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BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

AIAC-2014

First Africa-International Allelopathy Congress

ALLELOPATHY: LOOKING AHEAD

February, 6 – 9, 2014, Sousse - TUNISIA

I S Ac h o t t M é r i e m

Tunisian Society for Sustainable Agriculture

Agronomic Higher Institute of Chott-Mariem

Ministry of Higher

Education and Scientific

Research وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي

Tunisian Association for Sustainable Agriculture

Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariam

Graduate College of ISA-CM

Governorate of Sousse

I S Ac h o t t M é r i e m

Ministry of

Agriculture وزارة الفالحة

Sponsoring Institutions Ministry of Agriculture Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Sousse Agronomic Higher Institute Graduate College of ISA-CM Regional Center of Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture Technical Center of Organic Farming Research Unit “AGROBIODIVERSITE” Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte Institute of olive Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria Istituto Italiano di Cultura Tunisi Governorate of Sousse Sponsoring Company Adiegio Hermanos S.A (CIF A50024181)-DIV. Catsaigner Congress Convener Rabiaa Haouala (ISA-CM, University of Sousse) Organizing Committee Khemeis Abdellaoui (ISA-CM, Tunisia) Hamadi Boussetta (ISA-CM, Tunisia) Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB, Tunisia) Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB, Tunisia) Bouthaina Dridi-Al Mouhandes (ISA-CM, Tunisia) Rabiaa Haouala (ISA-CM) Sadok Kammoun (ISA-CM, Tunisia) Raja Kammoun (ISA-CM, Tunisia) Raoudha Khanfir –Ben Jenana(ISA-CM, Tunisia) Shamsher S. Narwal (Chief Editor Allelopathy Journal, India) Faten Omezzine (FSB) Afef Ladhari (FSB)

Scientific Committee Abdelhamid Boujelben (ISA-CM) Asma Laarif (CRRHAB) Bouthaina Dridi-Al Mouhandes (ISA-CM) Bouzid Nasraoui (INAT) Brahim Chermiti (ISA-CM) Chedly Abdelly (CBBC) Hamadi Boussetta (ISA-CM) Hayfa Jabnoun-Khiareddine (CRRHAB) Ibrahim S. Alsaadawi (Bagdad University, Iraq) Ikbal Chaieb (CRRHAB) Khemeis Abdellaoui (ISA-CM) Marina Della Greca (Università Degli Studi, Napoli, Italy) Mejda Daami-Remadi (CRRHAB) Messaoud Mars (ISA-CM/CRRHAB) Mohamed Ben Khedher (CTAB) Mohamed Bouaziz (ISBS) Mohamed Naffati (IRA-Mednine) Néziha Ghanem-Boughanmi (FSB) Olfa Bousaadia (IOS) Rabiaa Haouala (ISA-CM) Raja Kammoun (ISA-CM) Raoudha Khanfir–Ben Jenana (ISA-CM) Sadok Kammoun (ISA-CM) Shamsher S. Narwal (Chief Editor Allelopathy Journal, India) Shi-ming Luo (South China Agricultural University, China) Zahid Ata Cheema (University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan)

WELCOME ADDRESS First Africa-International Allelopathy Congress

Dear Participants, On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we warmly welcome all Participants of the First Africa-

International Allelopathy Congress, February 6-9, 2014, Organised by the Sustainable Agriculture Society (Association Tunisienne pour une Agriculture Durable, ATAD).

It is our great pleasure and honour to share that over 148 participants, from abroad and Tunisia, have Registered on this first Conference: Tunisia (57), Pakistan (21), India (15), Algeria (17), Iraq (6), Turkey (6), China (5), Hungary (5), Italy (5), Nigeria (4), Egypt (4), Japan (2), Iran (2), South Africa (1), Australia (1), Belgium (1), Lithuania (1) and Russia (1). This Allelopathy Conference is being organised in African Continent for the first time, hence, it is our first experience and we are highly enthused by your keen interest and willingness to participate in this Conference.

The number of respondents to our Invitation reflects the fact that we share a common interest in the intriguing ‘Science of Allelopathy’ with many scientists worldwide. Indeed, scientists from more than 18-countries have registered for this congress. The goals of the congress are: to provide a venue for coming together the Allelopathy scientists from Africa and other continents, to share our Current Research in Allelopathy, to learn about new ideas, techniques and to establish ‘African Society of Allelopathy’. The Tunisian Society for Sustainable Agriculture «ATAD» was established in March 2013 for the scientific purposes, specifically to promote the co-operation and collaboration between the Tunisian scientists in the field of allelopathy and to create opportunities for them to meet scientists from other countries. We are planning to change the ATAD into ‘African Society of Allelopathy’, during this First Congress, by the participation of more than 80 scientists from 5-African countries: Algeria, Nigeria, Saouth Africa, Egypt and Tunisia. The new Society will join its counterparts (Indian Society of Allelopathy, International Allelopathy Foundation, European Allelopathy Society, Asian Allelopathy Society and the International Allelopathy Society) so that the Allelopathy will have a foot print in all continents. The new ‘African Society of Allelopathy’ will organize future Africa-International Allelopathy meetings in different countries of Africa. We are excited to witness the formal establishment of African Society of Allelopathy, as well as to be Founder Members of the new Society.

This publication includes all accepted abstracts. The Technical Programme contains Plenary Lectures (14) and more than 55 Oral Presentations and 78 Posters on 7-differ Topics. These will provide us opportunity to know the broad areas of Allelopathy Research and Application. We are sure the deliberations during this Conference would be of great academic feast to the young scholars/researchers.

We hope that all of you will enjoy the Congress and stay in Sousse, establish Networks to support future research in this exciting area, enjoy delicious Tunisian cuisine and have fun in Sousse. We wish all the participants a pleasant stay in Sousse, Tunisia. Dr. Rabiaa Haouala Convener, Organizing Committee Chairman

Summary

PLENARY AND INVITED LECTURES 1

Theme 1: Allelopathy in Sustainable and Organic Agriculture 2

Theme 2: Allelopathy in Natural Ecosystems 8

Theme 3: Allelopathy in Soil Sickness 11

Theme 4: Chemistry of Allelochemicals 13

Theme 5: Molecular Biology and Genetics of Allelopathy 16

Theme 6: Physiology and Biochemistry of Allelopathy 18

Theme 7: Allelopathy Mechanisms and Interactions 21

ORAL / POSTER PRESENTATIONS 24

Theme 1 : Allelopathy in Sustainable and Organic Agriculture 25

Oral Presentations 26

Poster Presentations 42

Theme 2 : Allelopathy in Natural Ecosystems 50



Theme 3 : Allelopathy in Soil Sickness 63



Theme 4 : Chemistry of Allelochemicals 71



Theme 5 : Molecular Biology and Genetics of Allelopathy 96



Theme 6 : Physiology and Biochemistry of Allelopathy 104



Theme 7 : Allelopathy Mechanisms and Interactions 139



Plenary and Invited Lectures

1st Africa-International Allelopathy Congress, February 6-9, 2014, Sousse 1



Theme 1. ALLELOPATHY IN SUSTAINABLE AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE


Theme 1

ALLELOPATHY IN SUSTAINABLE AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE




PL.1.1. CURRENT TRENDS IN ALLELOPATHY RESEARCH

Shamsher Sam NARWAL

Chief Editor, Allelopathy Journal

# 101, Sector-14, Rohtak - 124001, India

Corresponding author: [email protected]

In 1940’s USA was leading in allelopathy research. In 1960s to 1980s USSR was

world leader in allelopathy research. After 2000 China is leading the allelopathy research on

various aspects. As Chief Editor, Allelopathy Journal I have observed that in past 10-years

Allelopathy Research is being done mainly on (a) Pest Management using allelopathic

strategies (Allelochemicals etc.), (b) Invasive Weeds spp. (Mechanism of success etc),

(c) Soil Sickness - Due to higher demand for food to feed ever increasing population,

cropping intensity has been increased in many crops which has caused soil sickness. Currently

maximum research on this Soil Sickness is being done in China on medicinal plants,

vegetable crops, ornamental plants, forestry and fruit trees and field crops.

mailto:[email protected]




PL.1.2. INTEGRATION OF ALLELOPATHIC PLANT RESIDUES WITH

REDUCED DOSES OF HERBICIDES: A POTENTIAL APPROACH FOR WEED

MANAGEMENT

Ibrahim S. ALSAADAWI

Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq


Crop allelopathy has brought the attention of researchers over the past three decades with aim

to exploit this phenomenon as weed management strategy alternative to the synthetic chemical

herbicides. Several weed management methods have been developed such as utilizing allelopathic

crop in crop mixture and intercropping, incorporating allelopathic crops in crop rotation and applying

allelopathic crop residues as mulches, cover crop and smother crop. However, in most cases the

inhibition was below the efficacy of herbicides. Recently, Substantial scope was initiated to reduce the

herbicide rate when applied together with allelopathic sorghum water extracts (sorgaab). By using this

method, one-third or half dose of herbicides combined with sorghum water extracts gave the same

weed control as by the label (full) dose of herbicides in different field crops namely wheat, cotton,

rice, maize, mungbean and canola. However, the volume of sorgaab utilized per unit area is relatively

large (12 L ha-1

, 1-3 times) and thus additional work is required to reduce the volume to develop a

handy, economical and effective concentrated formulation in order to use this method in large scale

field operations. Due to these limitations , an alternative practical and feasible method has been

developed in our department, where the residues of allelopathic crops including sorghum was left to

dry under field condition and then incorporated in to the field soil in combination with the lower doses

of herbicide. By using this method with faba bean, it was found that combination of recommended

doses of Treflan (trifluralin) herbicide with sorghum residue at 760 g per m2 produced minimum above

ground dry matter of weeds (271.2 g per m2), which was 61% less than recommended herbicide dose

applied alone. Application of 50% dose of Treflan in plots amended with sorghum residue at 760 g per

m2 resulted in more reduction in weed number and dry matter than recommended herbicide dose

applied alone. Meanwhile, integration of herbicide and sorghum residue appeared superior in

enhancing number of pod per m2 and yield per unit area than herbicide alone. Also, application of 50%

doses of herbicide with 530 or 760 g per m2 sorghum residues gave seed yield similar to the yield of

recommended dose of herbicide applied alone. When this method applied on weeds of wheat crop, a

half-dose application of mesosulforon + idosolforon herbicides in combination with sorghum residues

at 350 per m2 gave similar weed suppression as recommended dose of herbicide alone and appeared

superior in enhancing yield per unit area. Application of sorghum residues at higher rates of residues

(530 and 760 g per m2) significantly inhibited population density and biomass of weeds but had no

effect on yield of wheat. This suggests that the higher rates of sorghum residues have inhibitory effect

on wheat growth but the crop can prosper because of the reduced competition of weeds. The other

advantages of this method will be discussed.





PL.1.3. ALLELOPATHY: FROM A CONSTRAINT TO AN AID TO WEED

CONTROL IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE

Moncef BEN-HAMMOUDA

Laboratory of Crop Cereal Physiology – ESAK


In the 70’s, allelopathy was defined as a depressive effect of a plant species (donor) on

germination, growth and development of another plant species (receptor). But since the

second International Allelopathy Congress (Canada, 1999), the allelopathy definition involved

microbials, viruses, funguses in addition to plants that are capable to influence the growth and

development of an agricultural or a biological system (animals excluded). Lots of studies

have been conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of economic crops or weed species,

especially in a continuing cropping system, under both rain-fed and irrigated conditions. The

yield depression of wheats cropped after sorghum showed clearly the need for a better

understanding of allelopathy mechanisms. Due to climate change and the up-raising of an

environmental concern, conservation agriculture is promoted all over the world, requiring a

permanent mulching on soil surface (No-Till). Roots and a proportion of the above ground

biomass of plants could be a source of allelochemicals that either plays an inhibitory and/or

stimulatory role, depending on their current concentrations. The natural herbicide potential of

allelochemicals released by sorghum residues into the environment is worth studying to divert

technically their effect toward weed control, while reducing their phytotoxic effect as a prior

crop. For a successful cropping system, it is necessary to study the allelopathic potential of a

crop, especially under water and nitrogen deficits individually or combined. Consequently, an

agro-physiological approach could be developed to grow the least allelopathic variety/hybrid

of a prior crop and follow it with the most tolerant variety/hybrid of a subsequent crop.

Bioassays of seedlings growth is a simple technique, but enough precise to let a farmer chose

the appropriate agronomic sequence.




PL.1.4. ALLELOPATHY AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE: EXPERIENCES AND

PROSPECTS

Zahid Ata CHEEMA*, Muhammad FAROOQ and Sardar Alam CHEEMA

Allelopathy Lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040,

Pakistan

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Continuous and excessive pesticide usage is posing severe environmental threats and

health hazards for human being. This is also causing changes of weed flora and development

of pesticide resistant weed and insect-pest biotypes in field crops. Evolution of new pest

biotypes demands innovative tools of their management. Organic agriculture is being

promoted worldwide for the production of safe and quality food and protecting the global

environment. Allelopathy, a naturally occurring phenomenon in agricultural ecosystems, has

been evaluated as a possible alternative for chemical pest (pathogens, insect-pest and weeds)

management and growth promotion in organic agriculture during recent years. We have

extensively explored the potential allelopathic plants including sunflower, sorghum, mulberry,

rice, maize, brassica, eucalyptus and moringa for organic pest management and growth

enhancement in field crops in a series of studies. Allelopathy has been employed through

intercropping, crop rotations, mulching and plant water extracts for pest management and

plant water extracts for growth promotion. We have proven that, if wisely planned,

allelopathy offers a pragmatic option for pest management and growth promotion in field

crops. Allelopathic phenomenon may be opted for producing organic food products and

protecting the environment on the planet. In my talk, experiences and prospects regarding

application of allelopathy in organic agriculture will be discussed.





PL.1.5. ASSESSMENT OF ALLELOPATHY OPTIONS IN SUSTAINABLE WEED

MANAGEMENT

Mounir MEKKI

Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of Sousse.Tunisia


During the 20th

century, the strong emphasis on herbicide research has contributed to

make worse some weed problems. It is time for weed scientists to address the basic science

underlying complex issues in vegetation management. Sustainable weed management,

founded upon an Integrated Weed Management (IWM) approach, may lead to more balanced

agroecosystems. Allelopathy may be a component of any IWM program since several plant

species (crops and weeds) produce and release allelochemicals. This phenomenon could be

applied in crop production through the use of: (i) cover crops; (ii) natural herbicides; or (iii)

allelopathic crop cultivars. This literature revue aims to highlight potential applications and

limits of allelopathy in IWM.


Theme 2. ALLELOPATHY IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS


Theme 2

ALLELOPATHY IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS




PL.2.1. ALLELOPATHY AS A DRIVING FORCE OF BIODIVERSITY CHANGE

Shiming LUO*, Rensen ZENG, Xiaoting LIANG, Yinghu LIU

Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology

South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China 510642


Relationship of allelopathy and biodiversity can be divided into three phases. In a short term, the

dosage to show inhibition effect for donor plant releasing allelochemicals is usually higher than for receptor

plants which affected by the allelochemicals. It has advantage for the donor plant to compete for resources

such as nutrition, water and space and it is a reward for donor plant after spending the energy and material

to make those chemicals. This allelopathy phenomenon exists in many indigenous species and invasive

species as well. Wedelia trilobata in South China is one example. In this short term effect, allelopathy helps

individual plant species to compete, to survive, to establish and to expand. The result of this stage usually

ends up in communities with one dominant species with no or only few other plant species. In practice, this

knowledge will help us to design intercropping system, to find suitable cover crop, to select weed

resistance variety and to identify weed control chemicals. However, allelochemicals accumulated in field or

in plantation for long enough duration will sooner or later reach the autotoxicity level of that donor plant

species. Then allelopathy effect enters to the second phase. New species which can tolerate those

allelochemicals and their accumulation levels enter the community. Biodiversity in the community

increases. The increase of biodiversity also helps to reduce the autotoxicity of the donor species in the

community because of the density effect. The individuals of the donor plant species will be forced to

disperse into new habitat. If they can survive, it also helps other plant communities to increase diversity. In

practice, this knowledge is important for the design of crop rotation system and perennial pasture system.

Continue cropping of monoculture alfalfa (A) was compared with mix cropping with Bidens pilosa and

Celosia argentea L. (M3). Result showed that mix cropping with other species could reduce the allelopathy

effect and even have stimulated effect. The plant biomass of alfalfa in the third crop of M3-M3-A rotation

was 106.9% to 165.6% more than in the third crop of A-A-A. The fifth crop of alfalfa was reduced by

30.6% to 31.63% in continue mono-alfalfa system (A). It was reduce to only 20.37% in a continue mix-

alfalfa system (MA). Long term continue allelochemical pressure will show a third stage effect of

allelopathy. Allelopathy becomes an evolution force. The donor species which adapts new habitat or

develop higher resistance to its own allelochemicals will develop into new ecotypes. Plant community

which accumulated enough allelochemical will force the pioneer plant species to yield their ways to more

tolerate succession species and finally climax species. The biodiversity in a community reaches its top

stage. In reforestation practice, the selection of tree species according to their position in local succession

stage and the goal of reforestation are important. Research results from Peng Shaolin and Chen Baoming

show that Abscisic Acid（ABA）as an allelochemical is an important driving force for forest succession

and also important factor to prevent the invasion of alien species. Our modeling result by using Penna

Cellular Automata Model shows that a more diversified community in terms of inhibition thresholds caused

by allelopathy can help the species in a plant community to withstand the invasion.





PL.2.2. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF LITTER AND HUMUS ON SEED

GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF ABIES PINDROW SPACH

Ombir SINGH* and Vidya RATTAN

Silviculture Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun – 248006, India


The process of natural regeneration in Abies pindrow Spach (commonly known as

silver fir) forests is hampered to a great extent in western Himalayas. This problem was

reported nearly a century ago and since then, numerous factors have been proposed to be

responsible for it and perhaps the most general cause of failure in natural regeneration in the

species is attributable to unfavorable soil conditions, accumulation of dead needles or the

forest duff provides some sort of physical obstacle to the seedling growth. One of the

mechanism by which regeneration could be inhibited is an allelopathic effect of decomposing

litter or litter on seed germination, root elongation and early growth. To understand the

problem of natural regeneration in these forests, allelopathic effect of litter and humus on the

keystone species (A. pindrow) were studied. Litter and humus leachates (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%.

20%) were investigated on the seed germination, radicle, plumule and seedling growth of A.

pindrow. Humus leachates have inhibitory effect on seed germination, radicle & plumule in

laboratory and seedling growth in nursery of the species at all applied concentrations.

However, no such pronounced effect was observed with litter leachates on various processes

of silver fir. Myricetin-3-O-(acetyl) rhamnopyranoside, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid and

flavanol were identified as phenolic phytotoxins in humus, and may be responsible for

inhibition of various processes of the receptor tree species. Allelo chemicals in hums may

directly inhibit fir germination and early growth like other allelopathic situations may explain

the relative absence of seed germination, poor establishment and growth of seedlings of A.

pindrow on the forest floor in these temperate forests.


Theme 3. ALLELOPATHY IN SOIL SICKNESS


Theme 3

ALLELOPATHY IN SOIL SICKNESS




PL.3.1. SOIL SICKNESS PROBLEM

Shamsher Sam NARWAL

Chief Editor, Allelopathy Journal

# 101, Sector-14, Rohtak - 124001, India

Correspondinh author: [email protected]

Prof A.M. Grodzinsky (1990) published the first Book “Soil Sickness” published in

Russian language. Due to its Russian language it was read only by scientists knowing

Russian. Later on in 2006 this Book was translated into English by Prof. S.S. Narwal and

Prof. B Polyticka. Due to ever increasing research on Soil Sickness another Book by S.S.

Narwal et al (2011) edited on “Research Method in Plant Sciences Vol-3, Soil Sickness”.


Theme 4. CHEMISTRY OF ALLELOCHEMICALS


Theme 4

CHEMISTRY OF ALLELOCHEMICALS




PL.4.1. ISOLATION AND STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF BIOLOGICAL

ACTIVE METABOLITES FROM CLEOME ARABICA L.

Afef LADHARI1, Rabiaa HAOUALA

1 and Marina DELLA GRECA

*

Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario

Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy

1Agronomic Higher Institute of Chot-Mariem. University of Sousse.


Secondary metabolites produced by plants and having biological activity have been

broadly described in literature but only a small subset has been studied in connection with

allelopathy, and their action mechanism is still far from being understood. Thus there is still a

wide array of natural compounds to be investigated for more complete view of

allelopathy.Our research in the bioactive natural products isolated from Mediterranean plants

and their use as natural herbicide models started some years ago. Chemical study of plants

such as Sambucusnigra, Cestrum parqui, Juncusacutus, and Apteniacordifoliaetc., furnished

many new phytotoxic compounds showing interesting effects on the germination and

development of standard species test. Very recently we also addressed our attention on the

Capparidaceae, widespread plants in the North Africa.Cleome L. is a large genus with 150

species in the tropical and subtropical countries both in the Old and New World. The

investigation of the plant extracts of Cleomearabica L. led to the isolation of compounds

belonging to different classes: triterpenoids with dammaraneand cucurbitaneskeleton,

flavonoids,flavonolglycosides and lignan.The structure of thesephytoconstituentshave been

elucidated through extensive spectroscopic techniques, including UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR,

ESI-MS and HRESI-MS spectra.





PL.4.2. ALLELOPATHIC SUBSTANCES FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS

Hisashi KATO-NOGUCHI

Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki,

Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.


Despite the fact that higher plants provide a rich source of biologically active

compounds, only a small percentage of the plant species have been phytochemically analyzed.

Medicinal plants are promising candidates for a source of novel biologically active

compounds as well as allelopathic substances. Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is one of the oldest

living tree species and has been widely used in traditional medicine. However, no bioactive

compound directed at plants has been reported. Therefore, we investigated possible

allelopathic activity and searched for allelopathically active substances in ginkgo leaves. An

aqueous methanol leaf extract inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of garden cress,

lettuce, timothy and ryegrass seedlings. The extract was purified by several chromatographic

runs and an allelopathically active substance was isolated and identified by spectral analysis

to be the novel compound 2-hydroxy-6-(10-hydroxypentadec-11-enyl)benzoic acid. The

compound inhibited root and shoot growth of garden cress and timothy at concentrations

greater than 3 μM. These results suggest that 2-hydroxy-6-(10-hydroxypentadec-11-

enyl)benzoic acid may contribute to the allelopathic effect caused by ginkgo leaf extract.

Orthosiphon stamineus has been widely used as traditional herb and several bioactive

compounds against animal cells have been isolated. However, no bioactive compound against

plants has been reported. An aqueous methanol extracts of O. stamineus inhibited root and

hypocotyl growth of cress and lettuce seedlings. The extract was further purified, and the

main allelopathic substance was isolated and identified as 13-epi-orthosiphol N, a novel

compound, by spectral data. 13-epi-Orthosiphol N inhibited root and hypocotyl growth of

cress and lettuce at concentrations greater than 10 μM. These results suggest that 13-epi-

orthosiphol N may be an allelochemical and main contributor to the growth inhibitory effect

of O. stamineus. Allelopathic substances have potential as either herbicides or templates for

new herbicide classes, and are more environmentally benign than most synthetic herbicides.


Theme 5. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF ALLELOPATHY


Theme 5

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF ALLELOPATHY




PL.5.1. EFFECTS OF MOMILACTONE ON THE GROWTH AND PROTEIN

EXPRESSIONS IN ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI

Hisashi KATO-NOGUCHI*, Katsumi OTA and Hiroya KUJIME

Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki,

Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.


Rice allelopathy has been extensively studied because of its agricultural importance.

Large field and laboratory screening programs in many countries have indicated that some

rice varieties are allelopathic and release allelochemicals into their environment. A number of

compounds such as phenolic acids, fatty acids, hydroxamic acids, and terpenes have been

identified as potential rice allelochemicals. However, it was demonstrated that the diterpenoid

momilactone B is the most important rice allelochemical. The present research described the

allelopathic activity of momilactone B on the growth of Echinochloa crus-galli, and the

effects of momilactone B on protein expression during the E. crus-galli growth. Rice (Oryza

sativa L. cv. Koshihikari) inhibited shoot and root growth of E. crus-galli when both plants

were cultured together in a bioassay medium. Momilactone was found in the bioassay

medium, and concentration of momilactone in the medium was 3.8 M, indicating that rice

may secrete momilactone into the medium. Exogenously applied momilactone inhibited the

shoot and root growth of E. crus-galli at concentrations greater than 1 M. The momilactone

concentration required for 50 % growth inhibition of E. crus-galli shoots and roots,

respectively, were 6.5 and 6.9 μM. Considering the growth inhibitory activity and

concentration, momilactone seems to account for the majority of the observed rice

allelopathy. Effect of momilactone on the protein expression in E. crus-galli was also

determined by SDS-polyaclylamidegel electrophoresis. Several changes were observed in the

pattern of proteins in E. crus-galli. The 19-, 20- and 21-kDa proteins were abundant in

momilactone treated E. crus-galli, which suggests that momilactone may induce those protein

expressions. These results suggest that the allelopathic activity of rice may be primarily

depend on the secretion of momilactone and 19-, 20- and 21-kDa proteins may play important

roles in the allelopathic inhibition.


Theme 6. PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF ALLELOPATHIE


Theme 6

PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF ALLELOPATHY




PL.6.1. EFFECT OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF CITRUS RETICULATA BLANCO ON

SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF FIVE

HOMEGARDEN FOOD CROPS OF MIZORAM

U.K. SAHOO* and L. JEECEELEE

Department of Forestry, Mizoram University, Post Box 190, Tanhril, – 796004, Aizawl,

Mizoram, India.


The effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Citrus reticulata Blanco was

tested on seed germination and seedling growth of five common home garden food crops viz.

Capsicum annum L. (Chilli), Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soybean), Zea mays L. (Maize), Oryza

sativa L. (Rice), and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Lady’s finger). The aqueous

extracts were prepared by adding 100 g crushed fresh mature leaves in 500 ml of distilled

water, soaked for 24 h at room temperature, thereafter, the mixtures were filtered through

ordinary filter paper. Different concentrations were prepared by adding distilled water to

make 20, 40, and 80% stored in dark conical flasks and used to irrigate the seeds. The

experiment was conducted in sterilized Petri dishes with sterilized absorbent cotton kept

under natural light dark cycle in triplicate irrigated with the extracts. The aqueous leaf

leachate of C. reticulata Blanco was found to have both stimulatory and inhibitory effect on

germination, shoot and root elongation of receptor plants except in paddy. The highest

inhibitory effect (55%) on seed germination was recorded in chilli at 80% extract

concentration and the lowest (3.33%) in maize at absolute concentration. The highest

inhibitory effect (65.26%) on shoot elongation was registered in maize at 80% extract

concentration while at this concentration, maximum inhibition (58.52%) on root elongation

was registered in soybean. In general higher concentrations had stronger inhibitory effects

while in some cases the lower concentration showed stimulatory effects. The study also

revealed that the inhibitory effect was much pronounced in shoot and root lengths as

compared with the germination of the receptor crops.The studies provide the evidence of C.

reticulata having allelopathic potential which reduces the germination as well suppresses the

growth and development of the test crops.




PL.6.2. EFFECTS OF EXTRACTS FROM THE PLANT PARTS OF FERULA

COMMUNİS SPP. COMMUNİS ON SEED GERMİNATİON AND SEEDLİNG

GROWTH OF BARLEY AND CUCUMBER

M. OZTURK1*, B. Turkyilmaz UNAL

2, A. Eşiz DEREBOYLU

3, S. GUCEL

4, A.

GUVENSEN3, N. S. TORT

3

1 Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye. Faculty of Forestry

Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor- Malaysia

2Nigde University, Ulukısla Vocational School, Horticulture Department, Ulukısla, Nıgde-

Turkiye

3Ege University, Science Faculty, Botany Department , Izmir, Turkiye

4Institute of Environmental Sciences, Near East University, Lefkoşa, The North Cyprus


Present study was conducted to observe allelopathic effects of Ferula communis ssp.

communis extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of barley and cucumber. 25 and

50 percent concentrations of extracts taken from roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and whole plant

showed inhibition in the parameters tested. Roots were more affected than shoots and the

extracts taken from flowers and leaves were more suppressive than those taken from fruits or

whole plant. The length, fresh weight and dry weight of barley and cucumber were

considerably reduced upon treatment with the tested extracts. The overall results indicate the

possible suppressive effect of allelochemicals (especially ferulic acid) on barley and

cucumber.



Theme 7. ALLELOPATHY MECHANISMS AND INTERACTIONS


Theme 7

ALLELOPATHY MECHANISMS AND INTERACTIONS




PL.7.1. NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN ALLELOPATHY: APPROACH TO STUDY

Victoria V. ROSHCHINA

Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Cell Biophysics. Street/P.O.Box.

Institutskaya Str., 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290. Russia


Acetylcholine and biogenic amines known as neurotransmitters of animals are also

found in plants and microorganisms (Roshchina, 2010). The compounds appear to participate

in allelopathic relations within biocenosis because able to regulate plant growth and

development (Roshchina, 1991; 2001) and in this case serve as allelochemicals. Moreover,

there is wider view on the plant-insect (or other animals) and plant-microorganism relations

that includes acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, serotonin and histamine

released by any living organism in complex system of allelopathic interactions (Roshchina,

2010). Sensory activity of receptors and enzymes of cholinergic and aminoergic systems

made this field of investigations very attractive to study mechanisms of cell-cell interaction in

allelopathy. New findings (for example for stinging nettle Urtica dioica, Laportea moroides

and other species ) of the occurrence of mentioned compounds in secretory cells and organs of

plants as well as in secretions of animals and microorganisms led to the understanding of

neurotransmitters’ role as chemosignals and growth regulators allelopathic relations. Today

some of the compounds was shown to stimulate growth reactions or their antagonists such as

alkaloids d-tubocurarine, yohimbine, atropine also located in secretory plant cells were able to

inhibit the processes. Algorithm in the study how acetylcholine and biogenic amines act in

biocenosis appears to have a perspective in the future.




PL.7.2. COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS AQUEOUS PLANT

EXTRACTS ON SALINITY TOLERANCE OF MAIZE

Abdul WAHID

Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad


A study was conducted to find the role of seed priming with allelopathic extracts in

improving salinity tolerance in wheat using five allelopathic aqueous extracts. Ten days old

plants were treated with 120 mM sodium chloride added to root media and harvested after 21

days of plant growth. Results showed that priming with allelopathic extracts enhanced the

growth attributes both under saline and non-saline conditions while mulberry, moringa and

eucalyptus were the most effective in this regard. Allelopathic extracts improved chlorophyll

a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophylls and carotenoids contents under control condition. Applied

salinity enhanced the production of H2O2 more in root than shoot, while priming with

allelopathic extracts reduced it. Priming with allelopathic extracts was effective in reducing

the MDA in both shoot and root and improving the integrity of membranes in salt-treated

plants. Allelopathic extracts led to accumulation of soluble phenolics in the leaf and root

under non-saline condition, which further increased under saline conditions; anthocyanins

contents synthesis was suppressed under salinity more legibly. The synthesis of alkaloids and

saponins were trendless in leaf and root both under saline and non-saline conditions. Content

of Na was higher in shoot and root of maize plants under salinity, although it was reduced

with sorghum priming, while the K content was in the reverse order to Na, leading to a

reduced K/Na ratio under salinity. Salinity reduced the Ca content of shoot and root, while

moringa priming was effective in enhancing Ca content of both the tissues. To conclude, seed

priming with allelopathic extract improved the growth of maize under salinity stress, by

reduced loss of photosynthetic pigments, enhaced synthesis of carotenoids, soluble phenolics

and improved tissue contents of K and Ca, whilst reducing the Na accumulation. Among the

tested allelopathic extracts, mulberry, eucalyptus, moringa and sorghum were more promising

in producing these changes. These results suggested that pretreatment of seed with the

alleopathic extracts is a pragmatic strategy of growing maize in marginally saline soils.


Oral / Poster Presentations


Oral / Poster Presentations

Oral Presentations



Theme 1

ALLELOPATHY IN SUSTAINABLE AND ORGANIC

AGRICULTURE

Oral Presentations



Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations



OP.1.1. INFLUENCE OF SOIL APPLIED MORINGA LEAF EXTRACT ON

VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF CYPERUS ROTUNDUS

Anser ALI1*

, Nasir ABBAS1, Mubshar HUSSAIN

2, Dong-Jin LEE

3 and M. M.

MAQBOOL1

1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

1Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

2Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonon Campus,

South Korea

*Corresponding authors’ Email: [email protected]

Allelopathy refers to the beneficial or harmful effects of one plant on another plant

through the release of secondary metabolites from plant parts in both natural and agricultural

systems. Moringa leaf extract (MLE) is generally considered to have enhancing or

suppressing effect on the plant growth in a dose dependant manner. Therefore, the current

study was planned to evaluate the effects of MLE on the growth of purple nutsedge (Cyperus

rotundus). MLE was added into pots three days after transplanting with 25, 50, 75 and 100%

concentrations (v/v) whereas distilled water was used as control. Application of MLE at 100%

concentration, notably improved the root and shoot lengths, shoot fresh and dry weights. MLE

application had non-significant effect on root fresh and dry weights, number of nodes and

node weights of purple nutsedge. It was concluded that MLE improved the growth of purple

nutsedge even higher concentrations rather to suppress it.


Oral Presentations



OP.1.2. ADVANTAGE OF INTERCROPPING MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND

COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) ON YIELD AND NITROGEN

UPTAKE IN NORTHEAST ALGERIA

Mourad LATATI1, M. PANSU

2, J.J. DREVON

3, and S.M. OUNANE

1*

1Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Département de phytotechnie, Hassan Badi, El

Harrach, Algeria.

2UMR Eco&Sols, SupAgro INRA, IRD, CIRAD, 2 places Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2,

France.

