo$ `mVrb {MÌo Z_wZm åhUyZ _wbm§Zm XmIdmdrV.

nÕVr{ZarjU, a§JH$m_

H$mJX, noZ, noÝgrb, a§J, a§JrV nopÝgbr

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u

COiUr ¿`mdr. _wbm§Zr nú`m§Mr Zmdo gm§{JVë`mda AmO AmnU `m nú`m§Mr {MÌo H$mT>Uma AmhmoV Ago gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va H$mS©>~moS©>da H$mT>bobr a§JrV {MÌo _wbm§À`m g_moa gJù`m§Zm {XgVrb Aer _m§S>mdrV.

u nú`m§Mr ~mø-AmH$ma H$mT>bobr {MÌo _wbm§Zm X²`mdrV. _wbm§Zr Ho$boë`m njr {ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmao VgoM, H$mS©>~moS©>darb a§JrV {MÌo ~KyZ Ë`m§Mr {MÌo a§J{dÊ`mg gm§JmdrV.

u _wbm§Mo a§JH$m_ Mmby AgVmZm {ejH$mZo, {MÌH$boÀ`m {ejH$mZo bj R>odmdo, JaO dmQ>ë`mg _wbm§Zm _XV H$amdr.

{ejH$mZo AmYrÀ`m Vm{gHo$bm _wbm§Zr H$moUH$moUVo njr nm{hbo Ë`mMr

nwñVH$mgmo~V {Xboë`m gr.S>r. _Üò Imbrb nú`m§Mr Nm`m{MÌo XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV -{M_Ur, H$moVdmb, I§S>çm, ~wb~wb, ̂ maÛmO, gw^J, hiÚm, qenr, Vm§~Q>, X`mi, hþXhþX, ñdJu` ZV©H$, {MÌ~bmH$, ZXrgwa`, eoH$mQ>çm, {Q>Q>dr, Ym{dH$, gwVmanjr, gy`©njr, nmonQ>, Mî_odmbm, gr Jb, g_wÐ Jê$S>, {JYmS>, {eH«$m, amIr YZoe, _b~mar YZoe, {RnHo$dmbr _w{Z`m, Om§îr nmUH$mo§~S>r, N>moQ>m {ZIma, {ZbH§$R>, {Q>Ho$bMm ZmMam, Q>H$mMmoa, doS>m amKy, gwJaU, _moa, dQ>dQ`m BË`mXr.

C{Ôïu

{Za jU H$ê$Z nú`m§Mr ê$n-d¡{eï>ò g_OyZ ¿`mdrV.

u _wbm§Zm nú`m§À`m a§Jm§§Mr OdiyZ AmoiI ìhmdr.

_wbm§Zr nú`m§Mo ~maH$mB©Zor

OmZodmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

37

CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`maru {ejH$mZo nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xboë`m gr.S>r._Yrb

nú`m§À`m {MÌm§_YyZ Amnë`m ^mJmV {XgUmao gmYmaU 25 njr {ZdS>mdoV d Ë`m nú`m§Mr a§JrV {MÌo emioVrb {MÌH$boÀ`m {ejH$mH$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z ¿`mdrV, Vr H$m`_ñdê$nr Cn`moJmV òÊ`mgmR>r H$mS©>~moS©>da {MH$Q>dyZ R>odmdrV.

u `m nú`m§Mr \$º$ ~mø - AmH$ma H$mT>bobr {MÌo-XoIrb gmÜ`m H$mJXm§da {MÌH$boÀ`m {ejH$m-H$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z ¿`mdrV. Ë`mÀ`m N>m`m§{H$V àVr H$mT>mì`mV. dJm©Vrb _wbm§Mr g§»`m 25 nojm OmñV Agë`mg H$mhr {MÌm§À`m XmoZ àVr H$mT>mì`mV.


CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


Vm§~Q>

{Q>Ho$bMm ZmMam I§S>çm

gw^J

H$WmdmMZ

C{Ôïu _wcm§Zm {hdmù`mV ̀ oUmè`m

ñWbm§V[aV nú`m§Mr _m{hVr ìhmdr.u _wcm§Mr AmH$cZ j_Vm, ldU H$m¡eë`

gwYmamdo.

H¥ŸVr

38

1 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo {Xcocr H$Wm hr Jmoï>rê$nmV _wcm§Zm gm§Jm`Mr Amho. Vm{gHo$nydu H$Wm dmMyZ nhmdr. `m_wio _wcm§g_moa H$Wm gm§JVmZm AmdmOmVco MT>-CVma, ^mdZm AmUyZ hr H$Wm a§OH$[aË`m gm§JVm ̀ oD$ eHo$c Am{U _wco H$WoMm OmñV AmZ§X KoD$ eH$Vrc.

u {ejH$mZo dJm©V Jmoï dmMÊ`mnydu nwTo> A{YH$ _m{hVrV {Xbobo _wcm§gmR>rMo AdKS> eãX d Ë`m§Mo AW© ~KyZ Ro>dmdoV.

nwTo>

nÕVrldU, coIZ

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi

OmZodmar

AmH$memVyZ nmhþUo òVmV- àH$me Jmoio (nwñVH$ -{ZgJ©`mÌm)

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u

u

u

u

{ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JmocmH$mamV ~gm`cm gm§Jmdo.{ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s amoO emioV òVmZm Ë`m§Zm AmOy~mOybmH$moU-H$moUVo njr {XgVmV? ZXrOdi / AmoT`mOdi `m _{hÝ`mVZoh_rnojm H$mhr doJio njr {Xgbo AmhoV H$m? _wcm§Mr CÎmao EoH$ë`mda _J {ejH$mZo Imcr {Xcocr H$Wm _wcm§Zm dmMyZ XmIdmdr.{ejH$mZo Jmoï> dmMVmZm EH$-XmoZ n[aÀN>oXmZ§Va EImXo {_{ZQ> Wm§~yZ, _wbm§Zm H$mhr eãX AdKS> dmQ>V Agë`mg Ë`mMo AW© gm§Jmdo, _wbm§Zm n[aÀN>oXmdarb àíZ, H$WoV òUmè`m nú`m§À`m Zmdm§Mr `mXr {b{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.H$Wm EoHy$Z H$m` g_Obo Ago _wbm§Zm {dMmamdo. AmnU Joë`m Vm{gHo$bm joÌôQ>rMm Omo AZw^d KoVbm Ë`mda AmYm[aV H$Wm {b{hVm ̀ oB©b H$m? Ago {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm {dMmamdo d _wbm§Zm N>moQ>r H$Wm / dU©Z {b{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

boIH$ n[aM` -

lr. àH$me Jmoio (1938 - 2013) ho njrVk d {ZgJ© Aä`mgH$ åhUyZ à{gÕ. _yiMo AW©emómMo Aä`mgH$ Agboë`m àH$me Jmoio `m§Zr {ZgJ© d njr{df`H$ Aä`mgmZ§Va 1982 _Üò "{ZgJ© g§dY©Z' hm {df` OZgm_mÝ`m§n`ªV nmohMdÊ`mgmR>r nwUo òWo "BH$m°bm°{OH$b gmogm`Q>r'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. "{ZgJ© nwZé‚mrdZ' ̀ m joÌmV àË`j H$m_ H$ê$Z Vr g§H$ënZm éO{dÊ`mMo _mobmMo H$m_ Ho$bo. 1998 _Üò Ë`m§Zr BH$m°bm°{OH$b gmogm`Q>r_Üò, "Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo emídV ì`dñWmnZ d {ZgJ© g§dY©Z' `m{df`rMm EH$ dfm©Mm nXì`wÎma {S>ßbmo_m Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm. lr. àH$me Jmoio `m§Zr {ZgJ©{df`H$ emór` VgoM b{bV {bImU Agbobr nwñVHo$ {b{hbr AmhoV. `m_Üò amZdm, {ZgJ© Am{U _mUyg, {ZgJm©À`m AmemdmQ>m, H$Wm H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mMr, dmñVd ̀ m nwñVH$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.

H$mhr {Xdgm§nyduMr Jmoï>. Ë`m g§Ü`mH$mir dmQ>odaë`m AmohmoimÀ`m H$mR>r AMmZH$ _cm Vmo {Xgcm. _r Zoh_rà_mUo _mÂ`m AmdS>Ë`m añË`mZo {\$am`cm Mmccmo hmoVmo. dmQ>oeoOmê$Z dmhUmè`m AmohmoimZo {OWo diU KoVco hmoVo, {VWo Zoh_rà_mUoM H$cH$cmQ> H$ê$Z {Q>Q>drZo _mPo ñdmJV Ho$co. nU

{VÀ`m AcJX CR>cm Am{U {Q>d² - {Q>d² - {Q>d² Aer cHo$a _moR>çm VmcmV \o$H$sV doJmZo CSy>Z Jocm. "AmO Zm CÚm VwPr JmR> nS>Uma, `mMr ImÌrM hmoVr ~oQ>çm !' _r _ZmVë`m _ZmV åhUmcmo. `m h§Jm_mV VwVmar nú`mMr ôQ> gßQ>|~aÀ`m gwê$dmVrgM Pmcr. AmVm Va H$m`, Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hZm gwê$ Pmcm. ñWcm§V[aV nú`m§À`m {~ZrÀ`m VwH$S>çm Amnë`m XoemV òD$Z XmIc Pmë`mgwÕm.

nmdgmim gwê$ Pmcm H$s, _mÂ`mgma»`m njrdoS>çm _mUgmMr CËH§$R>m dmTy> cmJVo, EH$ àH$maMr AZm{_H$ hþahya _Z ì`mnyZ Q>mH$Vo. Kam~mhoa nS>co H$s, AmO H$moUVm Zdm Moham {XgVmo` - åhUyZ ZOa {â{^ê$ cmJVo.

`m dfu MmVH$ nú`mcm _r OyZÀ`m n{hë`m n§YadS>çmVM nm{hco. eri KmcrV EH$_oH$m§Mm nmR>cmJ H$aÊ`mV Jw§J Pmcr hmoVr MmVH$m§Mr Vr OmoS>r ! EoQ>~mO H$mim Vwam Am{U H$S>m H$mVacoco cm§~ eonyQ> Agcocm hm H$mim-nm§T>am njr {Xgm`cm _moR>m {~c§Xa {XgVmo Am{U Vmo AmhogwÕm VgmM ! H$mo{H$imM Amho hr EH$m OmVrMr. H$mdù`mMr ZOa MwH$dyZ H$mo{H$im Oer Ë`mÀ`m KaQ>çmV A§S>r KmcVo, VX²dV MmVH$ njr gmV^mBªZm MwH$dyZ Ë`m§À`m KaQ>çmV A§S>r KmcVmV. `m {~c§Xa nú`mZo emñÌkm§Zmhr AgmM Jw§Jmam {Xcm` ! H$maU nmdgmù`mÀ`m gwê$dmVrcm hr ñdmar AH$ñ_mV H$moRy>Z CJdVo Am{U Z§Va Hw$R>o Jm`~ hmoVo, ho AOyZ Ë`m§Zmhr ZrQ>go g_Ococo Zmhr. H$moUr åhUVmV, MmVH$ njr Am{\«$Ho$VyZ Aa~ñVmZ-nm{H$ñVmZ_mJ} ̂ maVmV ̀ oVmo !

