borjomis xeoba rkinis farto atvisebis xanasi (zv.w....
TRANSCRIPT
Tbilisi 2009
revaz kvirkvaia
borjomis xeoba rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi (Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.)
avtoris stili daculia
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
Aarqeologia
revaz kvirkvaia
borjomis xeoba rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi
(Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis arqeologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
disertacia
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori leri jiblaZe, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori guram grigolia
2
2009
sarCevi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Tavi I. samarxTa agebuleba da dakrZalvis wesi . . . . . . 14
Tavi II. liTonis iaraRi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Tavi III. samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi . 87
Tavi IV. mcire plastika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Tavi V. keramika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
tabulebis aRweriloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
tabulebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
3
Sesavali
borjomis xeobis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva. bor-
jomis xeoba, romelic istoriuli Toris SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda, sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: gujareTi,
Savwyala da xeoba, anu mtkvris orive sanapiro zoli
taSiskaridan dviramde. am ukanasknels XX saukunis
dasawyisidan borjomis xeoba ewoda da iseve rogorc mTeli
Tori, saqarTvelos istoriis garkveul periodSi samcxis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.
borjomis xeoba pirdapiri xaziT 40 km. sigrZisaa.
mtkvris viwroebi aq Senakadebis SesarTavebTan farTovdeba.
swored aseT adgilebSi mdebareobs soflebis umetesoba da
saxnav-saTesi savargulebi.
xeoba warmoadgens uZveles sagzao magistrals, rome-
lic qarTlis Sida raionebs samcxesTan da mis mezobel
regionebTan akavSirebs. mtkvris marcxena Senakadebs miuyveba
gzebi lomisis mTasa da dedaberasaken, saidanac argveTsa da
imereTSi gadadian [berZeniSvili, 1985: 8].
yvelaze civi Tvis temperatura borjomis xeobaSi
saSualod -2,3 - 3,30 yinvaa. yvelaze Tbili Tvisa 18,9 - 20,020
siTbo. mdgradi Tovlis saburveli aq weliwadSi 70-75
dRemde rCeba [maruaSvili, 1965: 231].
xeobis didi nawili tyis masivebiTaa dafaruli. aq aris
rogorc foTlovani (ZiriTadi wifeli), ise Sereuli da
wiwvovani tyeebi. zRvis donidan 2000 m. zemoT ki alpuri
saZovrebi mdebareobs.
gansxvavebiT gujareTisa da Savwyalasagan, borjomis
xeobaSi baruli meurneobis SesaZlebloba arsebobda da
arsebobs. mtkvris orive napiri da misi Senakadebi (marjvena
Senakadebia: Wobisxevis, dviris, neZvisa da sarmaniSvilis
xevebi. marcxena Senakadebi ki qvabisxevi, CiTaxevi, banisxevi,
likanisa da rvelis xevebi) kargad aris damuSavebuli.
4
cnobili istorikosi da geografi vaxuSti batoniSvili
am adgilebis Sesaxeb werda: `aramed ars ese mtkvris xeoba
venaxiani, xiliani, viwro da mwiri... mTani nadirianni,
naZovanni, fiWovanni, iremi, Txa, arCvi da sxva nadirni
mravalni~ [vaxuSti, 1941: 83].
tye da misi produqtebi udides rols TamaSobda da
TamaSobs xeobis mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi: `saamSeneblo
masala, siTbo da sinaTle sacxovrebelSi, Sromis iaraRebi,
yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebi (lasti, godori, kalaTi),
tansacmeli da fexsacmeli, sakvebis didi nawili tyesTan
iyo dakavSirebuli~ [berZeniSvili, 1985: 9]. amave tyeebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli e.w. ,,sanaxSireebis” didi raodenobac.
unaxSirod ki Zvel droSi warmoudgeneli iyo liTonis
warmoeba da mWedloba [RambaSiZe i., 1899: 5]. naxSiri uwvavT
TiTqmis yvelgan ufro ki mtkvris Senakadi xevebis siRrmeSi
[berZeniSvili, 1985: 9].
memindvreobas aq umetesad mtkvrispira WalebSi an
tyisgan ganTavisuflebul axoebSi eweodnen. Zvelad (isto-
riul xanaSi) aq eTesaT qeri, xorbali da sxva marcvleuli
kulturebi. axla ki kartofili da bostneuli mohyavT.