3INRA, Eco&Sols, 1 Place Pierre Viala, F34060, Montpellier, France.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Legume-cereal intercropping is a productive and sustainable system by its nutrients

facilitation, and its effect to increase N uptake for intercropped cereal; via symbiotic nitrogen

(N2) fixation. The aim of this work was to test effect of maize-common bean intercropping

system on the growth, nodulation, yield and N uptake. This field study was conducted in Setif

region, North of Algeria. The study was carried out using intercropping system with one Cvs

of common bean and one maize CV which were cultivated locally by the farmers of the

region. The results showed a positive correlation between the nodule and shoot dry weight,

this correlation is more significant in the intercropping than sole crop. However, intercropping

increase maize yield by more than 12.5%, the N concentration in shoot (20.8%) and seed

(33.5%); as consequence N concentration in rhizosphere soil was significantly enhanced for

intercropped common bean. Intercropping advantage was observed especially; at low

concentration of nitrogen in indigenous soil. We conclude that nitrogen symbiotic fixation

was contributes to facilitate N uptake for intercropped maize.

mailto:*orresponding%20author:%[email protected]

Oral Presentations



OP.1.3. ENHANCING EFFICIENCY OF ALLELOCHEMICALS FOR WEED

MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT

(TRITICUMAESTIVUM L.)

Zahid ALI*, Fauzia Y. HAFEEZ, Muhammad JAMIL

Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad,

Pakistan


Weeds are unwanted plants in the crop that are posing a serious problem in crop

productivity. There is need to develop some sustainable weed control strategies that could be

economically viable, practically acceptable and environment friendly. At present, the concept

of allelochemicals is getting much attention as natural tool in the modern agriculture.

However, due to poor efficiency and less effectiveness, farmers are still reluctant to adopt this

weed control strategy in their fields. The proposed study was aimed to see possibility of

enhancing efficiency of allelopathic product to make them acceptable among farmers

community. For this purpose the extract of a model allelopathic crop, sorghum was tested

along with other allelopathic crops water extracts such as sunflower, eucalyptus, sesamum,

brassica and tobacco. Similarly sorghum water extract was also mixed with lower doses of

organic compounds and herbicides. Different treatments of allelopathic products were tested

in wheat fields for two years. Data on weed dry biomass and grain yield showed 58-94%

weeds reduction and up to 85% increase in wheat grain yield. So present findings revealed

that allelochemicals for weed management could be an attractive option for future sustainable

crop production. These strategies might be cheaper, natural, handy and healthy to

environment. The field application and awareness among farmers community is needed.


Oral Presentations



OP.1.4. ALLELOCHEMICAL OF HYDROCYANIC ACID (HCN) IN CRUDE

CASSAVA WATER EXTRACT NATURAL HERBICIDE ON MILKWEED

(EUPHORBIA HETEROPHYLLA L.) CONTROL IN COWPEA (VIGNA

UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP)

Olajumoke O. FAYINMINNU1*

and Olubunmi O. FADINA1

1Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,

Nigeria.

*Corresponding Author: [email protected] and [email protected]

Field studies were conducted at Owode-Ijako in Ogun State, Nigeria, between 2005

and 2006 to examine the effectiveness of allelochemical of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in crude

cassava water extract (CCWE) for the control of milkweed (Euphorbia heterophlla L.) in

cowpea plots. The trials were laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three

times. The treatments were Bulk and TMS CCWE at 50 and 100% respectively and two

controls; weedy check and handweeded. These treatments were applied as post emergence on

a field with weed population of 80-90% milkweed (E. heterophlla) in cowpea plots, weekly

for 5weeks. The phytotoxicity, weed biomass (WB) and density (WD) were evaluated as

allellochemical of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) effects of CCWE. Cowpea plant height, number

of leaves, leaf area, number of pods, seeds/pods and grain yield parameters were assessed.

Data were subjected to descriptive statistics of ANOVA at p=0.05. The results showed

significant differences (p<0.05) amongst the treatments in all parameters. The HCN in Bulk

CCWE at 100% recorded the highest phytotoxicity on E. heterophlla over TMS CCWE. The

WB and WD revealed similar trend of reduction on E. heterophlla between Bulk and TMS at

50 and 100% repectively in the trials. Higher leaf area was recorded in Bulk CCWE at 50 and

100% while handweeded recorded the highest. The grain yield in the trials showed Bulk

CCWE at 50 (340-345kg/ha) and 100% (325-330kg/ha) comparing favourably with

handweeded (347-350kg/ha); while TMS recorded (270-275kg/ha) at 50% and (285-

290kg/ha) at100% and weedy check (102-106kg/ha). The weedy check recorded the least in

all the growth and yield parameters. Therefore, the allelochemical of HCN in CCWE could

suppress E. heterophlla thereby serving as a natural herbicide in organic agriculture to reduce

environmental pollution and also increase cowpea grain yield.



Oral Presentations



OP.1.5. RESIDUAL ALLELOPATHY OF PARTHENIUM: INFLUENCE ON

EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF CROPS AND WEEDS AND SOME

SOIL PROPERTIES

Abdul KHALIQ1*

, Farhena ASLAM1, Amar MATLOOB

1, Ibrahim S. ALSAADAWI

2

and Asif TANVEER1

1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq


Allelopathic effects of herbage incorporation and rhizosphere-infested soil of invasive

weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) were studied on emergence and seedling

growth of winter crops (wheat and canola), and weed species (wild oat and canary grass).

Two separate pot studies were carried out. Parthenium whole plant herbage was incorporated

at 6 and 8 g kg-1

soil (12 and 16 t ha-1

) five days before sowing of test species. Pots without

herbage incorporation were maintained as control. In a second study, parthenium infested-

rihzosphere soil collected from 15 and 22.5 cm depth and collar distance (horizontal distance

away from plant trunk) of 15 and 22.5 cm was used as growing medium for test species.

Parthenium-free soil of the same field was used as control. Parthenium herbage amendment as

well as its rhizosphere-soil inhibited both the emergence and seedling growth of all test

species. Herbage incorporation inhibited emergence of canola, wild oat and canary grass by

11-20%, 20-28% and 20-26%, respectively. Seedling biomass was reduced by 41-48%

(wheat), 53-61% (canola), 31-45% wild oat and 30-45% (canary grass) by herbage

incorporation as compared with control. Soil phenolics, electrical conductivity, organic

carbon and nitrogen contents increased in parthenium-amended soil over control but there was

a decline in soil pH. In second study, soil collected from a rhizospheric depth of 15 cm and

collar distance of 15 cm inhibited the emergence (15%) and reduced seedling growth (40%) in

all test species. All the test species manifested reduced chlorophyll and increased phenolic

contents in response to parhenium herbage incorporation and infested-rhizosphere soil.

Highest chlorophyll inhibition coupled with enhanced tissue phenolic contents was forced by

herbage incorporation (8 g kg-1

soil) and rhizosphere soil (15 cm soil depth and collar

distance) in all test species. Highest phenolics (833.60 µg g-1

soil) were also recorded in the

top rhizosphere soil (15 cm depth; 15 cm away from trunk) and was at par (p≤0.05) with a

collar distance of 22.5 cm for the same soil depth showing their horizontal distribution in the

rhizosphere. Soil pH and ECe were significantly higher than control at a rhizosphere depth of

15 cm and collar distance of 15 and 22.5 cm. Canola was more susceptible than wheat as was

canary grass than wild oat.


Oral Presentations



OP.1.6. WEED MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT THROUGH NARROW ROW

SPACING AND HERBICIDE TANK MIXTURE WITH ALLELOPATHIC PLANT

AQUEOUS EXTRACTS

Abdul KHALIQ 1, Amar MATLOOB

1*, Farhena ASLAM

1, Asif TANVEER

1 and

Ibrahim S. ALSAADAWI2

1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad



Modern weed management programs emphasize on being environmentally benign and

cost-effective. Reduced herbicide use and crop competitiveness imparted by cultural practices

help achieve these goals. A field study was undertaken to explore the efficacy of reduced

herbicide dose/s applied either alone or tank mixed with allelopathic plant aqueous extracts in

wheat sown at conventional (22.5) and narrow (11.25 cm) row spacing. Sorghum (Sorghum

bicolor L. Moench), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cameldulensis L.) and mulberry (Morus alba L.)

aqueous extracts each at 18 L ha-1

were tank mixed with Pallas 45OD (pyroxsulam) at 10.8

and 7.2 g a.i ha-1

(75 and 50% of the label dose, respectively) as early-post emergence (30

DAS). Label herbicide dose (14.4 g a.i ha-1

) and a weedy check were maintained for

comparison. The experiment was triplicated in a randomized complete block design under

factorial arrangement. Narrow row spacing reduced weed density and biomass by 42-53% and

49-45% over conventional at 60 and 90 DAS, respectively. A significant interactive influence

of different row spacing and weed control treatment was observed during the course of study.

All weed control treatments depicted higher weed suppression at narrow row spacing.

Pyroxsulam at is label dose recorded over 90% suppression in weed density and biomass at 60

and 90 DAS under narrow row spacing. Tank mixture of allelopathic plant aqueous extracts

with 75% of the label herbicide dose also demonstrated efficient weed suppression of weed

density (87%) and biomass (92%) that was statistically similar with label herbicide dose for

the same row spacing. Statistically maximum number of tillers (558 m-2

) was achieved with

label dose of pyroxsulam at a row spacing of 11.25 cm as against (376 m-2

) at 22.5 cm. This

treatment combination also realized highest grain yield (3.11 t ha-1

). Nevertheless, tank

mixture of allelopathic plant aqueous extracts with 75% of the label herbicide dose was at par

with its label dose regarding weed suppression and grain yield promotion.


Oral Presentations



OP1.7. ALLELOPATHY ACTIVITY OF WHEAT AGAINST HORSE PURSLANE

II: INFLUENCE OF WHEAT STRAW AND INFESTED RHIZOSPHERE SOIL

Farhena ASLAM*, Abdul KHALIQ, Amar MATLOOB and Asif TANVEER

Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.


Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) possesses allelopathic activity and offers promising

opportunity for weed management as a sustainable approach. Wheat straw incorporation and

infested rhizosphere soil as a growing medium were evaluated for establishing herbicidal

potential against horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L.), a common weed found in

different agro-climatic regions. Wheat straw at 4, 6 and 8 g kg-1

soil was incorporated before

sowing of horse purslane. Wheat-infested rhizosphere soil from 15 and 30 cm depth and soil

from a fallow field was also evaluated for its possible allelopathic activity. Emergence,

seedling growth, chlorophyll contents and soluble protein of horse purslane were all

significantly suppressed compared with control. Higher phenolic content and increased

activities of antioxidant enzymes were also noticed in response to wheat residues

incorporation and its rhizosphere soil. Higher phenolics were recorded in top 15 cm soil of

wheat. Studies established that wheat straw and rhizosphere soil exhibited phytotoxicity

against horse purslane.


Oral Presentations



OP.1.8. EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZERS BASED ON MYCHORIZES ON AN

ORGANIC POTATO CROP (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) AND ON SOIL

FERTILITY

Bouthaina AL MOHANDES DRIDI1*

, M. EL ABED1, and K. SASSI

2

1 Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Tunisia

2 National Institute of Agronomy of Tunis


The aim of this study was to test the effect of some biofertilizers based on micorhizes.

This study examines the effect of these products on the development and crop yield of season

potato crop (Spunta) and on soil fertility. Three biofertilizers were tested, whose application

took place over three phases of intervention: soil treatment one month before plantation,

tanning tuber dry before planting and foliar treatment during the vegetative development. The

obtained results showed that biofertilizers lead to improvement growth parameters, the fresh

weight of vegetative parts increased by 10% and 4% for the root system. The Fresh and dry

weight of tubers increased respectively by 3% and 17%. The improvement is manifested in

terms of total yield of crop which increased by 12%. However the proportion of medium-

sized tubers in the harvest was improved by 40%. After harvest, the soil treated with the

tested biofertilizers was essentially richer in organic matter (by 90% compared to the control),

P2O5 (by 158%), K2O by (175%) and nitrogen (by 60%) compared to untreated soil.


Oral Presentations



OP.1.9. CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF

ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.) VARIETIES AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR A

SUSTAINABLE WEED MANAGEMENT

Zeineb HADA1, Thouraya SOUISSI

1* and Moncef BEN-HAMMOUDA

2

1Institut National Agronomique de Tunis, 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle. Tunisia

2Laboratory of Crop/Cereal Physiology – ESAK



Heavy reliance on herbicides resulted in the development of resistant weeds such as

Lolium rigidum Gaudin, which has become very difficult to control for cereal producers in

Tunisia. As an alternative, the allelopathic potential of any crop could be an environmentally

friendly method for weed management. The objective of this work was to evaluate

allelopathic potential of six varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on weed species

commonly found in cereal fields, by conducting bio-assays in a CRD with 4 repetitions and

identifying their related allelochemicals using spectrophotometry. A primary screening using

Lactuca sativa L. seedlings, an indicator species, permitted to select two varieties (‘T-103’,

‘Africaine’). Water extracts from aerial (a mix of leaves ad stems) and root parts of these

varieties expressed an inhibitory activity on seedlings growth of Bromus diandrus Roth.,

Silybum marianum L. and Lolium rigidum Gaudin. The highest inhibitory activity was

observed on Bromus seedlings and was caused by both water-extracts of root and aerial parts

of ‘T-103’, resulting in 78.5% and 73.2% Bromus root inhibition, respectively. Total

phenolics (TP) and saponins levels varied within the plant parts and among the two tested

varieties (‘T-103’ , ‘Africaine’). The lowest levels of TP and saponins were detected in the

roots of ‘Africane’, whereas the highest levels were found in the aerial parts of ‘T-103. TP

content was significantly higher in ‘T-103’ roots than in those of ‘Africaine’. There was no

significant difference in the level of saponins in roots of both varieties. Results suggest that

varietal differences in phytotoxic activity may result from variations in the TP and saponins

levels or from a possible synergistic effect between the two compounds. A more complete

evaluation in vivo of alfalfa allelopathic potential on Bromus and identification of

allelochemicals by HPLC are still going on.

Oral Presentations



OP.1.10. ALLELOPHATIC EFFECT OF SUNFLOWER PARTS EXTRACT IN

DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES ON GERMINATION AND SEED PRODUCTION

OF REDROOT PIGWEED (AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS)

Mehrdad YARNIA1*, M.B. KHORSHIDI BENAM

2, Elnaz FARAJZADEH

3, Nima

NOBARI4 and Vahid AHMADZADEH

4

1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Tabriz, Iran.

2East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center Tabriz. Iran.

3 Malekan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malekan, Iran.

4MSc of Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

*Corresponding author: Tel.:+98 411 637 45 11; Email: [email protected] &

[email protected]

Because of prevalence and importance of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) in

most fields, a factorial experiment in three replicates was conducted in greenhouse conditions.

The examined factors were extracting of different parts of sunflower (leaf, stem, root and

whole plant), different extract concentration in 5 levels (extract as 1:20, 1:15, 1:10, 1:5 and

control) from different growth stages as vegetative, inflorescence and seed filling. Results

showed that leaf extract in inflorescence stage had the most reduction effect on radicle and

plumule length, germination percent and germination time spread. Greenhouse results indicate

that the effect of extract of different parts of sunflower decreased significantly plant height,

root length and dry weight, leaf area, shoot dry weight, 1000 kernel weight and seed

production of redroot pigweed. Leaf extract in vegetative stage of sunflower had the most

reduction effect. Decreasing germination percent was 87% and seed production was to 74%

by sunflower extract. Therefore, the sunflower allelopathic potential can reduce pigweed in

the field.

Oral Presentations



OP.1.11. ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY TACTICS FOR CONTROLLING NOXIOUS

WEED

(ASPHODELUS TENUFOLIUS L) IN CHICKPEA

Imtiaz KHAN

Department of Weed Science

The University of Agriculture-Peshawar. Pakistan

Corresponding author::[email protected]

The experiment was designed to study the allelopathic effect of two weeds (Cyperus

rotundus L. and (Sorghum helephense L.) against noxious weed (Asphodelus tenufolius) in

chickpea crop. The experiment was under taken at farmer field in District Karak (Pakistan)

during winter searson 2010-2011 using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).

Ethanol extracts from C. rotundus and S. helephense were applied at 1500 and 2000 ppm.

Statistical analyses of the data showed that these two extract have no effect on germination of

weeds and chickpea. Ethanol extracts of these weed drastically reduced the density A.

tenufolius after month. The chickpea yield increase positively from the previous year i.e 2009-

2010. Further research suggested to study the actual phenomenon responsible for this change

inside the plant tested.

Oral Presentations



OP.1.12. ALLELOPATHIC INTERACTION IN WHEAT-SUGARCANE

CROPPING SYSTEM.

Ishwar SINGH and S. SOLOMON

Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow – 226 002 (UP), India


Sugarcane is mainly grown in spring season in sub-tropical part of India under various

sequences and succeeds important crops like toria, mustard, gram, lentil, potato or wheat.

Sugarcane (ratoon) – wheat – sugarcane (plant) cropping system is prevalent in the Indo-

Gangetic Plains that account for 1.56 million hectares (nearly 35 % of total sugarcane area in

India). A drastic reduction in cane yield has been reported when planted after wheat harvest

due to poor germination and growth in sugarcane. A field trial was conducted during 2007-08

at Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow on different planting method for wheat –

sugarcane system. It was observed that there was reduction in germination to the extent of

14.4 per cent in sugarcane planted after wheat harvest compared with sugarcane planted after

fallow. The reduction in cane yield in wheat –sugarcane system was to the tune of 8.2 per cent

over fallow – sugarcane system due to reduction in cane weight and number of millable canes.

Poor germination with stunted growth in sugarcane resulted reduction in cane yield in wheat –

sugarcane system. That might be due to the presence of phytotoxic chemicals in wheat

residues. Wheat straw residues have been reported to have allelopathic effect (Muminovic,

1991; Nakano et al, 2006 and Wu et al, 2001) due to presence of phytotoxic chemicals viz.,

phenolic compounds including p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, p-coumaric, syringic and ferulic

acids (Guenzi at al., 1967, Lodhi et al., 1987). Phenolic compound have been reported to

influence nutrient uptake (Baziramakenga et al, 1994), membrane permeability

(Baziramakenga et al, 1995), protein synthesis (Mersie and Singh, 1993), photosynthesis

(Baziramakenga et al, 1994), respiration (Penuelas et al, 1996), enzyme activity (Rama Devi

and Prasad, 1992), hormone balance (Holappa and Blum, 1991) and also water potentioal

(Einhellig, 1986). The negative interaction between wheat and sugarcane can be minimized

by planting sugarcane with wheat under Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB) system in

overlapping fashion or simultaneous. Future line of research in sugarcane plant – ratoon –

wheat system: secondary metabolites (phytotoxic chemicals) released from wheat

straw/residue and its effect on germinating buds and root development in sugarcane, and rate

of decomposition of secondary metabolites released from residues of wheat and sugarcane.

Research on allelopathy can be an answer to solve the problem of progressively decline in

subsequent ratoon yield due to auto toxicity in sugarcane plant – ratoon system


Oral Presentations



OP.1.13. ALLELOPATHY IN CROPPING SYSTEMS

Muhammad FAROOQ*, Zahid Ata CHEEMA, and Sardar Alam CHEEMA

Allelopathy Lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040,

Pakistan


Yield decline is often observed in crops grown in short rotations and monocultures than

the crops grown in longer rotations. Although the allelopathic effects may be stimulatory or

inhibitory, we have observed the adverse effects of allelopathic plants both in monocultures

and multiple cropping systems. Crop rotations are practiced to reduce the ill effects of

monocultures, but the subsequent crop may be affected by the allelochemicals released by the

preceding one. We observed that when grown in rotation with tobacco, stand establishment

and growth of maize were improved whereas mungbean stand and growth were suppressed.

When grown in rotation mungbean, stand establishment and growth of soybean were

suppressed; however, stand establishment and growth of maize were improved. Long term

trials of aerobic rice also indicated yield decline over time. This yield decline has been

attributed to biotic factors such as buildup of plant pathogens, and allelochemicals in the

rhizosphere. Therefore, allelopathic nature of the crops must be considered while making the

crop rotations.


Oral Presentations



OP.1.14. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF INDIGENOUS FUNGI AGAINST

VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE: EFFECT ON MYCELIAL GROWTH, FORMATION OF

MICROSCLEROTIA AND TOMATO VERTICILLIUM WILT SEVERITY

Hayfa JABNOUN-KHIAREDDINE* and Mejda DAAMI-REMADI

UR13AGR09, Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre East, Regional

Center of Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, University of Sousse, 4042,

Chott-Mariem, Tunisia


The antifungal activity of indigenous isolates of Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp.,

and Penicillium sp. was evaluated in vitro, in vivo and in situ against Verticillium dahliae

causing tomato Verticillium wilt in Tunisia. Based on dual culture method, all the tested

isolates reduced the mycelial growth of V. dahliae as compared to the control. Ability of these

antagonists to alter pathogen microsclerotia and reduce their viability was also elucidated.

Microsclerotia treated with the conidial suspensions of the antagonists and their incubation,

on agar 2% during 10 days at 20°C, showed suppressed germination and consequently

reduced viability as compared to the control. On PDA medium, the microsclerotia dual

cultured with antagonists showed degradation of their cell walls and a progressive loss of their

melanin indicating a probable melanolytic activity. Under controlled and field conditions, the

antagonists were added at the seedling stage to the culture substrate and applied as root

dipping just before planting. Their efficacy was evaluated based on disease severity (leaf

damage index (LDI) and vascular browning index) and plant growth parameters (height and

fresh weight of the roots and the aerial part). In vivo, LDI was reduced by more than 60% as

compared to the control. Plants treated with T. virens showed increase in height by 30%

compared to the control. G. catenulatum and Penicillium sp. based treatments also augmented

the aerial part fresh weight by 52 and 44/%, respectively. In situ, the vascular browning index

noted on treated plants was significantly reduced compared to the control. The highest

reduction, of about 88%, was recorded on tomato plants treated with T. viride. These

biocontrol agents may efficiently control this disease due to their diverse, direct and indirect,

inhibition mechanisms. Furthermore, for more elucidating the noted melanolytic activity, their

culture filtrates and their aqueous and organic extracts will be assessed for their inhibitory

effects against V. dahliae.

Oral Presentations



OP.1.15. EVALUATION OF SORGHUM BICOLOR L. (MOENCH) RESIDUES

ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH REDUCED DOSE OF POST-EMERGENCE

HERBICIDE FOR WEED CONTROL IN WHEAT

Nabil Raheem LAHMOD1 and Ibrahim S. ALSAADAWI

2*

1Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq



A two-year field trial was conducted to test the response of weed and wheat crop to

different rates (3.5, 5.3 and 7.6 t ha-1

) of sorghum residues alone or in combination with 50%

(150 g ha-1

) of the label rate of Chevalier herbicide. Weedy check treatment was included for

comparison. All treatments significantly reduced weed population and dry weight of weeds in

comparison to weedy check treatment during both years of the study. However, plots treated

with 50% of label rate of herbicide and amended with sorghum residues recorded least weed

density and dry biomass and this suppression was much greater than the residue treatments

and reduced herbicide when used alone. Application of Chevalier herbicide at 50% rate in

plots amended with sorghum residue at rates 3.5 and 5.3 t ha-1

resulted in similar yield as with

the label herbicide rate treatment. While the higher residues inhibited yield. The increase in

yield apparently due to increase in number of spikes per unit area. Biochemical analysis

revealed the presence of highly total phenolics in sorghum amended field compared to control

soil. Periodic data revealed that maximum quantities of phenolics were coincided with the

period in which maxi mum suppressive activity against weeds was noticed under field

condition, which explain the activity of phytotoxins on weed suppression. Integration of

sorghum residues at 3.5 and 5.3 t ha-1

with a lower herbicide rate can furnish adequate weed

suppression without compromising yield, which could be used as a feasible and

environmentally sound weed management approach in wheat fields.


Poster Presentations







PP.1.1. THE ROLE OF COMMON RAGWEED (AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA L.)

AS TEST PLANT IN ALLELOPATHIC RESEARCH

Gabriella KAZINCZI*, Zsuzsa BASKY, Tamás KŐMÍVES, Uwe STARFINGER, Arnd

VERSCHWELE, Ulrike SOELTER, Gerhard KARRER, Per KUDSK, Andrej

SIMONCIC

Kaposvar University, Guba S. str. 40. H-7400, Hungary


Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is the most common invasive alien

species in Hungary and seems to be spread all Europe. Due to its harmful effect for plant

production and human health (pollen allergy) one of the main purpose for herbologists is to

search effective strategies for its suppression. In our HALT Ambrosia project, glasshouse pot

experiments were set up to study the effect of plant residues on the development of common

ragweed. The donor species – their inhibitory effects have been earlier proved - were the

followings: oilseed rape, sunflower, Solidago gigantea, Abutilon theophrasti. Based on the

preliminary results it is believed that reaction of A. artemisiifolia to plant residues of donor

species greatly depends on its life history (germination, growth), the donor plant part and

species. Generally, donor species rather promote, than suppress A. artemisiifolia development,

suggesting that ragweed, as a test plant can utilize plant residues as nutrient sources. This

phenomenon may greatly contribute to the rapid invasion of A. artemisiifolia under field

conditions.

This work was supported by HALT AMBROSIA n°07.0322/2010/586340/SUB/B2- Complex

research on methods to halt the Ambrosia invasion in Europe.





PP.1.2. ALLELOPATHY OF SOME INVASIVE SPECIES IN HUNGARY

Gabriella KAZINCZI*, Erzsébet NÁDASY, József HORVÁTH

Kaposvar University, Guba S. str. 40. H-7400, Hungary


The rapid spreading of invasive alien plant species (IAS) mean a real threath both in

natural and agro- ecosystems. These species endanger the ecological balance of natural

communities and severely reduce the biological diversity. In the agricultural practice they

cause considerable yield losses due to their favourable biological characteristics. Out of the

2400 species of the Hungarian flora 75 ones is believed as invasive species. For more

decades allelopathy of some invasive species was studied in laboratory bioassay, glasshouse

pot experiments and under field conditions. It is believed that majority of them (e.g. Abutilon

theophrasti, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Solidago gigantea, Asclepias syriaca, Cyperus

esculentus) has strong inhibitory effect on the development of some test (recipient) species

studied. On the contrary, some test plants were able to utilize plant residues and plant extracts

as nutrient sources.

This research was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary co-financed by

the European Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP-4.2.4.A/2-11/1-2012-0001 ’National

Excellence Program’.





PP.1.3. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF SUNFLOWER AGAINST THE GREAT

BROME

Imen BOUHAOUEL1,2*

, A. GFELLER1, M.L. FAUCONNIER

3, H. Slim AMARA

2, P.

Du JARDIN1

1Plant Biology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des

Déportés, 5030 - Gembloux, Belgium. 2Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Plant Biotechnology,

National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Charles Nicolle Street, 1082 - Tunis Mahragene,

Tunisia. 3General and Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège,

2 Passage des Déportés, 5030 - Gembloux, Belgium.


Control methods commonly used to suppress the great brome (Bromus diandrus Roth.,

syn. Bromus rigidus Roth. subsp. gussonii Parl.) in Tunisian cereal crop are essentially

chemical, raising both efficacy and safety issues. The introduction of allelopathic species into

the crop rotation or utilizing allelopathic plants as living/green mulches has been suggested as

a cost-effective way to reduce the weed presence. Among these species, the sunflower

(Helianthus annuus L.) has shown an allelopathic potential against some troublesome weed

species. In this study, we analyzed the biological activities of water extract of different tissues

(root, shoot, leaf and flower) of sunflower on the seedling establishment of the great brome.

In a second experiment, the allelopathic influence of sunflower residues (leaf or flower)

against this weed was also studied under glasshouse conditions at more advanced stages of

growth using different concentrations (0, 6, 12 and 18g tissue dry weight / kg of soil). The

first experiment showed an effect depending on the parts of the sunflower. Indeed, the roots

seem to be the less allelopathic part (22% of root inhibition growth) as compared to the leaves

and flowers (82% and 100%, respectively). This potential seems to simultaneously affect the

radicle and the coleoptile growth of the great brome. In the second experiment, weed growth

was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, using increasing amounts of sunflower residues.

The allelopathic potential of the leaves or flowers reduced both the root or shoot length and

biomass accumulation of the weed. These results suggest that the sunflower can be a good

previous crop for cereal cultivation by controlling the presence of some weeds, including the

great brome. In this perspective, the inhibitory effects of sunflower residues on cultivated

cereals in the field need to be assessed.





PP.1.4. ECOLOGICAL WEED MANAGEMENT BY BRASSICA SPP. SPECIES

SMOTHERS CROPS AND INTERCROPPING: EFFECT ON WEED DRY WEIGHT

AND WEED DIVERSITY

Ines SAAD*, Bouthaina AL MOUHANDES-DRIDI and Rabiaa HAOUALA

Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Agronomic Higher Institute -

Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Chott Meriem 4042, Tunisia. (UR13AGR05).


This study aims to evaluate the smothering effect, on weeds, of four Brassica spp. viz,

B. oleracea var. capitata fo alba (white cabbage), B. oleracea var. capitata fo. rubra (red

cabbage), B. oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflowers) and B. oleracea var. gongylodes (cabbage

turnip) through a first field assay conducted in monocropping and a second one conducted in

intercropping between cauliflower and lettuce. This later was carried out at two planting dates

(D1: the two crops were transplanted in the same day, D2: lettuce was transplanted after two

weeks). Five patterns were designed for each date. No herbicide was applied for weed control.

The weed population, dry weight and density were recorded at crop harvest and assessment

was carried out with ecological indicators based on species richness, Shannon’s diversity and

Shannon’s evenness. Results of the first field test have shown important reduction over

control of weed dry weight (From 53.44% to 73.29%) and density (From 10.9% to 30.75%)

and a large variation in species richness, diversity of weed community for the four varieties

planted in monocroping. In the second field test, the highest reduction of weed dry weight

were noted at D1, especially in patterns where cauliflower has held 50% (172.74 g/m2) and

70% (200.97 g/m2 ) of the plot compared with sole cauliflower (321.76 g/m

2 ) and sole lettuce

(333.89 g/m2). Species richness, Shannon’s diversity and evenness, varied according to

planting dates and planting patterns. Thus, the design of cropping systems must be based on

ecological and agronomical knowledge allowing suppressing weed growth and being the most

cost-effective and environment-friendly methods for weed control.





PP.1.5. ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY OF WHEAT AGAINST HORSE PURSLANE

I: INFLUENCE OF AQUEOUS STRAW EXTRACTS

Farhena ASLAM*, Abdul KHALIQ, Amar MATLOOB and Asif TANVEER

Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.


Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) possesses allelopathic activity that can be beneficially

exploited for managing weed problems in agro-ecosystems either through rotation or directly

utilizing its residue material. Horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) is a major summer

weed of wheat-based cropping systems. Phytotoxic influence of aqueous wheat straw extracts

was investigated on germination and early seedling growth of this weed. Five aqueous extract

concentrations as 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % applied both as pre and post emergence were

evaluated in laboratory and screen house trials during summer 2009. Wheat aqueous extracts

exhibited phytotoxicity to horse purslane by inhibiting/delaying germination and suppressing

seedling growth. Application of wheat aqueous extracts also decreased chlorophyll content

and soluble protein, and enhanced soluble phenolics and antioxidant enzymes in seedling of

horse purslane compared with control. Impaired germination and retarded seedling growth of

horse purslane suggested phytotoxic activity of wheat aqueous extracts against horse purslane.





PP.1.6. EVALUATION OF PARTHENIUM (PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L.)

WATER EXTRACTALONE AND WITHLOW DOSES OF HERBICIDE FOR WEED

CONTROL IN WHEAT

Nadir BALOACH*, Muhammad ASHRAF and Wajid Parvez AKHTER

Pir Maher Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi


Allelopathy being an environment friendly, sustainable and economical approach is

gaining attention of the researchers worldwide and can help to reduce the problems raised by

synthetic chemicals. In order to reduce herbicide usage, parthenium allelopathic water extract

with reduced herbicide doses were tested for weed management in wheat during the year

2011-12 at Koont research farm PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. The

treatment combinations were the parthenium water extract at 24 L ha-1

alone and combined

with reduced doses of Buctril Super 60 EC at 300, 225, 150 and 75 ml ha-1

, respectively.

Individual herbicide (Buctril Super 60 EC) treatment at 750 ml ha-1

full dose and a weedy

check were included for comparison. Experiment was laid out in randomized complete block

design (RCBD) with 4 replications. An approved wheat cultivar, Chakwal 50, was used as

experimental material. The data recorded at 45 and 75 DAS (days after sowing) showed that

water extract at 24 L ha-1

combined with Buctril Super 60 EC at 150 ml ha-1

inhibited total

weeds density by 38 and 84%, total weeds fresh weight by 67 and 87% and total weeds dry

biomass by 69 and 86% respectively and increased grain yield by 91% over control. It is

concluded that herbicide dose can be minimized by combining with allelopathic water extract.





PP.1.7. EFFECT OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM L., USED AS PREVIOUS

CROP ON THE REDUCTION OF FUSARIUM COLONY IN THE SOIL

Khaled HIBAR

Regional Center of Agronomic Research in Sidi Bouzid, 9100 Sidi Bouzid

Phone number 0021696083575; Fax number: 0021676624086; E-mail: Corresponding author:

[email protected]

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) has been known for its medicinal and

nutritional virtues. In recent years, several studies have shown that this plant (shoot part or

seeds) has a significant allelopathic potential. The use of biological tools, including the

sowing of fenugreek as previous crop seems to be the most effective solution to control soil-

borne pathogens Fusarium sp. In this study, an assay was conducted in the experimental

station of Echbika (Kairouan) belonging to the National Institute of Field Crop of Tunisia

“Institut National des Grandes Culture (INGC)” where soil borne pathogens essentially

Fusarium pseudograminearum and F. culmorum cause more and more damage on wheat

crop. In this assay, and in the first year, the use of local variety of T. foenum graecum L. as a

previous crop has reduced the number of Fusarium colony, in the topsoil, from 305.56 CFU/g

dry soil in the wheat/wheat plot to only 194.44 CFU/g dry soil in the one planted

wheat/fenugreek. In the second year, this value was reduces to 44.64 CFU/g dry soil in the

same plot where fenugreek were re-used as a previous crop. These results demonstrated that

the use of T. foenum graecum L. as a previous crop for two successive years has reduces

Fusarium colony by more than 85% and this may be explained by its allelopathic potential.