MmVH$mÀ`m AmJ_ZmÀ`m gw_mamgM "H$méÊ` H$mo{H$imhr' EoHy$ òD$ cmJVo. ~wc~wcmÀ`m AmH$mamMr, ^waH$Q> H$minQ> a§JmMr hr N>moQ>r H$mo{H$im PmS>mÀ`m nmZm§V ghO cnyZ OmVo Am{U MQ>H$Z {XgV Zmhr. nU nr@@d nr@@d Aer {VMr H$éU cHo$a Iyn cm§~da EoHy$ ̀ oVo. nmdgmim g§nV Amcm H$s, hm njrhr BWyZ Jm`~ hmoVmo.

nmR>monmR> AmUIr EH$ chmZga njr nmÊ`meoOmê$Z Am°JñQ> - gßQ>|~aÀ`m gw_mamg _mÌ Iè`mIwè`m ñWcm§V[aV nú`m§À`m AmKmS>rÀ`m VwH$S>çm XmIc hmoÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo. VwVmar njr Am°JñQ> AIoargM {Xgy cmJVmV. nmUWi OmJodê$Z, nmÊ`mÀ`m H$mR>mZo, nmíd©^mJ hcdrV Cô am{hcoco qH$dm VwéVwé YmdUmao ho njr _moR>o J_VrXma {XgVmV ! nm§T>è`m nmíd©^mJmMm, {hadQ> a§JmMm VwVmar njr hm BVam§À`m _mZmZo AJmoXa òD$Z XmIc hmoVmo, Agm _mPm AZw^d Amho. VwVmar nú`m§À`m OmVt_Üò hm AmH$mamZo _moR>m Amho. Vmo EH$Q>m-XwH$Q>mM AmT>iVmo, Va Ë`m nmR>monmR> gmÜ`m VwVmar nú`m§Mo M_y òD$Z nmÊ`mÀ`m Amgnmg CVaVmV. H$m|~S>rÀ`m {ncmhÿZ WmoS>çm _moR>çm AmH$mamMm, _mVH$Q> a§JmMm hm njr H$mí_ra, JT>dmc qH$dm Ë`mnojmhr CÎmaoH$S>rc ̂ mJm§VyZ Amnë`mH$S>o ̀ oVmo Am{U Z§Va òVmV {R>nHo$dmë`m VwVmar nú`m§Mo H$in Am{U Jù`m^modVr nm§T>ar H$m°ca Am{U H$nmimda nm§T>am {R>nH$m Agcoco ßcmoìha njr. Vo òVmV gm`~o[a`m Am{U CÎma `wamonÀ`m A{V W§S> àXoemVyZ. Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m gwédmVrg, ñWcm§VamÀ`m h§Jm_mg Aer _moR>çm OmoemV gwédmV hmoVo Am{U EH$m nmR>monmR> EH$ {hdmir nmhþUo Amnë`mcm ôQ>Ê`mg òD$ cmJVmV. _mÂ`mgma»`mMr EH$M Ym§Xc CSy>Z OmVo Ë`m_wio. nmhVm nmhVm Ymo~r nú`m§À`m Q>moù`m§Zm S>moio gamdVmV. JmoS> {H$c{~c H$arV, hdoVyZ Imcr-da PmoHo$ KoV Am{U O{_Zrda CVaë`mda Amncr eonQ>o O{_Zrda AmnQ>rV ho {M_wH$co njr {hadirVyZ VwéVwé Ymdy cmJco H$s, {hadirMm VOocm AmUIrZM OmUdVmo. amIr a§JmMo Am{U {ndù`m nmoQ>mMo Ymo~r, H$mio-nm§T>ao Ymo~r, {ndù`m S>moŠ`mMo, {Zù`m S>moŠ`mMo, H$mù`m S>moŠ`mMo Ymo~r Aem Ymo~r nú`m§À`m {H$VrVar OmVmo WoQ> _o _{hÝ`mn`ªV Amnë`m BWo dmñVì` H$ê$Z AgVmV.

Am°ŠQ>mo~aÀ`m gwédmVrgM {h_mc`mVyZ "H$m°cS>© ~weM°Q>' hm AmUIr EH$ _mohH$ a§JmMm njr BWo òD$Z XmIc hmoVmo. {ndiQ>, Zm[a¨Jr a§JmMo Am{U Jù`m^modVr nm§T>ar H$m°ca Agcoco {M_UrÀ`m AmH$mamMo ho njr PwSw>nm§À`m Q>moH$mda Am{U Q>o{cJ«m\$À`m Vmam§da ~gcoco {Xgy cmJVmV Am{U Am°ŠQ>mo~aÀ`m eodQ>r eodQ>r gm`~o[a`mVyZ "{cQ>c pñQ>¨Q>' ho chmZgo njr hOmamo _¡cm§Mo A§Va H$mQy>Z Vù`mH$mR>r CVaVmV; Va gmoZoar S>moŠ`mMm Am{U JS>X-Vn{H$ar a§JmMm XcXc-ggmUm n§I ngê$Z g§WnUo Vù`mdê$Z {KaQ>çm Kmcy cmJVmo. Vmo òVmo nyd© `wamonmVyZ.


Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mV `m nmhþÊ`m§À`m V¡ZmVrV _mPr \$maM Ym§Xc CS>Vo. Iyn Iyn nmhþÊ`m§Mr Vwåhm§cm AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUma Amho _r; nU Ë`m§n¡H$s nwîH$im§er _mÌ AmVm _mPr Mm§JcrM JÅ>r O_cr Amho ! R>am{dH$ {Xder Zo_H$s hOoar cmdUmao AmhoV Zm Vo! EImXm {Xdg _mÌ Agm CJdVmo H$s, ZdrZM Moham AZno{jVnUo ôQ>Vmo. Joë`m dfu "Q>Z©ñQ>moZ' AgmM Ad{MV ôQ>cm. `wamonmVyZ òUmam hm gmJar njr Zoh_r Amnë`mH$S>ohr g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mdaM _w¸$m_ H$ê$Z AgVmo. nwÊ`mcm Ë`mZo YmdVr ôQ> H$m {Xcr, ho _cmhr CcJS>co Zmhr. AmVm ̀ mdfu Agm H$moU ôQ>Vmo Vo nmhm`M§ !

u H$WoVrc, _wcm§Zm AdKS> dmQ>y eH$Vrc Aem eãXm§Mm AW© Imbr {Xbm Amho. `mMm dmna {ejH$mZo H$Wm dmMVmZm H$amdm.— Amohmoi - AmoT>çmnojm N>moQ>m Agbobm nmÊ`mMm àdmh— H$bH$bmQ> - _moR>m AmdmO— bHo$a - Vmbm-gwamVrb AmdmO — ñWbm§V[aV njr - {hdmù`mV W§S> àXoemVyZ ^maVmV

ñWbm§Va H$ê$Z òUmao njr. Iyn W§S> hdm_mZmV `m nú`m§Zm Im`bm AÞ {_iV Zgë`mZo, {hdmi`m_Üò ho njr ^maVmgma»`m XoemV, {OWo {hdmù`mV CnOr{dH$m H$aUo eŠ` Amho {VWo ̀ oVmV.

— {~ZrÀ`m VwH$S>çm - gwédmVrMm JQ>— {~b§Xa - hþema — nú`m§Mm M_y - nú`m§Mm JQ>

{ejH$m¨gmR>>>r A{YH$ _m[hVr


KQ>HŸŸ

dñVrcm nmUrnwadR>m

dñVr

1 Vm{gH$m

{ejH$mZo g§~§{YV ì`º$sër MMm© H$ê$Z JmdmVë`m gd©gmYmaU nmUrnwadR>çm~m~VMr _m{hVr {_idyZ, Aä`mgyZ R>odmdr.

nÕVrMMm©

noZ, dhr

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JmdmVë`m gd© nmÊ`mÀ`m òmoVm§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV d `mXr \$ù`mda {chmdr.

u `mXr {chÿZ Pmë`mda, JmdmVë`m Kar qH$dm emioVë`m Zimcm nmUr H$go òVo ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.

u _wcm§Zm darc _wÔm ZrQ> H$icm Zmhr, Va {ejH$mZo CcQ>r à{H«$`m H$er Amho Vo {dMmamdo d _wcm§Zm gyMH$ àíZ {dMmê$Z CÎmao emoYÊ`mg _XV H$amdr. CXmhaUmW© - Zi H$emcm OmoS>cobm AgVmo? ZimV nmUr Hw$Ry>Z d H$em_wio òVo? Ago gyMH$ àíZ {dMmamdo. _wcm§À`m CÎmamZwgma \$ù`mda AmH¥$Vr H$mT>mdr. CXmhaUmW© - Zi ! Zimcm OmoS>cocm N>moQ>m nmB©n ! N>moQ>m nmB©n _moR>çm nmB©ncm OmoS>cm OmVmo ! _moR>m nmB©n nwT>o _moR>çm Q>mH$scm ! Q>mH$sVyZ {ZKmcocm _moR>m nmB©n ! Q>mH$sMm nmB©n YaUmcm OmoS>cocm BË`mXr.

u {ejH$ Aer AmH¥$Vr JmdmVrc nmUrnwadR>çmZwgma, {d{dY òmoVm§nmgyZ gwê$ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. EImX²`m JmdmV / dmS>rV nmUr YaUmVyZ nwadbo Z OmVm WoQ> Pè`mMoM Agy eH$Vo. CXmhaUmW© - Pam " Q>mH$s " nmB©n " Zi.

u JmdmV nyU© doi ZimMo nmUr Agob Va - nmUr dmnamÀ`m `m nÕVr_wio g_mZ nmUr dmQ>n hmoVo H$m? Hw$Ur CYinÅ>r H$aV Agob Va H$iy eHo$b H$m? gmR>dbobo nmUr Z dmnaVm \o$Hy$Z {Xbo OmVo H$m? BË`mXr MMm© H$amdr.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm \$ù`mdarc AmH¥$Vr dhrV H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdr.

39

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m JmdmVë`mnmUrnwadR>çmÀ`m {Z`moOZmMr _m{hVr {_iUo.

OmZodmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

ZXr ghc (3)

n[ag§ñWm

2 Vm{gH$m

u"ZXr ghc' hm CnH«$_ VrZ doim R>odÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo, F$Vwà_mUo AmoT>çm_Üò hmoUmam ~Xb _wcm§Zm H$imdm d Ë`mMà_mUo AmoT>çmer {ZJS>rV Agcoco KQ>H$ åhUOoM dZñnVr, njr, àmUr ̀ m§Mm AmoT>çmer Agcocm g§~§Y H$imdm.

u ghcrMr doi Oa gH$mir 10 À`m AmYr qH$dm g§Ü`mH$mir 4 Z§Va R>odcr Va AmoT>çmda njr Am{U àmUr {XgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>oc.

u ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mMm doJ d nmVir YmoH$mXm`H$ Agë`mg Ë`m{R>H$mUr nmÊ`mMm doJ _moOÊ`mMm CnHŒ$_ H$miOrnyd©H$ ¿`mdm AWdm JaO dmQ>ë`mg Q>mimdm.

nÕVrjoÌôQ>, MMm© Am{U {ZarjU

dhr, noZ, noÝgrc, KS>çmi / ñQ>m°ndm°M, H$mJXmMm _moRm ~moim, Xw~uU (CnbãY Agë`mg), " ZXr-ghc (1)' _Yrb VŠVm

gm{hË`

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{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u `m CnH«$_m_Üò AmYrÀ`m "ZXr-ghc (1)' CnH«$_mZwgma {ZarjUo ¿`mdrV.

u `m {ZarjUm§_Üò Imcrc ~m~tMr Zm|X H$amdr.— nmÊ`mMm a§J— nmÊ`mMm doJ— nmÊ`mMr nmVir — H$mR>mdaÀ`m d nmÊ`mVë`m dZñnVr— njr, àmUr, H$sQ>H$— nmÊ`mMm dmna— nmÊ`mVco àXyfU

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr {ZarjUo "ZXr-ghc (1)' _Yrb VŠË`mV _{hÝ`mÀ`m aH$mÝ`mV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

u gd© {ZarjUo {chÿZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {hdmim gwê$ Pmë`mda ZXr d Ë`mÀ`m n[agamV H$go ~Xc hmoV OmVmV Ago {dMmamdo Am{U _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr. CXmhaUmW© - ZXr{H$Zmar doJdoJio njr {XgVmV d OmñV g§»òZo {XgVmV BË`mXr.

\o$~w«dmar

C{Ôïu ZXr d ZXrÀ`m n[agam_Üò

àËòH$ F$VyV {XgUmao ~Xc _wcm§ZmH$imdoV.

u _wcm§Mr ZXrer EH$ nŒH$maMr OdirH$ d ~m§{YcH$s {Z_m©U ìhmdr.

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CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

40

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi




nmÊ`mMm doJ

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nmÊ`mMm a§J

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KQ>HŸŸ

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u

ßbmpñQ>H$Mr {nedr, EImXm H$mJX, emioVrc nmcmnmMmoim d Amocm H$Mam O_m H$ê$Z R>odmdm.

u CnH«$_mXaå`mZ _wcm§Zm "àXyfHo$' hm eãX _mhrV H$ê$Z X²`mdm.

CnH«$_ Mmcy hmoÊ`mAmYr {ejH$mZo EH$

nÕVrMMm©, à`moJ

ßcmpñQ>H$ {nedr, H$mJX, Amocm H$Mam, Iwanr, H$mS>çm, OmS> H$mJX / H$mS>©~moS>©, dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

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u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s amoO emioV òV AgVmZm Amnë`mcm H$moUH$moUË`m àH$maMr àXyfHo$ {XgVmV? _wcm§Zr gm§{JVcocr Zmdo {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda {chmdrV.

u {ejH$mZo `m àXyfH$m§Mo {dKQ>Z {ZgJm©V H$go hmoV Agoc? {dKQ>Z hmoV Agoc H$m? qH$dm Ë`mMo nwT>o H$m` hmoV Agoc Ago àíZ _wcm§Zm {dMmê$Z WmoS>r MMm© H$amdr.

u _wcm§Mr CÎmao gm§JyZ Pmë`mda, {ejH$mZo EH$ dmŠ` gm§Jmdo.u "Oo {ZgJm©VyZ ̀ oVo Vo {ZgJm©V nwÝhm {_giVoM', "Oo {ZgJm©VyZ ̀ oV Zmhr, Vo

{ZgJm©V Z {_giVm OmñV H$mi VgoM amhVo.'u øm dmŠ`mMm AW© nyU© OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmOMm {dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ Ho$bm

OmB©c ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.u {ejH$mZo _wcm§g_moa ßbmpñQ>H$Mr {nedr, EH$ H$mJX Am{U Amocm H$Mam

R>odmdm d ̀ m gJù`m§À`m {dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ AmO AmnU H$aUma Agë`mMo _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm emioÀ`m _¡XmZmda KoD$Z Omdo, _¡XmZmÀ`m H$S>ocm {OWo WmoS>o D$Z ̀ oV Agoc Aer OmJm emoYmdr.

u {ejH$mZo 4-5 _wcm§Zm gm§JyZ {VWo 3 IÈ>o H$ê$Z ¿`mdo. ho IÈ>o gmYmaU 6 B§M ImocrMo Am{U 2-3 B§M ê§$XrMo AgmdoV d àËòH$ IS²>S>çm_Üò {ZXmZ 2 \w$Q>mMo A§Va Agmdo Ago _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u IÈ>o IUyZ Pmë`mZ§Va, {ejH$mZo 2-3 _wcm§Zm EH$m IS²>S>çmV ßcmpñQ>H$ {nedr, Xwgè`m IS²>S>çmV H$mJXmMo _moR>o VwH$S>o Am{U {Vgè`m IS²>S>çmV Amocm H$Mam Ago Q>mH$m`cm gm§Jmdo. Ë`mda naV _mVr Q>mH$Ê`mg gm§Jmdo.

u àËòH$ IS²>S>çmV H$m` Amho ho H$iÊ`mgmR>r _wcm§Zm IS²>S>çmOdi EH$ H$mR>r ImoMÊ`mg gm§Jmdr, H$mR>rcm OmS> H$mJX {MH$Q>dyZ Ë`mda _mVrV {dKQ>ZmgmR>r Q>mH$coë`m KQ>H$mMo Zmd d VmarI {chÿZ Ë`mda \$cH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm ~amo~a EH$m _{hÝ`mZo `m IS²>S>çmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z (IÈ>m nwÝhm IUyZ) AmVrc KQ>H$mMo H$m` Pmco ho ~Km`Mo Amho Aer gyMZm X²`mdr. {ZarjUmMr Zm|X dhr_Üò KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

\o$~«wdmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

C{ÔïàXyfH$m§À`m {dKQ>Zmcm {H$Vr doi cmJVmo ho _wcm§Zm g_OUo.

41

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


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H$MamH§w$S>rOdi OmñV g§»òZo H$mdio, SwŠH$a ho nŒmUr {XgyZ òVmV. ho nŒmUr H$Mam ImD$Z ñdÀNVm H$aV Agbo Var Ë`m§Mr A{VnŒ_mUmV Agbobr g§»`m n[ag§ñWm Imbmdbobr Amho ho Xe©{dVo. hm {dMma CnH«$_mXaå`mZ MMm© H$aV AgVmZm {ejH$mZo _wcm§n`ªV nmohmoMdmdm.

nÕVrMMm©

dhr, noZ

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{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì åhUOo H$m`? Am{U {ZgJm©Vrc ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì H$moU AgVrc? Ago àíZ {dMmamdo. `mda _wbo Or H$mhr CËVao XoVrb Vr \$ù`mda {bhmdrV.

u H$mdim, Kma `m§Zm Vwåhr H$m` H$m` ImVmZm nm{hbo Amho ? Vo Hw$Ro {XgVmV? Ago {dMmamdo. _wcm§Zr {Xcoë`m CÎmamdê$Z Ë`m§Zm gm§Jmdo H$s ho njr {ZgJm©V Pmcoë`m H$Mè`mMr g\$mB© H$aVmV, Ë`m§Zr Amocm H$Mam Imëë`m_wio "ñdÀN>Vm' hmoVo... åhUyZM ho ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo nwT>o {Xcoë`m nú`m§Mr Am{U àmÊ`m§Mr `mXr \$ù`mda {chmdr - H$mdim, Kma, {JYmS>, Sw>¸$a, Vag, _w§½`m, emH©$ _mgm BË`mXr.

u `mVrc àËòH$ àmUr H$m` ImVmo Vo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo d \$ù`mda {chmdo. `mV CÎmao emoYÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo `mn¡H$s Amnë`m emioÀ`m AmOy~mOycm d KamÀ`m AmOy~mOycm H$moUVo njr àmUr {XgVmV Vo _wcm§Zm dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u Amnë`m JmdmV EImXm n«mUr _ocm Am{U ho àmUr Zgco Va H$m` hmoB©c? Ago _ococm àmUr O{_Zrda VgmM nSy>Z amhÿZ Iyn XwJªYr òB©c d AmOy~mOyMo dmVmdaU Xy{fV hmoB©c ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u {ZgJm©V _¥VXohm§Mo {dKQ>Z hmoÊ`mMr gmo` ZgVr Va H$m` Pmbo AgVo? gd© gOrdm§Mo _¥VXoh eVH$mZweVHo$ gmMVM am{hbo AgVo. åhUyZM {ZgJm©Mo MH«$ Ago Amho H$s _¥VXohm§Mo {dKQ>Z, ^jU H$aUmao H$mhr Ord AmhoV `mda _wcm§er MMm© H$amdr.

u _ococo àmUr, Amocm H$Mam ImD$Z Oo àmUr / njr OJVmV Vo {ZgJ© ñdÀN> R>odÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV, `m_wio ho àmUr {ZgJm©V AgUo JaOoMo Amho, ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm dhrV "{ZgJm©Vrc ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì' `m {df`mda CVmam {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

ho ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì ZgVrc Va H$m` hmoB©c? {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.

C{Ôï_wcm§Zm ñdÀN>Vm-{_Ì àmÊ`m§Mo "n[ag§ñWm Am{U AÞOmio' `m_Yco H$m`© H$imdo.

\o$~Œwdmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

42

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


{JYmS>

KQ>HŸŸ

ZyVZrH$aU-j_ d ZyVZrH$aU-Aj_ D$Om©gmYZo

D$Om©

1 Vm{gH$m

C{Ôï

nÕVrMMm©, coIZ

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

43

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmOy~mOycm, JmdmV, Jmdm~mhoa dmnaë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY D$Om©-òmoVm§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV. D$Om©-òmoVm§Mr Zmdo AmR>dÊ`mgmR>r WmoS>m doi Úmdm. Z§Va _wcm§Zm Zmdo {dMmê$Z \$ù`mda ̀ mXr {chmdr. ̀ m_Üò H$moigm, cmHy$S>, gm¡aD$Om© Aer CÎmao gmYmaUnUo {Xcr OmVrc. `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo

u \$ù`mda {c{hcoë`m `mXr_Yco H$moUVo D$Om©-òmoV nwÝhm nwÝhm dmnaVm òÊ`mgmaIo AmhoV Am{U H$moUVo ho _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.

u _wcm§Zm Z H$ië`mg, {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s `mn¡H$s H$moUË`m D$Om©-gmYZmMm gmR>m g§nVmo Am{U H$moUË`mMm g§nV Zmhr? `mgmR>r _wcm§Zm H$mhr gyMH$ àíZ {dMmamdoV - Ogo O§JcmVrc gd© PmS>o g§në`mda cmHy$S> Hw$Ry>Z {_ioc? H$moigm g§në`mda Hw$Ry>Z AmUm`Mm? gy`m©Mr D$Om© H$Yr H$_r hmoB©c H$m? noQ´>moc Amnë`mbm V`ma H$aVm ̀ oB©b H$m ? BË`mXr.

u _wcm§Zr {Xcocr CÎmao XmoZ JQ> H$ê$Z \$ù`mda {chmdrV. Ë`m§ZVa {ejH$mZo "ZyVZrH$aU-j_' Am{U "ZyVZrH$aU-Aj_' ho eãX _wcm§Zm gm§JyZ, Ë`m XmoÝhtMm AW© g_Odmdm.

u "ZyVZrH$aU-j_' - Á`mV nwÝhm nwÝhm V`ma hmoÊ`mMr j_Vm AgVo. CXmhaUmW© - gy`© D$Om©, dm`y D$Om©, dZñnVr§nmgyZ {_iUmar D$Om©.

u "ZyVZrH$aU-Aj_' - Á`mV nwÝhm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr j_Vm ZgVo. CXmhaUmW© - H$moigm, noQ´>moc.

u D$Om òD$Om ñÌ

_wX²X`m _wcm§er MMm©

H$amdr.