am mxaris meurneobaSi didi adgili ekava mesaqonleo-
basac. aSenebdnen rogorc msxvilfexa, ise wvrilfexa
pirutyvs. ufro metad ki mTian da mTiswina zolebSi.
mxare mdidaria wyaroebiTa da mineraluri wylebiT.
yovelive es ki aq qmnida adamianis cxovrebisaTvis saWiro
pirobebs.
borjomis xeobis arqeologiuri Seswavlis mokle istoria.
borjomis xeoba arqeologebis yuradRebis centrSi pirvelad
1911 wels moeqca. am wels sofel rvelSi (banisxevi) adgili
hqonda SemTxveviT aRmoCenebs, rasac mohyva arqeologiuri
samuSaoebi, romelsac profesori vinogradov-nikitini da
eqvTime TayaiSvili awarmoebdnen. maT aq gaTxares da
5
Seiswavles sami samarxi. 1911 welsve aq gaTxrebi gaagrZela
ruseTis saimperatoro karis profesorma a. gorodcovma.
imave wels man gaTxrebi awarmoa sof. waRverSi da e.w.
`Cornaia reCkas” xeobaSi, sadac sxvadasxva periodis
kulturuli fena gamovlinda. zeda fena Sua saukuneebis
xanas ekuTvnoda, momdevno ori ki gacilebiT adreul
periods, sadac dadasturda samarovnisa da sameliToneo
saxelosnos naSTebi. kerZod, meore fenaSi aRmoCnda rva
ormosamarxi, romlebSic micvalebulebi marjvena an
marcxena gverdze xelfexmokecilni iwvnen. erT samarxSi ki
TiTqos mjdomare pozaSi dakrZalvac dadas-turda
[ficxelauri, 1973: 73-74]. samarxSi aRmoCnda ramdenime Tixis
WurWeli, brinjaos samkauli da kaJis iaraRi.
mesame (qveda) fena metalurgiul saxelosnos warmoad-
genda. aq aRmoCnda liTonis nivTebis Camosasxmeli Tixis
yalibebi, tigelis natexebi, liTonis widebi, brinjaos
nivTebis fragmentebi, obsidianis quslamoRaruli isrispiri,
andezitis qvissanayis fragmenti, saberveli, minis netexebi
da sxva.
aRniSnuli masala inaxeba moskovis istoriul muzeumSi,
xolo profesor gorodcovis dRiurebi da sxva savele doku-
mentacia ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis dros ganadgurda.
1940 wels mtkvris xeobaSi xaSuri-axalcixis rkinigzis
xazis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT, sadazvervo-arqeolo-
giuri samuSaoebi da mciremasStabiani gaTxrebi Caatara
profesrma g. nioraZem.
sofel gomnaSi, romelic mdebareobs mtkvris marjvena
sanapiroze, sofel fafidan ori kolometris daSorebiT, mis
mier gaTxril iqna samarxi, romelic Zv.w. XIII saukuniT
TariRdeba [nioraZe, 1944: 199-214]. garda amisa, mkvlevarma aq
daafiqsira mravali arqeologiuri Zegli. (tab. I.
5,6,7,8,10,19,22,26,31,34,38,40,41). aRniSnuli muSaobis Sedegebs
profesorma g. nioraZem miuZRvna sakmaod vrceli naSromi,
6
romelic garkveuli drois manZilze am regionis
arqeologiuri Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT erTaderT vrcel
gamokvlevas warmoadgenda [nioraZe, 1944: 18-214].
1966 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis isto-
riis arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi Seiqmna
mesxeT-javaxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspedicia,
romlis xelmZRvanelad istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati
oTar RambaSiZe dainiSna. (is am eqspedicias gardacvalebamde
– 1995 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda). eqspediciis mier borjomis
xeobaSi gaiTxara uaRresad mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri
Zeglebi: rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles
mravaliarusiani samarovnebi. dazvervebis Sedegad gamovle-
nil iqna sxvadasxva periodis arqeologiuri Zegli.
borjomis xeobis arqeologiis sxvadasxva problemur
sakiTxebs araerTi naSromi miuZRvnes o. RambaSiZem da
eqspediciis sxva wevrebma.
rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles sama-
rovnebis Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT daTariRebul
samarxebs ikvlevda i. RambaSiZe. am kvlevis Sedegebi
Tavmoyrilia mis sadisertacio naSromSi: `samcxe Zv. w. meore
aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi (borjomis xeobis arqeologiuri
Zeglebis mixedviT)”.
sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi borjomis
xeobaSi arqeologiur samuSaoebs awarmoebda arqeologiuri
kvlevis centris Tori-likanis arqeologiuri eqspedicia
istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis geno nasiZis xelmZRvane-
lobiT. eqspediciis mier gaiTxara araerTi mniSvnelovani
arqeologiuri Zegli (ZiriTadad Sua saukuneebis). 1983-1997
wlebSi g. nasiZisa da v. liCelis xelmZRvanelobiT es
eqspedicia samuSaoebs awarmoebda gujareTis xeobaSi, sofel
mzeTamzeSi. aq maT mier Seswavlil iqna uaResad saintereso
Zegli _ mzeTamzes samarovani, romelic moicavs xangrZliv
7
periods, dawyebuli adrebrinjaos xanidan, ganviTarebuli
Suasaukuneebis xanis CaTvliT.
borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumisa da saqarTvelos
erovnuli muzeumis fondebSi inaxeba borjomis xeobaSi
SemTxveviT mopovebuli mravali nivTi, romelic Zalze
sayuradRebo masalas warmoadgens regionis arqeologiuri
kvlevis saqmeSi.
sadReisod borjomis xeobaSi da mis mimdebare
teritoriaze aRricxulia sxvadasxva periodis mravali
aTeuli arqeologiuri Zegli, romelTa mxolod mcire
nawilia srulyofilad gaTxrili da Seswavlili (tab. I).
samwuxarod dRemde gamoqveynebuli araa gaTxrili
Zeglebis sruli katalogi, rac garkveul siZneles qmnis
borjomis xeobis (da ara marto am mxaris) uZvelesi
istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi.
Cveni kvleva ZiriTadad oTxi samarovnis – rvelis,
CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles masalebs eyrdnoba.
yvela maTganze met-naklebi raodenobiT dafiqsirda rkinis
farTo aTvisebis xanis (Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.) samarxebi. oTxive
samarovani mravaliarusiani da Zalze mniSvnelovani masalis
Semcvelia, amitom saWirod vTvliT zogadad da mokled
mimovixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
rvelis samarovani mdebareobs borjomidan CrdiloeTiT
rva kilometris daSorebiT, sofel rvelis samxreT-
dasavleT nawilSi, patara borcvze, romelic `sajvares”
saxeliTaa cnobili (tab. I26).
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, 1911 wels aq gaTxrebi awarmoes
e. TayaiSvilma, v. vinogradov-nikitinma da a. gorodcovma.
mkvlevarebma am arqeologiur Zegls md. banisxeuras saxelis
mixedviT banisxevis samarovani uwodes.
1968-1971 wlebSi aq farTomasStabian samuSaoebs
atarebda mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia
8
o. RambaSiZis xelmZRvanelobiT. es gaTxrebi faqtiurad 1911
wels Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda,
am periodSi gaiTxara 69 samarxi da samarxis naSTi.
dafiqsirda urTierTmonacvle sami qronologiuri fena.
uZvelesi fena Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisiT TariRdeba.
CvenTvis saintereso Sua fena Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT, zeda
fena ki Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebiT. Cveni sakvlevi periodi
warmodgenilia Cvidmeti (#19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 40, 41,
42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 53, 54) samarxiT.
samarovani gavrcobilia daaxloebiT 300 kv.m. farTobze.
samwuxarod Cven ver SevZeliT yvela savele naxazisa
da tabulis mopoveba, vinaidan am Zeglis gaTxridan sakmaod
didi droa gasuli da misi gamTxrelebic cocxali aRar
arian. amitom zogierTi kompleqsis Seswavlisas ZiriTadad
savele angariSebsa da davTrebSi mocemul aRwerilobebs
veyrdnobiT. aseve ver movipoveT 1971 wlis angariSi.
amitomac Zalian mwiri informacia gvaqvs am dros gaTxrili
cxra (#40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 58, 51, 54, 58) samarxis Sesaxeb. viciT
mxolod, rom yvela maTgani qviTnagebi samarxi yofila.
maTSi aRmoCenili samarxeuli inventaris Sesaxeb informacia
miviReT mxolod savele davTrebidan.
amitom winamdebare naSromSi rvelis samarovanze
mopovebul mxolod calkeul artefaqtebs vexebiT. ZiriTadi
kvleva ki CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles samarovne-
bis masalebzea dafuZnebuli.