Oral Presentations



Theme 2

ALLELOPATHY IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

Oral Presentations



Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations



OP.2.1. THE STUDY OF RHIZOBIA SYMBIOSIS WITH BEAN (VICIA FABA L.)

AND ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.) GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

Ahlem MOUFFOK*, Abdelkader BELHADI, Mohamed BELHAMRA and Sihem

MOUFFOK

University of Ghardaia, Department of Agricultural Sciences. Algeria


Worldwide, soils are increasingly attacked by the release of mineral nitrogen from human

activities. The use of nitrogen fertilizers to the inevitable consequence, the increase in nitrate

content, which may contribute to the production of nitrite and the formation of carcinogenic

nitrosamines. The nitrogen fertilizer may also affect the structure and function of the

microbial community. Some plants, such as legumes, however, can draw and fix nitrogen gas

from the atmosphere through symbiotic association with bacteria called rhizobia. Bean and

alfalfa crops are strategic economic and food. Also the role of alfalfa as a kind of purifying

nitrate through its ability to capture nitrogen in depth is the greatest interest. In order to study

the symbiosis with rhizobia in bean (Vicia faba L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the

region of Biskra, we used soil samples collected from 30 localities. This work has identified

several points of ecological and agronomic. The evaluation of potential symbiotic soil of the

region of Biskra, by the technique of trapping, show different levels of susceptibility to

rhizobial microflora. The effectiveness of the rhizobial symbiosis in two pulses indicates that

the biomass dry air and the amount of nitrogen accumulated in the aerial part, depends mainly

on the rate of nodulation and regardless of the species and locality. The correlation between

symbiotic nitrogen fixation and some physico-chemical properties of soils, showed that the

symbiotic fixation in both legumes is strongly related to soil conditions of the soil. Salinity

disrupts the physiological process of growth, development and particularly that of the

symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. The physiological characterization, biological and

chemical strains indicates that it is nodules by rhizobia that are probably different.


Oral Presentations



OP.2.2. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF THE DESERT PLANT SERPHIDIUM

TRANSILIENSE

Hua SAHO

Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land,

Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi

830011, China

Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

The allelopathic effect of a dominant shrub – Serphidium transiliense in northwestern

China was investigated. Growth of lettuce (Lectuca sativa L.) seedlings in rhizosphere soil of

S.transiliensewas significantly inhibited compared with the control, whereas adding activated

carbon could ameliorate this effect. We suspect that S. transiliense might release some VOCs

with inhibitory activity into the soil via leaching or litter decomposition based on the fact that

S. transiliense can emit strong odor into the environment. Aerial parts of S. transiliense in an

air tight container greatly inhibited seedling growth of wheat (Triticumaestivum Linn) and

radish (Raphanus sativus L), indicating that S. transiliense can actually release biologically

active VOCs to affect other plants’ growth.Further study showed that S.

transilienseoilsignificantly suppressed seedling growth of two dicot plants, amaranth

(Amaranthusmangostanus L.) and lettuce (Lectuca sativa L.), and two monocot plants, wheat

and ryegrass (Loliummultiforum) at 0.5µl/ml, and 2.5 µl/ml oil completely killed seeds of

amaranth, wheat and ryegrass.GC/MS analysis revealed that main constituents ofS.

transiliense oil were eucalyptol (51.25%) and camphor (22.52%). Further bioassay against the

aforementioned test plants confirmed these two compounds were the main responsible

ingredients in the oil. Further study is needed to investigate whether these VOCs act as

allelochemicals directly in the soil via their phytotoxicity, or indirectly by altering soil

microbiota or nutrient cycling processes.



Oral Presentations



OP.2.3. ALLELOPATHIC IMPACT OF PHYTOGENOUS ECDYSTEROID ON

SILKWORM BOMBYX MORI L. IN LARVAL MATURATION, COCOON

BUILDING AND EGG PRODUCTION

K. Sashindran NAIR*1

, Jula S. NAIR2 and B. S. ANGADI

1

1National Silkworm Seed Organization, Central Silk Board, BTM Layout, Madivala,

Bangalore-560068, India 2Central Silk Board, BTM Layout, Madivala, Bangalore, India

*Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected]

India being one of the few prominent silk producing countries in the world, is a front runner in

devising biological methods to manage certain critical events involved in silkworm raising and egg

production. The allelopathic effect of phytogenous ecdysteroid (PE), a secondary metabolite existing

in select plant species as a defense assisting compound against insect pests was utilized as an agent to

elicit beneficial physiological response in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Exogenous administration of

minute quantities of PE at the critical time just prior to the larval preparation for cocoon building

process hastens further maturation events, synchronizes cocoon formation among the larvae of the

colony and influences seed production events. A high altitude herb, windmill pink, Silene gallica was

collected, shade dried, coarse-milled, ecdysteroid was extracted in MeOH, partially purified and the

20-Hydroxy ecdysone equivalent was quantified though RP-HPLC. The extract was diluted in distilled

water to a concentration of 25µg/ml and sprayed onto pre-harvested fresh mulberry leaves at the rate

of 10 ml (250µg PE)/100 g leaves/100 larvae. The larvae of two popular bivoltine silkworm races

CSR2 and CSR4 were allowed to consume the treated leaves at the onset of maturation process and

build cocoons. The moth emergence and egg laying were followed up. Untreated control larvae were

maintained in parallel to compare the results. Fifth instar larval duration, duration required for

mounting all the larvae to the cocoon building frame, survivability, cocoon yield, average cocoon

weight, shell weight, shell percentage, pupal mortality, moth emergence duration, egg recovery etc. in

the treated silkworm larvae were recorded and compared with that of the untreated larvae. The

treatment was replicated five times and repeated thrice and the data were subsequently analyzed. The

results indicated that PE administration results in visible reduction in larval duration, hastens

maturation and synchronizes cocoon formation enabling labour reduction, saving on mulberry leaves

and easy silkworm rearing and seed production management. The allelopathic impact of PE on

silkworm proved beneficial in silkworm seed production processes. PE mediated silkmoth emergence

ensured 100 per cent emergence in 3 days with peak emergence on day 2 whereas in the control it took

4 days, with peak emergence skewed on day 2 and 3. While there was 9% improvement in egg

recovery in CSR4, CSR2 did not show such positive result. Since the primary objective was rearing

and egg production management rather than improved production, the allelopathic effect of PE served

as a perfect mechanism in pure race silkworm rearing and egg production. The implication of such an

effect in the Indian scenario is discussed.


Oral Presentations



OP.2.4. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF WILD JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE

(HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS S. L.) ON SOME WEEDS AND CULTIVATED

SPECIES

Rita FILEP*1

, Viktória Lilla BALÁZS1, Tímea BENCSIK

2, Robert W. PAL

1 and Ágnes

FARKAS2

1 University of Pécs, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology. Hungary

2 University of Pécs, Medical School, Department of Pharmacognosy. Hungary


Wild Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus s. l.) is one of the most dangerous

invasive plant species in Europe. Its spread may be enhanced by its allelopathic effects, which

in turn can be attributed to phenolic and sesquiterpene lactone compounds. Present work

aimed at determining whether allelopathic effects of Jerusalem artichoke can be responsible

for decreasing the coverage of other species in the field. On the basis of 482 sampling plots

we selected four weeds (Elymus repens, Galium mollugo, Solidago gigantea, Tanacetum

vulgare), whose coverage was reduced by Jerusalem artichoke. The study was also completed

with two cultivated species (Triticum aestivum, Zea mays). We investigated the germination

of the above species in three different dilutions of leaf and root extracts of Jerusalem

artichoke for four months (June to September). After six days we measured total germination,

shoot and root elongation. In the first month the leaf extracts decreased the number of

germinated seeds in three weeds, as well as the elongation of their shoots and roots, but this

latter effect was not statistically significant. The root extract inhibited only the germination of

G. mollugo. In the second month the leaf extracts had a less pronounced effect, inhibiting the

germination of only one out of four weeds. In June the leaf extracts did not influence total

germination of the cultivated species, but in July they had a positive effect on the germination

of T. aestivum. In contrast, the root extracts positively affected cultivated species, increasing

the number of germinated seeds in T. aestivum, and increasing the length of shoots and roots

in Z. mays in June. In summary, our results suggest that the coverage of three species out of

four decreases due to the allelopathic effects of Jerusalem artichoke. Interestingly however,

the extracts did not have a negative effect on the germination of the studied crop species.

Oral Presentations



OP.2.5. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF RAIN LEACHATES FROM

EUCALYPTUS UROPHYLLA ON FOUR NATIVE TREE SPECIES

Qingmei SONG, He HE and Shixiao YU*

Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun

Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China


Previous studies have shown that aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus foliage and litter can

affect the germination and seedling growth of many species. Nevertheless, the techniques

employed in those studies do not resemble natural ecological processes. In this study, we

investigated the allelopathic effects of rain leachates from Eucalyptus urophylla (including

leachate of foliage, leachate of litter and leachate of foliage + litter) on four native tree species

(Leucaena leucocephala, Albizia lebbeck, Pterospermum lanceaefolium, Schefflera

octophylla) as well as the allelopathic intensity between leachate of foliage and leachate of

litter. We measured seed germination rate, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight

and seedling survival rate of the test plants as the response parameters in all treatments. It was

revealed that the rain leachates from Eucalyptus urophylla inhibited the seed germination of

test plants, but showed no effect on the seedling growth and seedling biomass of receivers as a

whole. The leachate of foliage presented non-significant effect on the seed germination of

most species, with the exception of Pterospermum lanceaefolium. However, leachate of litter

and leachate of foliage + litter obviously suppressed all species overall. It indicated that

leachate of litter had the stronger inhibition than leachate of foliage. The rain leachates from

Eucalyptus urophylla exhibited a strong allelopathic effect on test plants, and rain leaching

from Eucalyptus urophylla litter was considered to be the key part of inducing allelopathy.

Oral Presentations



OP.2.6. ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY OF SWINE CRESS (CRONOPUSDIDYMUSL.

SM.) RESIDUES AGAINST RICE

Saddam HUSSAIN*, Abdul KHALIQ, Amar MATLOOB, Asif TANVEER,

FarhenaASLAM and Ahsan AREEB

Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad


Weed residues left in the field can interfere with emergence and establishment of

subsequent crop through allelopathy. It is, therefore important to identify weed species

manifesting residual allelopathy and to characterize their adverse effects on emergence and

seedling growth of crops. A bioassay was conducted to ascertain the effect of the weed swine

cress (Cronopusdidymus L. Sm.) residues on the emergence, early seedling growth, and

chlorophyll and phenolic content of rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop. The basic treatments

consisted of incorporating swine cress residues at 4, 8, 12 and 16 g kg-1

soil, with soil without

swine cress residue serving as control. Residue incorporation proved detrimental to rice

growth. Emergence and seedling growth attributes diminished with increasing rate of residue

incorporation. Higher rate (12 and 16 g kg-1

soil) reduced rice emergence by 60 and 74%, and

seedling dry biomass by 43 and 59%. Rice seedlings also recorded lower chlorophyll contents

and higher phenolics in response to residue incorporation over control. Soil analysis revealed

a periodic increase in phenolics concentration attaining peak value at 10th

day of residue

incorporation that declined thereafter. Highest quantity (296 µg g-1

of soil) of phenolics was

recorded when swine cress residues were incorporated at 16 g kg-1

of soil. As a whole, swine

cress residue incorporation suppressed rice emergence and seedling growth suggesting that

chemical interference by residues (most likely involving phenolics) of this weed will be a

crucial factor for subsequent rice crop establishment under field conditions.


Oral Presentations



OP.2.7. APPLICATION OF ALLELOPATHY IN AYURVEDA

Kalyani B. PAWAR1*

, P.P. BHIDE2 and P.P. BHIDE

2

1. Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004 (MS) India

2. J.J. Magdum Ayurvedic Medical College, Jaysingpur (MS) India

*Corresponding author : [email protected]

Ayurveda is an ancient system of healthcare where herbal medicines are used. Herbal

medicines are containing various types of bioactive compounds which are nothing but

secondary metabolites. These medicines are used either single or in combination in the form

of powder, decoction and tablets. There are reports on ayurvedic medicines where

combinations of different plants are used like Triphala Gugul, Phaltrikadi Gugul, Lakshadi

Gugul, Sitopaladi, Dashmula and Panchkol. In Shatavari Kalpa and Chyawanprash

combination of Asparagus racemosus and Sida cordifolia and in Sahacharadi oil and

Sahacharadi Gugul combination of Vitex negundo and Barleria cuspidata is used. Oils of

Pongamia pinnata and Azadirachta indica are used together to cure wounds. Combination of

Tinospora cordifolia and A. indica is used in the treatment of Jaundice and as a liver tonic.

We are going to apply principle of allelopathy here. We have started to grow the plants

together as well as separately which are used in combination and have selected sites where

these plants are growing together. As these plants are used in combination it is necessary to

investigate whether the plants get affected positively or negatively when they grow together.

We are also analyzing the plants phytochemically for the detection of bioactive compound.

mailto:*Corresponding%20author :%[email protected]




PP.2.1. ALLELOPATHY OF AQUATIC BIRDS LAKE ECOSYSTEM: QUALITY

CONTROL PHYSIC-CHEMICAL WATER SURFACES (NUMIDIA EAST -

ALGERIA)

Abir TOUMI*1

, Moussa HOUHAMDI2 and Hacéne ALAYAT

1

1Laboratory Agriculture and Ecosystem Functioning .University of El Tarf 36000 Alegria.

2Laboratory biology, Water Environment. Université 8Mai 1945of Guelma 24000 Alegria.


An effective and coherent water policy must take account of the vulnerability of

aquatic ecosystems and wetlands, as their equilibrium is strongly influenced by the quality of

water runoff and discharges flowing.The eco-complex of wetlands in the region of El-Kala is

composed of a dozen plans fresh international interest. The Bird Lake is one of the most

diverse sites in this region. The population explosion and economic growth have brought no

doubt a more increased water demand which exceeds by far the resources available, and

nothing indicates that the drought that plagued the last two decades will leave place abundant

rainfall.The water of this ecosystem, despite its status of Ramsar site and although it hosts

domestic releases of the commune of bird lake is constantly used by local residents for

intensive irrigation of nearby vegetable crops (Houhamdi, 2002).In search of alternative or

complementary approaches, for the preservation and alleloopathy of aquatic ecosystems we

determined the physic-chemical quality of the water in this wetland of the Numidia Eastern

Algerian who is subsequently widely used in irrigation.

Our results show a difference of rates and the measured levels of each studied parameter. In

the majority of cases it exceeds the standards required for the surface water making it

unsuitable for irrigation. These concentrations indicate a source of pollution of organic origin

that deserves to be followed.




PP.2.2. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF OLEA EUROPEA AGAINST THE OLIVE

PESTS BACTROCERA OLEAE (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IN TLEMCEN

(ALGERIA).

Nassira GAOUAR BENYELLES

Tlemcen University. Algeria

Coresponding author: [email protected]

The effect of attacks of Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), which cause considerable damage

to olives, seems to be influenced by various environmental factors such as the season and the

trees orientation, were tested to estimate the impact. Comparison of the levels of secondary

metabolites in healthy and infected fruit showed that the trees’ natural defences against the

pest are, in order of effectiveness, alkaloids, tannins, constituent substances, and flavonoids,

which are least effective because they are the result of subsequent chemical reactions, making

them inducible elements.




PP.2.3. STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESOURCE DEGRADATION FACTORS

IN SOIL AND WATER ON THE TRAY OF MOSTAGANEM

Habib OUABEL*, H. GACEMI and M. LARID

Biodiversity Labrotoary, Conservatory Water Management, Soils and Environment

Dept. of Agriculture - Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life - Univ. Mostaganem


The tray of Mostaganem represents a case of most affected ecosystem in Algeria by

degradation of its soil and water resources. It is a sandy coastal area covering over 78 100

hectares, characterized by a significant wind activity and thus a strong erosive power.

Additionally to this erosive effect, the plateau is under strong urban concentration and

economic activities: agriculture, industry and port, which threaten as much its resources, that

it’s basic ecological balance. This work is a contribution to the diagnosis of the state of

degradation of the plateau of Mostaganem subject to various agricultural and industrial

constraints that affected its natural soil and water resources. One important result of this

approach is that the degradation of Mostaganem plateau exists in several forms at the same

time it remains undervalued because it has not benefited enough attention from scientists or

even socio-economic operators. She half-opened, however, an investigation way of primary

importance on ecological and environmental impacts of rapid development conducted in the

region, in the medium and long term.


Oral Presentations



Theme 3

ALLELOPATHY IN SOIL SICKNESS

Oral Presentations



Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations



OP.3.1. VARIED EFFECTS OF RICE RESIDUE AND WATER STRESS ON

GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.

Narsingh B. SINGH*, Nimisha AMIST and Kavita YADAY

Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany,

University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India

*Correspondinh author: [email protected]

In present work, effects of two stress factors i.e. allelopathy and water stress were

investigated to study alteration in morphological and physiological processes of wheat

seedlings under the influence of rice residue with and without water stress. Activated charcoal

(AC) was used to detect the presence of allelopathic compounds in residues and their role in

phytotoxicity. Phenolic contents of residue incorporated soil with and without AC were

recorded. Phenolic contents increased in residue amended soil but decreased in response to

AC. Seed germination decreased with increased amount of residue. A gradual decrease was

observed in seedling height, dry weight, relative water content and pigment content in wheat

seedlings grown in residue amended soil with and without water stress. The residue

incorporation caused significant decrease in protein content but water stress in single and in

combination with residue elevated protein content. Higher level of sugar and proline contents

was recorded in the stressed seedlings in comparison to control and AC treated seedlings.

Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents increased in the wheat seedlings as

compared with that recorded in seedlings of control and AC. A concentration dependant

increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate

peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase was observed in the seedlings grown in soil amended with

rice residue while combined stresses resulted in gradual decrease. Activated charcoal

decreased the level of phenolics significantly thus decreased the toxicity of the residue. This

study helped in obtaining an insight into crop interaction with combined biotic and abiotic

stresses and thus providing a futuristic goal to help in maintaining sustainable agriculture.


Oral Presentations



OP.3.2. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON FLAX PLANT

GREW IN CALCAREOUS SOIL AMENDED WITH WATER HYACINTH DRY

MANURE

Wafaa SHUKRY

Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt


The effect of calcareous soil (collected from Tushki) on some metabolic aspects and

on the fiber yield of Flax (Linum usitatissimum) was studied under normal field conditions,

either alone or in combination with water hyacinth dry manure at three concentration levels

(0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) to improve the growth and the fiber yield of flax. The results obtained,

showed that, the calcareous soil caused a decrease in photosynthetic pigments, endogenous

phytohormones like IAA, GA3 and total Zeatin. A reversible situation was found in ABA and

IAA oxidase activity, more ,there was an increase in phenol, lipid peroxidation and

antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD, PPO and POX) activities. The rate of transport of elements

(Jj) for K, showed a significant decrease. Na and Ca showed an increase compared with the

corresponding control. However, Tushki soil caused a variable changes in fiber properties.

The inhibitory effects of calcaerous soil on the metabolic activities and fiber yield of flax

plants can be improved by addition of 1% dry manure.

Oral Presentations



OP.3.3. RESEARCHES ON CALCIUM SIGNALING ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH

REHMANNIA GLUTINOSA REPLANTING DISEASE

Yan Hui YANG1, Zhong YI ZHANG

2, Xin Jian CHEN

3*, Ming Jie LI

3

1College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China, 450001

2College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China,

350002

3College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China, 450002


Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, a traditional Chinese medicine herb, is severely

affected by replanting disease, displaying that plants cannot normally grow in very soil while

former crops being themselves. Calcium signaling could play important roles in the formation

of R. glutinosa replanting disease according to our previous studies. Here, root tip cells from

the frist year planting (FP) and the second year replanting (SP) R. glutinosa at the six

development stages were fixed by immersion in an osmium tetroxide solution containing

potassium pyroantimonate to study the electron-microscopic distribution of calcium ion

(Ca2+

), the cation being precipitated as an electron-opaque salt (calcium antimonate) by this

cytochemical technique. The results showed that the Ca2+

concentrations of the cytoplasms

from the observed cells from SP were obviously higher than that of SP at these development

stages. Temporal and spatial different expression patterns of 12 key genes related to the

calcium signalling transport system in the roots of FP and SP were be measure by qRT-

PCR.the results indicated that two, which are related to calcium channels away from the

cytoplasm, of the genes were down-regulated expressed in SP roots, while the others, which

are associated with calcium channels toward the cytoplasm, of the genes were up-regulated

expressed in SP roots. To reduce cell Ca2+

concentration and repress calcium signal

transduction pathway from SP R. glutinosa, calcium signal blockers were applied to observe

the cell Ca2+

concentration changes and analyze the key gene expression differences in SP R.

glutinosa at the tuberous root expanion stages by electron-microscop and qRT-PCR analysis.

The results showed that calcium signal blockers could alleviate the impairment of R. glutinosa

replanting disease, verifying the vital roles of Ca2+

signal transduction in the disease. The

study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for disclosing the formation

mechanism of R. glutinosa replanting disease.


app:ds:concentration

app:ds:mechanism




PP.3.1. INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF WHEAT RESIDUE AND CADMIUM ON

GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF VIGNA RADIATA L.

Narsingh B. SINGH*, Kavita YADAY and Nimisha AMIST


University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India


The present study was carried out to investigate the allelopathic effects of wheat crop

residue with and without cadmium (Cd) and activated charcoal (AC) on biophysical and

biochemical parameters of Vigna radiata L. Phenolic contents of residue incorporated soil with

and without AC were recorded. It increased in residue incorporated soil and decreased with the

addition of AC. Seed germination, seedling height and average growth rate decreased when the

amount of residue was increased. Pigment and protein contents decreased under allelopathic

stress. AC increased pigment and protein content of mungbean seedlings. Combined stresses

elevated the toxic effects of wheat residue and Cd stress by further decreasing pigment and

protein contents. Residue with and without Cd increased sugar content. The two stresses

significantly enhanced malondialdehyde content (MDA) and electrolyte leakage (EL) of

mungbean seedlings. AC decreased MDA content and maintained EL to the level of control.

The activity of antioxidant enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase

and guaiacol peroxidase increased under the influence of both stresses. A dose-dependent

increase in ascorbic acid (AsA) and non protein thiol (NPSH) contents was recorded under

single allelopathic and allelopathic+Cd stresses. Cd also increased AsA and NPSH level.

However, residue containing AC caused a significant decline in AsA concentration as

compared with residue of 100% concentration. Under combined treatments, toxicity increased

but the increase was less than sum of toxicity caused by individual Cd and allelopathic stress.

AC played important role in minimizing toxicity of residue as it decreased phenolic content of

residue incorporated soil.





PP.3.2. EFFECT OF ZINC STRESS ON THE SECONDARY METABOLITES

(ESSENTIAL OILS, POLYPHENOLS) PRODUCTION IN THE TUNISIAN

CARAWAY (CARUM CARVI L.)

Ahmed MARICHALI1*

, Karim HOSNI2, Sana DALLALI

1, Saloua OUERGHEMMI

1,

Hela BEL HADJ LTAIEF1, Houcine SEBEI

1

1Agricultural College of Mograne, Agricultural Production Department, Research Laboratory:

SPDD 1121, Zaghouan, Tunisia.

2 National Institute of Research and Physico-Chemical analysis (INRAP), Sidi Thabet, Tunisia


The essential oils and various extracts of plants have gained special interest as sources

of bioactive agents. The effects of Zn stress on essential oil, total phenolic and flavonoids

content of Tunisian caraway were investigated. Essential oil extraction was performed by

hydrodistillation and was analyzed using gas chromatography-FID. Total phenolic and

flavonoids content were determined according to the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride

colorimetric method. Essential oil yields decreased, by 0.39, 0.21 and 0.18 % (w/w) for 0.1, 1

and 2mM ZnSO4, respectively. The main essential oil constituents were carvone (60.11–

71.08%) and limonene (25.42–33.85%). The production of essential oils was stimulated in

response to the supply of zinc. Zn induced an increase in the limonene percentage, estimated

by 30.92%, 30.94% and 33.85%. The monoterpene compounds increased by 32.04%, 31.61%

and 35.51%. Besides, the provision of zinc in plants induced a decrease in the carvone

proportion which was significantly estimated by 65.54%, 63.27% and 60.11% with different

doses. Zn treatment caused an increase in the concentrations of total phenolic and flavonoids.

The contents of total phenols ranged from 0.33 to 2.80 mg GAE/g DW (seeds), 0.13 to 1.12

mg GAE/g DW (leaves), 0.08 to 0.15 mg GAE/g DW (stems) and 0.13 to 0.18 mg GAE/g

DW (roots). The highest value recorded in plants treated with high concentrations of zinc.

Similarly the same trend has been observed for total flavonoids.


Oral Presentations



Theme 4

CHEMISTRY OF ALLELOCHEMICALS

Oral Presentations



Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations



OP.4.1. NEW MODIFIED OF SILIBININ: SYNTHESIS AND PRELIMINARY

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF A FLAVONOLIGNAN

PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

Armando ZARRELLI* Valeria ROMANUCCI, Cinzia Di MARINO and Giovanni Di

FABIO

Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli 'Federico II', Via Cintia 4, I-80126

Napoli, Italy


Flavonoids and flavonolignans are widely distributed among various citrus plants and

are frequently found in the human diet. They exhibit a variety of properties, such as enzyme

inhibitor, free radical scavenger, antitumor agent, antibacterial, antiinflammatory and

antioxidant. Flavonolignan silibinin (Figure) is the major component (ca. 30%) of the

silymarin complex extracted from the seeds of Silybum marianum, with multiple biological

activities operating at various cell levels.1 Silibinin and the other silymarin flavonolignans

(isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin) are biogenetically formed by the oxidative (radical)

coupling of coniferyl alcohol to the catechol moiety of taxifolin. This reaction is not

stereospecific,2 and thus all respective flavonolignans occur in the silymarin complex in

diastereomeric pairs in proportions of ca. 1:1. Along with the beneficial activities resulting

from the antioxidant and radical scavenging properties, recently silibinin has received

attention due to its anticancer and chemopreventive actions, as well as hypocholesterolemic,

cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Silybin are rather hampered by its very low

bioavailability. In an attempt to improve its biological properties and facilitate in vivo

applications of silibinin, only few structural modifications have been proposed3 and the

available analogues are still unsatisfactory, therefore new synthetic approaches for selectively

modifying silibinin are of high interest. As a part of our continuing research effort4 towards

the synthesis of new natural product analogues, we present here the preliminary results of a

efficient synthetic procedure to obtain new modified silibinin derivatives. The antioxidant

properties of the new compounds have been evaluated in a cellular model in vivo.


Oral Presentations



OP.4.2. A CHEMICAL BASIS FOR DIFFERENTIAL ALLELOPATHIC

POTENTIAL OF ROOT EXUDATES OF SORGHUM BICOLOR L. (MOENCH)

CULTIVARS ON COMPANION WEEDS

Ibrahim S. ALSAADAWI1*

, Tamara A. AL-KHATEEB2*

, Hameed A. HADWAN2 and

Nabil R. LAHMOOD3

1Department of Biology, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq.

2National Center for Organic Farming, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq.

3Department of Agronomy, College of agriculture, Waset University,Waset, Iraq.

*Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]

Study was conducted to test if the variation in weed population and biomass

between the stands of Enkath and Rabeh sorghum cultivars, which was observed in the field,

was due to differences in their allelopathic potential. Field experiment revealed that Enkath

cultivar significantly suppressed weed density and dry weight biomass over Rabeh cultivar by

34 and 29% after 35 DAS, and 22 and 24% after 65 DAS. Stair case experiment indicated that

root exudates of Enkath cultivar showed more suppression to weeds than Rabeh giving

additional evidence for the superiority of Enkath cultivar in its allelopathic weed suppression.

Chemical analysis revealed that sorgoleone and several phenolic acids were present in higher

concentrations in root exudates of Enkath compared to Rabeh. Thus it appears that the

variation in weed suppressive ability between the test sorghum cultivars was attributed to their

differences in allelopathic potential of root exudates and the phytotoxicity of root exudates

was not restricted to sorgoleone alone but with phenolic acids. The results recommend

screening more sorghum cultivars in order to offer a potential source of allelopathic

germplasm that could be manipulated to enhance weed suppression in an effective and

environmentally sustainable approach.


Oral Presentations



OP.4.3. SEEDLING GROWTH BIOASSAY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

OF CISSUS CACTIFORMIS PLANT EXTRACT ON LETTUCE

Tieho P. MAFFO*, M. F. SEBOLA and N.D. MAMPHISWANA

Department of Plant Production, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering,

School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag

X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa


Some plant crude extracts with bio-pesticidal properties have also been documented

for their phytotoxic properties. The present study was carried out to investigate allelopathic

effect of C. cactiformis plant as bio-nematicide on seedling growth of lettuce as well as

profiling its allelochemical compounds. Seedling growth bioassay comprised six treatments,

viz. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.25, 2.0 and 2.25 g crude extract of C. cactiformis plant per pot, were

arranged in a randomised complete block design, with six replicates inside the greenhouse.

All measured variables were not significant different at P ≤ 0.05 level. Phytochemical

screening of the different extracts was determined using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and

chemical tests. Results of phytochemical screening of C. cactiformis plant extract showed

some differences in the allelochemical components of the different extracts investigated.

Saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins, phytosterols were found in

plant materials extracted using acetone, methanol and ethanol. With these extracts the

presence of phenolic compounds and cardiac glycoside were not found. However, in distilled

water extract terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, coumarins and phenolic compounds

were detected, with saponins and cardiac glycoside being absent. The results of this study

explained for the first time why the material when used as the post-emergent bio-nematicide

within these dosages improved growth of tested plant and revealed the allelochemicals

responsible for suppressing nematodes.

Oral Presentations



OP4.4. SCREENING OF ALLELOCHEMICALS FROM ACHYRANTHES

BIDENTATA RHIZOSPHERE WHICH REMITTING CONTINUOUS

MONOCULTURE PROBLEMS IN REHMANNIA GLUTINOSA

Juan LI1*

, Jiafang DU1, Hui QI

1, Junyan SHEN

1, Fengqing WANG

1, Xinjian CHEN

1

and Zhongyi ZHANG2

1 Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China

2Institute of Agroecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, china


Continuous monoculture problem in medicinal plant culture has became a core problem

that hinders the sustanible development of Chinese medicinal materials production. Producing

practice and previews researches indicated that Achyranthes bidentata has a positive

allelopathy and Rhemannia glutinosa-Achyranthes bidentata rotation can effectively remit

continuous monoculture disease of Rehmannia glutinosa. The experiments conducted with

pots, and Rehmannia cultivars “wen-85-5”, the tested material, was replanted in rhizosphere

soil of previous Rehmannia. Effective fractions were determined by adding different fractions

of water extraction of rhizosphere soil of Achyranthes bidentata into different pots，and the

result showed that the most effective fraction was N-butyl alcohol extract, followed by the

extract of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The survival rate of replanting Rehmannia

glutinosa treated with N-butyl alcohol extract approached 80% while the survival rate of

control was less than 10%. Treated by different concentration of extracts of N-butyl alcohol

and petroleum ether increased root activity and decreased plasma membrane permeability of

replanting Rehmannia glutinosa. HPLC-MS are employed to analyze the chemical

constituents of N-butyl alcohol extract fractions, and determine target compounds by

comparing effective fraction chromatograph of water extraction from rhizosphere soil of

Achyranthes bidentata with that of the same fraction from blank soil. By using the

information of mass spectral library, molecular ion peak, fragment ions and their

fragmentation patterns, the structure of target compounds were inferred and the

allelochemical in effective fraction could be phytosterones and triterpenoid saponins. This

research explore the material of positive allelopathy of continuous cropping Achyranthes

bidentata, and illustrate the mechanism of allelochemical from Achyranthes bidentata

rhizosphere resolving continuous monoculture problems in Rehmannia glutinosa, hence,

contributes to provide theory basis and technical support to further solve the continuous

monoculture problems in the production of Chinese medicinal material.


Oral Presentations



OP.4.5. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOUR TUNISIAN LAMIACEAE AND

THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AGAINST WEEDS AND FUNGI

Ismail AMRI1*

, Emilia MANCINI2, Laura De MARTINO

2, Lamia HAMROUNI

1,

Mohsen HANANA3, Bassem JAMOUSSI

4, Samia GARGOURI

5 and Vincenzo De FEO

2

1

Laboratory for Forest Ecology, National Institute for Research in Rural Engineering, Water

and Forests, BP 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; 2

Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano

(Salerno), Italy; 3 Plant Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cèdria, BP 901,

2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia; 4 Chemistry Laboratory, Higher Institute of Education and Continuous Training, 43 Rue de la

Liberté, 2019 Le Bardo, Tunisia; 5 Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia, Rue

Hedi Karray, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia.


The chemical composition of the essential oils of Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns. &

Link, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Origanum vulgare L. and Mentha pulegium L., collected in

Tunisia, was studied by means of GC and GC-MS analysis. The major constituents of M.

pulegium were menthol (39.2%), 1,8-cineole (17.1%), menthone (12.6%) and pulegone

(11.7%); in the rosemary oil 1,8-cineole (40.9%), α-pinene (24.2%), camphor (11.1%) and

borneol (9.4%) were the major components. Thymol (29.6%), p-cymene (29.6%) and δ-

terpinene (26.8%) were the main compounds of the oregano oil, while thyme oil was rich in

carvacrol, a phenolic compound (69.2%). The essential oils were evaluated for their in vitro

potentially phytotoxic activity against germination and seedling growth of three common

weeds in Tunisia (Sinapis arvensis L., Lolium rigidum Gaud. and Phalaris canariensis L.).

All tested oils inhibited significantly the germination of weeds in dose dependent manner and

their herbicidal activity could be attributed to their high content in oxygenated monoterpenes.