I{ZO VobmnmgyZ AmnU noQ´>mob, {S>Pob

~Z{dVmo ho gm§Jmdo.

dmnê$Z Zme nmdVmV / g§nVmV

Amnë`mbm Zmed§V ©- moVm§H$Sy>Z Zoh_r nwaUmè`m / {Ma§VZ ©- moVm§H$So> àdmg H$am`Mm Amho, H$maU dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»ò_wio

Amnbr D$O}Mr JaO dmT>V Mmbbr Amho `m da

\o$~«wdmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

u {ejH$mZo Z¡g{J©H$ XJS>r H$moigm H$gm V`ma hmoVmo, noQ´mob H$go ~Z{dVmV ̀ m à{H«$`m§Mr _m{hVr KoD$Z Ro>dmdr. `mgmR>r nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xbobr COm©-òmoVm§{df`rMr A{YH$ _m{hVr dmMmdr.

— D$Om©-g§`_, {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uuu g§X^m©gmR>r nwñVH$ :

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u ZyVZrH$aU-j_ dZyVZrH$aU-Aj_ D$Om©gmYZm§Mr _m{hVr hmoUo.

u _wcm§Mr {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>Uo.

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

hdm_mZ Am{U Kam§Mo àH$ma

dñVr

2 Vm{gH$m

u {ejH$mZo ^maVm_Yrc {d{dY KamÀ`m àH$mam§Mr N>m`m{MÌo O_m H$ê$Z R>odmdrV. AWdm nwpñVHo$gmo~V {Xcoë`m gr.S>r. _Yrb \$moQ>mo§Mr àV H$mT>mdr.

u ISH$>m§Mo àH$ma, _mVrMo àH$ma Am{U Vo Hw$R>o {_iVmV ̀ mMm Aä`mg H$amdm.

nÕVrMMm©, {MÌJßnm

{d{dY nÕVrÀ`m Kam§Mo \$moQ>mo, dhr, noZ, ^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo "hdm_mZmMo àH$ma' ̀ m CnH«$_mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm.u `mZ§Va _wcm§g_moa ^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ZH$mem Ro>dmdm d XoemV {XgUmao

{d{dY ̂ m¡Jmo{cH$ àXoe EH$-EH$ H$ê$Z _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo.u ho H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo _wcm§~amo~a àËòH$ àXoemMo d¡{eîQ>ç (åhUOoM

Vmn_mZ, nmD$g, cmoH$, eoVr, g§ñH¥$Vr) Aem _wX²X`m§da MMm© H$amdr.u darc MMm© H$aV AgVmZmM `m doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr cmoH$m§Mr "Kao' H$er

AgVrc ho {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo. ̀ mgmR>r _wcm§Zm {d{dY àXoemVë`m Kam§Mr N>m`m{MÌo XmIdmdrV.

u `m N>m`m{MÌm§dê$Z àËòH$ àXoemà_mUo {VWcr Kao H$er AmhoV, Kam§gmR>rMm H$ƒm _mc H$m` H$m` dmnacocm {XgVmo` øm gd© Jmoï>r _wcm§Zm {dMmamì`mV. `m_Üò N>ßna, q^V, {IS>H$s, \$aer / O_rZ, H$ƒm _mc `m gd© Jmoï>r ~Km`cm gm§Jmì`mV d `mdê$Z Vo Ka H$moUË`m àXoemVrc Agoc, VoWrb hdm_mZ H$go Agoc `mMm A§XmO _wcm§Zm ~m§Ym`cm cmdmdm.

u `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo _wcm§Mo ̂ m¡Jmo{cH$ àXoemà_mUo JQ> Ho$co Va MMm© H$am`cm A{YH$ gmono OmB©c.

u Z§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm g{dñVa _m{hVr X²`mdr d dhrV {c{hÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. eŠ` Pmë`mg KamMr {MÌo H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdr.

44

C{Ôïhdm_mZ Am{U Ka~m§YUr / KamMm àH$ma `mVcm g§~§Y _wcm§Zm H$imdm.

\o$~«wdmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


KQ>HŸŸ

Z¡g{J©H$ a§J V`ma H$aUo

dZñnVr

2 Vm{gH$m (2 {Xdg)

nÕVrH¥$Vr

N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o, ê$_mcmÀ`m AmH$mamMo nm§T>è`m H$mnS>mMo VwH$S>o (KamVrc OwZo H$mnS>hr Mmcoc. ZdrZ H$mnS Agë`mg YwVbobo Agmdo.), nmUr, ^m§S>o, cmoI§S>r ^m§S>o, à`moJemioVrc ~Z©a, Ic~Îmm, nwT>rcn¡H$s eŠ` VodT>r nmZo, \w$co, \$io O_dmdrV - ~rQ>; nmcH$; _|XrMr nmZo; hiX; Vm§Xyi nrR>; VmOr d gmdcrV dmidcocr \w$co; (nig; nm§Jmam; P|Sy>; O°H°$a§S>m; gmda; H$m§MZ; nm[aOmVH$; Omñd§X); S>mqi~mMr, ~oc\$imMr gmc; dmicoco Amdio; Jwcm~r H$m§ÚmMo gmc; {Ziw§~rMr \$io; nm§T>am H$mJX;a§JH$m_mgmR>r ~Œe; R>goH$m_mgmR>r ~Q>mQ>m, H$m§Xm, ô§S>r, ~m§~yMr H$m§S>r BË`mXr.

gm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

H¥ŸVru n{hcr Vm{gH$m - n{hcm {Xdg— _wcm§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ d amgm`{ZH$ a§Jm§_Ycm \$aH$ g_OmdyZ gm§Jmdm d

Z¡g{J©H$ a§J n`m©daUmg d Amamo½`mg H$go {hVH$maH$ AgVmV ho gm§Jmdo.— AmnU ñdV: dJm©V Z¡g{J©H$ a§J ~Z{dUma AmhmoV ̀ mMr H$ënZm X²`mdr.— _wcm§Mo 3-4 _wcm§Mm EH$ Ago JQ> H$amdoV.— _wcm§À`m àËòH$ JQ>mg XmoZ a§J ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo d Ë`mZwgma gm{hË`

nwadmdo.— nwToo {Xcoë`m A{YH$ _m{hVrZwgma, gmonr nÕV {ZdSy>Z, _wcm§Zm a§J

~Z{dÊ`mMr H¥$Vr gm§Jmdr.— Oo a§J ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r amÌâ \w$co-nmH$ù`m nmÊ`mV R>odm`À`m AmhoV Vo

{_lU AmYr ~ZdyZ ~mOycm R>odÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— Oo a§J ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r {_lU CH$idm`Mo Amho Ë`mgmR>r à`moJemioV

OmD$Z {dkmZ {df`mÀ`m {ejH$m§Mr _XV KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— Oo a§J ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r nmZm§Mm cJXm, ^wH$Q>r V`ma H$am`Mr Amho

Ë`mgmR>r Ic~Î`mMm dmna H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— `mZ§Va ~Z{dcoco a§J d V`ma hmoÊ`mgmR>r R>odcoco a§J dJm©V EH$m ~mOycm

R>odmdoV.u Xwgar Vm{gH$m - Xwgam {Xdg — _wcm§Zr V`ma Ho$coco a§J ~KÊ`mg gm§JmdoV, ho a§J gd© _wcm§À`m

_Ü`^mJr R>odmdoV.— `m a§Jm§À`m ghmæ`mZo nm§T>ao H$mnS>/H$mJX a§J{dÊ`mg, Ë`mda ZjrH$m_

qH$dm R>goH$m_ H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. ho a§J dmnê$Z hmoir / a§Jn§M_r XoIrb IoiVm ̀ oD$ eH$Vo Ago _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

45

\o$~Œwdmar

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

u gXa CnH«$_mg XmoZ gcJ {Xder Agm XmoZ Vm{gH$m§Mm (70 {_{ZQ>) doi Úmdm.

u PmS>m§Mr nmZo, \w$cm§À`m nmH$ù`m, \$io `m§nmgyZ Z¡g{J©H$ a§J ghO gmoß`m nÕVrZo ~Z{dVm òVmV. nwTo> {Xcocr Z¡g{J©H$ a§J ~Z{dÊ`m{df`rMr _m{hVr dmMmdr.

u Or \w$co / \$io dmidUo Ano{jV Amho Vr {ejH$mZo CnHŒ$_mÀ`m AmYr EImXm AmR>dS>mâ dmidV R>odmdr d CnHŒ$_mÀ`m {Xder Vr nyU© dmibobr \w$co / \$io V`ma R>odmdrV.

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


C{ÔïZ¡g{J©H$ a§J n`m©daUmg d Amamo½`mg {hVH$maH$ AgVmV. gmÜ`m - gmoß`m nÕVrZo nmZm - \w$cm§nmgyZ, \$im§nmgyZ Z¡g{J©H$ a§J H$go ~ZdmdoV ho _wcm§Zm g_Omdo.

u Ho$ear a§J— nm§Jmè`mMr / nigmMr / H$mQ>ogmdarMr \w$co gmdcrV

dmidyZ Ë`m§Mr ̂ wH$Q>r ~Zdcr H$s H$moaS>m a§J V`ma hmoVmo.— hr \w$co amÌâ nmÊ`mV {ÔdV R>odm, d Z§Va ho {_lU Mm§Jco

CH$iyZ ¿`m - Amocm a§J V`ma hmoVmo. ̀ mcm gwJ§Yhr AgVmo.— nm[aOmVH$mÀ`m \w$cm§Mo XoR> dmidyZ, nmÊ`mV ~wS>dyZ R>odm,

N>mZ dmgmMm Ho$ear a§J V`ma hmoVmo.u Vn{H$ar a§J— H$mW nmÊ`mV {_gim.— Mhm qH$dm H$m°\$sMr nmZo nmÊ`mV CH$im.

u H$mim a§J — dmicoco Amdio cmoI§S>r ^m§S>çmV CH$idm. amÌâ R>odm,

`mV Amdí`H$VoZwgma nmUr Q>mH$mdo.u {Zim a§J— O°H°$a§S>mMr \w$co gmdcrV dmidyZ Ë`mMr ̂ wH$Q>r H$am.— {Z ~rMr \w$co (Phyllanthus reticulatus) nmÊ`mV

{Ôdmdr.u Om§îm a§J — ~rQ> H$mnyZ Ë`mMo ~marH$ VwH$S>o nmÊ`mV Q>mH$m (1 ~rQ> + 1

{cQ>a nmUr) amÌâ R>odm, Amdí`H$VoZgwma nmUr Q>mH$m.u Jwcm~r a§J

— H$m§MZMr \w$co amÌâ nmÊ`mV R>odm.

iw§

u cmc a§J— Omñd§XrMr \w$co gmdcrV dmidyZ Ë`mMr ^wH$Q>r nmÊ`mV

CH$idyZ ¿`mdr. ho {_lU Amdí`H$VoZwgma nmÊ`mV {_gimdo.

u {ndim a§J— H$moaS>m a§J - hiX, H$ñVwar hiX, ~ogZ nrR> {_lU;

{ndù`m P|Sy>À`m \w$cm§À`m nmH$ù`m qH$dm ~hmì`mÀ`m \w$cm§À`m nmH$ù`m gmdcrV dmidyZ Ë`mMr ^wH$Q>r d ~ogZ nrR>; ~oc\$imMr gmc dmidyZ Ë`mMr ̂ wH$Q>r.