CiTaxevis samarovani mdebareobs q. borjomidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT cxra kilometris daSorebiT. `CiTaxe-
vis miwebis~ saxeliT cnobil terasaze. md. CiTaxevis wylisa
da mtkvris SesarTavTan, mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze (tab.
I39).
1972-1975 wlebSi aq farTomasStabian samuSaoebs awar-
moebda mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia. samuSaoe-
bis dawyeba dakavSirebuli iyo borjomi-axalcixis saavtomo-
9
bilo gzatkecilis gafarToebasTan, rodesac mSeneblebis
mier ganadgurda samarovnis mniSvnelovani nawili.
gaiTxara 99 samarxi da samarxis naSTi. uZvelesi samar-
xebi Zv.w. XVI-XIV saukuneebiT aris daTariRebuli, momdevno
qronologiuri fenis samarxebi Zv.w. XII-X saukuneebiT.
Semdeg modis Cveni sakvlevi periodis _ Zv.w. VIII-VII saukune-
ebis fena, romelic warmodgenilia ormocdaxuTi (#1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32,
34, 36, 40, 42, 70, 72, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 97) samarxiT
(tab. II).
zogjer savele dokumentaciaSi da publikaciebSi Zegli
`CiTaxevis miwebis~ samarovnadacaa moxseniebuli.
kviracxovlis samarovani mdebareobs q. borjomidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 15 km. daSorebiT md. mtkvris marcxena
napirze, borjomi-axalcixis saavtomobilo gzatkecilis
marcxena mxares _ iq, sadac `saTixis Relis~ saxeliT
cnobili mSrali xevi mtkvris marcxena sanapiros erTvis. am
adgils adgilobrivi mosaxleoba iqve mdebare kviracxovlis
eklesiis saxelis mixedviT `kviracxovlis miwebs~ uwodebs
(tab. I16).
mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia aq samuSao-
ebs awarmoebda 1979-1983 wlebSi. am xnis manZilze gaiTxara
104 samarxi. maTi umravlesoba Zv.w. XV-XIV da Zv.w. XIII-XII
saukuneebiT TariRdeba. rkinis farTo aTvisebis xana ki
mxolod Svidi (#29, 31, 32, 48, 55, 59, 95) samarxiTaa warmodge-
nili.
mimoxilva.
borniReles samarovani mdebareobs q. borjomidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 19 km-is manZilze. borjomi-axalcixis
saavtomobilo gzis marjvniv, _ sof. dviris mopirdapire
mxares. borniRele istoriul wyaroebSi moxseniebulia
10
rogorc sofeli [meliqiZe, 2000: 288]. TviT Rele (borniRele)
mtkvars marcxena mxridan erTvis, igi dRes naxevrad mSrali
xevia (tab I4).
borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculia borjo-
meli metyevis vinme vlasovis Canawerebi, romelic siZvele-
ebiT yofila dainteresebuli da a. gorodcovis da
e. TayaiSvilis gaTxrebSic miuRia monawileoba. am Canawere-
bidan vgebulobT, rom misTvis am adgilebidan arqeologiuri
masala jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi yofila cnobili.
mesxeT-javaxeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia Zeglze 1983-
1988 wlebSi met-naklebi intesivobiT muSaobda. am xnis
manZilze gaiTxara 120-ze meti samarxi da samarxis naSTi.
samarovani mravaliarusiania: pirveli qveda fenis
samarxebi Zv.w. XVI-XIV saukuneebiT TariRdeba. erTi, #3
samarxi Zv.w. III saukuniT, 65 samarxi ki rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xaniT anu Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT. (#1, 2, 21, 4, 5,
8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39,
40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73,
74, 761, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101,
107, 111, 120 samarxebi).
samarovanis maxloblad mdebare dabal qedze (romlis
Crdilo kalTaze mdebareobs samarovani) eqspediciis yurad-
Reba miwis zedapirze arsebulma patara Rrmulebma miiqcia.
gaCnda eWvi, rom aq samarovnis Tanadrouli namosaxlaric
SeiZleba yofiliyo. mciremasStabianma sadazvervo gaTxrebma
am mxriv dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo da samwuxarod
samarovnebis Tanadrouli namosaxlari dRemde araa mikvleu-
li da Seswavlili (tab. III).
oTxive samarovanze mopovebuli arqeologiuri masalis
nawili daculia borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi, nawi-
li ki saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis CiTaxevis arqeolo-
giur bazaze.