Moreover, the oils were tested for their antifungal activity against ten plant pathogenic fungal

strains; all oils showed a significant antifungal activity and the best activities were found with

thyme and oregano.


http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=461000-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_isAPNIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3Dthymus%26find_sortByFamily%3Dtrue%26find_isGCIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dall%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_is

http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=461000-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_isAPNIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3Dthymus%26find_sortByFamily%3Dtrue%26find_isGCIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dall%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_is

Oral Presentations



OP.4.6. DETERMINATION OF ALLELOCHEMICALS IN AQUEOUS VOLATILE

FRACTIONS FROM FOUR EUCALYPTUS SPECIES

Jinbiao ZHANG2*, Min AN

2, Hanwen WU

3, De Li Liu

3 and

Rex STANTON3

1Analytical Center, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,

Fuzhou 350002, China

2Environmental and Analytical Laboratories, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University,

Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia

3E.H. Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (a collaborative alliance between Charles

Sturt University and Industry & Investment NSW), Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute,

Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia


The aqueous volatile fractions (AVFs) from four selected Eucalyptus species have

been previously confirmed to have stronger inhibitory effects on germination and seedling

growth of the perennial weed, silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.). The

AVFs were the water soluble volatile fractions produced together with the essential oils

(water insoluble fractions) during the steam distillation process. The allelochemicals in AVFs

was further investigated in this work. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used to extract

compounds from AVFs, and then the analytes extracted were determined by gas

chromatograph–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS profile of each AVF was different

from each other, indicating that their composition varied between species. The identification

analysis revealed that there were 32 components in the AVF from E. spathulata leaves. The

compounds found in the AVFs of E. salubris, E. brockwayii and E. dundasii were 29, 35 and

34, respectively. The quantification analysis showed that 1.8-cineloe was the most abundant

component in all AVFs, ranging from 37.15 to 80.1%. Finally, the relationship between the

composition of AVFs and the chemical structure of components were also discussed.

Oral Presentations



OP.4.7. BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF GROWTH ENHANCING CAPABILITIES OF

MORINGA OLEIFERA

Shahzad. M.A. BASRA*1

, Wasif NAUMAN2 and Carol J. LOVATT

3

1,2Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Pakistan

3Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside


Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) has been reported as a natural plant growth enhancer

being rich in zeatin, abscisic acid, calcium, potassium and other mineral contents for last few years but

no study could encompass the presence and abundance of plant growth stimulants/hormones in itself.

So, the present investigation was carried out to analyze the plant growth stimulants/hormones profile

of MLE and its effect on improving tomato yield and quality in comparison with synthetic ones. The

experiment was conducted in department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California,

Riverside, USA, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. In first phase,

moringa plants were grown in walk-in-growth chamber (25±4 °C, 14 h daylight and 10 h night) and

the leaf extract (MLE) was analyzed to identify and quantify PGRs in itself from. MLE was found rich

in ABA and its metabolites (mostly bound forms) i.e., cis-Abscisic acid, Abscisic acid glucose ester,

Dihydrophaseic acid andPhaseic acid while in case of cytokinins, (cis) Zeatinriboside was found in a

fair quantity.N-(Indole-3-yl-acetyl)-aspartic acid and Indole-3-acetic acid (Auxins) were maximally

recorded in MLE while except GA19 present in trace amounts in MLE; none of the other gibberellins

was quantifiable. Moringa leaf extract was also rich in total phenolics and enzymetic antioxidants

(SOD,CAT, POD). Later, MLE (30 times diluted pure extract) was applied exogenously (root and

foliar) in comparison with BAP, adenosine and zeatin (100 ppm each) to tomato plants (Super sweet-

100, hybrid). Exogenous applications of natural and synthetic plant growth stimulants significantly

(p<0.05) affected the yield and quality of tomato leaves and fruits. Maximum flowers, fruits and total

yield were recorded when tomato plants were treated with Zeatin (root) followed by MLE (root) and

BAP (foliar). MLE (foliar) was ranked second in total yield and yield per plant. Total chlorophyll and

chlorophyll a contents were maximally improved by MLE (root) followed by zeatin (root) application

while chlorophyll b and β-carotene contents were not significantly affected by exogenous applications.

Maximum arginine contents and total antioxidant activity in moringa leaves were recorded in MLE

(foliar) treated plants while proline contents were maximally improved by MLE (root) application in

comparison with all other treatments. Good quality indicators of fruits like sugar, lycopene contents

and total proteins were maximally found by MLE (foliar) and zeatin (root) applications, respectively

while total phenolic contents in tomato fruits were not significantly affected by any treatment but total

antioxidant activity of tomato fruits was significantly improved by zeatin (foliar) application. The

present study suggests that being a good and natural source of phenolics, cytokinins and auxins, MLE

is a good alternate of synthetic PGRs in improving the yield and quality of tomato fruits and leaves

when used 30 times diluted solution.





OP.4.8. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITIES OF THE ROOT,

FLOWER, LEAF AND STEM ESSENTIAL OILS FROM ASTERISCUS MARITIMUS (L.) LESS

GROWING IN TUNISIA

Sined MEDIMAGH*1

, Mejda DAAMI-REMADI2, Hayfa JABNOUN-KHIAREDDINE

2,

Mohamed NAFFATI3, Hichem BEN JANNET

1 and M’hamed ALI HAMZA

1

1 Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (CHPNR), Equipe Chimie

Bioorganique et Produits Naturels, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir,

Université de Monastir, Avenue de l’Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia 2 UR Production Horticole Intégrée au Centre-Est Tunisien, Centre Régional des Recherches en

Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique de Chott-Mariem, Université de Sousse, Tunisia 3 Laboratoire d’Ecologie Pastorale, Institut des Régions Arides. 4119 Medenine. Tunisia


The present work describes the chemical composition and evaluates the antimicrobial

and the anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the root, flower, leaf and stem oils of Asteriscus

maritimus (L.) growing in Tunisia obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by combination

of GC and GC-MS. The chemical composition of these oils is reported for the first time in this

paper. According to the GC and GC-MS analysis, 66 (96.7%), 45 (99.32%), 34 (94%) and 29

compounds (94.95%) were identified from root, flower, leaf and stem oils, respectively. The

chemical composition of root oil was characterized by a high proportion of oxygenated

compounds (65%) as compared to the hydrocarbon compounds (31.7%). Terpenoids were

found to be predominant (51.1%) among which sesquiterpenes represented the major fraction

(45.9%). Then, in the essential oils extracted from A. maritimus flowers and leaves,

oxygenated sesquiterpenes were abundantly found (57.82 and 46.39%, respectively).

Hexdecanoic acid was detected in an important amount in leaves and stems (30.35 and

49.18%, respectively) while β-eudesmol (24.25%), menthyl acetate (17.03%) and

pentadecanal (15.38%) were the most abundant constituents in flowers. All volatiles were

tested for their antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method against three bacterial

agents and five fungal species. It was found that only the flower essential oil exhibited

interesting antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas sp. (Pa 499), Burkholderia sp. (Bg 35)

and Bacillus sp. (Bp 420). The volatile oil from flowers and roots showed appreciable

antifungal potential against Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium sp., F. oxysporum f. sp.

lycopersici and Botrytis cinerea. When screened for their anti-acetylcholinesterase activity,

the greatest inhibitory activity was exhibited by the essential oil extracted from flowers (IC50

= 95 ± 0.25 µg/mL). Volatile fractions from A. maritimus roots, leaves and stems could be

considered as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (IC50 = 11± 1 µg/mL, 11 ± 0.68 µg/mL and 13 ±

0.75 µg/mL, respectively).




PP.4.1. GEOGRAPHICAL VARIABILITY OF PINUS HALEPENSIS ESSENTIAL

OILS AND STUDIES OF THEIR ANTIFUNGAL AND HERBICIDAL ACTIVITIES

Ismail AMRI1*

, Mohsen HANANA 2

, Samia GARGOURI3, Bassem JAMOUSSI

4 and

Lamia HAMROUNI4,5

1 Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte. 7021 Bizerte, Tunisie.

2Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-

Cédria. BP 901, 2050 Hammam-lif, Tunisie.

3 Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de

Tunisie, Rue Hédi Karray 2049, Tunisie.

4Laboratoire des Matériaux, Institut Supérieur d’Education et de Formation Continue. 43 Rue

de la Liberté, 2019 Le Bardo, Tunisie.

5Laboratoire d’Ecologie Forestière, Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et

Forêts, PB 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisie.


The chemical composition, phytotoxic and antifungal activities of the essential oils

isolated by hydrodistillation from the needles of Tunisian Aleppo pine harvested from

different provenance were evaluated. The chemical composition analyzed by gas

chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed variability among provenances

displaying interesting chemotypes, (Z)-caryophyllene (16.16-28.9%), β-myrcene (8.5-22.9%),

α-pinene (11.7-13.14%), β-pinene (3.13-11.8%), bicyclogermacrene (5.2-12.37%), α-

terpinolene (8.11-11.01%) and α-humulene (2.85-5.2%) were the main components in the

oil. Antifungal ability of Aleppo pine oils was tested by disc agar diffusion against ten

phytopathogenic fungi. Weak antifungal activity was observed for the essential oils isolated.

Furthermore, In contrast, the herbicidal activity investigated towards three common weeds in

Tunisian cereal crops, was very strong and seed germination was inhibited at a low

concentration and their herbicidal effects were higher than a commercial herbicide.





PP.4.2. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF E. ASTRINGENS VOLATILE OILS AND

ITS CHEMICAL COMPONENTS

Aida GRICHI1,2*

, Z. NASR2, A. ELAISSI

2, M.L. KHOUJA

2

1Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia

2National Institute for Research in Rural Engineering, Water and Forests Street Hédi Elkarray,

Elmanzeh ІV, BP 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia

3Faculty of Pharmacy, Avenue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia


Allelopathic compounds may help reducing the use of synthetic herbicides and lead to

less pollution and more safe agricultural products. Several studies on allelopathic effects of

essential oils have been reported such as the essential oil from Eucalyptus species inhibiting

seed germination, radical growth, seedling growth, chlorophyll content, membrane integrity

and proline content of many weed species. The present investigation was undertaken to assess

the phytotoxicity of E.astringens volatile oils against some crops and weed species.

E.astringens essential oil was identified by GC-MS for their major compound constituent; 12

compounds representing 82.4% of the total essential oil were identified. The main constituent

was 1, 8-Cineole (43.7 %). In a laboratory bioassay, high concentration of essential oil

significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth of Sinapis arvensis, Erica vesicaria,

Scorpiurus muricatus, Triticum durum, Vicia faba and Phaseolus vulgaris. In a greenhouse,

observation of leaf wilt symptoms was noted at 6h after treatment. Chlorophyll content was

decreased with increasing of concentrations of essential oil indicating that essential oil

interfers with photosynthetic metabolism. In addition, E.astringens essential oil caused an

electrolyte leakage indicating membrane disruption and loss of integrity and enhanced the

level of proline suggesting induction of oxidative stress. The test plants responded differently

to eucalypt oil exhibiting a differential species-specificity. Indeed, the weeds were affected

more strongly than the crops. It is concluded that E.astringens essential oil is phytotoxic and

could be utilized as a bioherbicide for future weed control.





PP.4.3. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF SOME ALGERIAN PLANTS

Fatima Zohra ZEGHADA*, Malika BENNACEUR and

Abderrazak MAROUF

Oran University, Sciences Faculty, Biology Department,

Vegetal Biochemestry and naturel substances Laboratory. B.P.1524, El. Menouar, 31000

Oran, Algeria.

*Corresponding author: [email protected].

Allelopathic activity study of 15 plant’s aqueous extracts was evaluated on the

germination and growth of two experimental models, Lactuca sativa and Rhaphanus sativus,

with increasing concentration: 0,25 ; 0,5 ; 0,75 and 1 %. The seeds tested were germinated in

petri dishes. Seasonal variation of allelopathic activity of Tetraclinis articulata was studied.

In parallel of this biological activity test, phytochemical screening of the main

phytoconstituents was established by TLC with quantification of polyphenolics and

flavonoids contents. Inhibitory effects with variable intensities were observed on the

germination and growth of L. sativa. Aqueous extract of T. articulata exhibits the more

inhibitory effect on L. sativa germination and aqueous extract of Peganum harmala showed

the more growth inhibitory effect with all concentrations tested, for the two experimental

models. Investigation of seasonal variation revealed that June and November samples of T.

articulata presented the most important inhibitory effect on L. sativa germination.

Phytochimical screening by TLC identified that these active extracts contain phenolic acids,

flavonoids, cardiotonic glycosids, sesquiterpens lactons and saponins. Phenolics and

flavonoids contents quantified by spectrophotometry are very important in some active

extracts like Globularia alypum, Pistacia lentiscus, Acacia raddiana and Haloxylon

scoparium.




PP.4.4. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RUTA CHALEPENSIS L. ESSENTIAL

OILS AND THEIR INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST ADULTS AND LARVAE

OF TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM (HERBST.)

Ons MAJDOUB1,2*

, Najla DHEN1, Salaheddine SOUGUIR

1, Dalila HAOUAS

2, Mariem

BAOUANDI1, Asma LAARIF

1, Ikbal CHAIEB

1

1Entomology Laboratory, Regional Center for Researches in Horticulture and Organic

Agriculture, Chott Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia.

2RU: Control of biotic and abiotic stress in crops (cereals and legumes), High School of

Agriculture of Kef, University of Jendouba, 7119, Kef, Tunisia


Essential oils are secondary plant metabolites well known for their defensive role in

plant kingdom. Many essential oils were described as having potent insecticidal activity.The

present work studies the chemical composition and the insecticidal activity of Ruta

chalepensis essential oils against stored product pest: Tribolium castaneum (adults and

larvae). R. chalepensis is an aromatic and medicinal plant, belonging to the Rutaceae family.

Its leaves essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. The study of their chemical

composition was carried out by GC-MS. 20 compounds were identified and results showed

that they are rich on 2-undecanon (48.28%) and on 2-nonanon (27%). The insecticidal activity

of the indicated volatile fractions was screened against both adults and larvae of T.

castaneum. However, R. chalepensis’s essential oil was revealed more active against adults

(LC50= 176.075 µl/l air and LC90= 291.9 µl/l air) than larvae (LC50= 415.348 µl/l air and

LC90=685.907 µl/l air). In addition, at a dose of 200 µl/l air and after 24h of exposition,

results showed that14% of mortality was unregistered for larvae and 60% for adults. These

preliminary results open the opportunities for further study of R. chalepensis essential oils

against other pests in food storage and explain their mode of action.





PP.4.5. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF THE

ESSENTIAL OIL OF ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM L.

Najla DHEN1*

, Ons MAJDOUB1,2

, Salaheddine SOUGUIR1, Wafa TAYEB

3, Asma

LAARIF1, Ikbal CHAIEB

1

1Entomology laboratory, Regional Center for Researches in Horticulture and Organic

agriculture, Chott-Meriem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia.

2RU: Management of biotic and abiotic stress in crops, High School of Agriculture of Kef,

University of Jendouba, 7119, Kef, Tunisia.

3Biochemical laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir.


Natural products or eco-friendly pesticides are an excellent alternative to synthetic

pesticides as a means to reduce negative impacts to human health and to environment.

Pesticides based on plant essential oils or their constituents have demonstrated efficacy

against a range of stored product pests, domestic pests, blood feeding pests and certain soft-

bodied agricultural pests, as well as against some plant pathogenic fungi responsible for pre

and post-harvest diseases. Artemisia absinthium L.(wormwood), a medicinal plant belonging

to the family of Asteraceae.This cultivated plant is known as rich in essential oils, as part of

an effort aimed to investigate the pesticide potentialities of A. absinthium, this present work

studies the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of A. absinthiumessential oil.

Essential oil of aerial parts was obtained from hydrodistillation and was investigated by GC–

MS in order to identify their chemical composition. The main components of essential oil

were: camphor (24.81%), camazulène (13.17%), bronylacétate (5.89%) and myrcene (5.83%).

The essential oil of A. absinthium possessed strong fumigant toxicity against

Rhyzoperthadominica adults, a stored product pest, with a LC50 value of 18.23 µl/l air and

LC90 value of 41.74µl/l air. The wormwood essential oil also showed high fumigant activity

against Spodopteralittoralis, one of the most dangerous pests of porotected crops, with a LC50

value of 10.59 µl/l air and a LC90 value of 17.12µl/l air.





PP4.6. ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF SCHINUS TEREBINTHIFOLIUS

FRUITS AND ITS ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT ON SEED GERMINATION AND

RADICLE GROWTH OF TRITICUM DURUM L.

Saloua OUERGHEMMI1,2*

, J. ROMDHANE1, S. DALLALI

1, A. MARICHALI MZE

1,

H. SEBEI1

1Agricultural college of Mograne, Department of Agricultural Production, 1121 Mograne

Zaghouan, Tunisia

2Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia


Rose pepper, native of South America (Brazil), belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae

and produces fruit used as a substitute for black pepper in Europe. Schinus terebinthifolius is

characterized by a significant invasion attributed to its wide range of environmental

eurytolerance and its allelopathic effect. It was shown previously that aqueous extracts of S.

terebinthifolius decrease seed germination and Bidens alba and Humilis rivina biomass. Intact

or ground fruits inhibit germination and growth of both Rhizosphora mangle and Avicennia

germinans. Seed Essential oils have a pesticide power against Musca domestica (mosquito)

with antifungal, antiseptic and antimicrobial properties. Only essential oil of leaves was tested

for its allelopathic power. The aim of this work is the characterization of essential oils

extracted from S. terebinthifolius fruits of Zaghouan and Ariana regions and their phytotoxic

effect on germination and radicle growth of Triticum durum L. Essential oil yield amounted to

2.58% and chromatographic analysis show a dominance of oxygenated monoterpenes for

Zaghouan population (62.73%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons for Ariana region (85.03%).

α-Pinene is one of the major components for the two populations. Seed germination of wheat

was inhibited at a concentration of 100μl/ml of essential oils with a proportion of 97.3% for

Zaghouan population and 87.8% for the other; Wheat germinated seeds developed smaller

rootlets narrowing of 89.0% and 85.7% for Zaghouan and Ariana regions, respectively.

Essential oils of fruits with a concentration less than 50 µl/ml are not effective on the

germination and growth of wheat.





PP.4.7. CHRYSANTHEMUM ESSENTIAL OILS: THEIR CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION AND POTENTIAL INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST

TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DU VAL

Dalila HAOUAS*1,2

, Cioni Pier LUIGI

3, Mmonia BEN HALIMA-KAMEL

2, Guido

FLAMINI3, Mohamed Habib BEN HAMOUDA

2

1Unité de recherche : Lutte contre les stress biotiques et abiotiques des grandes cultures

(Céréales et Légumineuses), Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture du Kef, Université de Jendouba,

7119, Le Kef, Tunisie

2Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott Mariem, Université de Sousse, 4042 Sousse,

Tunisia

3Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sede Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia,

Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy


Plants produce a high diversity of secondary metabolites with a prominent function in the

protection against pests and pathogens. In this work, we study the chemical composition and

the effect of six essential oils extracted from three Chrysanthemum species (C. fuscatum, C.

grandiflorum and C. segetum) on nutritional index, adult emergence and larvae and adult

toxicity of Tribolium confusum. Flowers and leaves essential oils were obtained by

hydrodistillation. The study of their chemical composition was carried out by GC-MS. The

results showed that they are rich on mono- and sesquiterpens. The consumption of essential

oils mixed with artificial diet of T. confusum larvae showed that C. segetum leaves essential

oil delayed the insect growth and reduce the food consumption (-0,02±0,01 mg/mg/j,

0,03±0,01mg/mg/j respectively). However, the flowers essential oil of the same specie has the

significant food deterrent index (92.45±4.61%) on treated larvae. Topical application of

Chrysanthemum essential oils on pupae aged less than 24 hours caused malformation on

emerged adults. The high level malformation was registered by C. grandiflorum essential that

attends 13%. Whereas topical application of those essential oils on T. confusum adults (10 and

14 days) showed higher toxicity. The significant mortality was caused by C. segetum flowers

essential oil and attends 63% after 7 days of treatment. These preliminary results could

represent the basis for further investigations. In particular, additional research is needed to

investigate the susceptibility of other stages of the insect life, such as eggs and to improve our

understanding the mode of action of mono- and sesquiterpenoids act on insects.

http://unimap.unipi.it/organizzazione/ente.php?d=300052@DIP

mailto:*Corresponding%20author:%[email protected]




PP.4.8. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF

ESSENTIAL OILS FROM LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF PELARGONIUM

GRAVEOLENS

Salaheddine SOUGUIR*1

, Ikbal CHAIEB 1, Wafa TAYEB

2 and

Asma LAARIF1

1Entomology Laboratory, Regional Center for Researches in Horticulture and Organic


2Biochemical laboratory, Medicinal University of Monastir.


The present work studies the chemical composition and the insecticidal activity of

Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against Tribolium castaneum (adults), Ephestia

kuehniella (larvaes) and Spodoptera littoralis (3rd

instar larvaes). P. graveolens is an aromatic

and medicinal plant, belonging to the Geraniaceae family. Its leaves and flowers essential oils

were obtained by hydrodistillation, yields were 0.18 % for leaves and 0.24% for flowers. The

study of their chemical composition was carried out by GC-MS. 65 compounds were

identified from leaf essential oils and results showed that they are rich on 6-octen-1-ol

(18.60%) and on geraniol (18.21%). 81 compounds were identified from flowers essential oils

and results showed that they are rich on 6-octen-1-ol (18.73%) and on geraniol (14.36%).

These essential oils were tested for their fumigant activity. That activity was observed after 24

hours of exposure. Results show that essential oils from leaves showed an LC50 =858.575 µl /

l air against T. castaneum adults, LC50= 448 µl / l against E. kuehniella larvaes and LC50=

182.350 µl / l air against 3rd

intar larvaes of S. littoralis. Howerver, essential oils of flowers

showed an LC50 = 567.75 ; 322.4 ; 179.300 µl / l air respectively against T. castaneum adults

, E. kuehniella larvaes and 3rd

intar larvaes of S. littoralis.





PP.4.9. GC/MS ANALYSIS, ANTIOXYDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL

ACTIVITIES OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF PITURANTHOS CHLORANTHUS

GROWN IN ALGERIA

Malika MAAMRI*1,2

, N. GOURINE1, M.YOUSFI

1 and M.OUINTEN

2

1Laboratoire des Sciences Fondamentales à l’Université Amar TELIDJI, de Laghouat, Algérie

2Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés l’Université Amar TELIDJI, de Laghouat, Algérie


This study was conceived to examine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of

five essential oil types extracted by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Pituranthos

chloranthus grown in southern Algeria. P. chloranthus (Benth & Hook) is an endemic plant

of North Africa (Apiaceae), known under the name of "Guezzah", this plant has been used in

traditional medicine to treat diabetes, hypertension, asthma, eczema, and to aid digestion. The

chemical composition was investigated using both capillary GC and GC/MS techniques. α-

Thujene / Tricyclen, δ-3-Carene, β-Pinene, Myristicin, Dill apiol, Limonene were

respectively, the major components of these oil types. The antimicrobial activity of different

oils was tested using the diffusion method and by determining the inhibition zone. The results

showed that all examined oil types had good potential of antibacterial activity against strains

except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, antioxidant capacity was assessed by different

in vitro tests: DPPH radical scavenging test and phosphomolybdenum test, this activity was

compared to that which found for the antioxidants references (ascorbic acid, Vitamin E,

BHA). In general, the results of DPPH test showed that the scavenging capacity of essential

oils of P. chloranthus is weak. Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity of essential oils by

phosphomolybdenum method showed a very large capacity within five samples of essential

oils. The antioxidant capacity of this test was expressed for the samples as ascorbic acid

equivalents.




PP.4.10. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF THE

ESSENTIAL OILS OF THREE SPECIES OF ARTEMISIA GENUS

Hadger AOUISSI*1

, N. GOURINE1, M. OUINTEN

2 and M. YOUSFI

1

1 Laboratoire des Sciences Fondamentales, Université Amar TELIDJI, Laghouat, Algeria

2 Laboratoire de Génie des procédés, Université Amar TELIDJI, Laghouat, Algeria

Adresse : Université Amar Telidji, B.P. 37G, Laghouat, (03000), Algeria.


The biological activities of natural products have been the subject of several studies.

The plants have been taken the most studies according to their richness in natural products.

Artemisia genus is the most common in the asteraceae family. Its species, located in our arid

and semi arid zones, are very largely distributed toward the world (Europe, Asia, America and

North Africa) and have a rich accumulation of essential oils which are responsible for their

use for flavoring foods and liquors and for traditional medicine. The aim of the present study

is to determine the chemical composition and to study the antifungal activity of essential oils

extracted from three plants belonging to the Artemisia genus : Artemisia absinthium L., A.

campestris L. and A. herba alba Asso. We obtained yields of 0.76, 1.03 and 1.46% (w/w),

respectively. The chromatographic analysis (gas phase chromatography coupled to mass

spectrometry) allowed us to identify 76.33 to 96.16% of essential oils components. The main

components of A. absinthium were: β-thujone (39.51%), camphor (25.16%) and chamazulene

(5.56%). For the A. herba alba essential oil, camphor (17.09%), 1,8-cineol (13.35%) and cis-

davanone (12.21%), were the main constituents. β-pinène (36.45%), p-cymène (13.17%), α-

pinène (12.53%), β-myrcène (9.38%), and 1,8-cinéole (7.07%) were the main constituents of

A. campestris essential oil. The test of the antifungal activity was carried using the direct

contact method. The essential oils of the three selected species showed a strong activity

against the mushroom Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis.





PP.4.11. ACUTE TOXICITY, PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE, ANTIOXIDANT,

AND ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC POTENTIAL OF FLAVONOIDS EXTRACTED

FROM THE LEAVES OF OLEA EUROPAEA L. IN THE EXPERIMENTAL

HYPERGLYCEMIC RATS

Narimen BENHABYLES 1,2,*

, Karim ARAB2, Tahar BENAYAD

3, Ouahida

BOUCHENAK2, Thanina AFFIF CHAOUCHE

2 and

Ahcen BAZ1

1Laboratory of Biology and Animal Physiology, Normal Superior School, Kouba, Algiers

16 308, Algeria. 2Laboratory of Conservation and Valorization of Biological Resources, Department of

Biology, faculty of Science, University M’Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, 35 000, Algeria. 3Central Laboratory of Scientific Police of Algiers, 01 street Abdelaziz Khelalfa Benaknoun,

Algiers, 1600, Algeria.


This work aims to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of

flavonoids extracted from the leaves of Olea europaea L. The extraction of flavonoids is

performed by confrontation with organic solvents method, which yielded four extracts: Di

ethyl Ether (DEE), Ethyl Acetate (EAE), Butanolic (BE) and Aqueous (AE). The extracts

obtained underwent a quantitative assay method by Aluminum trichloride. The concentrations

obtained are respectively of 89.12 mg EQ/gE, 90.47 mg EQ/gE, 118.95 mg EQ/gE and 125.13

mg EQ/gE. The antioxidant power was tested by the DPPH method using ascorbic acid as a

positive control. The results showed that the four extracts reduce the concentration of DPPH.

The greatest power is obtained by the AE with an IC50% of 391.11 µg/ml, similar to that

exerted by ascorbic acid power (307.12μg/ml). The quantitative HPLC analysis showed that

the AE and the BE contain mainly rutin with a respective concentrations of 0.53mg/ml and

1.50 mg/ml. A safety test is performed in order to highlight a possible toxicity of flavonoids

of Olive tree. The oral administration of increasing doses in wistar rats of the AE (250 mg/kg,

500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg) showed no change in the general behavior of the

treated animals. The effect on blood glucose of samples was tested in male rats made

hyperglycemic by gastric gavage of 100 mg/kg of flavonoids for the treated and 2.5 mg/kg of

glucophage for the control group. Gastric gavage of different flavonoids showed a significant

hypoglycemic effect. However, a better activity is obtained with the AE (0.81 ± 0.01 to 0.40

± 0.01 g / l), comparable to that of oral hypoglycemic used (glucophage). It appears from this

study that the leaves of Olea europaea L. are rich in flavonoids possessed a very important

hypoglycemic and antioxydant potentials.





PP.4.12. PHYTOTOXICITY OF NICOTIANA GLAUCA GRAHAM VEGETATIVE

PARTS

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL

Asma RINEZ1*

, Faten OMEZZINE1, Luigino TROISI

2, Catia GRANITO

2, Imen RINEZ

1

and Rabiaa HAOUALA3

1Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia

2Dipartimento di Scienze e

Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni,

73100 Lecce, Italy.

3Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Tunisia.

(UR13AGR05)


Aqueous and organic extracts of Nicotiana glauca (Leaves, stems, roots) were

evaluated on Lactuca sativa L., Raphanus sativus L., Peganum harmala L. and Cynara

cardunculus L. Incorporation of N. glauca leaves and stems powder in soil and irrigation with

their aqueous extracts, were conducted in pot cultures. In field experiment, residues effects of

the same organs were examined as a natural herbicide in radish and lettuce cultures. The

chemical analysis was determined by GC-MS. Stems and roots aqueous extracts had no effect

on crops, but decreased weeds germination. Inhibition varied between 77 and 94% for

cardoon. Leaf extracts were the most toxic for seedling growth. Organic extracts affected seed

germination and seedling length of weeds, more than those of crops. They had no effect on

radish germination, and decrease by 80% cardoon germination. Methanolic extract was the

most toxic on root growth of crops. Cardoon seedlings were the most sensitive to N. glauca

organic extracts which causing 100% inhibition. Residues incorporation and irrigation with

their aqueous extracts significantly decreased the seedling length of target species. In field

experiment, incorporation of leaf and stem powder suppressed the growth of weeds.

Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, monoterpene, hydrocarbons and

carboxylic acids. Analysis with GC-MS showed that root methanolic fraction contains the

highest amount of anabasine (89%).





PP.4.13. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF RUTA

CHALEPENSIS ESSENTIAL OIL ON TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA:

TENEBRIONIDAE)

Insaf BEN MARZOUK1*

, Nada BAHLOUL

2, Meriem MILADI

2, Khemais

ABDELLAOUI2, Nizar CHAIRA

1, Monia BEN HALIMA-KAMEL

2

1Laboratoire d'Aridoculture et Culture Oasienne, Institut des Régions Arides de Medenine-

Tunisia

2Département des Sciences Biologiques et de la Protection des Végétaux, Institut Supérieur

Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, 4042 Sousse-Tunisia


Volatil compounds of aerials parts of Ruta chalepensis growing in Kairouan region

(Center of Tunisia) were obtained by hydrodistilation and static Headspace. Moreover, gaz

chromatography/mass spectrometry analyze, GC/MS, was carried out to identify the chemical

composition of these compounds. 62 compounds were identified in R. chalepensis essential

oil. The major constituents were 2-Octanol, acetaye (29.62%), 2-Undecanone (25.94%), 2-

Nonanone (16.28%), 5-Dodecanol acetate (9.35%) and 2-Nonanol (2.54%). However, only 12

compounds were identified by HS-GC/MS analyses with 2-Nonanone as major compound

(71.19%). Toxic and repellent properties of R. chalepensis essential oils were investigated in

different concentrations toward 7-10 days old adults T. confusum. Contact toxicity assays

showed 75 and 97.5% mortality, respectively, at the concentration of 0.12 µL/cm2 and 0.25

µL/cm2. Repellent action was highly dependent upon oil concentration and exposure time.

The best repellent efficacy was observed for high doses tested. Indeed, at the doses of 0.12

µL/cm2 and 0.25 µL/cm

2, repellency reached 66.6 and 80% respectively after 1 h of exposure.




PP.4.14. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY OF

ESSENTIAL OIL FROM NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE R. BR. SEEDS

Asma EL AYEB-ZAKHAMA1,*

Lamia SAKKA-ROUISa, Guido FLAMINI

2, Hichem

BEN JANNET3

and Fethia HARZALLAH-SKHIRI 1

1Laboratory of Genetics Biodiversity and Valorisation of Bioressources (LR11ES41), Higher

Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia

2 Dipartemento di Scienze Farmaceutiche sede chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia Via

Bonanno Pisa. Italy.

3Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry and Reactivity: Bio-organic Chemistry and Natural

Products, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, Street of environment,

5019 Monastir Tunisia


Nasturtium officinale R. Br. is an aquatic perennial herb from Cruciferae family,

which is native to Europe and it has a history of medicinal use. Essential oil obtained by

hydrodistillation from the seeds of N. officinale was screened for his chemical composition.

According to GC and GC-MS, the principal compound of this oil was the benzyl nitrile

(64.8%). This essential oil was tested at three concentrations (20, 10 and 5 µl/ml) on the

germination and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and radish (Raphanus sativus) to assess its

allelopathic potentiality. Results show that essential oil of N. officinale seeds has an important

phytotoxic activity; therefore it totally inhibited the germination and growth of the two target

species. This oil could be used for the production of natural bio-pesticide which could reduce

our dependence on chemical pesticides.


Oral Presentations



Theme 5

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS OF

ALLELOPATHY

Oral Presentations



Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations



OP.5.1. COUMARIN AFFECTS NITRATE UPTAKE AND RELATED GENE

EXPRESSIONS IN ZEA MAYS L.

Antonio LUPINI*, Fabrizio ARANITI, Francesco MERCATI, Francesco SUNSERI and

Maria Rosa ABENAVOLI

Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari I-

89124 Reggio Calabria RC, Italy


Coumarin, the simplest cinnamic acid derivatives, is synthesized by almost all plant

species. It is widely spread into the soil leading to root morphological, structural and

functional changes. Unlike the other allelochemicals, which generally inhibit nutrient uptake,

coumarin stimulates the net nitrate uptake upon full induction in wheat roots1. Since nitrate

uptake is a critical physiological process for plant growth, understanding the mechanism of

coumarin could be an important goal for allelopathy research. In this respect, coumarin effects

on NO3- uptake and plasma membrane H

+-ATPase activity, which is strongly correlated with

this physiological process, and gene expressions of nitrate transporters (NRT1, NRT2/NAR)

and pmH+-ATPase (MHA) were evaluated. Seven-days-old maize seedlings, grown in

nitrogen-free hydroponic culture, were exposed to coumarin concentrations range for 48

hours, with or without nitrate. The results showed that coumarin alone did not significantly

affect the net NO3- uptake, while the highest coumarin concentration together with nitrate

significantly increased the anion uptake, reaching the peak of maximum induction after 24

hours of exposure. Coumarin quickly stimulated root plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity

regardless the presence of NO3-, causing also a decrease of its Km value. The analysis of

NRT1, NRT2/NAR and MHA gene transcript levels revealed a complex interaction between

coumarin and nitrate uptake in maize.