— Amocm a§J - `m \w$cm§À`m nmH$ù`m amÌâ nmÊ`mV {ÔdV R>odm, Ë`mV WmoS>r hiX Q>mHy$Z {_lU Mm§Jco CH$iyZ ¿`m.

u {hadm a§J— Jwc_mohmoa, _oh§XrMr nmZo d JìhmMo H$m|~ `m§Mr noñQ> V`ma

H$ê$Z amÌâ EImX²`m nrR>m_Üò {ÔV R>odm. H$moqW~ra Am{U nmcH$mÀ`m nmZm§Mm cJXm V`ma H$ê$Z ̀ m {_lUmV {_gim.

— {hadm Ðdê$n a§J V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 2 M_Mo _|Xr KoD$Z EH$ {cQ>a nmÊ`m_Üò {_lU H$ê$Z T>dië`mg {hadm a§J {_iVmo.

— nmcH$, H$moqW~ra, nw{XZm qH$dm Q>mo_°Q>moÀ`m nmZm§Mr noñQ> V`ma H$ê$ZXoIrb {hadm a§J {_idVm ̀ oVmo.

Z¡g{J©H$ a§J ~Z{dÊ`mMr nÕV -





KQ>HŸŸ

àXyfUmMo n[aUm_ - {MÌcoIZ

àXyfU

1 Vm{gH$m

nÕVr{MÌcoIZ

{MÌ / Ñí`, dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

46

_mM©

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm \$ù`mdarc / H$mJXmdarc àXyfUmMo Ñí` XmIdmdo d Ë`mMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z EImXr H$Wm / {Z~§Y / H${dVm {chm`bm gm§Jmdr. AWdm `m {MÌmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z {OVHo$ àíZ gwMVrc {VVHo$ àíZ {chm`cm gm§Jmdo.

u `mgmR>r 15 Vo 20 {_{ZQ>o X²`mdrV d Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr _wcm§Zm Ë`m§Mr H$Wm / {Z~§Y / H${dVm àíZ dmMm`bm bmdmdo.

u Amnë`m JmdmV ho {MÌ {XgVo H$m ? Ago {dMmê$Z Ë`mda MMm© H$amdr.u ñWm{ZH dV©_mZnÌmVrb àXyfUm~m~VÀ`m ~mVå`m, {MÌo CncãY

Agë`mg Ë`mdaXoIrb MMm© H$amdr.

u

`m CnH«$_mgmR>r ~Z{dcoco {MÌ dJm©V AmUmdo. VgoM nwTo> >{Xcocr {MÌo {MÌH$coÀ`m {ejH$mH$Sy>Z `m Vm{gHo$À`m AmYr \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z ¿`mdrV.

u CncãY Agë`mg {ejH$mZo ñWm{ZH dV©_mZ- nÌmVrb àXyfUm~m~VÀ`m ~mVå`m, {MÌo O_m H$amdrV.

{ejH$mZo nwpñVH$m 1 _Yrc "àXyfUmMo n[aUm_'

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


C{Ôïu _wcm§Zm àXyfUmÀ`m

n[aUm_m§Mm A§XmO ̀ oUo.u _wcm§Mr {ZarjUj_Vm dmT>Uo.

KQ>HŸŸ

JmdmV gmOao hmoUmao gU d àXyfU

àXyfU

1 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrMMm©

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

u {ejH$mcm Jmdm_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmda gmOè`m hmoUmè`m gUm§Mr _m{hVr Agmdr.

u ho gU AmVm H$em àH$mao gmOao Ho$co OmVmV Am{U AmYr H$em àH$mao gmOao Ho$co Om`Mo ̀ mMr _m{hVr {ejH$mZo {_idmdr.

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JmdmV gmOè`m hmoUmè`m _w»` gUm§Mr Zmdo {dMmamdrV d gUm§Mr ̀ mXr \$ù`mda {chÿZ H$mT>mdr.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm ho gU H$go gmOao Ho$co OmVmV Vo {dMmamdo. {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda `mXrÀ`m nwT>o EH$ Vº$ V`ma H$amdm d Ë`mV gU gmOam H$aÊ`mMr nÕV {chmdr. CXmhaUmW© -

u H$mT>cocm Vº$m nyU© Pmcm H$s Ë`m VŠË`m_Üò "nydu gU H$gm gmOam H$am`Mo' Agm AmUIrZ EH$ aH$mZm dmT>dmdm.

u AmVm _wcm§Zm {dMmamdo H$s ho gU AmVm Ogo gmOao Ho$co OmVmV VgoM AmYrnmgyZ Ho$co OmV AgVrc H$m? `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm KamVrc / JmdmVrc d`ñH$a _§S>iter ~mocyZ, {chÿZ AmUcocr _m{hVr ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. `mdê$Z àËòH$ gUmMr nyduMr nÕV aH$mÝ`mV {chmdr.

u `m XmoÝhr nÕVrVrc \$aH$ _wcm§Zm {dMmamdm. Ë`mVrc _wX²X`m§da MMm© H$amdr, H$moUË`m nÕVrV àXyfU hmoV Amho Vo {dMmamdo d nyduMr nÕV n`m©daUmg hmZrH$maH$ ZìhVr ho ñnï> H$ê$Z gm§Jmdo.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo hm Vº$m _wcm§Zm dhr_Üò {chm`cm gm§Jmdm.

gU gmOam H$aÊ`mMr AmËVmMr nX²YV

47

CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar{ejH$mZo CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr _wcm§Zm KamVrc / JmdmVrc d{S>bYmè`m _§S>iter ~mocyZ "JmdmV gmOao hmoUmao gU, Vo nydu H$go gmOao H$am`Mo' `mMr _m{hVr {dMmê$Z dhrV Zm|X H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

u Amnë`m JmdmV gmOao hmoUmao gU d Ë`m§Mm àXyfUmer Agcocm g§~§Y ̀ mMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

u gU gmOao H$aÊ`mMr nma§n[aH$ VWm n`m©daUnyaH$ nÕV g_OUo.

C{Ôï

_mM©

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


CXmhaUmW©JUoemoËgd

- ßbmñQ>a Am°\$ n°[agMm JUnVr- W_mo©H$mob, ßbmpñQ>H$ dmnê$Z Amamg- H$a_UwH$sH$aVm bmD$S>ñnrH$a, qhXr {gZo_m§Mr JmUr BË`mXr.- ßbmpñQ>H$ ßboQ>

- _mVrMm JUnVr- _mVr, H$mJX, \w$bo dmnê$Z Amamg- H$a_UwH$sH$aVm H$sV©Z, ZmQ>H$, nWZmQ²` BË`mXr.- PmS>m§À`m nmZm§nmgyZ ~Zdboë`m nÌmditMm dmna

gU gmOam H$aÊ`mMrAmËVmMr nX²YV nydu H$gm gmOam H$am`Mo

KQ>HŸŸ

{dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ - ̂ mJ 2

àXyfU

1 Vm{gH$m

{ejH$mZo {d{dY Jmoï>tÀ`m {dKQ>ZmgmR>r bmJUmè`m H$mbmdYr~m~V nwT>o {Xbobr A{YH$ _m{hVr dmMmdr.

nÕVrMMm©, à`moJ

Iwanr, dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

H¥ŸVr

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

u {ejH$mZo _wbm§er "{dKQ>ZmMm à`moJ-^mJ 1' `m CnH«$_mV Ho$boë`m à`moJm{df`r MMm© H$amdr. Ë`m{Xder H$m` H$m` Ho$bo hmoVo Vo {dMmamdo.

u `m§ZVa _wbm§Zm _¡XmZmV {OWo à`moJ Ho$bm Amho {VWo KoD$Z Omdo. Á`m IS²>S>çm§_Ü`o ßbmpñQ>H$ {nedr, H$mJXmMo VwH$So> Am{U Amobm H$Mam `m Jmoï>r Q>mH$ë`m hmoË`m Vo IÈo> 2 Vo 3 _wbm§Zm naV IUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u AmVm gd© _wbm§Zm ̀ m {VÝhr IS²>S>çmV H$m` H$m` Amho Vo ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. ßbmpñQ>H$ {nedr, H$mJXmMo VwH$So> Am{U Amobm H$Mam `mn¡H$s H$m` H$m` {XgVo Amho Vo ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. {ZarjUmMr Zm|X _wbm§Zm dhr_Ü`o KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdr.

u `m {ZarjUm§da {ejH$mZo MMm© H$amdr. Amobm H$Mam, H$mJX ho bdH$a Hw$OVmV Va ßbmpñQ>H$ {nedr Iyn {Xdg VerM amhVo `m_mJo H$m` H$maU Agy eHo$b Ago gyMH$ àíZ {dMmê$Z _wbm§Zm {dKQ>Z hmoUmao d {dKQ>Z Z hmoUmao nXmW© ̀ mda A{YH$ _m{hVr X²`mdr.

48

àXyfH$m§À`m {dKQ>Zmbm {H$Vrdoi bmJVmo ho _wbm§Zm g_OUo.