11
sakvlevi epoqis mokle mimoxilva. samxreT kavkasiis Zv.w.
VIII-VI saukeneebis materialuri kultura zogierT mkvlevars
[abramiSvili, 1957; 1961. Мартиросян, 1965. Техов, 1954. Погребова,
1984] da sxvebs aZlevs imis saSualebas, rom drois es
monakveTi gamoiyos rogorc damoukidebeli arqeologiuri
periodi.
eWvgareSea, rom Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis materialuri
kulturis mTeli rigi elementebi saTaves Zv.w. VIII saukuni-
dan iRebs. yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli sruli damajereblo-
biT gamoiyos Zv.w. VIII da Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis
arqeologiuri kompleqsebi.
am periodis materialuri kultura ZiriTadad
inarCunebs wina saukuneebis formebs, Tumca amasTan erTad
swored Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi Cndeba mTeli rigi axali
elementebi _ umTavresad sabrZolo iaraRsa da keramikaSi. am
dros xdeba rkina ZiriTadi masala iaraRis dasamzadeblad.
Cndeba rkinis iaraRis iseTi formebi, romlebsac brinjaos
prototipebi ar eZebnebaT. am periodis kavkasiis masalebSi
uxvadaa warmodgenili urartuli da skviTuri nivTebi.
samxreT kavkasiis centralur regionSi gansakuTrebuli
intensivobiT vrceldeba kolxuri kulturisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli elementebi. TviT kolxur kulturaSi ki Tavs iCens
mTeli rigi inovaciebi (dakrZalvis wesSi, keramikisa da
iaraRis formebSi da sxva).
samxreT kavkasiis materialuri kultura garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi ufro erTgvarovania.
SeiniSneba misi calkeuli elementebis formaTa intensiuri
unifikacia. Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom am
periodis yvela Zegli absoluturad erTnairia da maT
Soris sagrZnobi gansxvavebebi ar dasturdeba (dasavleT
saqarTvelo, samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasia da sxva).
miuxedavad mTeli rigi Taviseburebebisa, samxreT kavka-
siis rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi arqeolo-
12
giuri kulturebi gamomdinareoben wina periodebidan da maTi
ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgenen. kvlav ganagrZobs
arsebobas adre arsebul kulturaTa geografiuli arealebi,
Tumca maTi sazRvrebi ramdenadme icvleba.
Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi samxreT kavkasiaSi CrdiloeTidan
iwyeba xalxTa didi masebis SemoWra. varaudoben, rom
kolxeTis gziT SemoiWrnen komerielebi1. aRmosavleTidan ki
skviTebi. maTi nawili saqarTvelosa da mis mezobel
regionebSi damkvidrda. yovelive aman ki Tavisi asaxva hpova
materialur kulturaSic, gaCnda axali _ `skviTuri~
elementebi, e.w. `skviTuri triada~ (skviTuri iaraRi, cxenis
aRkazmuloba. cxoveluri dekoratiuli motivebi).
didi politikuri cvlilebebia am dros saqarTvelos
samxreTiTac Zv.w. 676 wels ingreva frigiis (`muSqebis~)
samefo. kimerielTa da urartuelTa dartymebis Sedegad
nadgurdeba SavizRvispireTis axalSenebi. aRmosavleTiT
Zlierdeba midia, romelmac Zv.w. 676-590 wlebSi bolo mouRo
asureTisa da urartus samefoebs. es didi geopolitikuri
cvlilebebi ra Tqma unda Tavisebur gavlenas samxreT
kavkasiazec iqoniebda.
zogjer werilobiTi wyaroebi (ZiriTadad aRmosavluri
da berZnuli) am periodis istorias arasrulad da fragmen-
tulad, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivadac ganixilavs. amitom
arqeologiur masalas kavkasiisa da misi mimdebare regione-
bis istoriis gaSuqebisaTvis pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
1 zogi mkvlevari (a. terenoJkini; j. gvetaZe; g. kvirkvelia) sakmaod
damajereblad uaryofs kimerielTa e.w. ,,meotida-kolxeTis" gziT laSqrobas da amdenad maT yofnas saqarTvelos teritoriaze, [���������� 1974: 203; gvetaZe, 1976: 65; kvirkvelia, 1985: 120].