Oral Presentations



OP.5.2. POLYPLOIDIZATION IMPROVES ALLELOCHEMICALS PRODUCTION

BY PLANTS

Rabiaa HAOUALA

Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Agronomic Higher Institute -



In sustainable agriculture field, and as a result of indiscriminate use of synthetic

pesticides whose ecological and health impact is no further proof (pest resistance,

environment and ecosystems contamination, biodiversity loss ...) alternative and natural

products are becoming increasingly sought. Allelopathy is one of these alternatives, and in

recent decades it is the subject of a growing number of researches particularly in agriculture.

It is to look for natural products with allelopathic potential, named allelochemicals. However,

these allelochemicals are often produced in very small quantities and are subject to qualitative

and quantitative variations under various factors such as ploidy level, physiological

conditions, developmental stage, season and harvest time of the plant material. Thus, it would

be interesting to find a way to improve/increase their production and to identify the plant

productive stage/time. The polyploidy level plays a very important role in the development

and improvement of plants and provides a mechanism for diversification and creation of

genetic variability. Therefore, it can lead to pest resistance, stress tolerance and greater

production of secondary metabolites.


Oral Presentations



OP.5.3. ENHANCING ALLELOPATHIC TRAITS IN PLANT TO DEVELOP BIO-

HERBICIDE

Muhammad JAMIL*1

, Zahid ALI1 and Fauzia YUSUF HAFEEZ

1

1 Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad,

Pakistan


Weeds always remain a threat to agricultural productivity and cause serious losses to

crop yield ranging from 35-50%. Most of the farmers’ practices to overcome weeds are time

consuming, labour intensive and weather dependent. Increasing use of expensive herbicides

poses environmental risk. There is a need to develop an efficient, economical and

environment friendly bio herbicide. Allelopathy is the effect by one plant on another through

the production of chemical compounds (allelochemicals) that release into the environment.

Allelopathy has been applied practically in a number of ways in the field to suppress weeds.

Allelopathic substances, if present in crop plants, may reduce the need for weed management,

particularly herbicide use. The allelopathic effects of major crops such as rice, sorghum,

wheat, sunflower has already been tested against weeds and encouraging results have been

obtained. A number of allelochemicals has been identified in these crops that have inhibitory

impacts on weeds. However this strategy is not getting much popularity among farmers

community due to slow reaction and low efficacy. The availability of very low levels of

allelochemicals in the crop plant might be possible reasons of weak effectiveness against

weeds. An improvement in crop cultivars is the only area that has not been exploited at great

extent as a weed management strategy. The possibility of incorporating allelopathic traits into

crop cultivars, might lead to develop highly allelopathic crop that would serve as

bioherbicide. In the proposed investigations, the genes expression for allelopathic effects will

be regulated. For this purpose the target allelochemicals will be identified and enzymes and

the genes encoding them will be determined and thus a specific promoter will be inserted to

crop plants to enhance allelochemicals production. The development of such crop with high

levels of allelochemicals will lead to prepare a handy, effective and economically viable

formulation that utilizes the natural allelochemicals and benefits the end user- the farmers.





PP.5.1. VARIATION IN ESSENTIAL OILS COMPOSITION AND

ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L. WITH

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES AND PLOIDY LEVEL

Faten OMEZZINE1*

, Sameh BEN JABALLAH2 and Rabiaa HAOUALA

2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia.

(UR13AGR05)

2Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Agronomic Higher Institute -

Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Chott Meriem 4042, Tunisia. (UR13AGR05)


This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of developmental stage and the

genetic load on secondary metabolites production and allelopathic potential of fenugreek.

Diploid and mixoploid plants grown from, respectively, untreated and treated seeds with

colchicine 0.05 %, were harvested at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stages. The essential

oils composition was determined by GC/MS and changes and the allelopathic activities was

evaluated on Lactuca sativa L. The results showed a lack of essential oil during the vegetative

and fruiting stages for diploids and mixoploids, respectively. For the other stages, flowering

one (95.97 %) for the first and vegetative stage (93.66 %) for the second, were the richest.

The qualitative composition was also varied between different plants. All aqueous and

organic extracts significantly delayed lettuce germination, reduced its rate and affected

seedling growth. The highest toxicity was recorded with the material collected at the

vegetative stage for the two types of plants, and diploid aqueous extracts were less toxic.

However, organic extracts of mixoploids were more toxic. The ethyl acetate and methanol

fractions were the harmful, especially those corresponding to the fruiting stage for diploid and

vegetative one for mixoploid.





PP.5.2. IMPACT OF MIXOPLOIDY AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE ON

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L.

Faten OMEZZINE1*

, Mejda DAAMI-REMADI3, Sameh BEN JABALLAH

2 and Rabiaa

HAOUALA2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia

2Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott

Meriem, University of Sousse (UR13AGR05).

3UR13AGR09, Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre East. The Regional

Center of Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture of Chott-Mariem, Sousse

University, Tunisia.


This study was conducted to produce a polyploid cultivar of Trigonella foenum-

graecum L. and to evaluate the antifungal activity of its aqueous and organic extracts at three

developmental stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

radicis-lycopersici (FORL) and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Results revealed an

important inhibitory activity of all extracts. Dilpoid plants aqueous extracts were shown to be

less toxic than mixoploid ones. FORL was more sensitive, and extracts toxicity varied with

the plant developmental stages. The mixoploids were most toxic against the two

phytopathogens at the flowering stage. Diploids were more toxic at vegetative stage for FOL

and at flowering one for FORL. The organic extracts of diploid plants were shown less toxic

than mixoploid ones. The diploids were most toxic, for the two strains, at fruiting stage;

however, mixoploids were more toxic at vegetative stage for FOL and at flowering one for

FORL. FOL was found to be more sensitive to organic extracts, compared to FORL. It seems

that olyploidy induction is an effective method to increase plant toxicity.


Oral Presentations

Theme 6. PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF ALLELOPATHY


Theme 6

PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF

ALLELOPATHY

Oral Presentations



Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations



OP.6.1. ALTERATION IN ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY WITH DIFFERENT

PHENOLOGICAL STAGES OF PLANT

Amit SINGH* and N.B. SINGH

Plant Physiology Laboratory

Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India.


The leachate from different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and ripening)

of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia affected the growth and biochemical parameters of sunflower

(Helianthus annuus cv. PAC-36) seedlings. The germination rate and absolute growth rate

were inhibited in petriplate assay. In soil culture leachate decreased the amount of pigments,

protein and reduced nitrate reductase activity. The decrease was more pronounced in the

seedlings treated with leachate from flowering stage and was concentration dependent.

Leachate caused oxidative stress and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)

and catalase (CAT). However, in the seedlings treated with the leachate of flowering stage, a

decrease of 35.81% and 33.33% was recorded in SOD and CAT activities respectively.

Impaired metabolic activity due to leachate decreased the root and shoot length of

sunflower. Present study confirmed the dependency of leachate-phytotoxicity on

phenological stages of plants. N. plumbaginifolia at the flowering stage was most phytotoxic

to sunflower.


Oral Presentations



OP.6.2. ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF TWO INVASIVE PLANTS ON MUNG

BEAN SEEDS

Parthapratim MAITI1,2*

and Ram Kumar BHAKAT2

1 Department of Botany, Midnapore college, Midnapore- 721101, Paschim Medinipur, West

Bengal, India.

2 Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore- 721102, Paschim

Medinipur, West Bengal, India


Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn and Alternanthera tenella Colla has invaded the

waste lands of South West Bengal, India. A field study indicated a gradual and also

significant increase in S. nodiflora and A. tenella accompanied with significant decrease in

other coexisting species. This study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of S.

nodiflora and A. tenella. Our investigation showed that aqueous leaf extracts and leachates

of S. nodiflora and A. tenella at 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 concentrations respectively reduced the

germination, speed of germination, and seed viability of mung bean (Vigna radiata L. cv.

K851) seeds. The insoluble carbohydrate, protein, and activities of dehydrogenase, catalase

and enzymes contents were significantly reduced. Amino acid, soluble carbohydrate levels

(in seed leachates and seed kernels) were increased in mung bean seeds pre-treated with leaf

extracts and leachates. Aqueous leaf extract and leachate reduced germinability and

suppressed activities of catalase and dehydrogenase enzymes being the important

allelopathic indices, it can be concluded that S. nodiflora and A. tenella potentially render

allelopathic action on mung bean. Therefore, the fast growing exotic and invasive weeds like

S. nodiflora and A. tenella having growth-suppressing property should be treated as a

potential threat to plant biodiversity in general and agro-biodiversity in particular. Therefore,

this study calls for the proper management of S. nodiflora and A. tenella and other invasive

weeds showing similar behaviour.


Oral Presentations



OP.6.3. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF FERULIC ACID ON LYCOPERSICON

ESCULENTUM L.

Sunaina and N. B. SINGH*


University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002.


We studied the allelopathic effects of exogenous application of ferulic acid on

biophysical and biochemical parameters of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum L.

cv. Pusa ruby) grown in hydroponic culture. Ferulic acid exihibited phytotoxic effects on

Lycopersicon. Tomato seedlings were grown in a hydroponic culture for 7 days, and then

ferulic acid at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mM was added to the nutrient solution.

The root, shoot length, fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, protein, sugar

content, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and activities of antioxidant enzymes were

examined in 21days old seedlings. Ferulic acid exihibited significant effects on biophysical

and biochemical parameters of tomato seedlings. We observed a gradual decrease in all

parameters under the treatments. The root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of the

seedlings significantly decreased in dose dependent manner under allelochemical stress. The

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents decreased with

increasing concentrations of ferulic acid and maximum reduction was observed at highest

(1.5mM) concentration. A significant reduction in sugar and protein content and activity of

nitrate reductase was recorded in the seedlings treated with higher concentrations of ferulic

acid. Allelochemical at higher concentration significantly enhanced the activities of

antioxidant enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase. Ferulic acid

exhibited the phytotoxic effects on growth and metabolism of the tomato seedlings.


Oral Presentations



OP.6.4. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF TWO EXOTIC PLANTS ON THE

GROWTH OF SOME NATIVE PLANT SPECIES OF DUHOK CITY, KURDISTAN

REGION, IRAQ

Y. Muss NISHTIMAN and Hassan A. M. MEZORI*

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq


Exotic plants areusually introduced either as ornamental garden species or as crops;

only 1% of species become invasive plants, but the impact of any one of these invaders can

be huge.They are the major cause of extinction and loss of native plants. Two species

(Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Catalpa bignonioides Walt) were introduced to the region and

cultivated in different places of Duhok city without any ideas about their allelopathic effects

on native plants. The aim of this study is to identify the allelopathic potential of these

species and their possibility to be invasive plants.Leavesaqueous extracts (0,10% 20% w/v)

and residues (0,5,10gresidues/kg soil) were tested on seed germination and seedling growth

of ten locally cultivated plant species. Decomposing residues in soil for the period (0, 2, 4,

6, 8 weeks) was bio assayed against Lathyrus odoratusL. The results indicated that the

leaves aqueous extracts and residues of both species significantly reduced the seed

germination and seedling growth of all ten tested species,and the reduction increased by

increasing the concentration. On the other hand thedecomposing residues of both species in

the soil indicated that the allelochemicals released from the residues was active since the

beginning of the first week and increased with the increase of decompositionfor a period of

8 weeks. Generally it was observed that the inhibitory effect of leaves of R. pseudoacacia

was more than C. bignonioides and the two species were significantly different, among all

the test plants the most affected plant was L. odoratus by the effect of both species of the

exotic plant.


Oral Presentations



OP.6.5. PHYTOTOXICITY OF EUCALYPTUS LEUCOXYLON OIL AND ITS

POTENTIAL USE AS A BIOHERBICIDE

Aida GRICHI1,2*

, Z. NASR2, M.L .KHOUJA

2


2 National Institute for Research in Rural Engineering, Water and Forests Street Hédi

Elkarray,

Elmanzeh ІV, BP 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia


Global concerns about herbicidal and pesticidal use, their residues in soil and plant

systems as well as their hazardous effect on ecology and environment have diverted the

attention of plant scientists to find approach to plant protection against weeds. Integrated

weed management is one of such approaches where allelopathy can play its eco-friendly role

in weed management. This study was, therefore, undertaken to determine the allelopathic

effect of volatile oil of Eucalyptus leucoxylon on some growth parameters: germination,

radical length, seedling growth, shoot and root dry weight and chlorophyll content of Sinapis

arvensis, Desmazeria rigida, Trifolium campestre, Triticum durum, Hordeum vulgare and

Lens esculenta. The present investigation indicated that the volatile oil from E.leucoxylon

reduced the germination, radical elongation, seedling growth and the shoot and root dry

weight of test plants in a dose-response relationship. At lower concentrations of volatile oil,

very little difference on germination of treated seeds was observed compared to control.

However, at higher concentrations, germination was significantly reduced in response to

eucalypt oil compared to control. The test plants responded differently to eucalypt oil

exhibiting a differential species-specificity. Indeed, the weeds were affected more strongly

than the crops. The plants spray-treated with different concentrations of eucalypt oil

exhibited varying levels of injury. Nearly 90% injury was observed. The reduction of

chlorophyll content was greater with increasing concentration of volatile oils. It is concluded

that volatile oils from E.leucoxylon possess weed-suppressing ability and could be used as a

potential bioherbicide for future weed management programs.


Oral Presentations



OP.6.6. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF CRUDE EXTRACTS AND

ESSENTIAL OILS OF THE FALSE PEPPER (SCHINUS MOLLE AND S.

TEREBINTHIFOLIUS) ON SOME WEEDS

Nadia GHANNEY* and Ali FERCHICHI

Dry Land Institute. Djorf Road, Km 22.5, Medenine/ 4119. Tunisia


The interaction between plants through chemical molecules, allelopathy, raises

currently the subject of major interest. A better understanding of this phenomenon could

offer interesting perspectives for the management of spontaneous flora of cultivated plots,

thereby and thereby contribute to reducing the use of synthetic herbicides. The aim of this

research working consists to evaluate the allelopathic effect of two plants on growth

parameters of five weeds: Avena sterilis, Atractylis serratuloides, Cynodon dactylon,

Hordeum murinum and Sonchus arvensis. Thus, in vitro and under green house bioassays

have shown the influence of aqueous extracts and essential oils of leaves and fruits of

Schinus molle and S. terebinthifolius species.


Oral Presentations



OP.6.7. USING OF PLANT EXTRACTS IN CONTROL OF ABUTILON

THEOPHRASTI MEDICUS

Masoumeh YOUNESABADI*, Leila HABIBIAN and Alireza SAVARINEJAD

Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Research Centre, Beheshti Avenue, Gorgan,

Golestan, Iran


Natural compounds are excellent alternatives for presently used chemical herbicides

in agriculture. In order to examine the possibility of using plant extracts in weed control,

growth inhibiting activity of six plant water extracts include camel thorn (Alhgi camelorum

Fisch), annual sage brush (Artemisia annua L.), Inula (Inula graveolens L.(Desf.)),

cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), hairy fleabean (Conyza bonariensis L.(Cronq.)) and

Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) in different doses, (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%(1:10

w/v)) was determined on Abutilon theophrasti Medicus. This experiment was conducted in

laboratory of Agricultural Research Centre of Golestan Province, IRAN as a factorial design

with 3 replications in 2013.The results showed that stem length of A.theophrasti was

decreased by all extracts but there was no difference between all concentration levels in this

case. Same result was observed in A.theophrasti germination, however in this regard,

inhibitory effects increased as extract concentration increased. Except A.camelorum extract

that stimulated the root length of A.theophrasti, all extracts reduced its root length. Among

different extracts, highest inhibitory effect on stem and root length of A.theophrasti was

observed in peteridish treated with A.annua followed by X.strumarium and C.bonariensis,

and the lower germination caused by X.strumarium followed by A.annua respectively.

Therefore, A.annua and X.strumarium may be useful as alternative materials of biological

weed control. However, comprehensive studies are necessary for demonstrating their

herbicidal potential.

Oral Presentations



OP.6.8. VALUATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF ARTEMISIA JUDAICA L. SSP.

SAHARIENSIS CHEV. IN THE CONTROL AGAINST THE DESERT LOCUST:

SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA FORSKAL.(1775).

Saida MESSGO-MOUMENE1*

, I. SARAOUI1, H. BENSSAD

2, M. LAIDANI

2, B.

AHMED SERRIR2, K. MOUMENE

2 and Z. HOUMANI

1

1 Laboratory for research on Medicinal and aromatic plants, Agro veterinary faculty, Saad

Dahlab university, BP.270, Soumaa road,Ouled Yaich, 09100, Blida, Algeria.

2 Laboratory of Control of Locust, National Plant Protection Institute , Road Hacen Badi, El

Harrach, Algeria.


Artemesia judaica L. ssp. sahariensis Chev. is very fragrant; aromatic plant, fairly

common in sandy grassland of central and eastern regions of Sahara . It is a host plant for

the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, known for its devastating effects on crops. The

implication of this plant against the locust activity is a new method in the eco-biological

control in harmony with the Saharan environment. Thus, this study offers the use of

essential oils extracted by hydro distillation of leafy and flowering stems of A. judaica L.

ssp. sahariensis Chev. based on the mortality and / or the survival of the fifth stage larvae

(L5) of S. gregaria. The yields of essential oils are valued on average at 0.6% DM. The oil

analysis by GC-MS showed the presence of some compounds namely piperitone, the

mordavanone and stigmasterol. The application of these essential oils on the L5 larvae

induced a total mortality of larvae (100%) from the first day of treatment with doses D1

(2000μL/250ml) and D2 (1000μL/250ml). The D3 dose (500μL/250ml) resulted the death of

all larvae after four days of treatment. The trials continued with the D4 dose (250μL/250ml)

whose efficiency was 78%. The LD50 (179 µl/ml) and LD90 (544 µl/ml) were determined

respectively the 2nd and 3rd day. However, no mortality was recorded in larvae (L5) treated

with acetone to 50% (control). In addition, we observed balances losses followed by a

slowdown in the locomotor activity of all individuals treated with essential oils. The results

of this study show for the first time the importance of the activity acridicide produced by the

essential oils extracted from plants Artemisia judaica ssp. sahariensis endemic to the

Algerian Sahara region. These results present a significant interest at national and regional

level in the field of agriculture and sustainable development.


Oral Presentations



OP.6.9. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF PORTULACA

OLERACEAE L. TO ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF HYOSCYAMUS MUTICUS

L.

Hamed M EL-SHORA* and Ahmed M ABDELGUAD

Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt


The aqueous extract of Hyoscyamus muticus leaves was assayed at different

concentrations to assess its allelopathic potential on Portulaca oleracea. All tested

concentrations inhibited germination of Portulaca oleracea seeds in a concentration

dependent way. The effect of Hyoscyamus extract on reactive oxygen species (ROS)

generation including superoxide anion (O2-.) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content was

investigated. Hyoscyamus extract remarkably inhibited growth at all tested concentrations in

a time and concentration dependent manner. Levels of DNA and RNA were also reduced.

Hyoscyamus extract enhanced the levels of H2O2 and O2-.

suggesting induction of oxidative

stress. ROS generation was confirmed by detection of increased malondialdehyde (MDA) a

marker for lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyaltion and electrolyte leakage. Hyoscyamus

extract diminished PSII activity of Portulaca in concentration dependent manner, whereas it

enhanced accumulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants including ascorbate, glutathione

(GSH) as well as proline. The activities of the various scavenging enzymes such as

superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD,

EC 1.11.1.7) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) were elevated in response to

treatment with Hyoscyamus extract. The results suggest that Hyoscyamus may offer an

alternative tool for the control of Portulaca oleracea and thus proving the concept of

allelopathic or biomolecular interactions among the plant species as a natural replacement

method.





PP.6.1. PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM EUCALYPTUS

CINEREA AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS

Aida GRICHI1,2*

, Z. NASR2, M.L .KHOUJA

2


2 National Institute for Research in Rural Engineering, Water and Forests Street Hédi

Elkarray, Elmanzeh ІV, BP 10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia


Some plants have allelopathic potential by releasing allelochemicals to their

surroundings that have either deleterious or beneficial effects on other plants in the vicinity.

These compounds inhibited plant growth by affecting many physiological processes. In this

study, we investigated the chemical composition of volatile oil of Eucalyptus cinerea and its

allelopathic effects on Chlorophyll content, Net photosynthetic rate, Transpiration and

Stomatal conductance of Sinapis arvensis, Erica vesicaria, Scorpiurus muricatus, Triticum

durum, Vicia faba and Phaseolus vulgaris. Net photosynthetic rates were greatly affected by

E.cinerea essential oil. The reduction increased with increasing of essential oil concentration.

Relative to the control, greatest reduction in net photosynthetic rate were observed at highest

concentrations. The trend for transpiration in response to E.cinerea essential oil was similar to

that exhibited by net photosynthetic rate except that the effects were greater in magnitude as

compared to leaf photosynthesis. Stomatal conductance followed patterns similar to those

observed for transpiration and leaf photosynthesis, however the effects were more apparent

suggesting that closure of stomatal might be an important factor for the decreases in

photosynthesis and transpiration in this study. The test plants responded differently to

eucalypt oil exhibiting a differential species-specificity. Indeed, the weeds were affected more

strongly than the crops. The results indicated that E.cinerea essential oil could inhibit the

growth and many physiological processes of tested species.





PP.6.2. EVALUATION OF ALLELOPATHIC POWER OF THE AQUEOUS

EXTRACT OF PERGULARIA TOMENTOSA L. (ASCLEPIADACEAE)

Abdellah KEMASSI1,2*

, Rekia CHERIF2, Djemaa BOUZIDE

2, Fatima AHNA

2, Souad

KHEDDA2, Zakaria BOUAL

1, Nawal BOUZIANE

1, Fouzi BENRAHIM

2, Aek

HADJSEYD2, Toufik GHARIB

2, Aminata OULD EL HADJ-KHELIL

1 and Mohamed

DIDI OULD EL HADJ1

1 Laboratory of Ecosystem Protection in Arid and Semi-arid Kasdi Merbah

Ouargla University, BP 511 Ouargla 30000 Algeria

2 Department of Biology, Natural Sciences and Life Faculty Ghardaïa University. BP 455

Ghardaïa 47000 Algeria,


This study focuses on the evaluation of allelopathic power of the aqueous extract of

leaves and roots of Pergularia tomentosa L. harvested in the north eastern Algerian

Sahara. The study to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of germination of these extracts on

barley Hordeum vulgare L seeds. The pure and diluted 50% aqueous extracts have shown an

exceptional ability to inhibit the germination of barley seeds where a maximum rate of 100%

inhibition is reached, whereas for other concentrations of either 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%,

2.5% and 1%, an inhibitory effect of the partial germination noted. In addition, it is found that

the root extract seems more phytotoxic than the leaf extract of P. tomentosa, the concentration

of EC50 and EC90 efficiency estimates are in the range of 0,0081mg/ml and 0,0299mg/ml for

the root extract of P. tomentosa respectively, while those reported for the leaf extract are

0,0120mg/ml and 0,0286mg/ml for the EC50 and EC90, respectively. Growth abnormalities are

still observed in the batches treated with extracts of this plant.





PP.6.3. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF SOME WEED AQUEOUS EXTRACTS ON

SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF DURUM WHEAT

Nasrine SALHI1*

, Radja HAKKOUM2 and Ahmed HABLAOUI

2

1. Université KasdiMerbah Ouargla Laboratoire de Bio-ressources sahariennes : préservation

et valorisation, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Ouargla 30 000 Algeria

2. Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Ouargla

30 000 Algérie.

*Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected]

Allelopathy refers to the direct or indirect chemical effects of one plant on the

germination, growth, or development of neighboring plants. This study was conducted to

investigate the allelopathic effects of aerial parte aqueous extracts of four weeds Melilotus

infesta, Senecio vulgaris, Sinapis arvensis and Beta vulgaris at different levels (0, 10, 7.5, 5

and 2.5%) on seed germination and some growth characteristics of durum wheat in vitro

condition. Seed germination factors of the wheat showed different reactions. Highest seed

germination was in control treatment. The treatments caused the reduction in seed

germination percent with the Increasing in the level. The radical and coleoptile length

decreased with increasing rate of extracts. There were significant different between weed

extracts that used. Melilotus infesta extract exhibited higher inhibitory effects than others and

Sinapis arvensis had lowest influence on seed germination and growth parameters. There

were significant different between all treatments and control.






PP.6.4. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF

ALLELOCHEMICALS CONTAINED IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF DIPLOID

AND MIXOPLOID TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L.

Faten OMEZZINE1*

, Afef LADHARI1 and Rabiaa HAOUALA

2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Amilcar

1054, Tunisia. (UR13AGR05). 2Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Agronomic Higher Institute -



The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of aerial parts aqueous extracts of diploid

and mixoploid fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) harvested at three developmental

stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) on lettuce physiological and biochemical processes.

The allelochemicals stress was registered as the result of aqueous extracts application. They were

added to Hoagland nutrient solution at concentration corresponding to IC50 (50% inhibition of

germination or root growth). The germination inhibition seems to be correlated with membrane

deterioration, proved by a strong electrolytes leakage and an increase of malondialdehyde (MDA)

content, and with mitochondrial respiration disruption due to a decrease of dehydrogenases

activity. These disruptions were recorded with the different extracts, especially when they

corresponded to material harvested at fruiting stage for diploid and mixoploid plants. For seedling

growth inhibition, the roots showed the same interference, especially in the presence of extract of

material harvested at vegetative stage for diploids and at flowering one for mixoploids. In leaves,

the slight reduction in chlorophylls and the significant decrease in carotenoids recorded may be, in

part, responsible for the growth inhibition. The lettuce seedlings have circumvented the

allelochemicals stress, by i) increasing the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine

ammonia-lyase (TAL) activity, ii) proline accumulation and iii) secondary metabolites production,

such as polyphenols, flavonoids and alkaloids. The importance of these phenomenons varied with

the extract origin and target organ, which is in favor of speculating on the allelochemicals

specificity and on the change in the chemical composition of different extracts. The

mixoploidization seems to be a simple and effective biotechnology tool to improve (quantity and

quality) the allelochemicals production, since the extracts toxicity of diploids and mixoploids, was

different. Also, understanding of allelochemicals mechanisms may provide a basis for

development of growth regulators and natural pesticides to boost up production in sustainable

agriculture. Thus, the aqueous extracts of mixoploid plants harvested at fruiting and vegetative

stages were the most vulnerable and the first could be used as a pre-emergence herbicide and the

second one as a post emergence herbicide.





PP.6.5. EFFECTS OF WATER EXTRACTS OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM

FRUTESCENS L.) AND EGGPLANT (SOLANUM MELONGENA L.) ON GROWTH

FOR TWO WHEAT SPECIES

Eman Taha Yaseen AL-SUBAIYEE and Salah Mohammed SAIED AL-TAI*

Department of Biology, College of Science, Mosul University. Iraq


The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of pepper

and eggplant shoots with concentration of (9,6,3,0)% on the growth of two types of wheat,

(Iba-99) and (Om Al-Rabee'). Results of the current study showed that aqueous extracts of

shoots caused a significant decrease in the seed percentage; where in the growth rate

decreased with higher concentrations, with Iba-99 being significantly higher than Om Al-

Rabee'. As for growth of roots and dry weight, an inhibition as compared with the control

treatment was noticed. It was also shown that inhibition increased with the increase of

concentration, with eggplants having the most effect in most treatments.




PP.6.6. CYTOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS

OF ALLELOCHEMICALS CONTAINED IN AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC LEAVES

EXTRACTS OF CAPPARIS SPINOSA L.

Afef LADHARI1*

, Faten OMEZZINE1 and Rabiaa HAOUALA

2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021,

Tunisia. (UR13AGR05)


Meriem, University of Sousse, 4042, Tunisia. (UR13AGR05)


Allelochemicals stress influence vegetation, weed growth and crop productivity which

are interrelated with a several perturbation of physiological and cellular processes in target

plants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of this stress on the cytological,

physiological and biochemical processes of lettuce. The allelochemicals stress was registered

as an application result of aqueous and methanolic leaves extracts of Capparis spinosa. These

extracts exhibited a cytotoxic effect on root tip cells, with a morphological modification and

necrosis phenomena, which correlated with a drastic reduction of mitotic index (MI). MI

passed from 16.04 for control to 0.26 in presence of aqueous extracts at the highest

concentration. Moreover, allelochemicals present in the extracts have triggered oxidative

damage in lettuce manifested by lipid peroxidation (increasing content of MDA to 157%)

resulting in the membrane permeability disruption, revealed by a strong electrolyte leakage. In

lettuce areal parts, a reduction of the pigments content was recorded. Furthermore, lettuce

seedlings have accumulated secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties such as

polyphenols and flavonoids. This accumulation was the result of the lyase activity

stimulation, involved in their biosynthesis, especially the tyrosine ammonia lyase activity.

These empirical studies consist in valuable bases for more thorough promising studies will

help to decipher the allelochemicals; thus, to enhance new natural herbicides mode of action

and to help its application on agricultural fields.





PP.6.7. EFFECT OF ADDING RESIDUES OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM

L . TO THE SOIL ON THE GROWTH AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF WHEAT

(TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

M. S. FAYSAIL and A. I. AHMED

University of Mosul, College Education, Mosul. Iraq


The present study was conducted in the wired house for testing allelopathic ability of

the Fenugreek plant residues taken from two stages of growth on some indicators of growth

and chemical content of two cultivars of wheat. The analytic statistics of the results it

explained that adding residues of shoot to the soil led to get stimulus in relative water content,

decrease in the low injury index and led to increase in the concentration of Na, N, while

adding root residues led to increase in porline content and low injury index while there was

decrease in K concentration as a result of adding shoot and root residues. The results showed

that there was an increase in the concentration of N-Ca-Na-K in shoot system of the wheat

compared with the concentration of these elements in root system. The early age stage

(seedling stage) showed significant increase in the concentration of N-Ca-Na-K and

chlorophyll and proline and low injury index compared with mature stage. On other hand no

significant differences were observed between cultivars (Al-Ize and Talafar-3) in chemical

content but there was a superivity of Al-Ize cultivar in some of its growth parameters.




PP.6.8. ALLELOPATHIC EFFET OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF ARTEMISIA

HERBAALBA ON SEED GERMINATION OF ONE WEED (CONVOLVULUS

ARVENSIS) AND WHEAT (TRITICUM DURUM, TRITICUMAESTIVUM L).

Amel DELIMI1*

, S. BOUCHLEGUEM1, F. TAIBI

1 and A. CHEFROUR

1Laboratory for Research on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Pollution.

University of El Tarf. Algeria

*Corresponding author: amel.delimi @ yahoo.fr

Most allelopathic compounds are secondary metabolites, that is to say not involved in

the basic functions of the plant (Rice, 1984) such as phenolic compounds, terpenoids,

alkaloids, steroids, polyacetylenes and essential oils. Allelopathic compounds interfere with

the physiological, biochemical and molecular processes of the target plants. The most visible

symptoms of the action of molecules on a plant are the global effects such as decay or growth

deficit. (Eveno and Chabanne, 2001). Given the need to seek other solutions to weeding, less

harmful to the environment and its components, but also to respect the laws of the natural

balance, our work fits into the latter path, trying to find if a local plant extracts including

essential oil of can use Artemisia herba albaherbicides in wheat. The results of experiments

for the study of the allelopathic effect of essential oil on the germination of durum and soft

wheat and a weed show essential oil anti germ effect tested on seeds of durum wheat and

wheat does not seem to show a potential repression of germination for both varieties. By

application of the treatment against the weed, shows a significant reduction in germination

compared to the control and the two wheat varieties.




PP.6.9. COUMARIN ROOT EFFECTS ARE MEDIATED BY AUXIN POLAR

TRANSPORT IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

Antonio LUPINI*, Fabrizio ARANITI, Francesco MERCATI, Francesco SUNSERI and

Maria Rosa ABENAVOLI

Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,

Salita Melissari I-89124 Reggio Calabria RC, Italy


Coumarin is an allelopathic compound widely distributed in plant kingdom which

plays a key role in plant-plant interactions. It affects root growth and development of many

species, but its mode of action has not been clarified yet. It is hypothesized that auxin could

mediate coumarin-induced effects on root systems. In this respect, the involvement of auxin

transport and/or distribution on root morphological changes induced by coumarin in

Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) has been investigated. Morphological (WinRhizo software) and

pharmacological (TIBA and NPA, auxin transport inhibitors) approaches, together with

Arabidopsis auxin mutants (aux1-22, lax3, pin1, eir1-4, and pin3-5) were employed.

Coumarin strongly affected primary root elongation and lateral root development of

Arabidopsis seedlings. In particular, 10-4

M coumarin significantly inhibited primary root

growth increasing lateral root number and root hairs length. The presence of auxin transport

inhibitors, TIBA and NPA, caused a complete absence of lateral root formation which was

restored to the control values, with coumarin supply. The responses of mutants to coumarin

were significantly different: lax3 showed the lowest (42%) inhibition of primary root length,

which was completely absent in aux1-22. Furthermore, an increase of lateral root number was

observed in pin1 mutant similar to that showed in wild type (Col-0), whereas it was not

observed in aux1-22, eir1-4, lax3, and pin3-5 mutants. Finally, coumarin increased also the

root hairs length in eir1-4, lax3, pin1 and pin3-5 mutants, but not in aux1-22. In conclusion,

these results suggest that a functional interaction occurs between coumarin and auxin polar

transport in driving root system changes in Arabidopsis thaliana.