C{Ôï

_mM©

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm


{dKQ>ZmgmR>r cmJUmam doi -

(g§X^© : "OmoSy>`m ZmV§ {ZgJm©er', S>m°. A{OV OJVmn)

H$mMoMr dñVy/~mQ>cr

ßcmpñQ>H$ {nedr

Aë`w{_{Z`_

Q>rZMm S>~m (noßgr, Wåg An H°$Z)

Mm_S>r dñVy/boXa

cmHy$S>

cmoH$arMo _moOo

H$mnS>r dñVy

H$mJX, H$mJXmMr {nedr

Ho$irMo gmc

dñVy {dKQ>ZmgmR>r cmJUmam doi

_mhrV Zmhr

700-1000 dfo©

200-500 dfo©

50-100 dfo©

40 Vo 50 dfo©

10 Vo 15 dfo©

1 df©

5 _{hZo

1 _{hZm

3 Vo 4 AmR>dS>o

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


H$Mè`mVyZ H$cm

H¥ŸVru {ejH$mZo 5 Vo 6 _wcm§Mm EH$ Ago _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV.u àËòH$ JQ>mcm gm{hË` Úmdo.u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ {nedr ~Z{dÊ`mg {eH$dmdo d àËòH$

JQ>mVrc gd© _wcm§Zm EH$ EH$ {nedr ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdo. `mV {ejH$mZo _XV H$amdr.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm `m H$mJXr {neì`m XaamoOÀ`m H$m_mgmRr dmnaÊ`mg gwMdmdo.

u `m V`ma Ho$coë`m {neì`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z AWdm OwÝ`m H$mJXr {neì`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _wcm§Zm "H$R>nwVcr' XoIrc ~Z{dVm òB©c Ago gm§Jmdo. `mgmR>r H$mJX, a§J, ~«e dmnê$Z doJdoJù`m àmUr / nú`mMo Mohao a§J{dVm òVrc. ̀ mMr nÕVr {ejH$mZo gm§Jmdr, nwT>rc {MÌ XmIdmdo.

u _wcm§Zr V`ma Ho$coë`m H$mJXr H$R>nwVë`m§Mm dmna "Zm{Q>Ho$'gmR>r H$ê$ eH$Vmo Ago {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm gwMdmdo.

u `mMo \$m`Xo H$m` `mda MMm© H$amdr. CXmhaUmW© - dV©_mZnÌ {nedr dmnaë`mg ßbmpñQ>H$ {nedrMm dmna H$_r hmoB©b, H$mJXr H$R>nwVë`m dmnaë`mg Hw$R>bmhr IM© Z H$aVm N>mZ IoiUo V`ma hmoB©b.

u dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ '{nedr' d H$mJXr {nedrnmgyZ 'H$R>nwVbr' ~Z{dÊ`mMr nwT>rb nmZm§da {Xbr Amho.H¥$Vr

49

1 Vm{gH$m


u nwT>o {Xbobr OwÝ`m dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ {nedr ~Z{dÊ`mMr nÕV {ejH$mZo ~KyZ R>odmdr.

u emioVrc OwZo dV©_mZnÌ O_m H$ê$Z R>odmdo.u _wcm§Zmhr OwZr dV©_mZnÌo, OwÝ`m dhrMm nwÇ>m,

OwÝ`m dhrMo H$mJX, a§JrV ISy> Am{U dmnacoë`m H$mJXr {neì`m AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmì`m.

u CnH«$_mXaå`mZ Ii, Q>mMÊ`m, gwVù`m dmnamì`mV Am{U {MH$Q>nÅr, \o${dH$m°b, ñQo>nba `m dñVy eŠ`Vmo Q>mimì`mV.

nÕVrhmVrH$m_, H$cm

OwZo dV©_mZnÌ, a§J, a§JdÊ`mgmR>r ~«e, a§JrV ISy>, qS>H$ ( , gwVir, dmnacoë`m H$mJXr {neì`m, OwÝ`m dhrMm nwÇ>m, OwÝ`m dhrMo H$mJX,

noZ, H$mÌr, qH$dm Ii)

\w$Q>nÅ>r.

gm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

_mM©

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

u H$Mè`mVyZXoIrc {d{dY Cn`wº$ Jmoï>r V`ma H$aVm òD$ eH$VmV ho _wcm§Zm g_OUo.

u _wcm§Mr H$cmË_H$Vm dmT>dUo.

C{Ôï

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ {nedr ~Z{dÊ`mMr H¥$Vr

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

dV©_mZnÌmMr KS>r (gmo~VÀ`m AmH¥$VrV XmIdë`mZwgma) R>od>mdr.

ho dV©_mZnÌ AmS>do R>odyZ Ë`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy _Ü`^mJr EH$_oH$m§da (gmYmaU 1 B§M ^mJ) KoD$Z, XmoÝhr H$S>m§Zm H$mJXmbm KS>çm nmS>mì`mV. _Ü`^mJr EH$_oH$m§da Ambobo H$mJX qS>H$ / Ii dmnê$Z {MH$Q>dmdo.

`m§ZVa AmH¥$VrV XmIdë`mZwgma H$mJXmMr EH$m ~mOyMr H$S>m AmV 1 B§Mmda Xþ_S>mdr, {VWo KS>r nmSy>Z ¿`mdr. hr KS>r nwÝhm CKSy>Z {VMr H$S>m AmV Kmbmdr. AmYr nS>boë`m KS>çm§À`m aofodaM nwÝhm KS>r ̀ oB©b Ago ~Kmdo. hrM H¥$Vr H$mJXmÀ`m Xþgè`m ~mOybmhr H$amdr.

AmVm `m V`ma Pmboë`m {nedrgma»`m ^mJmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyMm H$mJX 2 B§M da KoD$Z Xþ_S>mdm d qS>H$mZo / Ii dmnê$Z {MH$Q>dmdm.

`m {nedrÀ`m darb ~mOyg {N>Ðo nmSy>Z Ë`mV gwVirMo N>moQ>o VwH$So> AS>H$dyZ {nedrMo ~§X V`ma H$amdoV. {nedrÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmV N>moQ>m nwÇ>m Q>mHy$Z {nedrMm ~wS>mMm ^mJ ì`dpñWV gai H$amdm.


3

1. dV©_mZnÌmnmgyZ ~Z{dbobr N>moQ>r {nedr KoD$Z, {VÀ`m _mnmMm EH$ nwÇ>m H$mnyZ ¿`mdm.

2. nwR²>R>çmMr _Ü`^mJr KS>r KmbyZ Vmo {nedrÀ`m VimMr ~mOy da H$ê$Z {VWo {MH$Q>dmdm.

3. `m nwR²>R>çmbm `mo½` Vmo AmH$ma (àmÊ`mMm / nú`mMm Moham) XoD$Z Ë`mda a§JrV H$mJX {MH$Q>dmdm.

4. AmVm `m {nedrda d nwR²>R>çmda a§JrV H$mJX, a§J, a§JrV noZ / nopÝgbr `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z hì`m Ë`m àmÊ`mMm / nú`mMm Moham H$mT>mdm.

5. `m {nedrV hmV KmbyZ ho Mohao hbdVm `oVrb, "H$R>nwVbr' åhUyZ dmnaVm ̀ oVrb.

H$mJXr {nedrnmgyZ "H$R>nwVë`m' ~Z{dUo

4

1 2


KQ>HŸŸ

nO©Ý`_mZ d O{_ZrMo Vmn_mZ `m§Mm AmcoI

nmUr d _mVr

1 Vm{gH$m

nÕVrAmcoI, MMm©

AmcoI H$mJX, dhr, noZ, nÅ>r, _wcm§Zr ~Z{dcocm nO©Ý`_mnZmMm d O{_Zr n_mZ Zmo§XUrMm Vº$m

À`m Vm

gm{hË`

CnH«$_mMr nyd©V`mar

H¥ŸVr1. nO©Ý`_mZ AmcoI

u _wcm§Zr ~Z{dcocm nO©Ý`_mnZmMm Vº$m g_moa R>odyZ _wcm§Zm Ë`mVrc _{hÝ`mÀ`m nmdgmMr ~oarO H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdr. `mgmR>r {ejH$mZo Ë`m§Zm _XV H$amdr.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm Imcrcà_mUo Vº$m ~Z{dÊ`mg gm§Jmdm, {ejH$mZo hm Vº$m \$ù`mda H$mTy>Z ̂ amdm.

u `mZ§Va _wcm§Zm AmcoI H$mJX XoD$Z, `m VŠË`mÀ`m AmYmao "nO©Ý`_mnZmMm' AmcoI H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdm. AmcoI H$mJXmda AmS>ì`m "j' ~mOycm "_{hZo' d Cä`m "`' ~mOyg "nmD$g' Ago {chÿZ _J AmcoI H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdo. ̀ m H$m_mV {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm _XV H$amdr. {ejH$mZohr EH$sH$S>o \$ù`mda AmcoI H$mT>mdm.

u AmcoI H$mTy>Z Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm AmcoImda àíZ V`ma H$am`bm gm§Jmdo. ̀ mV {ejH$mZo JaO dmQ>ë`mg _wcm§Zm _XV H$amdr.

u `mZ§Va {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Imbrbà_mUo àíZ {dMmamdoV d MMm© H$amdr.df©âmV H$moaS>o {Xdg {H$Vr?EHy$U Amoco {Xdg {H$Vr?H$moaS>o {Xdg Vo Amoco {Xdg ̀ m§À`mVco à_mU H$go Amho?ho à_mU JmdmÀ`m hdm_mZmZwgma ̀ mo½` Amho H$s A`mo½`?ho nO©Ý`à_mU {nH$m§H$aVm ̀ mo½` H$s A`mo½`?Vwåhr O_m Ho$boë`m _m{hVrVrb, dS>rbYmè`m cmoH$m§À`m AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmao nyduMm d AmÎmmMm nmD$g ̀ mV H$mhr VwcZm H$aVm ̀ oVo Amho H$m ?

2. Vmn_mZ AmcoI

u hm AmboI H$mT>VmZm _wbm§Zr Vmn_mZ Zm|XrÀ`m doir Ogo JQ> Ho$bo hmoVo VgoM JQ> H$ê$Z AmboI H$mT>Ê`mg ~gmdo Aer gyMZm {ejH$mZo X²`mdr.

u _wbm§Zr ~Z{dbobm O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZ Zm|XUrMm VŠVm g_moa R>odyZ _wbm§Zm Ë`mVrb Zm|Xr ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmì`mV.

—

—

—

—

—

—

_{hZm EHy$U nmD$g (g|._r. qH$dm B§M)

OyZ

Owc¡

u `m CnH«$_mÀ`m AmYr _wcm§Zm JmdmVrc dS>rbYmè`m _mUgm§er Imcrc Jmoï>tda MMm© H$ê$Z dhrV _m{hVr {chÿZ AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.— nydu nmD$g df©âmV H$gm H$gm nS>V Ago?

H$moUË`m _{hÝ`mV OmñV nS>m`Mm? {Z`{_V hmoVm H$s A{Z`{_V? eoVrH$aVm ̀ mo½` hmoVm H$s A`mo½`?

u CnH«$_ 1 _Yrc nO©Ý`_mnZmMm Vº$m d CnH«$_ 2 _Yrc O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZ Zmo§XUrMm Vº$m _wcm§Zm `m Vm{gHo$g AmUÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

C{Ôïu df©âmV nO©Ý`_mZ H$go

~XcVo Vo _wcm§Zm g_OUo.u O{_Zr n_mZm df©âmV H$go

~Xc hmoVmV Vo g_OUo.À`m Vm V

_mM©

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

50

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


u AmboI H$mTy>Z Pmë`mda {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm AmboImda àíZ V`ma H$aÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

u `m§ZVa _wbm§Zm H$mhr gyMH$ àíZ {dMmê$Z MMm© H$amdr, Vmn_mZmMm AmboI nmhÿZ H$m` H$m` g_OVo

Amho? gJù`mV OmñV Vmn_mZ H$moUË`m _{hÝ`mV Amho? {hdmim, nmdgmim, CÝhmim `m F$Vy§Zwgma O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV H$mhr \$aH$ {XgVmo Amho H$m?

u `m§ZVa _wbm§Zm BVa JQ>m§Mohr AmboI ~KÊ`mg gm§Jmdo d doJdoJù`m OmJodarb O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV H$mhr \$aH$ {XgVmo Amho H$m? hm \$aH$ H$em_wio Agob? Aem àíZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo MMm© H$amdr.

CXmhaUmW© -

u `mZ§Va _wbm§Zm AmboI H$mJX XoD$Z `m VŠË`mÀ`m AmYmao "O{_ZrÀ`m Vmn_mZmMm' AmboI H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdm. AmboI H$mJXmda AmS>ì`m ~mOybm "_{hZo' d Cä`m ~mOyg "Vmn_mZ ({S>J«r gopëgAg)' Ago {bhÿZ _J AmboI H$mT>Ê`mg gm§Jmdm. `m H$m_mV {ejH$mZo _wbm§Zm _XV H$amdr. {ejH$mZohr EH$sH$So> \$ù`mda H$moUË`mhr EH$m JQ>mÀ`m Zm|XrZwgma AmboI H$mT>mdm.