13
Tavi I. samarxTa agebuleba da dakrZalvis wesi
rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniRelis
samarovnebze Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli samar-
xebi agebulebisa da dakrZalvis wesis mixedviT SeiZleba
ramdenime jgufad daiyos.
agebulebis mxriv samarxebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa.
ormosamarxebad da qviTnageb samarxebad. ormosamarxebi
TavianT mxriv or qvejgufad SeiZleba daiyos: 1) ormosamar-
xebad, romlebic niadagisgan arafriT gamoiyofa da 2) qvebiT
SemozRudul ormosamarxebad (tab. IV, V, VI).
samarxebis SemosazRudad rogorc wesi, saSualo zomis,
daumuSavebeli bazaltis an riyis qvebi gamoiyeneboda. isini
samarxs erT an or rigad Semouyvebodnen (tab. IV, V, VI).
xSiria SemTxvevebi, samarxis Tavze qvayrilTa arsebo-
bisa, maTi simaRle umetes SemTxvevaSi 0.30-0.50 metria. qvayri-
lebi gvxvdeba rogor ormosamarxebis, ise qviTnagebi samar-
xebis Tavze. isini umetes SemTxvevaSi zomebiT samarxebs
emTxvevian, an zogjer maTze odnav metni arian (tab. VII).
moyvanilobis mixedviT ormosamarxebi aris rogorc
marTkuTxedis, ise ovalis (CiTaxevis #15 samarxi) da
mravalkuTxedis formis. qviTnagebi samarxebi ZiriTadad
sworkuTxedis formisani arian, romelTa sigrZe mcired
aWarbebs siganes.
qviTnagebi samarxebi umetes SemTxvevaSi nagebia
saSualo zomis, brtyeli, daumuSavebeli filebiT. isini
aseTive filebiTaa gadaxuruli, Tumca saxuravi yovelTvis
samarxSi iyo Cawolili. iataki, rogorc ormosamarxebSi, ise
qvis samarxebSi niadaguria.
CiTaxevis samarovanze aris ramdenime SemTxveva (kerZod
#84, 85, 86 qviTnageb samarxebSi) calke patara saTavsos
gamarTvisa, romelTac oTxkuTxedis (#84 samarxSi), xan ki
wriuli moyvaniloba hqonda (#85 samarxSi). #86 samarxSi
14
saTavso aRmosavleTis kedelTan morkaluli zRudiTaa
Seqmnili (tab. IX).
erT aseT saTavsoSi (#84 samarxi) moTavsebuli iyo
kremaciuli urna-qoTani. #85 samarxis mcire saTavsoSi
adamianis damwvari Zvlebi urnis gareSe, xolo #86 samarxis
saTavsoSi adamianis Tavis qala da Tixis WurWeli aRmoCnda.
sxvadasxva samarovnebze ormosamarxebisa da qviTnagebi
samarxebis raodenobrivi Tanafardoba gansxvavebulia. rve-
lis samarovanze ki mxolod qviTnagebi samarxebi gvxvdeba.
dakrZalvis wesis mixedviT samarxebi SeiZleba ramde-
nime jgufad daiyos: 1. inhumaciur; 2. kremaciul (nawilob-
rivi kremacia); da 3. inhumaciur-kremaciul, anu iseT samarxe-
bad, sadac dakrZalvis orive wesia dadasturebuli (Cven maT
zogjer `Sereul~ samarxebsac vuwodebT). gansxvavebulia
sxvadasxva samarovanze am tipis samarxTa raodenobrivi
Tanafardoba: rvelis samarovani ki am mxrivac gamoirCeva da
iq kremaciis arc erTi SemTxveva araa dadasturebuli (ix.
gv. 40-43, cxrilebi).