PP.6.10. INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF LEAVES AND FRUITS METHANOLIC

EXTRACT OF SOLANUM ELAEAGNIFOLIUM (SOLANACEAE) AGAINST

SPODOPTERA LITTORALIS (BOIDUVAL) (LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE)

Ghofrane JMII1*

, Amel BEN HAMOUDA2, Asma LAARIF

1 and Ikbal CHAIEB

1

1 Laboratoire d’Entomologie, Centre Régional de Recherche En Horticulture et en Agriculture

Biologique, Sousse, Tunisia; 2Departement des Sciences de la Vie - Faculté des Sciences de

Sfax, Tunisia.


The overdependence on chemical pesticides and eventual uninhibited use of them has

caused serious health and environmental problems. This concern has encouraged researchers

to look for better alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Biopesticides from plant origin can make

important contribution to sustainable agriculture and help reduce reliance on chemical

pesticides. Solanum elaeagnifolium is an invasive plant in Tunisia. This plant was studied for

its insecticidal potentialities. Antifeedant, malformations, and growth inhibition induced by

leaves and fruits methanolic extracts of Solanum elaeagnifolium against Spodoptera littoralis

were investigated. The two extracts were added to an artificial diet which was found to have

an inhibitory effect on the growth of the larvae besides bringing a change in the nutrient

reserves in the body of the insect. The toxicity is demonstrated by a reduction of the weight

do to the anti-feeding activitiy, an elongation of the larval stadiums until development

stopping and larval mortality. The larval mortality was caused by exuviation difficulties and

various degrees of morphogenesis abnormalities were observed in nymphs.




PP.6.11. ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDY OF CYDONIA

OBLONGA MILLER LEAF EXTRACT

Saoussen BENZARTI1*,

Helmi HAMDI2, Khadija BENKADHI

3 and Hedia

CHAABENE4

1Agriculture

Higher School at Mograne, Tunisia

2The Water Research and Technology Center of Borj Cedria, Tunisia

3Private Polytechnic School at Tunis, Tunisia

4National Institute of research and physico chemical analysis at Sidi Thabet, Tunisia


This study was carried out to valorize leaf extracts of a local variety of quince (Cydonia

oblonga Miller). The physico-chemical characterization of fresh leaves revealed the existence

of the following phenolic compounds: rutin, hyperoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside,

kaempferol-3-O-glycoside and 4-0-caffeoylquinic acid. This may explain the antioxidant and

antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of quince. In fact, the antioxidant activity measured in

these extracts was comparable to that of synthetic BHT. However, antimicrobial activity was

lower when compared to that of ampicillin, for instance. Nevertheless, this study showed that

fresh leaf extracts of Tunisian quince can be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants

in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food processing industries.




PP.6.12. INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF ROSE HIPS EXTRACTS AGAINST

TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM (HERBST) (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)

Zohra BENCHEIKH-AFFENE1*

, Slaheddine SOUGUIR2, Asma LAARIF

2, Ikbal

CHAIEB2, Faouzi HAOUALA

3 and Fethia HARZALLAH-SKHIRI

4

1Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape, Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott

Meriem, University of Sousse. Tunisia.

2 Entomological Laboratory, Regional Center for Researches in Horticulture and Organic


3 Department of Agronomy and Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Agronomy of

Tunisia, University of Carthage. Tunisia.

4 Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Valorisation of Bioresources, Higher Institute of

Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Tunisia.

*Corresponding author: ben-chiekh.zohra @laposte.net

Botanical insecticides as plant extracts, or natural products derived from plants, have

long been touted as potential alternatives to conventional synthetic insecticides, presumably

because the natural products would have lesser environmental and human health impacts than

many of the older conventional pesticides that had demonstrable adverse effects on non target

organisms and ecosystems. In this work we studied the insecticidal potentialities of some

Tunisian wild rose species. Methanolic extracts of rose hip powder, collected from five wild

rose specie’s growing in Tunisia, were investigated for their insecticidal activity against the

stored grain pest Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Methanolic extract of different rose species

were added to Tribolium diet. Larvae length and mortality were assessed after 3, 6, 9 and 12

days. Response varied with plant species. Larvae growth was significantly inhibited when

they were fed with extracts incorporated into the diet. Mortality percent was recorded, after 12

days ingestion of the larvae with extracts from Rosa dumetorum, R. canina and R. rubiginosa

2 (respectively mortality percent was 88, 76 and 72%). Extracts from R.pomifera and

R.rubiginosa 1 express only 68 and 60 percent of mortality respectively. Results suggested the

presence of actives toxic substances acting by ingestion in rose hips.





PP.6.13. EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF WILD CARDOON

EXTRACTS

Imen BEN AMMAR1*

, Imen ABCHA 2

and Bouthaina AL MOHANDES DRIDI1

1 Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Tunisia

2Arid Lands Institute, Range Ecology Laboratory, Medenine, Tunisia


Polyphenols are bioactive molecules exhibiting a lot of scientific attention due to their

multiple biological activities. This study compared antioxidant, antimicrobial and allelopathic

activities in Cynara cardunculus L. var sylvestris (Asteraceae) organs. Methanolic extract

were obtained from leaves and roots of 12 ecotypes collected from several regions of the

north of Tunisia. Antimicrobial activity was estimated using the agar disk diffusion assay. The

following human pathogenic bacteria were tested: Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli,

Bcillus subtilis, S. epidermis and S. aureus. All extracts showed an antimicrobial activity. The

allelopathic potential was evaluated. Several extracts strongly inhibited seed germination and

seedling growth of lettuce. The antioxidant effect of the extracts was determined by 2,2-

diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results revealed a high antioxidant activity of

wild cardoon extracts that vary with organs and ecotypes.




PP.6.14. INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF FRUIT PEEL EXTRACTS OF

POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) AGAINST STORED GRAIN PEST

TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)

Amel BEN HAMOUDA*, Ikbal CHAIEB, Atika MECHI and Asma LAARIF

Laboratoire d’Entomologie,

Centre Régional de Recherche En Horticulture et en Agriculture Biologique, Sousse, Tunisia.


Aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic fruit peel extracts of Punica granatum were tested

in the laboratory for their insecticidal and repellent effectiveness against the red flour beetle,

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae). The beetles were exposed to plant

extracts by topical application and artificial diet treatment. Mortality was recorded after 2, 7,

14 and 21days after exposure. The repellent action of this plant extracts was also studied.

Only ethanolic extract showed activity. The highest mortality (56%) of T. castaneum larvae

was caused by ethanolic extract, followed by aqueous (20%) and methanolic (4%) after 21

days. Moreover, the three extracts exhibited anti-feeding effect (70%> AFI ≥ 50%) against

larvae. Whereas, in the case of adults, only methanolic extract exhibited a low anti-feeding

activity (50% > AFI ≥ 20%). The application of this botanical may be promising in protecting

of stored grains against coleopteran pests larvae.




PP.6.15. BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF HERACLEUM SOSNOVSKYI

Ligita BALEŽENTIENĖ

Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania


The native to Caucasus region Heracleumsosnovskyi is dangerous invader which

successfully spread and has naturalized in Lithuanian habitats and plant communities. It

outcompetesnative species, thus changing ecosystems diversity, pushing autochthones species

from native habitats, decreasing biodiversity and transforming landscape. This paper aimed to

evaluate biochemical activity ofH. sosnovskyi.Assessment of the total phenols content (TPC)

and biochemical impact of H. sosnovskyi on perennial ryegrass (monocots) and winter

rapeseed (dicots) seed germination was done ex situ. Aqueous exudates of 2-yr. old H.

sosnovskyi exhibited higher phytotoxicitythan 1-yr. old plant exudates. The phytotoxic effects

of H. sosnovskyi aqueous exudates on the germination depended extract concentration (0.02-

0.2%), plant age (1-year, 2-year), plant parts (shoot: stem, leaf, blossom, seed; root) and

growth stage (rosette-ripening). The phytotoxicity of H. sosnovskyi determined extract was

most strong at flowering stage due to highest TPC (30.42 mg ml-1

). All parts of H. sosnovskyi

produced phenolics, which inhibited the acceptor-species seed germination. The exudates

inhibited seed germination.The level of inhibition was concentration depended. Phenolics

contents vary throughout the plant age (0.22-81.03 mg ml-1

), growth stage (0.17-81.03 mg ml-

1) and across different plant parts (2.97-92.61 mg ml

-1) inhibiting the acceptors plants

germination. The results suggested that invasive plant species may acquire spreading

advantage in new territories through use of their allelochemicals to inhibit germination.

Nonetheless, species evidence for allelopathic effects should not be restricted to analysis of

the plant exudates in the lab, but also include research in natural environment.




PP.6.16. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIALITIES VARIATION OF JANIA RUBENS L.

(RED ALGAE) WITH THE ECOLOGICAL SITE

Ahlem NEFZI1*

and Rabiaa HAOUALA2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, University of Carthage, Jarzouna

7021, Tunisia.

2Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Agronomic Higher Institute -

Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Chott-Mariem 4042, Tunisia (UR13AGR05).


It is well documented that algae have various biological potentialities. In the present

study, we aim to evaluate the effect of the ecological site on one aspect of these potentialities.

Samples of thalli of a red alga (Jania rubens L.) were collected from four different ecological

sites of Tunisia: the coast of Mahdia, Monastir, Tabarka and La Marsa. To evaluate their

allelopathic potentiality and its variation with the ecological site, the aqueous and organic

extracts of different thalli were tested on the germination and growth of three target species

(maize, barley and flax) and on chlorophyll contents of their seedlings. Results showed the

presence of an allelopathic potential which has varied with the ecological site, the

concentration of the extract and the target species. Germination was not significantly affected,

but seedling growth was more or less reduced with a greater sensitivity recorded in flax. The

most toxic extract was the thalli collected from La Marsa. Regarding the organic extracts, the

most toxic chloroform extract was essentially obtained from the thalli coming from La Marsa

inducing a reduction in seedling growth of 80% in barley. The ecological site has influenced

the effect of extracts on chlorophyll contents of the three target species. Thus, the amounts

decreased in all cases, and this decline was even more important than the extract was more

concentrated. Furthermore, the thalli from La Marsa had the highest inhibitory effect. The

ecological site impact could be attributed to different biotic stress conditions in the four

stations or different abiotic conditions.





PP.6.17. AQUEOUS CROWFOOT GRASS (DACTYLOCTENIUM AEGYPTIUM L.)

EXTRACTS INHIBIT RICE EMERGENCE, SEEDLING GROWTH AND

BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES

Adnan HUSSAIN*, Abdul KHALIQ, Amar MATLOOB, Saddam HUSSAIN, Farhena

ASLAM and Anees ABBAS

Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad


Crowfoot grass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium L.) occurs as a pre-dominant weed of

direct-seeded rice crop in Pakistan. Identification of weed species with allelopathic potential

and characterization of their adverse effects on associated crops is essential to get a deeper

insight into weed-crop interactions in agro-ecosystems. In a laboratory bioassay, allelopathic

activity of crowfoot grass was evaluated against emergence, seedling growth and some

biochemical attributes of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Fifteen rice seeds were uniformly sown in

soil filled Thermocol trays. Aqueous root, leaf, inflorescence and whole plant (both above-

and below-ground biomass) extracts (10 ml) of crowfoot grass were applied at 1:10, 1:20 and

1:30 (w/v). A control treatment receiving only distilled water was maintained for comparison.

Experiment was arranged in completely randomized design under factorial arrangement of

treatment and was replicated four times. Results indicated significant delay and inhibition of

rice emergence by aqueous crowfoot grass extracts. Moreover, seedling growth of rice was

also diminished by all extract sources and their respective concentrations. Variable

phytotoxicity was exhibited by different extract sources and leaf extract resulted in greater

inhibition. Nevertheless, inhibition was concentration dependent for all extract sources. All

the treatments increased time to 50% emergence and mean emergence time with

corresponding decrease in emergence index and final emergence of rice. Among different

concentrations, extracts applied at 1:10 (w/v) resulted in more suppression of all studied

attributes. Leaf extract was more phytotoxic to shoot and root length as well as to biomass

accumulation by these parts as compared to other extracts. All the extracts reduced

chlorophyll contents and increased phenolics in rice seedlings. Lower soluble protein contents

and higher activities of antioxidants enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and super oxide

dismutase) were also recorded. In crux, aqueous extracts of different parts of crowfoot grass

manifested phytotoxicity to rice emergence and seedling growth suggesting a possible

allelopathic interference under field conditions.





PP.6.18. PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND IN VITRO

INHIBITORY POTENTIAL AGAINST Α-GLUCOSIDASE OF SALSOLA BARYOSMA

EXTRACTS

Aïcha HAMDI*, Wafa BENSANIA1, Mohamed YOUSFI

2 and Amar DJERIDANE

3

Fundamental Sciences Laboratory, University of Amar Telidji, BP37G -Laghouat, Algeria

*Corresponding author: hamdi.bio@gmail

One of the therapeutic approaches for Type 2 diabetes is to reduce the postprandial

hyperglycemia. Inhibition of α-glucosidase limits postprandial glucose levels by delaying the

process of carbohydrate hydrolysis and absorption. The plant based α-glucosidase inhibitor

offers a prospective therapeutic approach for the management of postprandial

hyperglycemia.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and to

establish the potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of different Salsola baryosma extracts.

The amount of total phenolics, measured by Folin–Ciocalteu method, varied widely in herb

materials and ranged between 2.591 and 0.752 mg Gallic acid equivalent / g of dry matter.

While the content of flavonoids expressed in catechin equivalent has been varied between

0.462 and 0185 mg /g. Antioxidant activity was determined by the ability of each extract to

scavenge the free radical ABTS•+

. The obtained results revealed that the phenolic extracts

have a suitable antioxidant power compared to the antioxidant references. The founded EC50

values are ranged from 9.4 to 32.4 mg / l. The inhibitory effect of different plant extracts on

α-glucosidase activity was investigated in vitro. The results of the kinetics of enzymatic

reactions show that the ethyl acetate extracts have inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase with

inhibition percentages of 25.64 to 60.36%. While the butanolic fractions showed percentages

less than 20%. In conclusion we found that leaves of Salsola baryosma could be used as a

potential preventive intervention for free radical-mediated diseases and diabete, due to its

natural origin and potent free-radical scavenging ability and inhibitory activity.




PP.6.19. EFFECTS OF PEGANUM HARMALA AND RUTA CHALEPENSIS

METHANOLIC EXTRACT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL AND

OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT OF LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA (ORTHOPTERA,

ACRIDIDAE)

Meriem MILADI1*

, Nada BAHLOUL1, Insaf BEN MARZOUK

2, Khemais

ABDELLAOUI1, Nizar CHAIRA

2 and Monia BEN HALIMA-KAMEL

1

1Département des Sciences Biologiques et de la Protection des Végétaux, Institut Supérieur

Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, 4042 Sousse-Tunisie

2Laboratoire d'Aridoculture et Culture Oasienne, Institut des Régions Arides de Medenine-

Tunisie


In an effort to identify novel pest-control products that are both environmentally

acceptable and effective for the management of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, we

assessed the effects of a methanolic extract of P. harmala and R. chalepensis on several

reproductive variables in locust females. The plant extracts were administered orally to newly

emerged females (0-1 day old) at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2%. Results showed that the treatment

applied to adult females during the pre-ovipositional phase provokes a significant adverse

influence on their reproductive potential. Indeed, both plants extracts significantly delayed the

first oviposition and reduced fecundity and fertility. Both treatments were responsible for

delaying the development of ovaries and so reduced the length of terminal oocyte. The most

developed oocytes were observed in ovaries of untreated control females. Plant extracts also

caused disturbances in the incorporation of the haemolymph metabolites (proteins,

carbohydrates and lipids) in the oocyte resulting in a significant reduction in their

concentrations in the ovaries.




PP.6.20. POTENTIAL OF ALLELOPATHIC WATER EXTRACTS IN IMPROVING

THE DROUGHT RESISTANCE DURING REPRODUCTIVE AND GRAIN-FILLING

PHASES OF WHEAT

Ahmad NAWAZ*, Muhammad NABEEL and Muhammad FAROOQ

Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan


Drought is the most prevalent abiotic stress, which drastically reduces the crop yield.

Allelopathic water extrcats of different crop have ability to cope with stress conditions due to

presence of secondary metabolites. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of allelopathic

water extracts in improving the drought resistance during reproductive and grain filling

phases in wheat. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design in factorial

arrangement with three replications. Wheat cultivars Faisalabad-2008 and Maraj-2008 were

used in this study. Pots were maintained at 70% water holding capacity (well-watered) till

booting stage and then managed drought was applied at booting, anthesis and post-anthesis

stages by maintaining 35% water holding capacity (drought stress). After one week of drought

imposition at each reproductive stage, the allelopathic water extracts (of sorghum, sunflower,

brassica and moringa), water were applied at each respective stages. Agro-morphological,

physiological and yield related parameters were measured following standard procedures.

Performance of Mairaj-2008 was quite better in term of yield related traits than Fsd-2008 in

drought stress conditions. Similarly, application of allelopathic water extracts improved the

agronomic and yield related traits especially when applied at booting and anthesis stage.

Application of sunflower water extract was quite better than other allelopathic water extracts

in drought stress conditions. Severity of drought stress was more detrimental when applied at

booting and anthesis stage and was less when applied at grain filling stage. In conclusion,

growing of stay green varieties accomplished with allelopathic water extract application at

reproductive stages may be used as an option to elevate the drought induced yield losses in

bread wheat.





PP.6.21. INDUCTION OF HEAT TOLERANCE IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) USING

AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF FOLIAR PARTS OF MORINGA (MORINGA

OLEIFERA) THROUGH SOIL APPLICATION

Asima BATOOL1*

, Abida AZIZ1, Abdul WAHID

1 and Muhammad FAROOQ

2

1Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

2Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan


Changing climate and increase in temperature is damaging to agricultural activities.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) is rich in minerals, ascorbates and phenolics, in addition to

hormones like zeatin and cytokinin can be used to mitigate the effect of heat stress in maize.

In this experiment, influence of aqueous extracts of moringa fresh leaves (3.3%), dry leaves

(10%) and flower extract (10%) was soil applied on the plants of maize hybrids ICI-984 and

SB-11 under normal and heat stress. Heat stress was imposed after the uniformity of stand

establishment. Application of these extracts improved over all plant growth in both high and

ambient temperature as compared to control. Maximum root fresh and dry weight was

recorded with dry leaf extract application. Osmoprotectants like total free amino acids, free

proline, glycine betain and soluble sugars produced under stress conditions especially under

heat stress. Free proline contents were higher in shoots under high temperature, while GB

increased in both shoot and root with application of fresh leaves extract. However, total free

amino acids and soluble sugars contents were improved in both shoot and root as a result of

dry leaf extract. In conclusion, moringa extracts has potential to cope with abiotic stresses like

heat stress and may be used as a potential growth promoter for crops.





PP.6.22. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ALLELOPATHIC RESPONSES OF FIELD

GROWN LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS) TO SEASONAL CHANGES

Abida AZIZ1*

, Asima BATOOL1, Abdul WAHID

1 and Muhammad FAROOQ

2

1Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.

2Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, PAKISTAN


A population of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) was investigated in this research

for changes in metabolite profiles in the leaves of different ages i.e. penultimate (second fully

expanded leaf from the top), middle (a leaf from the central position of a tiller) and bottom (a

lowermost green leaf on a tiller) with changing seasons round the year for two consecutive

years (2010-2011). Measurements were made for some primary and secondary metabolites

while the essential oils profile of leaves was analyzed using GC-MS. The photosynthetic

pigments displayed sharp variations in the leaves of different ages with change in the

environmental conditions. Higher chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid were recorded during

summer months. The accumulation trends of osmolytes in lemongrass showed notable

seasonal variation. The accumulation of total free amino acids, free proline and GB were

higher during summer months. The antioxidant enzymes minimized the effect of oxidative

damage by scavenging H2O2 and MDA in extreme environmental conditions especially during

summer. The younger leaves of lemongrass exhibited much higher concentrations of vitamins

as compared to bottom leaves. The secondary metabolites i.e. alkaloid, phenolic and flavonoid

contents in lemongrass leaves were markedly increased with increasing temperature. Seasonal

variation affected the nutritional profile of lemongrass substantially. In lemongrass production

of NDF ADF, ADL, cellulose and starch was more during summer. Cellulose and silica

contents were higher in bottom leaf possibly due to plant aging. Starch content was higher in

penultimate leaves, which dropped with the leaf age. Mineral concentration of lemongrass

appears to be largely dependent on temperature and evapotranspiration. The GC-MS analysis

of lemongrass oil carried out in the samples collected during January, April, July and October

revealed that, out of 54 compounds analyzed, neral, citral, geranial, allerthin, caryophyllene

oxide were the major compounds synthesized in various months. Possible reasons for the

changes in the nutritional and metabolites levels were paralleled with the meteorological

conditions and discussed in relation to lemongrass survival during all the seasons, and

discussed.




PP.6.23. HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF FOUR CABBAGES VARIETIES

HYDROSOLS (BRASSICA OLERACEA L.)

Ines SAAD1*

, Naïma FARHAT2, Bouthaina AL MOUHANDES-DRIDI

1, Raoudha

KHANFIR-BEN JENANA1 and Rabiaa HAOUALA

1

1Agronomic Higher Institute. Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Chott Meriem 4042,

Tunisia. (UR13AGR05).

2Faculty of Sciences of Sfax. Sfax. Tunisia


Hydrosols are aqueous solutions obtained by distillation of four Brassica oleracea varieties

biomass. Hydrosols of B. oleracea (var. capitata var. rubra var. botrytis var. gongylodes) were

evaluated for their herbicidal activity against two target species, crop specie (Lactuca sativa)

and a weed (Chenopoduim murale). The eight hydrosols obtained were used in the raw state

to evaluate their allelopathic potential on the germination and seedling growth of two target

species. The results showed that all hydrosols exerted an inhibitory effect on the germination

and growth of the two target species. However, the weed has shown greater sensitivity, which

is in favor of the allelochemicals specificity. Moreover, the allelopathic potential varied with

the cabbage variety and the organ. Indeed, for the legume, hydrosols of head cabbage, red

cabbage and kohlrabi were much more toxic than the cauliflower. The most toxic hydrosol

was the legume of kohlrabi one, leading to a reduction of root length of L. sativa and C.

murale, of 49% and 87.79%, respectively. For the leaves, the hydrosol of cauliflower was the

most toxic, with a greater sensitivity of the weed, where respective inhibitions of 31.52% and

90.82 % were recorded. Chemical analysis showed significant differences between the

hydrosols composition.

Oral Presentations



Theme 7

ALLELOPATHY MECHANISMS AND

INTERACTIONS

Oral Presentations



Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations



OP.7.1. EVALUATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS (BCAS)

FOR THE CONTROL OF TUBER ROT DISEASE OF YAM (DIOSCOREA SPP.)

V.O. DANIA1,2

, O.O. FADINA2*

, M. AYODELE1 and P. Lava KUMAR

1

1International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria;

2Department of Crop

Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria


Biological control of plant diseases involves biochemical interaction which results in

the production of toxic allelochemicals such as antiobiotics by BCAs which cause lysis of

pathogens. The study investigated the potentials of four BCAs, Trichoderma asperellum

strain NGT158, T. longibrachiatum strain NGTI67, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas

fluorescens, for the control of tuber rot disease caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae,

Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium

oxysporum in four yam species, Dioscorea rotundata, D. cayenensis, D. alata and D.

dumetorum, was evaluated. The agar pairing method was used to test the ability of the BCAs

to produce inhibitory metabolites in vitro. Evaluation of rot development was done by the

destructive sampling method and percentage rot reduction by the antagonists estimated. The

mycelial growth of the test pathogens were significantly inhibited by the BCAs (P≤0.05).

Inhibitory zone measuring 1.5cm was clearly established between the pathogens and B.

subtilis. Inoculation of the BCAs 24 h ahead of the pathogens was most effective and was in

the order T. longibrachiatum (88.1%) > T. asperellum (87.4%) > B. subtilis (77.5%) > P.

fluorescens (64.8%) in the in vitro trials. Mean rot reduction values across the yam species

ranged from 87.1-97.0%, 89.3-95.7%, 85.7-96.2% and 71.2-90.8% for T. asperellum, T.

longibrachiatum, B. subtilis and P. fluorescens respectively, when paired with the antagonists

in vivo at 14 days after inoculation (DAI). The mechanism of control by Trichoderma spp.

was mycoparasitism, While B. subtilis and P. fluorescens controlled by antibiosis. The

potential of the four BCAs used in this study recommends their use in the integrated

management strategy for the control of postharvest fungal rot pathogens of yam.


Oral Presentations



OP.7.2. ALLO- AND AUTOINHIBITION IN BARLEY AND GREAT BROME: A

LABORATORY STUDY

Imen BOUHAOUEL1,2*

, A. GFELLER1, M.L. FAUCONNIER

3, H. SLIM AMARA

2 and P. du

JARDIN1

1Plant Biology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés,

5030 - Gembloux, Belgium. 2Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Plant Biotechnology,

National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Charles Nicolle Street, 1082 - Tunis Mahragene, Tunisia. 3General and Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2

Passage des Déportés, 5030 - Gembloux, Belgium.


The aim of this study was to investigate allelopathic interactions of plant communities

in agricultural ecosystems. Different experiments were conducted in laboratory to analysis the

allo- and autoinhibition activity between cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare

L.), a cereal species and great brome (Bromus diandrus Roth., syn. Bromus rigidus Roth.

subsp. gussonii Parl.), a troublesome weed of the Tunisian cereal crops. A new laboratory

bioassay, named “seedling after seedling agar method”, was used to determine the allelopathic

interactions between living plants, barley and great brome, through their root exudates. This

bioassay was essentially developed to report on the allelopathic activity of the two species by

avoiding the competition phenomenon. Root and shoot length and biomass accumulation of

the receiver seedling (barley or great brome) were significantly reduced when grown in the

agar medium of the donor seedlings (barley or great brome). Particularly, root growth was

more sensitive to allelopathic inhibition than shoot growth. The photosynthetic activity,

estimated by the initial fluorescence (F0) and the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fm/Fv

ratio), was also affected. In the experiment conditions, the results revealed a large difference

in allelopathic activity between the two species. Indeed, the alloinhibition activity of each

species is higher than its autoinhibition activity. Moreover, barley autoinhibition depends also

on the receiver variety. The addition of activated charcoal, an inert material with high affinity

for organic molecules, decreased the toxicity of root exudates released in the agar medium. A

second experiment was conducted to assess the involvement of pH of allelochemicals in the

inhibitory effects of root exudates. These results suggest the release of putative

allelochemicals from the root of barley or great brome which affect growth and physiological

activity of the receiver species. These molecules might govern, at least in a part, the plant

community dynamics and their usefulness as bio-herbicides deserves further consideration.


Oral Presentations



OP.7.3. THE EVALUATION OF THE ACRIDICIDE EFFECT OF

SOLENOSTEMMA ARGEL DEL (HAYNE) AGAINST THE LOCUST PILGRIM:

SCHISTOCERCA GRÉGARIA (FORSKAL, 1775) (CYRTACANTHACRIDINAE,

ACRIDIDAE)

Saida MESSGO-MOUMENE1*

, M.H. BOUDISSA1, H. BENSAAD

2, A.E.R.

CHAOUCH2, M. LAIDANI

2, B. AHMED SERRIR

2, K. MOUMENE

2 and Z.

HOUMANI1

1Laboratory for research on Medicinal and aromatic plants, Agro veterinary faculty, Saad

Dahlab university, BP.270, Soumaa road,Ouled Yaich, 09100, Blida, Algeria.

2Laboratory of Control of Locust , National Plant Protection Institute , Road Hacen Badi, El

Harrach, Algeria.


This present study takes initially stock of evaluation of the toxicity of the aqueous

extracts obtained by two methods of extraction, the drive by solvent and boiling. The toxic

effect of the aqueous extracts of the air part of Solenostemma argel (Asclepiadacae), apart

from its stage of flowering was tested on mortality, and the reproductive activity of the locust

pilgrim Schistocerca gregaria in vitro. The bio tests of toxicity revealed an important

mortality of the imagoes with the ethanolic extract of the argel for the mode by contact for the

doses D1, D2 and D3 and for the mode by ingestion concerning the following doses: D1 and

D2. Before their death, the adults of the locust pilgrim treated revealed a state of weakness, a

reduction of the locomotor activity, disorders of balance, and a strong reduction in the food

activity in particular for the mode by ingestion. Their reproductive activity was also disturbed

by these extracts by prolonging 25 days the time of the first layings for the females treated by

the decoction or by completely inhibiting the latter for those treated by the ethanolic extract.

The same treatments led to the reduction of the production of oothecae and that of eggs. The

consequences resulting from the treatment by the extracts of this plant confirmed their

acridicide potentiality for their use in the fight against locust.


Oral Presentations



OP.7.4. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF

CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONARIUM L.

Sana DALLALI1*

, Ahmed MARICHALI1, Saloua OUERGHEMMI

1, Hela BEL HAJ

LTAIEF1, Ahlem SGHAIER

1, Karim HOSNI² and Houcine SEBEI

1

1Agricultural College of Mograne, Agricultural Production Department, 1121, Zaghouan.

Tunisia.

2 National Institute of Research and Physico-Chemical analysis (INRAP), Sidi Thabet,

Tunisia


Chrysanthemum coronarium L. is an annual herbaceous weed native to the

Mediterranean regions and it is occasionally introduced and naturalized elsewhere[1].The

plant is appreciated as a food and numerous food-related biological properties mainly

antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anticancerous have been reported for this plant

[2].The allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of dried flowers of Chrysanthemum

coronarium L. was studied on seed germination and seedling growth of two annual weeds

(Sinapis arvensis L. and Phalaris canariensis L.) and two crops (Triticum durum L. and Zea

mays L.) at different concentrations 2.5, 3.7, 5, 6.25, 7.5, 12.5 g/100 ml. Those extracts had an

inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of these species and especially on the two

weeds. The highest sensitivity of germination was recorded in S. arvensis. Thus, at

concentrations more than 3.7 g/100ml, the extracts completely inhibit the germination of P.

canariensis. The slower germination of wheat increases with higher concentrations. Indeed,

germination recorded a value of 59% at a dose of 12g/100ml and a value of 91% at the lowest

concentration. Corn showed a different behavior than that of wheat. The strongest inhibition

was recorded at concentration of 6.25 g/100 ml; in fact this percentage, germination has a

value of 66%. Corn resist to the highest concentration of the extracts than the wheat, for

against at the lower concentration, wheat is more resistant. Phalaris canariensis is more

sensitive to concentrations of 2.5 g/100 ml and 3.7 g/100 ml where root growth showed a

highly significant reduction of 41% and 5%, and 46% to 7% for the aerial parts. For wheat,

root growth and aerial parts was affected significantly (p <0.05). The greater sensitivity was

assigned to roots. The length of this organ has varied between 67% and 7% when the

concentration of the extract is passed from 2.5 to 12.25 g/100 ml. The length of stems varied

from 59% to 13% for two doses of the extract limits.


Oral Presentations



OP.7.5. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF COMMON HELIOTROPE

(HELIOTROPIUMEUROPAEUM L.) ON GERMINATION OF TWO DURUM

WHEAT (TRITICUM DURUM L.) VARIETIES

Olfa SOMRANI, NeilaRASSAA* and Moncef BEN-HAMMOUDA

Laboratory of Crop/Cereal Physiology; Agriculture Graduate School of Kef


The common heliotrope (Heliotropiumeuropaeum L.) is a spontaneous summer

species that could serve as a cover crop for fallsowing of wheat. Its allelopathic potential on

two Tunisian durum wheat varieties (‘Karim’,'Khiar’) has been explored using the bio-assays

techniquefor germination. Different concentrations of water-extracts (g of heliotrope plant

component per litter) were prepared from stems and leaves of heliotrope plant. Bio-assays

were conductedin a CRD with four (4) repetitions. The water-extracts of the plant

expressedan inhibitory allelopathic potential for germination which varies according to the

source of extract, the extract concentration and the tested wheat variety. For

‘Karim’germination, the inhibitionwas proportional to the concentration of water-extracts-

stems (water-extract/stems: y=5.21x-4.51, r ² = 0.76*). Water-extract/leaves showed a higher

inhibitory activity than the water-extract/stems.For a concentration of 100gl-1

and in

comparison to the control, the germination of ‘Karim’ was reduced on average by 73.8% and

30% with water-extract/leaves and water-extract/stems, respectively. Between the two tested

varieties, 'Karim' appeared to be more sensitive than 'Khiar'. While 'Karim' germination was

constantly inhibited by all water-extract concentrations in comparison to the control, the

germination of'Khiar'was stimulated by 10% and 22.5% with 60gl-1

and 40gl-1

of water-

extract/leaves, respectively. The heliotrope allelopathic potential did affect both the rateand

the kinetics of germination of the two (2) tested varieties, delaying at the same time latency

and loweringthe speed of germination.

Oral Presentations



OP.7.6. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF SILYBUM MARIANUM (L.) ON WINTER

WHEAT

Éva LEHOCZKY1*

, Péter NAGY2, Omar MOUJAHID

2 and Ezzedine ALIMI

3

1Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research,

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

2Dow AgroSciences Export SAS, Mougins, France

3AgriConsulting, Ben Arous, Tunisia


Weeds are one of the major factors causing yield loss and thus it is concern in all

agricultural production area around the world (Lehoczky et al. 1989, 2006, 2012). African

soils have a big weed reservoir, appr 100 to 300 million seed per hectar (Obue et al.,1997).

Only a small percentage of theses seeds germinate and emerge in each year. Effective weed

management is very important in each crop and farmers spend significant amount of dollars

yearly. Silybum marianum is a wide spread and very common weed in a Tunisian crop

rotation and it a difficult to control weed species. Silybum marianum competes with crops for

nutrients, space, light and water thus reducing crop yields and additionally produces

allelochemicals. This phytotoxin prevents some important weed germination (Sultana et.al.,

2012) but on the same time it also prevents the germination and emerges of winter wheat.