OyZ

Owc¡

emioVë`m _¡XmZmVrcO_rZ

_{hZm

añË`mH$S>oÀ`m PmS>mImcrcO_rZ

eoVmVrc/emioÀ`m ~mJoVrc O_rZ

Vmn_mZ ({S>J«r gopëgAg_Ü`o)

nwUo {Oëô`mMm 2013 `m dfm©Vbm nO©Ý`_mnZmMm AmboI (g§X^© - ̂ maV _m¡g_ {dkmZ {d^mJmMo g§H$oVñWi)

gamg

ar nO

©Ý`_m

Z ({

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400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

OmZ

odmar

\o$~Œwd

mar

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0.5 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.8

293.4

397.2

128.8

233.3

32.2 13.65.4

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Zm{Q>H$m

H¥ŸVru {ejH$mZo _wbm§Mo àËòH$s 5 Vo 7 _wbo Agbobo JQ> V`ma H$amdoV d àËòH$

JQ>mZo ñdV§Ì Zm{Q>H$m gmXa H$am`Mr Amho ho gm§Jmdo.u {ejH$mZo Imcr {Xcocr "Jmoï>rMr' gww dmV _wcm§Zm dmMyZ XmIdmdr.

Jmoï>rMr gww dmV dmMyZ XmIdë`mda, Ë`mVco nwT>rc g§dmX _wcm§ZrM {c{hUo Ano{jV Amho ho _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

u Jmoï>rV Amcoco gd© KQ>H$ _wcm§À`m g§dmXmV òUo Amdí`H$ Amho, Ago {ejH$mZo gwMdmdo.

u "Jmoï>rMr' gw dmV Imcrcà_mUo...

u nwT>rc g§dmXm_Üò, gwédmVrcm ZXr _wcm§Zm H$m` H$m` g_ñ`m gm§JVo Am{U Z§Va hr _wco H$nS>o YwUmè`m ~m`H$m, XrnH$Mm XmXm Am{U _ZyMm H$mH$m `m§À`mer OmD$Z H$m` g§dmX H$aVmV `mda AmYm[aV hr Zm{Q>H$m V`ma H$aÊ`mg _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo.

éé

é

è, _Zw, aoIm Am{U XrnH$ {\$aVm {\$aVm ZXrH$mR>r OmD$Z nmoMbo. {VWo Joë`mda Ë`m§Zm {XgUmao Ñí` IaoVa ZdrZ ZìhVo. XmoZ ~m`H$m ZXrda H$nS>o YyV hmoË`m, VrZ nwéf A§Kmoi H$aV hmoVo, _ZwMm H$mH$m {VWo åhetZm A§Kmoi KmcV hmoVm Am{U XrnH$Mm XmXm Ë`mMr _moQ>magm`H$c YyV hmoVm.

AMmZH$ H$moUrVar øm Mm¡Km§Zm (åhUOo è, _Zy, aoIm Am{U XrnH$cm) "ewH$ ewH$' Ago Ho$co. XmoZ - VrZ doiocm Ago Pmë`mda Mm¡Km§Zr ZrQ> ~{KVco Va M¸$ "ZXr' Ë`m§À`mer ~mocV hmoVr. hr ZXr gJù`m _mUgm§À`m dmJUwH$scm H§$Q>micr hmoVr Am{U AJXr hVme Pmcr hmoVr. ZXr {VÀ`m gJù`m g_ñ`m øm Mm¡Km§Zm gm§Jy bmJbr. Ë`m gd© g_ñ`m EoHy$Z `m _wcm§Zr R>adbo H$s AmVm VoM gJio, ZXrda Amcoë`m cmoH$m§er MMm© H$aVrc Am{U ZXrÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVrc. Ago R>adyZ aoImZo Am{U _ZyZo Ë`m H$nS>o YwUmè`m XmoZ ~m`H$m§er OmD$Z ~mocm`Mo R>adbo. ̀ eZo Am{U XrnH$Zo _ZyÀ`m H$mH$mer Am{U XrnH$À`m XmXmer OmD$Z ~mocm`Mo R>adbo.

_wcm§Mr {dMma H$aÊ`mMr,g§dmXcoIZmMr, {Z`moOZmMr Am{U g§KmV H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>dUo.

C{Ôï

2 Vm{gH$m

u _wcm§Zm g§dmX {chm`cm 1 Vm{gH$m Am{U Zm{Q>Ho$À`m ñdê$nmV V`mar H$ê$Z gmXa H$am`cm Xwgar Vm{gH$m, Aem 2 Vm{gH$m§_Üò hm CnH«$_ KoÊ`mV ̀ mdm.

u `m Zm{Q>Ho$Mm H$mcmdYr gmYmaU 5-6 {_{ZQo> Agbm Var MmbUma Amho.

nÕVrg§dmXcoIZ, ZmQ>H$ gmXarH$aU

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

_mM©

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi


AmT>mdm 2

H¥ŸVru {ejH$mZo Imcr {Xcoco àíZ, àíZ_§OwfoÀ`m ñdê$nmV KoUo Ano{jV Amho.u {ejH$mZo 6 Vo 7 _wcm§Mm EH$ JQ> Ago dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mo JQ> H$amdoV.u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm JQ>mà_mUo ~gyZ ¿`m`cm gm§Jmdo d àËòH$ JQ>mMo EH$ Zmd

R>adÊ`mg _wcm§Zm gm§Jmdo. `mgmR>r {ZgJm©Vrc KQ>H$m§Mr Zmdo XoVm òVrc. CXmhaUmW© - "H$m§MZ', "nig', "Am§~m', "Om§^yi', "h[aU', "dmK', "Jdm' BË`mXr.

u àíZ_§OwfoH$aVm Amdí`H$ Vo {Z`_ {ejH$mZo R>admdo.u {ejH$mZo \$ù`mda JwU {c{hÊ`mgmR>r JQ>m§À`m Zmdmà_mUo Vº$m ~Zdmdm.

"MyH$ - ~amo~a', [aH$må`m OmJm âm', "EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao X²`m' - Aem àíZm§Zm 1 JwU Am{U "dU©Z H$am' nÕVrÀ`m àíZm§Zm 2 JwU ÚmdoV.

u {ejH$mZo _wcm§Zm Imcrcà_mUo àíZ {dMmamdoV -nO©Ý`_mnZmÀ`m AmcoImV H$moUË`m _{hÝ`m§_Üò nmD$g A{O~mV ZìhVm?Jmdm_Üò JUoemoËgdmV JUnVrMr _yVu nydu H$emnmgyZ ~Zdm`Mo?nmdgmù`mVë`m ZXr_Üò Am{U OmZodmar _{hÝ`mVë`m ZXrÀ`m ghcr_Üò {Xgcoco H$moUVohr VrZ \$aH$ gm§Jm.OmZodmarVë`m ZXrÀ`m ghcrV {Xgcoë`m VrZ nú`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.Vw_À`m JmdmVë`m qH$dm JmdmOdiÀ`m ZXrMo qH$dm AmoT>çmMo Zmd gm§Jm."njr' ̀ m àmUrJQ>mMr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.nú`m§À`m n§ImImbr hdoÀ`m {neì`m AgVmV. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?nú`m§À`m nwT>À`m nm`mMo ê$nm§Va n§Im§_Üò Pmco Amho. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?_mUyg "newnmcZ' H$m H$am`cm cmJcm?dQ>dmKyi, H$mdim, H$mo{H$im, ~XH$ ̀ mn¡H$s H$m` doJio Amho Vo gm§Jm. H$m Vo gm§Jm.\$i~mJ/dmS>r ̀ m n[ag§ñWo_Üò Amnë`mcm H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$ {Xgco?Amnë`m Jmdmcm nmUr Hw$Ry>Z {_iVo?Amnë`m JmdmOdi H$moUVo YaU Amho / ZXr Amho?njr-{ZarjUmÀ`m CnH«$_mV H$moUVo H$moUVo njr {Xgco?njr-{ZarjUmÀ`m CnH«$_mV H$moUË`m PmS>mda gJù`mV OmñV njr {Xgco?njr-{ZarjUmgmR>r Vwåhr H$m` gm{hË` dmnaco?H$moUË`mhr XmoZ nú`m§Mo dU©Z H$am.H$moUË`m dñVy§Mo {dKQ>Z {ZgJm©_Üò hmoVo?H$moUË`m dñVy§Mo {dKQ>Z {ZgJm©_Üò hmoV Zmhr?"ñdÀN>Vm {_Ì' åhUOo H$moU?

— W§S> àXoem_Yë`m Kam§Mo dU©Z H$am.

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C{Ôï_wcm§Zr AmYr Ho$coë`m CnH«$_m§Mr COiUr H$aUo.

1 Vm{gH$m

u Imcr {Xcoë`m àíZm§_YyZ d AmYr Pmcoë`m CnH«$_m§À`m AmYmao ñdV: H$mhr àíZ V`ma H$ê$Z àíZm§Mr ̀ mXr àíZ_§OwfogmR>r V`ma R>odmdr.

u {ejH$mZo {Zå_m doi _wcm§Zr V`ma Ho$coë`m àíZ_§OwfogmR>r X²`mdm. ̀ m_Üò _wcm§Zr {H$Vr àíZ H$mT>bo ho _hËËdmMo ZgyZ nŒ{HŒ$`m d _wcm§Mm gh^mJ _hËËdmMm Amho.

u AmT>mdm H¥$VrV _wbm§Zr AZwnpñWV amhÿ Zò `mMr {ejH$mZo H$miOr ¿`mdr.

nÕVràíZ_§Oyfm

dhr, noZ

gm{hË`

{ejH$m§gmR>r gyMZm

_mM©

CnH«$_mMm _[hZm

52

CnH«$_mgmR>r doi



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— AmnU

—

— Iyn nmD$g nS>Umè`m àXoem_Yë`m Kam§Mo dU©Z H$am.— Amnë`m Jmdm_Yë`m Kam§Mo dU©Z H$am.

Amnë`m AmOy~mOycm {XgUmè`m H$moUË`mhr VrZ ñdÀN>Vm {_Ì àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm."H$Mè`mVyZ H$cm' `m CnH«$_mV AmnU H$moUH$moUË`m ZdrZ Jmoï>r V`ma Ho$ë`m d H$emnmgyZ?H$moUË`m dZñnVtnmgyZ AmnU a§J V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vmo? VrZ Zmdo gm§Jm.~mOmanoR>oV Amnë`mcm {H$Vr àH$maÀ`m {~`mUm§Mo àH$ma {Xgco?H$mhr JmdamZ {~`mUm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.Amnë`m JmdmVë`m Kam§gmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m H$ÀÀ`m _mcmMr Zmdo gm§Jm.

H$moU-H$moUVm àH$maÀ`m Kam§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm? H$moUË`mhr VrZ àH$maÀ`m Kam§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm."_gmco' XoUmè`m H$moUË`mhr VrZ PmS>m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.