koleqtiur samarxebSi zogjer erTi micvalebulis
ConCxi kargadaa Senaxuli, danarCenis Zvlebi ki areulia da
maT raodenobaze mxolod miaxloebiT Tu SeiZleba
msjeloba.
zog samarxSi mxolod micvalebulis Tavis qalebia
dafiqsirebuli (amis Sesaxeb qveviT ufro dawvrilebiT
gveqneba msjeloba), zogan micvalebulis Zvlebi samarxis
erT kuTxeSia mixvetili, xolo samarxis centralur
adgilas dakrZaluli adamianis ConCxi kargadaa Senaxuli
(tab. X1,4).
sayuradReboa agreTve is garemoebac, rom zogierT
koleqtiur samarxSi micvalebulebi erT sibrtyeze, iatakis
doneze arian dakrZalulni, xolo zogan micvalebulTa
erTmaneTze dakrZalvis SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba.
15
aris SemTxvevebi da arc Tu ise cota, roca micvale-
bulTa damwvari Zvlebi ramdenime WurWelSia dadasture-
buli. samwuxarod maT ar CatarebiaT kraniologiuri kvleva,
amitom garkveviT verafers vityviT imis Sesaxeb, es Zvlebi
erT adamians ekuTvnis Tu ramdenimes.
gvxvdeba iseTi samarxebic (mag: borniReles #761
samarxi), sadac dafiqsirda cxra micvalebulis ConCxi da
sami kremaciuli urna.
kremaciul urnebad TiTqmis yovelTvis sayofacxovrebo
daniSnulebis WurWelia gamoyenebuli (mxolod erTgan,
CiTaxevis #85 samarxSi dafiqsirda adamianis damwvari
Zvlebi urnis gareSe _ samarxSi gamarTul mcire saTavsoSi),
ZiriTadad sxvadasxva zomis qoTnebi, ufro iSviaTad jamebi
da tolCebi. erT SemTxvevaSi ki (borniRelis #50 samarxSi)
urnad Caidniseburi WurWelic iyo gamoyenebuli.
urnebi umetes SemTxvevaSi jamebiT iyo Tavdaxuruli
(tab. VIII2), ufro iSviaTad ki sarqvelis movaleobas brtyeli
qva asrulebda.
urnebi ZiriTadad mkafiod gamokveTil samarxebSi
gvxvdeba, rogorc aRvniSneT, xSirad inhumaciurad dakrZa-
lul micvalebulebTan erTad. zogjer urnad gamoyenebuli
qoTani pirdapir miwaSi iyo Cadgmuli. (mag. CiTaxevis #88
samarxi). rig SemTvevaSi ki piriqiT, sakmaod didi zomis
(120X105X70 sm) qvebiT SemosazRvrul ormosamarxSi mxolod
erTi krema-ciuli urna-qoTani dadasturda (borniRelis #26
samarxi. tab. X2).
samarxTa da micvalebulTa damxrobis TvalsazrisiT
samarovanze sakmaod gansxvavebuli suraTia. magram SeiniS-
neba tendencia, rom ama Tu im samarovanze, ama Tu im
mimarTulebiT, damxrobas prioritetuli mdgomareoba ukavia.
mag: rvelis samarovanze yvelaze xSiria samarxebisa da
Sesabamisad micvalebulTa samxreT-dasavleTidan Crdilo-
aRmosavleTisaken damxroba, borniReles samarovanze ki
16
yvelaze xSiri micvalebulTa CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken
damxrobis SemTxvevebia (ix. cxrilebi). emorCileboda Tu ara
es wesi raime kanonzomierebas, exla Zneli dasadgenia.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac koleqtiur da wyvilad
samarxebSi micvalebulebi sxvadasxva mxares arian damxro-
bilni (mag: borniReles #44 samarxSi erTi micvalebuli
damxrobilia aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, xolo ori
CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken; an CiTaxevis #6 samarxSi erTi
micvalebuli Tu samxreT-dasavleTidan Crdilo-aRmosavle-
Tisakenaa damxrobili, meore piriqiT, Crdilo-dasavleTidan
samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken da sxva.
oTxive samarovanze micvalebulebi dakrZalulia kidu-
rebmoxril mdgomareobaSi, marjvena an marcxena gverdze.