Wheat production is very important in Tunisia, dominant crop produced in 1.2 million

hectares and the average yield is in the range of 1.7 million tons. The present study was

evaluating the germination and initial growth performance of winter wheat and it was

associated with different extracts concentration of Silybum marianum.


Oral Presentations



OP.7.7. ALLELOCHEMICALS AS GROWTH STIMULATOR FOR DROUGHT

STRESSED MAIZE

Nazimah MAQBOOL1*

, A. WAHID1*

and M. FAROOQ2

1Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

2Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan

* Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected]

Water extract of sorghum leaves (Sorgaab), was applied to probe the modulation in

growth and physiological attributes of maize (Zea mays L.) under drought in lab and

greenhouse studies. Sorgaab soaked seeds (10 dilutions from 0 mLL-1

to 2mLL) were

germinated to assess for drought tolerance at germination and seedling growth stages. Lower

concentration in the range of 0.75 to 1.5 mLL-1

Sorgaab solutions stimulate the root and shoot

growth, of maize under drought while 2 mLL-1

was damaging. Applied drought stress

decreased chlorophyll b greater than chlorophyll a, leading to an increase in the chlorophyll

a:b ratio. Application of sorgaab also improved the internal CO2 assimilation, which increased

the net photosynthesis and water use efficiency under drought. Soluble phenolics and

anthocyanins were also increased in plant receiving sorgaab under drought than control.

Although greater concentrations of phenolic acids inhibit the uptake of ions, but its lower

concentrations stimulated the uptake of K+, Ca

2+, NO3, PO4. In conclusion, although high

concentrations of sorgaab reduced the growth of plants, it may alleviate the adverse effects of

drought, if applied at low concentration. Dilute concentrations of sorgaab can be utilized as a

natural source of growth stimulator under drought in maize both at germination and later

growth stages.



Oral Presentations



OP.7.8. EFFECT OF JHONSON GRASS (SORGHUM HALEPENSE) WATER

EXTRACTS ON THE SEED GERMINATION OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT

CROPS IN PAKISTAN

Muhammad Ishfaq KHAN

Department of Weed Science, University of Agriculture Peshawar-25130 Pakistan.

Email: [email protected]


A laboratory based investigation was made to screen out the seeds of four popular

crops viz: chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

and rice (Oryza sativa L.) against the allelopathic potential of Johnson grass (Sorghum

halepense). The extract of Johnson grass was made in two different formats i.e., water extract

of green boiled Johnson grass and water extract of dried Johnson grass at 120 gL-1

(w/v). The

results demonstrated that all the studied parameters were significantly affected by both the

formats of Johnson grass extract especially the extract prepared from dry powder of Johnson

grass. Moreover the summer crop seeds (maize and rice) were more sensitive against the

Johnson grass extract and giving only 70.66 and 40.33 % germination respectively compared

to winter crops (wheat and chickpea) where germination were 90.33 and 90.35% respectively.

Similarly the dry extract of Johnson grass completely inhibits the shoot formation in rice. The

instant study suggested that Johnson grass has the potential to inhibit the seed germination or

retard the seedling growth, so it should be tested against different problematic weeds in order

to popularize it as bio herbicide in future.


Oral Presentations



OP.7.9. STUDY OF ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF BOUGAINVILLEA

SPECTABILIS WILLD

K.B. PAWAR* and A.V. RAWAL

Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416 004 (MS) India


Bougainvillea is a common ornamental plant. It is planted in home gardens, for

fencing purpose and along road sides. There is frequent shedding of floral bracts of this plant.

An attempt has been made to study influence of leachates of both pink and white bracts on

seed germination, seedling growth and pigment content of common flowering plant Cosmos

bipinnata. In Petri dish bioassays, complete inhibition of seed germination and seedling

growth with respect to root length, shoot length and fresh weight was observed due to

leachate (1:5 proportions) of both pink and white bracts. In soil bioassays also seed

germination and seedling growth of Comos was reduced due to leachate (1:50 dilution) of red

and white bracts. White bracts are causing more inhibitory effect than red bracts. This study

has been continued to carry our phytochemical analysis of leachates to find out which

compounds are responsible for such alterations and whether these compounds can be utilized

for the management of weeds.

mailto:%[email protected]

Oral Presentations



OP.7.10. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS FROM FRESH

AND DRY SHOOT AND ROOT OF BIDENS PILOSA L. ON GERMINATION AND

EARLY SEEDLING GROWTH OF ZEA MAYS L.

Rasheed Olufemi AWODOYIN* and Stephen Adebowale AKANDE

Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and

Forestry, University of Ibadan. Nigeria


A plant may displace others in an ecosystem and become dominant by competition or

release of allelochemicals. Bidens pilosa L. has been observed to form continuous cover

wherever it infests. This study investigated the allelopathic potential of varying concentrations

(0, 25, 50 and 100%) of aqueous extracts from fresh and dry shoot and root of B. pilosa on

germination of seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) and growth of its seedlings in a completely

randomized design (CRD). Effect of extracts on seed germination was monitored in petridish

and effect on seedling growth was monitored in pots in the Department of Crop Protection

and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Water served as control in the two

experiments. Two ml of each extract was administered per petridish containing 10 seeds and

200 ml was administered per pot. Percentage germination was used to assess germination at 7

Days. After Setting, and plant height, shoot and root dry weight of seedlings were used to

assess growth performance at 4 Weeks After Sowing. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and

significant means were separated using least significant difference (p<0.05). The percentage

germination ranged from 76.7% in dry root extract to 100% in control at 7 DAS. The varying

concentrations were not significantly different with regards to germination. As concentration

of both fresh and dry shoot and root extracts increased, the growth performance of maize

significantly decreased. It can be inferred from the study that dominance of B. pilosa in an

environment may be due to inhibitory allelopathic interference with other plants in close

proximity. Its presence in maize field and use as mulch may be inimical to germination of

seeds and growth performance of seedlings, and hence productivity. The plant may have

potential as a source of bioherbicide.


Oral Presentations



OP.7.11. CONTROL OF ROOT ROT DISEASES OF TOMATO PLANTS INCITED

BY FUSARIUM SPP. AND RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI BY USING DIFFERENT

CHEMICAL PLANT RESISTANCE INDUCERS

Riad S.R. EL-MOHAMEDY1*

, Hayfa JABNOUN-KHIAREDDINE2 and Mejda

DAAMI-REMADI2

1Plant Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

2UR13AGR09, Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre East, Regional


University, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia


Root rots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants caused by Rhizoctonia

solani, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum are serious diseases leading to delayed growth and

subsequent death of severely infected plants. Effects of some chemical inducers viz.

potassium salts, salicylic acid (SA) and sorbic acid, on the control of root rot pathogens and

on the growth, quantity and quality parameters (cv. Super Strain B) were investigated. All the

tested chemical inducers significantly reduced root rot diseases severity under greenhouse and

field conditions. The efficiency of these compounds increased with increasing their

concentrations. Potassium salt treatments were the most effective inducers for decreasing root

rot incidence of all tested pathogens, followed by salicylic acid. However, sorbic acid was

found to be the least effective treatment under greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions,

the selected chemicals significantly reduced the disease incidence noted 25 and 50 days post-

planting. Moreover, these treatments had also increased tomato growth, yield and quality.

Application of potassium salts followed by SA was the most potent for the increase of growth,

yield and quality of tomato as compared with control. Therefore, it could be suggested that

application of plant chemical resistance inducers could be commercially used for controlling

tomato root rot and wilt diseases and increasing both quality and quantity of tomato since they

are safe, less expensive and effective against these diseases even under field conditions.


Oral Presentations



OP.7.12. CHITOSAN AND TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM AS FUNGICIDE

ALTERNATIVES FOR CONTROLLING FUSARIUM CROWN AND ROOT ROT OF

TOMATO

Riad S.R. EL-MOHAMEDY1*

, Farid ABD- EL-KAREEM1, Hayfa JABNOUN-

KHIAREDDINE2 and Mejda DAAMI-REMADI

2

1Plant Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

2 UR13AGR09, Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre East, Regional


University, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia


Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most important vegetable crops

in Egypt and Tunisia. Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.

sp. radicis-lycopersici (or FORL) is one of the most damaging soil-borne disease of tomato

and is becoming more common in commercial tomato greenhouses. Trichoderma harzianum

had significantly reduced the linear growth of the five tested isolates of FORL in vitro. All the

five tested concentrations of chitosan (0.5-5.0 g/L) significantly decreased the linear growth

of the pathogen. Complete inhibition of mycelial growth was obtained with chitosan used at 4

g/L. Under greenhouse conditions, T. harzianum applied as soil treatment + chitosan tested at

1.0 g/L as root dipping combined with foliar spray of chitosan at 0.5 g/L had reduced FCRR

incidence and severity by 66.6% and 47.6%, respectively. In field trials, combined treatments

based on soil treatment with T. harzianum and chitosan applied at 1.0 g/L as root dipping

and/or foliar spray with chitosan at 0.5 g/L had decreased disease incidence and severity by

83.3% and 61.9%, respectively. T. harzianum alone or in combination with chitosan based-

treatments led to increase in the total phenols and enhancement of chitinase and ,1-3-

glucanase activities in leaves of treated tomato plants.

http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=Fusarium+oxysporum




PP.7.1. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF REDROOT PIGWEED (AMARANTHUS

RETROFLEXUS) AND JIMSONWEED (DATURA STRAMONIUM) ON

GERMINATION OF TOMATO AND CUCUMBER SEEDS

Erzsébet NÁDASY1*

, Éva GERLINGER1, Gabriella KAZINCZI

2 and András

TAKÁCS1

1University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty Hungary

2University of Kaposvár, Faculty of Animal Science


It is known, that flavonoides and rutil content of redroot pigweed, furthermore the

sckopolamine and hyoscyamine content of Jimsonweed are responsible for allelopathic effect

of these weeds. Tomato and cucumber are very sensitive on chemicals among others on

allelochemicals. Amaranthus retroflexus and Datura stramonium are important weeds of these

vegetables on the fields in Hungary. We made bioassay examinations in laboratory. Shoots of

A. retroflexus and Datura stramonium were collected on the fields in October of 2011 near

Keszthely in Hungary. We cut and dried the plant samples, and after it we made solution with

tap water from the air dried shoots. We examined four different concentrations: 0, 2.5, 5, and

7.5 W/V %. After 24 hours dissolvation samples were filtered and we used them immediately.

Bioassay tests were made on 25 ◦C temperature in a thermostat. We laid 25 pieces of tomato

and cucumber seeds into Petri-dishes to the filter paper, and after added 15-15 ml from three

solutions of redroot pigweed and Jimsonweed with different concentration. We worked with

four replications, so we had 64 dishes altogether. We examined germination ability, and

measured the length of primer roots and shoots of tomato and cucumber plants. We

established that effect of solutions strongly depended on concentration. Tomato was more

sensitive to allelochamicals than cucumber. Its seeds germination treated with 7.5% solution

of D. stramonium was hidered with 98%, but germination of cucumber was also hindered

(59%). Root and shoot growing was very poor (1-3 mm) treated with 7.5 % Jimsonweeed

solution. The allelochemicals of Redroot pigweed decreased germination of tomato with 32%

and cucumber with 10% only.





PP.7.2. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM ZIZYPHUS

SPINA CHRISTI L. DESF. AND PEGANUM HARMALA L. GROWING WILD IN

SOUTH WEST OF ALGERIA

Khaldi ACHRAF1*

, Meddah BOUMEDIENNE1,2

, Moussaoui ABDALLAH1 and Gouri

SAIF1

1 Laboratory of valorization of vegetal Resource and Food Security in Semi Arid Areas, South

West of Algeria, BP 417, University of Bechar, Algeria.

2 Institute of Natural Science and Life. University of Mascara, 029000 Mascara. Algeria.


This work studies the antifungal activity of medicinal plants extracts from the Algerian

Sahara (South-West of Algeria): Zizyphus spina-christi L. Desf. and Peganum harmala L.

Aerial part from each plant is used for extraction by three solvents: water, methanol and

hexane. Among all solvents, methanol gave the best extraction yield for Peganum harmala L.

(24,02 %) and water for Z. spina-christi L. Desf. (25,27 %). The phytochemical screening

indicates that our plants are relatively rich in active consisting: flavonoids, saponins,

sterols, terpenes, steroids and tannins. Antifungal activity of the different extracts was studied

witch respect to seven fungal strains. The results of method direct contact on mycelial growth,

shows that the three extracts of Peganum harmala L were more active against fungi with

extracts of Z. spina christi L. Desf. with a concentration of 1500 µg/1ml the most important

effect for the 1st plant was observed by the methanol extract, whose, Fusarium oxysporium,

Alternaria, Aspergillus ochraceus and Cladosporium are most sensitive, with percentages of

inhibitions respectively of 68.67%, 71.15%, 80.39 and 95%, respectively. Whereas for the

2nd plant the extract most active was the hexanic extract, the most sensitive stocks are F.

oxysporum and A. niger with an inhibition of 80.95% and 50%. The evaluation results of

fungal biomass on liquid medium showed a clear reduction in the biomass of seven fungal

strains. For both plants the methanol extract was the most active on fungi compared to other

extracts. For P. harmala inhibition percentages were 94.11%, 94%, 92.5% 87.5% and 70%

against P. exponsum, A. niger, F. oxysporum, Cladosporium and Alternaria respectively

opposite the fungal biomass of witnesses.




PP.7.3. BIO-INSECTICIDAL POTENTIAL OF CITRUS AURANTIUM L.

ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST TUTA ABSOLUTA MEYRICK

Khaoula ZARRED1,3

*, Ikbal ChAIEB1, Wafa TAYEB

2, Imed CHRAIEF

2, Asma

LAARIF1, Mohamed HAMMAMI

2 and Rabiaa HAOUALA

3

1 Regional center for research in Horticulture and Organic agriculture Chott Mariem

2Laboratory of Biochemistry, USCR Mass spectrometry, Faculty of Medicine of Monastir

3Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, Research Unit of agrobiodiversity

(UR13AGR05). University of Sousse


Essential oils extracted from Citrus aurantium were tested against the third instar

larvae of Tuta absoluta to assess their insecticidal properties. Fumigant toxicity tests showed

that C. aurantium oils were effective as insecticidal compounds. The mortality rate varied

with oil concentration. Total insect mortality was observed with the highest concentration (50

μl/l air) within 24 h of exposure and this rate varied from 10 to 40 % at the lowest

concentration (5 μl/l air). The LC50 and LC90 values were determined by probit analysis. LC50

was 10.65μl/l air and LC90 was 21.16 μl/l air. When insects were treated with aromatized

powder, significant differences were recorded between treatments and control. Application of

17µl/ g of powder aromatized achieved 66% mortality for larvae of T. absoluta against 19%

in the presence of kaolin and 47% in the presence of C. aurantium essential oils, after 72 h of

exposure without any phytotoxicity for tomato plants. The analysis by gas chromatography

showed that limonene was the principal constituent of C. aurantium essential oils (88.57%).

Hence, the essential oils of C. aurantium were found to be toxic for Tuta absoluta, this could

be useful for investigation of new ecofriendly natural insecticidal compounds.

http://gardenbreizh.org/modules/gbdb/plante-163-citrus-sinensis-valencia-late.html

http://gardenbreizh.org/modules/gbdb/plante-163-citrus-sinensis-valencia-late.html

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Meyrick





PP.7.4. GENOTOXICITY OF TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA (L.) AND PHRAGMITES

COMMUNIS (TRIN.)

Nadia GHEZAL1*

, Raoudha KHANFIR-BEN JENANA2 and Rabiaa HAOUALA

2

1 Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir

2 Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Agronomic Higher Institute -

Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Chott Meriem 4042, Tunisi (UR13AGR05).


Allelopathic potential and genotoxicity of aqueous and organic extracts of Typha

angustifolia (L.) and Phragmites communis (Trin.) were evaluated in the present study.

Genotoxicity was estimated via Allium cepa test applied to meristematic cells of onion and

garlic roots. Aqueous extract of T. angustifolia and P. communis were tested on radish and

lens, and they did not affect their germination. While a more or less important stimulation was

noted, in presence of the extract of T. angustifolia, for lens root and radish stems growth. In

presence of P. communis extract, lens root growth was stimulated, however, it was reduced

for radish. Among organic extracts tested, the methanol fraction was the most toxic one, it

caused an inhibition of seedling growth varying between 19.5 and 39.1% according to species

and extract origin. Aqueous extract of T. angustifolia and P. communis at 30g/l and 40g/l

induced a more or less reduction of onion and garlic roots. Microscopic observations did not

show morphological or digital variation of roots meristematic cells. However, the mitotic

index was generally reduced by half in almost all cases. Similar results were noted for

meristematic cells of garlic roots. So, growth reduction registered for lens and radish seedling

could be attributed to a disturbance of the meristematic cells mitotic activity; caused by the

allelochimicals of tested hydrophytes.




PP.7.5. ALGAL EXTRACTS ALLEVIATE SALINE STRESS ON CAPSICUM

ANNUUM L. VAR. BAKLOUTI

Imen RINEZ1*

, Asma RINEZ and Rabiaa HAOUALA2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte


Meriem, University of Sousse, (UR13AGR05).


This study aims to improve the salt stress tolerance via the pretreatment of seeds by

algae aqueous extracts. Capsicum annuum L., var. Baklouti seeds were primed with the brown

algae (Padina pavonica) and the red algae (Jania rubens), aqueous extracts at 20, 40, 60,80 and

100g/l, for 24 h. Primed and non-primed seeds were sown in 0; 3 and 12 g/l NaCl. Two sets of

seeds were considered: seeds were dried after the priming (SD) and seeds not dried (SND). The

results showed that percentage germination of pepper increased from an average of 37% for the

control to 62% and 57%, respectively for SND treated by J. rubens and P. pavonica extracts,

and to an average of 56% for SD. Salt induced respective reduction of 18% and 97%,

compared to the control (96.67%) at 3 and 12 g/l NaCl, with a delay of 8days at 3 g/l of NaCl.

After priming, seed germination in presence of 12 g/l NaCl, was improved by an average of 7%

for SND primed with J. rubens extract at 60 g/l and for SD primed with the same extract at 20

g/l. The priming with P. pavonica extract (80 g/l) has also ameliorated pepper germination

under salt stress by 6% for SD. However, no significant effect was recorded for SND.

Otherwise, the priming with algae aqueous extracts has reduced the time taken for 50%

germination under saline conditions and the mean germination time in both conditions. Hence,

priming by algae aqueous extracts gave seeds and seedlings having acquired a notable

tolerance saltworks compared to control and particularly at high concentration. The

improvement was spectacular compared to control during the growth phase. J. rubens extract

was more beneficial compared to that of P. pavonica.





PP.7.6. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF MEDICAGO SATIVA INOCULATED

WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON TRITICUM DURUM

Khawla HAMDI*, Sonia LAABIDI and Fayçal BEN JEDDI

Institut National Agronomique de Tunis. INAT. Tunisia


Allelopathy, the process by which the compounds produced by a plant can interfere

with other plants and / or the surrounding microorganisms, have a great importance in the

study of biotic interactions factor. Soil microorganisms able of interacting with the

allelochemicals released into the system play a key role in the expression of allelopathic

potential. Among these microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi take a special place

because they can change the sensitivity of plants to allelopathic substances. Alfalfa (Medicago

sativa L.) plants contain water-soluble substances that are autotoxic as well as allelopathic to

other plants like durum wheat (Triticum durum). Two control treatments comprised plants

receiving no inoculum and plants receiving sterilized introduction arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi inoculum. Laboratory experimentation through a petri dish assay with imbibed seeds

was conducted to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of alfalfa on the seedling growth of 7 day-

old durum wheat. Our results showed that the water extracts of alfalfa shows an inhibitor

effect on the percentage of germination seeds and the coleoptile and rootlets growth of durum

wheat (Soberano variety) and this for the five concentrations (50g/l, 40g/l, 30g/l, 20g/l, and

10g/l) of the different extracts studied, respectively for the higher concentration of these

extracts (leaves, stems, roots and cloves) had an inhibitory effect of 85%, 70.17%, 73.34%

and 75.32% on rootlets length compared to the control. The higher concentration of leaves,

stems, roots and cloves extracts of alfalfa plants had an inhibitory effect of 25%, 17.5%,

22.5% and 12.5% on wheat seed germination, compared to the control. The field experiment

demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation of alfalfa in the intercropping

units reduced the allelopathic effect on the growth and the yield of wheat. The results showed

a decrease of 30.33% in the mitadinage rate of wheat seeds, a decrease of 10 cm in wheat

plant height in the intercropping system for alfalfa inoculated plants compared to non-

inoculated. A reduction of 2 cm gross panicle length, 2% of the protein content of seeds and a

50% decrease in grain yield.





PP.7.7. REVIEWS ON PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND

THEIR INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS: NEW APPROACH FOR WEEDS

MANAGEMENT

Ismail AMRI 1,2*

, Lamia HAMROUNI2, Mohsen HANANA

3 and Bassem JAMOUSSI

4

1 Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte. Zarzouna,

2 Laboratoire d’Ecologie Forestière, Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et

Forêts. BP 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisie.

3 Laboratoire de Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-

Cédria. BP 901, 2050 Hammam-lif, Tunisie.

4 Laboratoire de Chimie, Institut Supérieur d’Education et de Formation Continue. 43 Rue de

la Liberté, 2019 Le Bardo, Tunisie.

*Correspondig author : [email protected]

Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control weeds raises several concerns

related to environment and human health. An alternative is to use natural products that

possess good efficacy and are environmentally friendly. Among those, essential oils have

been extensively tested to assess their herbicidal properties as valuable natural resource. The

essential oils whose phytotoxic activities have been demonstrated, as well as the importance

of the synergistic effects among their components are the main focus of this review. Essential

oils are volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons with a diversity of functional groups (ketones,

ether, ester, alcohol, phenol, aldehyde …) and their herbicidal activity has been linked to the

presence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. However, in some cases, these chemicals can

work synergistically, improving their effectiveness. Among the plant families with promising

essential oils used as herbicide, Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae and Anacardiaceae are the

most cited. Individual compounds present in these mixtures with high activity include α-

pinene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, camphor and thymol. Finally, although from an

economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as herbicide than

essential oils, these natural products have the potential to provide efficient and safer herbicide

for humans and the environment.




PP.7.8. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE BROWN ALGA ZONARIA

TOURNEFORTII (J.V. LAMOUROUX)

Amel Ismail1,2*

, Karima BEL HADJ SALAH1, Maha MASTOURI

3 Abderrahman

BOURAOUI1

and Mahjoub AOUNI1

1Faculty of Pharmacy Monastir, Tunisia.

2National Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Salammbô, Tunisia.

3Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia


Seaweeds are rich and varied source of bioactive natural products and have been

studied as potential pharmaceutical agents. The present study was undertaken to investigate

antibacterial and antifungal activities of brown alga Zonaria tournefortii against four

pathogen fungi and several multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), responsible for

several infection in human and livestock animals. Aqueous extract of fresh brown alga

Zonaria tournefortii sampled by SCUBA-diving from Tabarka (North-West of Tunisia), were

tested for their antimicrobial activity against 13 multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and four

fungi: Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Scytalidium dimidiatum and

Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. In vitro antibacterial tests were performed using well diffusion

method; antifungal activity was assayed with method of agar incorporation “dilution in a solid

medium” (Bel Hadj Salah et al., 2007). Fractions were obtained by flash chromatography.

Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by microdilution method. Zonaria

tournefortii aqueous extract was highly active against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus and also against the two yeast species with a concentration of 5mg/ml and inhibition

diameters ranging from 9 to 14 mm around the well. However, no activity was observed

against Scytalidium dimidiatum and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Six fractions (F1-F6) were

obtained by C18 column purification, amongst them; F2 and F3 were active and had the same

antimicrobial spectrum as the crude extract. F2 had the strongest activity especially against

MRSA with inhibition diameter reaching 25mm and MIC ranging from 1mg/ml to

0.25mg/ml. These results indicate that Zonaria tournefortii was effective as antimicrobial

agent, offering opportunities for producing antibiotic and antifungal compounds especially

against human and animal multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.





PP.7.9. ASPERGILLUS SPP. AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS AGAINST PYTHIUM

ULTIMUM: INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF THEIR CULTURE FILTRATES AND

ORGANIC EXTRACTS

Rania AYDI-BEN ABDALLAH1*

, Marwa HASSINE1, Hayfa JABNOUN-

KHIAREDDINE2, Rabiaa HAOUALA

3 and Mejda DAAMI-REMADI

2

1 Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of Sousse

2UR13AGRO09. Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre-East, Regional


Chott-Mariem, Tunisia

3UR13AGR05 Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem


Culture filtrates and chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of nine isolates of

Aspergillus spp. (A. niger, A. terreus, A. flavus and Aspergillus sp.), isolated from soil and

compost, were tested at different doses for their antifungal activity against Pythium ultimum

the causal agent of potato Pythium leak. Culture filtrates showed marked antifungal activity in

a dose-dependent manner. Complete inhibition of the pathogen was induced by the culture

filtrate CH8 of Aspergillus sp., used at 10% (vol/vol) and those of CH12 of A. niger and MC8

of A. terreus, applied at 20% (vol/vol). A reduction in the density of the mycelial colony of

the pathogen was recorded with the culture filtrate of MC8 isolate. Chloroform and ethyl

acetate extracts of isolates CH12 of A. niger, CH2 and MC8 of A. terreus and CH8 of

Aspergillus sp., tested at 5%, had completely inhibited the in vitro growth of P. ultimum.

Tested as tuber treatment, the culture filtrates and both organic extracts significantly reduced

Pythium leak severity as compared to inoculated and untreated control tubers. Indeed, rot

lesion diameter and average penetration of the pathogen decrease induced by culture filtrates,

recorded after 48 h of incubation at 25°C, ranged from 71 to 84% and from 42 to 85%,

respectively. All chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts had also limited both disease severity

parameters by 78 to 84% and 72 to 80% as compared to the inoculated and untreated controls.

This study revealed the presence of bioactive metabolites in the filtrates and extracts tested.

These Aspergillus species may be used as a potential source of biologically active compounds

or even biological control agents once their toxigenicity confirmed.





PP.7.10. ALLELOPATHIC INTERACTION OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM)

AND PEARL MILLET (PENNISETUM GLAUCUM) INTERCROPPED

Leila RADHOUANE* and Thouraya RHIM

National Tunisian Institute for Agriculture Research (INRAT)

Hédi Karray Avenue- Ariana 2049-Tunisia


Intercropping is common practice in many regions of Tunisia, particularly in Cap-Bon

where different crops such as tomato, pepper, cucumber, peanut, corn, pearl millet and

sorghum are grown together in the same field and at the same time for self-sufficiency. A

number of these crops and vegetables are known for their allelopathic activities. The

interaction between plants could be within the individuals of the same species (intraspecific

interaction or autotoxicity) or between different species (interspecific interaction or

teletotoxicity). Little is known about allelopathic interaction of some of these intercropped

plants in mixed farming systems in our local conditions. Therefore, the objectives of the

present investigation are to evaluate, under laboratory condition, the allelopathic effect of

mixed crops, which interacted positively or negatively when cultivated together in the same

field. Two plant species were used to study the effects of their aqueous extract on germination

and growth of each other (pepper and pearl millet). The results suggested that aqueous

extracts from shoots and roots significantly inhibited germination and seedling growth and the

inhibitory effects were increased proportionally with the extract concentration. The shoot and

root aqueous extract also exhibited intraspecific and interspecific allelopathy. Generally, it

was observed that roots were more toxic than shoots. For root extract, the highest inhibition

percentage was gained from the effect of pepper on pearl millet (40%) and highest

autotoxicity was observed from pearl millet (36%). The effect of shoot extract on germination

indicated that the highest reduction (55%) was obtained from pepper shoot extract on pearl

millet and highest autotoxicity was observed from pepper which reached (45%). In most cases

autotoxicity appeared to be more severe than teletotoxicity, on seed germination of the two

intercropped plant species.





PP.7.11. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO OF CULTURE

FILTRATES AND ORGANIC EXTRACTS OF PENICILLIUM SP. AND

GLIOCLADIUM SPP. AGAINST BOTRYTIS CINEREA.

Marwa HASSINE1*

, Rania AYDI-BEN ABDALLAH1, Hayfa JABNOUN-



2

1 Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of Sousse.Tunisia

2UR13AGRO09 Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre-East, Regional


Chott-Mariem, Tunisia 3UR13AGR05, Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of Sousse, Tunisia


The antifungal activity of culture filtrates and chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of

eight isolates of Penicillium sp. and two isolates of Gliocladium spp., isolated from soil and

compost, was tested in vitro and in vivo against Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold on tomato.

Culture filtrates of the tested antagonists were active in vitro in reducing pathogen growth,

from 6 to 27%, compared to the untreated control. The most important inhibitory effect of

about 27% was obtained with the isolate CH6 of Penicillium sp. In addition, the mycelial

growth of B. cinerea was significantly reduced by all the three doses (v/v) (1 %, 2.5% and

5%) of chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts tested. Interesting results were recorded

especially with the organic extracts of the isolates CH5 of Penicillium sp., Gv1 of G. virens

and Gc1of G. Catenulatum, used at 5%, which inhibited the in vitro growth of gray mold

agent by 74 to 88 % and by 50 to 88% with the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts,

respectively. Tested on inoculated tomato, cv. Rio Grande, fruits, the culture filtrates and both

extracts tested reduced significantly the severity of gray mold compared to inoculated and

untreated controls. Indeed, the culture filtrates of MC1 and CH11 of Penicillium sp. and Gv1

of G. virens have been most effective; the reduction rate of gray mold severity, recorded after

five days of incubation at 25°C, exceeded 50%. All chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts

from isolates CH5 and CH6 of Penicillium sp. and Gc1 of G. Catenulatum reduced also the

rot lesion diameter by 45 to 67% compared to the inoculated and untreated controls. This

study revealed the involvement of inhibitory metabolites which are present in culture filtrates

and in chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of Penicillium sp. and Gliocladium spp., in the

development of this disease. The test of aqueous extracts and the toxicological study of these

isolates are being used to better value them as biocontrol agents against B. cinerea.





PP.7.12. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TH ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF

OLIVE VARIETY ESSENTIAL OILS

Dhouha SAIDANA NAIJA1*

, Marwa CHAOUCH2, Amani CHAFFARI

3 and Mohamed

BRAHAM1

1 Institute of olive tree, Sousse Station, Tunisia

2 Institute of Biotechnology, Monastir, Tunisia

3 High Institute of Agronomy, Chott Mariem, Tunisia


Essential oils of olives from Chemlali, Arbequina and Koroneiki varieties are tested

against free radicals. For each variety, changes in radical inhibition percentages induced by

the olive pulp and core essential oils are studied at different concentrations. The antioxidant

activities of Chemlali pulps, Arbequina cores and Koroneiki pulps and cores seem to be

interesting, where significant inhibitions of DPPH and ABTS •+

radicals are noted. Linalool

and α-pinene, identified in the essential oils of several olive varieties and known for their

great antioxidant proprieties, might be responsible for the recorded antioxidant activities.





PP.7.13. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF

EUCALYPTUS OCCIDENTALIS ENDL., ACACIA AMPLICEPS MASLIN AND

PROSOPIS JULIFLORA L. ON THE GERMINATION OF THREE SPECIES

CULTIVATED IN THE SOUTH OF TUNISIA

Ezzeddine SAADAOUI1*

, Nizar TLILI2, Mohamed GRIRA

3 and Abdelhamid KHALDI

4

1Regional Station of Gabes–Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest

Resources.National Institute of Research in Rural Engineering, Waters and Forests

(INRGREF), University of Carthage, Tunisia.

2Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Tunisia

3Regional Commission for Agricultural Development, Gabès, Tunisia

4Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources.National Institute of

Research in Rural Engineering, Waters and Forests (INRGREF)


The study concerns the effect of the aqueous extract of Eucalyptus occidentalis,

Acacia ampliceps and Prosopis juliflora on the germination of three frequently cultivated

species in the South of Tunisia: Hordeum vulgare L., Medicago sativa L. and Corchorus

olitorius L. The extracts were obtained after an incubation of the dry vegetable material in

distilled water (9 %) during 48 hours at 60°C. The extraction was made from three organs for

every species (root, twig and leaf). Germination tests were realized for all the extracts with 50

seeds by Petri dish and four repetitions. The results showed a variable behavior between the

species according to the origin of the extract. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the most sensitive

species, showing decreased germination rate essentially with the extracts of the leaf of P.

juliflora (52.5 ± 15.86 %), A. ampliceps (65.5 ± 5.7%) and E. occidentalis (61.5 ± 7.89 %).

The annual Lucerne (Medicago sativa) showed an average tolerance, the germination

percentages are 76 ± 11.61, 81,5 ± 5.74 and 96 ± 2.82 % respectively for the extracts of leaf

of A. ampliceps, E. occidentalis and P. juliflora. The Jew's mallow (Corchorus olitorius) is

the most tolerant species to the various extracts, only leaves extract of E. occidentalis results

in a lower germination than the witness; it is 90 ± 4.32%. The extracts of three studied species

also act on the root system length; a reduction of the length was essentially observed for M.

sativa and C. olitorius.





PP.7.14. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF FILTRATES FROM TRICHODERMA SPP.,

GLIOCLADIUM SPP. AND ASPERGILLUS SPP. LIQUID CULTURES AGAINST

RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI

Soumaya ALAYA BEN SALEM1*

, Rania AYDI-BEN ABDALLAH2, Hayfa JABNOUN-



2

1Laboratory of Plant Production, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of

Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia 2UR13AGR09 Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre-East, Regional


Chott-Mariem, Tunisia 3UR13AGR05 Agrobiodiversity, Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of

Sousse, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia


Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum, T. viride and T. virens), Gliocladium spp. (G.

catenulatum and G. roseum) and Aspergillus spp. (A. flavus, A. terreus, A. nidulans, A. niger

and Aspergillus sp.) were evaluated for their antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani

Kühn causing potato stem canker and black scurf. Each fungus was cultured in PDB (Potato

Dextrose Broth) for 20, 30 and 40 days and applied at the dose 0.2% (vol / vol). After 48 h of

incubation at 25°C, all culture filtrates of the tested fungi have effectively controlled pathogen

growth. This inhibition was positively correlated with the increase of the age of the liquid

cultures. The highest inhibitory effect (53% reduction as compared to the control) was

obtained with G. roseum filtrates from 40 days-old liquid cultures. However, with

Trichoderma spp., the maximum recorded, of about 40%, was induced by T. harzianum.