— D$Om©gmYZm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.— ZyVZrH$aU-j_ D$Om©gmYZm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.— ZyVZrH$aU-Aj_ D$Om©gmYZm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.— eoVmV gmnS>Umè`m H$moUË`mhr Mma àmÊ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.— gmn eoVH$è`mMm {_Ì Amho. `mMo ñnï>rH$aU Mma dmŠ`mV

gm§Jm.— njr eoVH$è`mMo {_Ì Amho. `mMo ñnï>rH$aU Mma dmŠ`mV

gm§Jm.— amgm`{ZH$ eoVr H$aÊ`mMo Mma VmoQ>o gm§Jm.— g|{Ð` eoVr H$aÊ`mMo Mma \$m`Xo gm§Jm.— AmdmOmÀ`m àXyfUmMo Mma VmoQ>o gm§Jm.— hdoVco àXyfU H$go Q>miVm ̀ oD$ eH$Vo Vo gm§Jm.— ßbmpñQ>H$À`m {neì`m nmÊ`mV \o$H$ë`m_wio nmÊ`mVco _mgo

d BVa Ord _aVmV. MyH$ H$s ~amo~a?u `m§ZVa {ejH$mZo _wbm§ZmM JQ>m-JQ>mV àíZ H$mT>Ê`mg d

EHo$H$m JQ>mZo nwT>o ̀ oD$Z àíZ_§Oyfm KoÊ`mg gm§Jmdo.

g§X^©gm{hË` ̀ mXr ({ejH$ d {dX`mWu ̀ m§À`m Adm§Va dmMZmgmR>r)

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(" Ago {MÝh Agbobr nwñVHo$ {deofH$ê$Z _wbm§gmR>r AmhoV.)

{ZgJ© Am{U _mUyg, àH$me Jmoio, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo

amZdm, àH$me Jmoio, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo

{ZgJm©À`m "Amem'dmQ>m, àH$me Jmoio, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo

H$Wm H$moH$U {H$Zmè`mMr, àH$me Jmoio, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo

n`m©`r ObZrVr, àH$me Jmoio, BH$m°bm°OrH$b gmogm`Q>r, nwUo

AW©{dMma, AW©ì`dhma-gdmªgmR>r, àH$me Jmoio, BH$m°bm°OrH$b gmogm`Q>r, nwUo

dmñVd, àH$me Jmoio, BH$m°bm°OrH$b gmogm`Q>r, nwUo

Amnbo d¥j ̂ mJ-1, àm. lr. X. _hmOZ, àH$meH$-ZoMa dm°H$, nwUo

Xoer d¥j (Amnbo d¥j-^mJ 2), àm. lr. X. _hmOZ, àH$meH$-ZoMa dm°H$, nwUo

{dXoer d¥j, àm. lr. X. _hmOZ, S>m°. namJ _hmOZ, XrnH$ àH$meZ, nwUo

gå`H$ {dH$mg, {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uu, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo

{ZgJm©`Z, {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uu, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo

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X¡Z§{XZ n`m©daU, {Xbrn Hw$bH$Uu, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo

XoU§ {ZgJm©M§-ajU Amamo½`mM§, d¡Úm nm¡{U©_m Hw$bH$Uu, g§VwbZ àH$meZ, Hw$S>mdio, Vm.Xmnmobr, {O.

aËZm{Jar

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`jnwîno-Am°{H©$S²g, S>m°. ho_m gmZo, àm. _§Xma XmVma, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo

njr-Amnbo g»Io eoOmar, {H$aU nwa§Xao, Á`moËñZm àH$meZ, nwUo

njr-nmUWirVbo, {H$aU nwa§Xao, Á`moËñZm àH$meZ, nwUo

XmoñVr H$ê$`m nú`m§er, {H$aU nwa§Xao, n`m©daU {ejU H|$Ð, nwUo

gmn, {Zbr_Hw$_ma I¡ao, Á`moËñZm àH$meZ, nwUo

emioMr O¡d{d{dYVm Zm|Xdhr-_mJ©Xe©H$ nwpñVH$m, Y_©amO nmQ>rb, {Jare OR>ma, amOoe aOH$,

dm°Q>aeoS> Am°J©Zm`PoeZ Q´>ñQ> ( ) nwUo,

"gømÐr-{ZgJm©Mm AZ_mob R>odm', ny{U©_m \$S>Ho$ Am{U e{_©bm Xod, H$ënd¥j (nwUo), àH$meH$ -

gH$mi nong© àm. {b. (2014)

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WOTR , (www.wotr.org)


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{ZgJ© _mJ©Xe©H$, {ejH$m§gmR>r n`m©daU nwpñVH$m, ~m°å~o Z°Mab {hñQ—>r gmogm`Q>r

aMZmdmXr {ejU, a_oe nmZgo, J«m__§Jb, nwUo

{Zio AmH$me, {hadr PmSo>, H$mir _mVr - J«m__§JbMo embo` ̂ mfm{ejU, a_oe nmZgo, J«m__§Jb, nwUo

VmoÎmmoMmZ, VoËgwH$mo Hw$amo`mZmJr, AZwdmX-MoVZm gaXoe_wI Jmogmdr, Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, B§{S>`m; Zdr

{X„r

npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb gaSo>, nmbr Am{U C^`Ma ̀ m§Mo AmoiI-nwñVH$, {ddoH$ Jm¡a ~«y_ d g§O` gm|Yr,

H$ënd¥j, nwUo

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Zdr {X„r

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^maVmVrb g§H$Q>J«ñV àmUr Am{U Ë`m§Mo g§ajU, Eg. E_. Zmà, AZwdmX-gwhm{gZr A{¾hmoÌr,

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Amnë`m Cn`moJmMr PmSo>, Ho$.Eg.eoIaZ, AZwdmX-e{_©bm H$maImZrg, Zohê$ ~mb nwñVH$mb`,

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Amnë`m ZÚm§Mr H$hmUr, brbm _wOw_Xma, AZwdmX-_mo. J. Vnñdr, Zohê$ ~mb nwñVH$mb`, Z°eZb


dZmMo ûbmo , hf© naMwao


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{X„r

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nwñVH$mb`, Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, B§{S>`m; Zdr {X„r

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Zdr {X„r

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Zdr {X„r

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Q´>ñQ>, B§{S>`m; Zdr {X„r

d¥jd„r, E.nr.gr.nr Am{U EZ.~r.Q>r., AZwdmX-H${dVm Omoer, Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, B§{S>`m; Zdr {X„r

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OrdZmMo MH«$, VmÝ`m _O_wXma, H$ënd¥j, nwUo



Fishes, Mary Chandy, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Insects, M. S. Mani, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

The ailing forests of India, C.K.Karunakaran, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

The Monsoons, P.K.Das, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Among tigers and tuskers, Ramesh Bedi, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Common Trees, H. Santapau, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

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qgMZmMr \$S> nÕVr, dg§Vamd R>mH$ao

_¡Ìr _Y_mí`m§er, S>m°. H$. H¥$. jragmJa, {ÛVr` Amd¥Îmr, 2014, Q>oŠZm° npãbHo$eZ, nwUo

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n`m©daUmMr H$Wm Am{U ì`Wm, S>m°. a{dH$m§V nmJZrg, àH$meH$-gm¡. gm{eH$bm CnmÜ`o, nwUo

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Back to Nature, B.K.Trehan, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Elephant: Lord of the Jungle, Ramesh Bedi, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

The Planet Earth, S.M.Mathur, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Amazing adaptations, Sukanya Datta, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Environmental Pollution, N. Manivasakam, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Primer on Characterising biodiversity, P.S.Ramkrishnan, National Book Trust of India,

New Delhi

Social life of Plants, Sukanya Datta, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Social life of Animals, Sukanya Datta, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi

Exploring the Biological World, Rohini Muthuswami, Sukanya Datta, National Book

Trust of India, New Delhi

The book of Indian Birds, Salim Ali, Bombay Natural History society

Common Indian wild flowers, Issac Kehimkar, Bombay Natural History society

The book of Indian Trees, K.C.Sahni, Bombay Natural History society

The environment education handbook, a teachers resource, Centre for Environment

Education, Ahmadabad

Joy of Learning, Centre for Environment Education, Ahmadabad

The beautiful world of butterflies, Centre for Environment Education, Ahmadabad

The book of Indian Butterflies, Issac Kehimkar, Bombay Natural History Society

Field guide to Marine Life of India, Deepak Apte

The book of Indian Animals, S.H.Prater, Bombay Natural History Society

The book of Indian Reptiles & Amphibians, J. C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History Society

& Oxford University Press

Field guide to Mangroves of Maharshtra, N. Vasudevan, Merwyn Fernandes,

Mangrove cell, Maharshtra Forest Department, Mumbai

Field guide to Indian Mammals, Vivek Menon, DK Delhi

The book of Indian Shells, Deepak Apte, Bombay Natural History Society

Flowers of Sahyadri, Shrikant Ingalhalikar, Corolla Publications, Pune

Further flowers of Sahyadri, Shrikant Ingalhalikar, Corolla Publications, Pune

Birds of the Indian Subcontinent, Richard Grimmett, Carol Inskipp & Tim Inskipp,

Oxford

Butterflies of Peninsular India, Krushnamegh Kunte, University Press

Textbook of Botany, First Year, B.Sc.

Textbook of Geology, First Year, B.Sc.

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n`m©daU{df`H$ nwñVHo$ d BVa _m{hVrgmR>r _hËdmMr g§Ho$VñWio -

http://www.ceeindia.org/cee/publications.html

http://bnhs.org/bnhs/

http://www.kalpavriksh.org/

http://www.wwfindia.org/news_facts/wwf_publications/

http://cere-india.org/publications/

http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/

http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/digilib/

www.grammangal.org

http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/publications

http://www.oikos.in/

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Fishes of India, B. F. Chhapgar, Oxford University Press & WWF India

Seashore life of India, B.F.Chhapgar, Oxford University Press & WWF India

Birds of Peninsular India, a pocket guide to 135 familiar birds, early bird and nature

conservation foundation (available at BNHS)

Trees of BNHS Reserve, a pocket field guide, BNHS and MMR Environment

Improvement society

Insects of BNHS Reserve, a pocket field guide, BNHS and MMR Environment

Improvement society

Butterflies of BNHS Reserve, a pocket field guide, BNHS and MMR Environment

Improvement society

Moths of BNHS BNHS Reserve, a pocket field guide, BNHS and MMR Environment

Improvement society

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hbHo$ \w$bHo$ {dkmZ, {ejH$-nwñVH$, B`Îmm Mm¡Wr, hmo_r ̂ m^m àmW{_H$ {dkmZ Aä`mgH«$_

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hbHo$ \w$bHo$ {dkmZ, nmR>çnwñVH$, B`Îmm Mm¡Wr, hmo_r ̂ m^m àmW{_H$ {dkmZ Aä`mgH«$_The book of Indian Birds, Salim Ali, Bombay Natural History society

Field guide to Indian Mammals, Vivek Menon, DK Delhi

Joy of Learning, Centre for Environment Education, Ahmadabad

Small Science, a series in Primary Science, Teacher's Book, Class 5, Developed by Homi

Bhabha Centre for Science Education, Published by Oxford University Press

Small Science, a series in Primary Science, Textbook, Class 5, Developed by Homi

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http://cere-india.org/publications/

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