Pathogen growth was reduced by 48 to 53% with Aspergillus spp. filtrates and the highest

antifungal activity was induced by Aspergillus sp. These filtrates were also screened in vitro

for their activity against pathogen growth on potato tuber slices. After 72 h of incubation at

25°C, all filtrates tested have limited pathogen growth and they also reduced its mycelial

density as compared to the inoculated and untreated control tuber slices. The filtrates of

Gliocladium species exhibited the highest antifungal activity where the inhibition ranged

between 58% (G. roseum) and 78% (G. catenulatum). For Trichoderma species, pathogen

growth decreased by 60% (T. harzianum) and 52% (T. viride) on inoculated and treated tuber

slices. Filtrates of Aspergillus species exhibited 25% (Aspergillus sp.) and 55% (A. flavus)

inhibitory effects. This study revealed the antifungal activity of the filtrates tested towards R.

solani. The assessment of their aqueous and organic extracts would elucidate more their

potential use as sources of bioactive molecules.





PP.7.15. INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF SIX APIACEAE ESSENTIAL OILS

AGAINST SPODOPTERA LITTORALIS

Nour Essabah BEN KHALIFA1*

, Ikbal CHAIEB1, Asma LAARIF

1 and Rabiaa

HAOUALA2

1Entomological Laboratory, Regional Center for Research in Horticulture and Organic

Agriculture, Chott Mariem Tunisia.

2UR13AGRO05. Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of Sousse. Tunisia


Currently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control insects raises several concerns

related to environment and human health. An alternative is to use natural products possessing

good efficacy and are ecofriendly. Among those chemicals, essential oils from plants

belonging to several species have been extensively tested to assess their insecticidal properties

as a valuable natural resource. Plants belong to Apiaceae family are known to be rich on

essential oils, which can be tested for their insecticidal activity against some insect pests.

Essential oils were extracted from six Tunisian Apiaceae plants: Carum carvi (caraway),

Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Cuminum cyminum (cumin), Daucus carota (wild carrot),

Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and Petroselinum crispum (parsley). They were assessed, by

fumigation, against the third instar larvae of the Mediterranean climbing cutworm,

Spodoptera littoralis. This pest is a polyphagous one, having a wide host range such as many

vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops. The results showed that the mortality increased with the

increasing concentration. For a concentration of 200 µl/l air, and after 24 hours of exposure,

C. carvi, D. carota and P. crispum oils caused mortality higher than 90 %, however, C.

cyminum and F. vulgare oils have produced 100 % of larvae mortality. The determination of

the LD50 showed that C. carvi oil seems to be the most effective one with 41.45 µl/l air LD50.

For C. sativum, C. cyminum, D. carota, F. vulgare and P. crispum, the LD50 was,

respectively, 125.87, 64.95, 91.95, 51.22 and 124.31 µl/l air.





PP.7.16. ASSESSMENT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF

SOME WILD SOLANACEAE SPECIES AGAINST FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP.

RADICIS-LYCOPERSICI

Ahlem NEFZI1*

, Rabiaa HAOUALA2, Rania AYDI-BEN ABDALLAH

3, Hayfa

JABNOUN-KHIAREDDINE3 and Mejda DAAMI-REMADI

3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia

(UR13AGR09).

2 UR13AGR05 Agrobiodiversity, Agronomic Higher Institute - Chott Meriem, University of

Sousse, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia

3 UR13AGR09 Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre-East, Regional


Chott-Mariem, Tunisia.


Leaf, flower, stem, and fruit aqueous extracts of wild Solanaceous species (Solanum

eleagnifolium, S. bonariense and Nicotiana glauca) were screened for their antifungal

activity, in vitro, against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), causing

Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato. Plants were collected from the Tunisian Centre-East

(Chott-Mariem). The target fungus (FORL) was subjected to different types of aqueous

extracts already incorporated into the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium at various

concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%). Results revealed an important antifungal activity of all

organs aqueous extracts mainly at the highest concentration (4%). Pathogen response varied

also with extract origin (organ and species). Growth of FORL was found to be more sensitive

to S. eleagnifolium fruit extracts and S. bonariense leaf extracts, applied at 4%, where the

highest inhibition recorded exceeded 60%. Moreover, pathogen in vitro growth was found to

be more affected by S. bonariense leaf and stem extracts, as compared to the other aqueous

extracts of S. eleagnifolium and N. Glauca, at all concentrations. The radial growth inhibition

of FORL was reduced by more than 30% with flower and fruit extracts of S. eleagnifolium at

all concentrations tested as compared to those of N. glauca (< 20%). The inhibitory effects

obtained from these wild Solanaceae aqueous extracts may be attributed to the presence of

bioactive compounds which will be identified later.




PP.7.17. EVALUATION OF THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ORGANIC

EXTRACTS FROM THE BROWN MARINE ALGA SARGASSUM VULGARE (C.

AGARDH) GROWING WILD IN TUNISIA

Nawaim AMMAR1*

and Mejda DAAMI-REMADI2

1Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia

2UR13AGR09, Integrated Horticultural Production in the Tunisian Centre East

The Regional Center of Research on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture of Chott-Mariem,

Sousse University, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia.


The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the antifungal activity of some organic

extracts of the brown alga Sargassum vulgare (C.Agardh) using the poisoned food technique.

Eight fungal species were used namely, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, F.

sambucinum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani, Trichoderma

harzianum and T. viride. Each extract was dissolved in ethanol and then mixed with Potato

Dextrose Agar (PDA) cooled to 45-50°C to obtain a final concentration of 41 mg/ml and 21

mg/ml and poured into separate sterilized Petri plates. Each plate was inoculated with a three

5 mm agar plugs of each fungus. Plates with no extracts added served as control. After

incubation at 25°C, the colony diameters were measured. The experiment was repeated three

times. According to the obtained results, the algal organic extracts exhibited an interesting

antifungal activity against the tested fungi. In fact, B. cinerea in vitro growth was inhibited by

about 75.68% with S. vulgare chloroform extract applied at 41 mg/ml and by 62% with ethyl

acetate extract used at 21 mg/ml. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts tested at 21 mg/ml

reduced the mycelial growth of R. solani by 69.45% and 70.54%, respectively. For T. viride,

the inhibition by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts applied at 21 mg/ml

was of about 66.89%, 76.10% and 82.59%, respectively. The inhibitory effect exerted by S.

vulgare organic extracts against F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum, A. niger, A. solani and T.

harzianum ranged between 3% and 57% for both tested concentrations. Ethyl acetate and

chloroform extracts were found to be most active than petroleum ether and methanol extracts

when used at 21 mg/ml. The determination of the chemical composition of these algal extracts

will elucidate more the bioactive molecules involved in the recorded antifungal activity.




PP.7.18. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF ACACIA LEAVES ON BARLEY

(HORDEUM VULGARE) GERMINATION

Mohamed DEBOUBA1,2,*

, Malika RABOUDI1, Souheila ABED

1 and Houda GOUIA

2

1Institut Supérieur de Biologie Appliquée de Médenine, route El Jorf - Km 22.5, Médenine,

4119, Université de Gabès, Tunisia.

2Unité de recherche Nutrition et Métabolisme Azotés et Protéines de Stress UR99/20, Faculté

des Sciences de Tunis, 1060 Tunis, Université de Tunis EL Manar.


In the present study, we assessed the potential allelopathic action of Acacia leaf

aqueous extracts (Acacia tortillis, A. caven, A. cyanophylla and A. Robinier faux-acacia) on

germination of a local barley variety (Hordeum vulgare, cv Ardhaoui Médenine). Chemical

analysis showed that all Acacia extracts have similar polyphenols contents and pH ranging

from 6.1 to 6.25. In control medium, barley germination was rapidly achieved into three days.

However, the germination percentage was significantly lowered by Acacia extract treatment,

with a severe drop of about 90% and 80% induced by A. caven and A. Robinier, respectively.

Lesser negative effects (20%) on barley seed germination were observed in the presence of A.

tortillis and A. cyanophylla extracts. Addition of chelating agents (PVP, EDTA) was not

associated with any germination capacity recovery, suggesting that allelopathic action of

Acacia leaves did not involve polyphenols and/or bivalents metals. Addition of nitrogen

monoxide (NO) could not repair Acacia extracts allelopathic damage on barely seeds, except

an alleviation of about 25% recorded for A. tortillis extracts.




PP.7.19. ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF PHENOLIC

COMPOUNDS EXTRACTS FROM RHANTERIUM ADPRESSUM AND GENISTA

CORSICA FROM ALGERIA

Hadger BOUSSOUSSA*, I. KHACHEBA, M. YOUSFI, A. ZOUKEL and W. CHAIR

1Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, équipe chimie organique appliquée. Université

Ammar Thelidji, BP 37G Laghouat Algérie.


Rhanterium and Genista extracts were assayed for their ability to inhibit the growth of a

selected panel of microorganisms and also for their ability to scavenge DPPH radicals. The

antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated on the basis of the inhibition zones (IZ)

using agar hole diffusion method, the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and the

minimal microbicidal concentration (MMC) by the macrodilution method. The results

indicated moderate antibacterial effect and significant antioxidant activity was also observed.

Screening analysis of extracts to their total phenolics, flavonoïds content using Folin-ciocalteu

and Lamaison and Carnat methods, suggested that these biologically active components are

responsible to the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.





PP.7.20. EVALUATION OF ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF AQEOUS

EXTRACT OF SIX WEED SPECIES ON GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF

ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH, ZEA MAYS L. AND VIGNA

UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP. IN IBADAN, NIGERIA

Rasheed Olufemi AWODOYIN* and Emmanuel NGONADI

Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and

Forestry,

University of Ibadan. Nigeria


Allelopathy, a plant-plant chemical interaction, is often taken to be inhibitory but can

as well be stimulatory. This study investigated the allelopathic potential of varying

concentrations (10, 20 and 40% w/v) of aqueous extracts of leaf (LE), stem (SE) and root

(RE) of six weed species (Chromolaena odorata, Senna occidentalis, Tithonia diversifolia,

Ageratum conyzoides, Alternanthera brasiliana and Lantana camara) on the germination of

seeds of maize, cowpea and okra in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study, a 6 (weed types) x 3

(concentrations) factorial experiment fitted into CRD and replicated three (3) times, was done

in petridishes in the Ecology Laboratory, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental

Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria with distilled water serving as control. Five ml of each

extract was administered per petridish containing 10 seeds of any of the test crops. Percentage

germination was assessed at 8 Days After Setting. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and means

separated using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (p<0.05). Germination percentage

decreased with increasing concentrations, with Lantana (40% LE) causing 100% inhibition in

okra seed germination. In maize and cowpea Lantana 40% LE resulted in 16.7% and 6.7%

germination respectively. However, 10% concentration of LE and SE of T. diversifolia and C.

odorata were not significantly different from control with regards to seed germination in the

three crops. Extracts from all parts of Lantana had inhibitory effect on seed germination but

LE had strongest inhibition with germination ranging from 0 – 43.3% for okra, 16.7 – 56.7%

for maize and 6.7 – 56.7% for cowpea. Lantana camara had highest potency against seed

germination and may be considered as a bioherbicide and may not be used as straw mulch,

while Tithonia diversifolia and Chromolaena odorata, especially at 10% concentration may

be used in soil amendment as mulch.





PP.7.21. EFFECT OF JHONSONGRASS (SORGHUM HALEPENSE) WATER

EXTRACTS ON THE SEED GERMINATION OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT

CROPS IN PAKISTAN

Muhammad ISHFAQ KHAN

Department of weed science, The University of Agriculture Peshawar-25130 Pakistan.


A laboratory based investigation was made to screen out the seeds of four popular

crops viz: chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

and rice (Oryza sativa L.) against the allelopathic potential of johnsongrass (Sorghum

halepense). The extract of johnsongrass was made in two different formats i.e., water extract

of green boiled johnsongrass and water extract of dried johnsongrass @ 120g L-1

(w/v). The

results demonstrated that all the studied parameters were significantly affected by both the

formats of johnsongrass extract especially the extract prepared from dry powder of

johnsongrass. Moreover the summer crop seeds (maize and rice) were more sensitive against

the johnsongrass extract and giving only 74.99 and 42.77 % germination respectively

compared to winter crops (wheat and chickpea) where germination were 93.32 and 92.10 %

respectively. Similarly the dry extract of johnsongrass completely inhibits the shoot formation

in rice. The instant study suggested that johnsongrass has the potential to inhibit the seed

germination or retard the seedling growth, so it should be tested against different problematic

weeds in order to popularize it as bioherbicide in future.




PP.7.22. ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS FROM

THREE SPICES PLANTS IN THE OASES OF SOUTHERN TUNISIA

Ahmed NAMSI*, Sihem BEN MAACHIA and Ikhlas BERRI

Centre Régional de Recherches en Agriculture Oasienne à Degache. Tunisia


Three methanol leaf extracts from spices of Ricinus communis, Retama raetam and

Ziziphus vulgaris collected from oases of southern Tunisia were assayed for the in vitro

antifungal activity against 2 pathognic fungi: Neofusicoccum mangiferae, Botrytis cinereae,

using agar dilution methods. In this study, the inhibitory effect of the plant extracts on the

mycelial radial growth and inhibition of spore germination of fungi were determined. The

minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was tested at various concentrations from 0.01

mg/ml to 1000 mg/ml for all the plant extracts.At the lowest concentration (0.01mg/ml)

tested, methanol extracts of R. communis showed higher MIC against B. cinerea whereas the

methanol extracts of R. raetam showed potent activity against Neofusiccocum mangiferae at

20 mg/ml. The extracts of R. communis showed higher inhibitory activity than 50% against B.

cinereaefrom4mg/ml. Moreover three plant species showed significant (p<0.05) spore

germination inhibition. Ziziphus vulgaris was responsible for most of the inhibition of

Neofusiccocum mangiferae (80%).Whereas, the methanol extracts of R. communis showed

higher spore inhibition (90%) against B. cinereae at 20 mg/ml.





PP.7.23. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGAINST ECTOMYELOIS CERATONIAE BY

PLANT EXTRACTS

Khadija CHEBBI1, Ikbal CHAIEB

2, Sihem BEN MAACHIA

1 and Ahmed NAMSI

1*

1Centre Régional de Recherches en Agriculture Oasienne à Degache.

2 Centre Régional de Recherches en Horticulture et Agriculture Biologique à Chott-Mariem.

Tunisia


The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), is recognized as the most

economically damaging pest of the date industry in Tunisia. The objective of our study is to

control this pest by biological methods using methanolic plant extracts. Indeed, the study of

the toxicity and repulsiveness of methanolic extracts of Meliaazedarach seeds, Ricinus

communis seeds, Pelargonium spp leaves, Allium sativum bulbs, Citrus spp teguments and

Lantana camara flowers against the adult and larvae of the first stage of this pest was

assessed. The results showed that the extracts of Lantana camara and Melia azedarach seem

to be more repulsive against the carob mothfemale. The repulsivenesswas expressed by the

female egg laying rate on dates. An egg laying rate of 2 was obtained at 2% sample

concentration. However a total inhibition was recorded at a concentration of 4%. Anadult

mortality ratio above 50% was recorded for all plant extract samples tested from a dilution of

3%. Lantana camara, Melia azedarach and Pelargonium spp induced total adults mortality at

an extract dose of 4%. The toxicity of our plants seems to be more pronounced on larvae.

Indeed, more than 60% of mortality was observed in extract from a

2%dilution.Ricinuscommunis extracts seems to be the most toxic, inducing a total mortality of

the larvae from a 2% dilution.





PP.7.24. CONTACT TOXICITY OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS FLORETS AND

LEAVES METHANOL EXTRACTS AGAINST RED FLOUR WEEVIL TRIBOLIUM

CASTANEUM ADULTS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)

Sonia ZAOUI1*

, Jouda MEDIOUNI-BEN JEMÂA 2, Amel HAMDI

1, Rabeb TEJ

1,

Mokhtar LACHAÂL1 and Najoua KARRAY-BOURAOUI

1.

1Unité de Physiologie et de Biochimie de la réponse des plantes aux contraintes abiotiques,

FST, Campus Universitaire, 2092, Tunis El Manar, Tunisie

2Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Appliquée à l’Agriculture, INRAT, Rue Hedi Karray, 2080,

Ariana, Université de Carthage, Tunisie


Aromatic and medicinal plants are a source of secondary metabolites involved in plant

protection against pathogens and insect pests. Safflower Carthamus tinctorius (L., 1753) is an

Asteraceae medicinal plant, known for its richness in active biomolecules especially

polyphenols and flavonoids. The present work aims to study at first the biochemical

composition of leaves and floretss methanol extracts of safflower plants grown in field

conditions, and to test their insecticidal effects against a major pest of stored foodstuffs, the

red flour weevil Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797). Results showed that the contents of

florets on total polyphenols and flavonoids were significantly higher than leaves ones, they

are respectively 21 mg EAG.g -1

MS and 11 EC.g -1

MS for florets, 10 mg EAG.g -1

MS and 8

mg EC.g -1

MS for the leaves. HPLC analysis of methanolic extracts showed the presence of

vanillic acid, gallic acid, rutin and quercetin for florets, and only gallic acid and quercetin for

leaves. Results of the insecticidal activity by contact indicated that the extract toxicity varied

with the organ, the dose and exposure duration of the insect. After 7 days, the florest methanol

extract exhibited 10 and 27 % mortality, respectively in presence of 2 and 8 mg/ml. The

leaves, however, showed for the same doses, a mortality percentage of 10 and 37%

respectively. By extending the duration of treatment for 8 mg/ml up to two weeks, the

mortality percentages reached 60 and 70 % respectively for florets and leaves.




PP. 7.25. EFFECTS OF SEEDS PRIMING BY CACL2 ON CORN RESPONSES TO

SALT STRESS

Saber CHAABEN*

and Néziha GHANEM-BOUGHANMI

Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage

*Orresponding author: [email protected]

Mays, Zea mays L. have an importance state in human diets because of their

nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, and as a glycophyte growth and development

of corn are affected by salinity. To increase plant vigor under adverse environmental

conditions, seeds chemical priming is widely used with success. In this context, we studied

the effects of seeds priming (H2O and CaCl2 50 mM) on first development stages

(germination and seedling growth) of corn submitted to NaCl stress. Our results showed that

maize is relatively tolerant to salinity as germination is unvaried until 100 mM and plant

growth until 50 mM. The reactivation of seed metabolism by priming enhanced, in absence

and presence of salt, maize seeds performance: increase of germination rate and seedling

growth. This later is partly the result of stimulation by priming of starch mobilization as a

consequence of an increased of α-amylase activity. In salinity conditions, osmopriming

(CaCl2 50 mM) appeared more effective than hydropriming probably by counteracting the

NaCl induced Ca++

deficiency. The priming of seeds, especially by CaCl2, constitutes an

interesting tool to increase the glycophytes seeds performances allowing plants acclimatation

to salinity.




PP.7.26. USE OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ALLELOPATHY RESEARCHES

Ibrahim Ilker OZYIGIT1*

, Fatih TABANLI2, Onur YILDIRIMER

2 and Mustafa Enes

GENC2

1Marmara University, Faculty of Arts & Science, Biology Department,

34722 Istanbul, Turkey 2Marmara University, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences,

Biology Program, 34353, Istanbul, Turkey


Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by plants, micro-organisms, viruses and fungi

produce one or more biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of

other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial or

detrimental effects on the target organisms. Allelochemicals are a subset of secondary

metabolites such as water-soluble organic acids, straight-chain alcohols, aliphatic aldehydes,

and ketones, simple lactones, long-chain fatty acids and polyacetylenes, quinines, phenolics,

cinnamic acid and its derivatives, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and terpenoids. It is

known that, allelopathic compounds produced are regulated by certain genes. By using direct

and/or indirect gene transfer methods, allelopathic genes can be isolated from one plant and

transferred to another. Methods available for plant transformation are arranged in three main

groups: using biological vectors (virus- or bacteria-mediated transformation), direct DNA

transfer techniques (chemical-, electrical-, or laser-induced permeability of protoplasts or

cells) and non-biological vector systems (microprojectiles, microinjection or liposome

fusion). For an efficient gene transfer, a successful tissue culture system must be obtained.

Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues

or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. In this

study, tissue culture and gene transfer systems, as pre-treatment tools of allelopathy

researches are shortly presented.

Authors Index

A

A. CHEFROU 146 Ahmed MARICHALI 85, 171

A. ELAISSI 101 Ahmed NAMSI

216, 217

A. Eşiz DEREBOYLU

25 Ahsan AREEB 71

A. GFELLER 56, 168 Aïcha HAMDI 157

A. GUVENSEN

25 Aida GRICHI 101, 131, 138

A. I. AHMED 145 Ali FERCHICHI 132

A. MARICHALI MZE 105 Alireza SAVARINEJAD 133

A. WAHID

175 Amani CHAFFARI 202

A. ZOUKEL 212 Amar DJERIDANE 157

A.E.R. CHAOUCH 170 Amar MATLOOB

37, 39, 41, 59, 71,

155

A.V. RAWAL 177 Amel BEN HAMOUDA 148, 152

Abdelhamid KHALDI 203 Amel DELIMI 146

Abdelkader BELHADI 64 Amel HAMDI 218

Abdellah KEMASSI

139 Amel Ismail 194

Abderrahman BOURAOUI 194 Aminata OULD EL HADJ-

KHELIL

139

Abdul KHALIQ

37, 39, 41, 59, 71,

28, 102, 155

Amit SINGH 127

ABDUL WAHID 160, 161 András TAKÁCS 184

ABIDA AZIZ 160, 161 Andrej SİMONCİC 54

Abir TOUMI 74 Anees ABBAS 155

Adnan HUSSAIN 155 Anser ALI

32

Aek HADJSEYD 139 Antonio LUPINI 118, 147

Afef LADHARI 16, 141, 144 Armando ZARRELLI 88

Ágnes FARKAS 68 Arnd VERSCHWELE 54

Ahcen BAZ 111 Asif TANVEER

37, 39, 41, 59, 71

Ahlem MOUFFOK 64 ASIMA BATOOL

160, 161

Ahlem NEFZI

154, 208 Asma EL AYEB-ZAKHAMA 115

Ahlem SGHAIER 171 Asma LAARIF 103, 104, 108, 148,

150, 152, 188, 207

Ahmad NAWAZ, 159 Asma RINEZ 113, 190

Ahmed HABLAOUI 140 Atika MECHI 152

Ahmed M ABDELGUAD 136

B

B. AHMED SERRIR 134, 170 Bassem JAMOUSSI 93, 100, 193

B. S. ANGADI 66 Bouthaina AL MOHANDES

DRIDI

42, 58, 151, 163

B. Turkyilmaz UNAL

25

C

Carol J. LOVATT 95 Cinzia Di MARINO 88

Catia GRANITO 113 Cioni Pier LUIGI 106

D

Dalila HAOUAS 103, 106 Djemaa BOUZIDE 139

De Li Liu 94 Dong-Jin LEE 32

Dhouha SAIDANA NAIJA

202

E

Elnaz FARAJZADEH 45 Éva GERLINGER 184

Eman Taha Yaseen AL-

SUBAIYEE

143 Éva LEHOCZKY 174

Emilia MANCINI 93 Ezzeddine SAADAOUI

203

Emmanuel NGONADI 213 Ezzedine ALIMI 174

Erzsébet NÁDASY 55, 184

F

F. TAIBI 146 Fauzia YUSUF HAFEEZ 34, 120

Fabrizio ARANITI 118, 147 Fayçal BEN JEDDI 191

Faouzi HAOUALA 150 Fengqing WANG 91

Farhena ASLAM

37, 39, 41, 71, 59,

155

Fethia HARZALLAH-

SKHIRI

115, 150

Farid ABD- EL-KAREEM 182 Fouzi BENRAHIM 139

Faten OMEZZINE 113, 123, 124,

141, 144

Francesco MERCATI 118, 147

Fatima AHNA 139 Francesco SUNSERI 118, 147

Fatima Zohra ZEGHADA 102

G

Gabriella KAZİNCZİ 54, 55, 184 Giovanni Di FABIO 88

Gerhard KARRER 54 Gouri SAIF 186

Ghofrane JMII 148 Guido FLAMINI 106, 115

H

H. BENSAAD 170, 134 He HE 70

H. GACEMI 76 Hedia CHAABENE 149

H. Slim AMARA 56, 168 Hela BEL HADJ LTAIEF 85, 171

Habib OUABEL 76 Helmi HAMDI 149

Hacéne ALAYAT 74 Hichem BEN JANNET 97, 115

Hadger AOUISSI 110 Hiroya KUJIME 20

Hadger BOUSSOUSSA 212 Hisashi KATO-NOGUCHI 17, 20

Hamed M EL-SHORA 136 Houcine SEBEI 85, 105, 171

Hameed A. HADWAN 89 Houda GOUIA 211

Hanwen WU 94 Hua SHAO 65

Hassan A. M. MEZORI 130 Hui QI 91

Hayfa JABNOUN-

KHIAREDDINE

50, 97, 180, 182,

196, 200, 205, 208

I

I. KHACHEBA 212 Imen BOUHAOUEL 56, 168

I. SARAOUI 134 Imen RINEZ 113, 190

Ibrahim S. ALSAADAWI 4, 37, 39, 52, 89 Imtiaz KHAN 46

Ikbal CHAIEB 103, 104, 108,

148, 150, 152,

188, 207, 217

Ines SAAD 58, 163

Ikhlas BERRI 216 Insaf BEN MARZOUK

114, 158

Imed CHRAIEF 188 Ishwar SINGH 47

Imen ABCHA 151 Ismail AMRI 93, 100, 193

Imen BEN AMMAR

151

J

J. ROMDHANE 105 József HORVÁTH 55

J.J. DREVON

33 Juan LI 91

Jiafang DU 91 Jula S. NAIR 66

Jinbiao ZHANG 94 Junyan SHEN 91

Jouda MEDIOUNI-BEN

JEMÂA

218

K

K. MOUMENE 134, 170 Kavita YADAY 79, 84

K. Sashindran NAIR 66 Khadija BENKADHI 149

K. SASSI 42 Khadija CHEBBI

217

K.B. PAWAR 177 Khaldi ACHRAF

186

Kalyani B. PAWAR 72 Khaled HIBAR 61

Karim ARAB 111 Khaoula ZARRED 188

Karim HOSNI 85, 171 Khawla HAMDI 191

Karima BEL HADJ SALAH 194 Khemais ABDELLAOUI 114, 158

Katsumi OTA 20

L

L. JEECEELEE 23 Leila HABIBIAN 133

Lamia HAMROUNI 93, 100, 193 Leila RADHOUANE 198

Lamia SAKKA-ROUIS 115 Ligita BALEŽENTIENĖ 153

Laura De MARTINO 93 Luigino TROISI 113

M

M. AYODELE 166 Mehrdad YARNIA 45

M. EL ABED

42 Mejda DAAMI-REMADI 50, 97, 124, 180,

182, 196, 200,

205, 208, 209

M. F. SEBOLA 90 Meriem MILADI 114, 158

M. LAIDANI 134, 170 Min AN 94

M. LARID 76 Ming Jie LI 81

M. M. MAQBOOL 32 Mohamed BELHAMRA 64

M. OUINTEN 109, 110 Mohamed BRAHAM 202

M. OZTURK

25 Mohamed DEBOUBA 211

M. PANSU

33 Mohamed DIDI OULD EL

HADJ

139

M. S. FAYSAIL 145 Mohamed GRIRA 203

M. YOUSFI 109, 110, 212 Mohamed Habib BEN

HAMOUDA

106

M.B. KHORSHIDI BENAM 45 Mohamed HAMMAMI 188

M.H. BOUDISSA 170 Mohamed NAFFATI 97

M.L .KHOUJA 131, 138 Mohamed YOUSFI 157

M.L. FAUCONNIER 56, 168 Mohsen HANANA 93, 100, 193

M.L. KHOUJA 101 Mokhtar LACHAÂL 218

M’hamed ALI HAMZA 97 Moncef BEN-HAMMOUDA 6, 43, 173

Maha MASTOURI 194 Monia BEN HALIMA-KAMEL 106, 114, 158

Mahjoub AOUNI 194 Mounir MEKKI 8

Malika BENNACEUR 102 Mourad LATATI

33

Malika MAAMRI 109 Moussa HOUHAMDI 74

Malika RABOUDI 211 Moussaoui ABDALLAH 186

Maria Rosa ABENAVOLI 118, 147 Mubshar HUSSAIN

32

Mariem BAOUANDI 103 Muhammad ASHRAF 60

Marina DELLA GRECA 16 Muhammad FAROOQ 7, 49, 159, 160,

161, 175

Marwa CHAOUCH 202 Muhammad Ishfaq KHAN 176, 215

Marwa HASSINE 196, 200 Muhammad JAMIL 34, 120

Masoumeh YOUNESABADI 133 Muhammad NABEEL 159

Meddah BOUMEDIENNE 186

N

N. B. SINGH 129 Narsingh B. SINGH 79, 84

N. GOURINE 109, 110 Nasir ABBAS

32

N. S. TORT 25 Nasrine SALHI

140

N.B. SINGH 127 Nassira GAOUAR

BENYELLES

75

N.D. MAMPHISWANA 90 Nawaim AMMAR 209

Nabil Raheem LAHMOD 52, 89 Nawal BOUZIANE 139

Nada BAHLOUL 114, 158 Nazimah MAQBOOL. 175

Nadia GHANNEY 132 Neila RASSAA 173

Nadia GHEZAL

189 Néziha GHANEM-

BOUGHANMI

219

Nadir BALOACH 60 Nima NOBARI 45

Naïma FARHAT 163 Nimisha AMIST 79, 84

Najla DHEN 103, 104 Nizar CHAIRA 114, 158

Najoua KARRAY-

BOURAOUI

218 Nizar TLILI 203

Narimen BENHABYLES 111 Nour Essabah BEN

KHALIFA

207

O

Olajumoke O. FAYINMINNU 35 Omar MOUJAHID 174

Olfa SOMRANI 173 Ombir SINGH

12

Olubunmi O. FADINA 35, 166 Ons MAJDOUB 103, 104

Ouahida BOUCHENAK 111

P

P. Du JARDIN 56, 168 Péter NAGY 174

P. Lava KUMAR 166 Pranjali P. BHIDE 72

Parthapratim MAITI

128 Pushkar P. BHIDE 72

Per KUDSK 54

Q

Qingmei SONG 70

R

Rabeb TEJ 218 Rekia CHERIF 139

Rabiaa HAOUALA 16, 58, 113,119,

123, 124, 141,

144, 154, 163,

188, 189, 190,

196, 200, 205,

207, 208

Rensen ZENG 10

Radja HAKKOUM 140 Rex STANTON 94

Ram Kumar BHAKAT 128 Riad S.R. EL-MOHAMEDY

180, 182

Rania AYDI-BEN

ABDALLAH

196, 200, 205, 208 Rita FILEP 68

Raoudha KHANFIR-BEN

JENANA

163, 189 Robert W. PAL 68

Rasheed Olufemi AWODOYIN 178, 213

S

S. BOUCHLEGUEM1, 146 Shahzad. M.A. BASRA 95

S. DALLALI 105 Shamsher Sam NARWAL 3, 14

S. GUCEL

25 Shiming LUO 10

S. SOLOMON 47 Shixiao YU 70

S.M. OUNANE 33 Sihem BEN MAACHIA 216, 217

Saber CHAABEN 219 Sihem MOUFFOK 64

Saddam HUSSAIN 71, 155 Sined MEDIMAGH 97

Saida MESSGO-MOUMENE 134, 170 Slaheddine SOUGUIR 150

Salah Mohammed SAIED

AL-TAI

143 Sonia LAABIDI 191

Salaheddine SOUGUIR 103, 104, 108 Sonia ZAOUI 218

Saloua OUERGHEMMI 85, 105, 171 Souad KHEDDA 139

Sameh BEN JABALLAH 123, 124 Souheila ABED 211

Samia GARGOURI 93, 100 Soumaya ALAYA BEN

SALEM

205

Sana DALLALI 85, 171 Stephen Adebowale

AKANDE

178

Saoussen BENZARTI 149 Sunaina 129

Sardar Alam CHEEMA 7, 49

T

Tahar BENAYAD 111 Thouraya SOUISSI

43

Tamara A. AL-KHATEEB 89 Tieho P. MAFFO 90

Tamás KŐMÍVES 54 Tímea BENCSIK 68

Thanina AFFIF CHAOUCHE 111 Toufik GHARIB 139

Thouraya RHIM 198

U

U.K. SAHOO 23 Ulrike SOELTER 54

V

V.O. ANIA

166 Vidya RATTAN 12

Vahid AHMADZADEH 45 Viktória Lilla BALÁZS 68

Valeria ROMANUCCI 88 Vincenzo De FEO 93

Victoria V. ROSHCHINA 27

W

W. CHAIR 212 Wafaa SHUKRY 80

Wafa BENSANIA 157 Wajid Parvez AKHTER 60

Wafa TAYEB 104, 108, 188 Wasif NAUMAN 95

X

Xiaoting LIANG 10 Xinjian CHEN 91

Xin Jian CHEN 81

Y

Y. Muss NISHTIMAN 130 Yinghu LIU 10

Yan Hui YANG 81

Z

Z. HOUMANI 134, 170 Zeineb HADA

43

Z. NASR 101, 131, 138 Zhong YI ZHANG 81, 91

Zahid ALI

34, 120 Zohra BENCHEIKH-

AFFENE

150

Zahid Ata CHEEMA 7, 49 Zsuzsa BASKY 54

Zakaria BOUAL 139

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