koleqtiur da wyvilad samarxebSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca iq
dakrZaluli yvela micvalebuli marjvena an marcxena
gverdzea dasvenebuli an piriqiT zogi marjvenaze, zogi
marcxenaze (tab. VI, XI).
zog SemTxvevaSi micvlaebulebs TavqveS daumuSavebeli
brtyeli qva _ e.w. `sasTumali~ edo (tab. X3,4). rig samarxebSi
ki Zvlebi imdenad cudad iyo daculi, rom Wirda dakrZalvis
pozis dadgena (tab. XII).
vinaidan Zvlebs anTropologiuri da kraniologiuri
kvlevebi ar CatarebiaT, micvalebulTa sqesis Sesaxeb
mxolod maTTvis Catarebuli inventaris mixedviT Tu
SegviZlia msjeloba. am mxriv ki mamakacad da qalad miCneul
micvalebulTa marjvena Tu marcxena gverdze dakrZalvis
TvalsazrisiT myari kanonzomiereba ar SeiniSneba. araviTari
gansxvaveba ar SeimCneva rogorc mozrdili adamianebis, ise
bavSvebis dakrZalvaSi.
CiTaxevis #16 da kviracxovlis #54 samarxebSi
micvalebulebi TiTqos mjdomare pozaSi unda yofiliyvnen
dakrZalulni [RambaSiZe o., 1973: 38. RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1981:
20].
17
rvelis #25 da CiTaxevis #15 samarxebSi adamianis
ConCxi da kremaciuli urna ar aRmoCenila, samagierod orive
maTganSi iyo samarxeuli inventari. unda vivaraudoT, rom
isini simbolur samarxebs _ e.w. `kenotafebs~ warmoadgendnen
[RambaSiZe o., 1971: 17; 1973: 26].
iSviaTia samarxi inventaris gareSe. is kremaciul
urnebSic xSirad fiqsirdeboda. ZiriTadad gvxvdeba samkau-
li da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi, iSviaTad ki
iaraRi, xSirad maT cecxlSi yofnis kvali etyobodaT. es
faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini micvalebulTan erTad
dauwvavT. iSviaTad, magram mainc aris iseTi urnebi, sadac
garda adamianis damwvari Zvlebisa araferi aRmoCenila.
samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi (sakin-
Zebi, sayureebi, balTebi da sxva) fiqsirdeba TviT ConCxis
uSualo siaxloves, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom isini
micvalebulebs sxeulze an tansacmelze hqondaT. sxva saxis
inventari, rogoricaa sabrZolo iaraRi da Tixis WurWeli
fiqsirdeboda samarxis sxvadasxva adgilas, zogjer
micvalebulisagan sakmaod daSorebiT, xSirad ki uSualod
micvalebulis win an ukan.
zogjer samarxSi ama Tu im nivTs sruliad gansxvave-
buli, TvalSi sacemi adgili eWira. ase magaliTad, CiTaxevis
#85 kremaciul samarxSi sagangebod SerCeul brtyel qvaze
ido brinjaos satevari.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca samarxebSi dadasturda saqon-
lis (rogorc msxvilfexa, ise wvrilfexa) da frinvelis
Zvlebi. gansakuTrebiT ki es faqti SeimCneva CiTaxevis
samarovanze.
zogjer koleqtiur samarxebSi dakrZalul micvalebul-
Tagan erT maTgans gamorCeuli adgili ekava da samarxeuli
inventaric xSirad masTanaa Tavmoyrili (mag., CiTaxevis #25
samarxi).
18
urnebSi moTavsebuli Zvlebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq micvalebulTa nawilobriv krema-
ciasTan gvaqvs saqme, gvamis mTlianad dawvisa da ferflad
qcevis kvali arc erT urnaSi ar dadasturebula. Zvlebi
tvinisagan gaclili araa.
urnebi ar gamoirCevian didi zomebiT, amitom maTSi
adamianis mTeli ConCxis, Tundac damwvaris moTavseba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda. xSirad erT samarxSi ramdenime urnaa
fiqsirebuli. yvela maTganSi iyo adamianis damwvari Zvlebi.
verafers vityviT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni adamianis kremi-
rebuli sxeuli (an sxeulis nawili) iyo maTSi moTavsebuli.
Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT
saqarTvelos (kolxeTi) samarovnebi samarxTa agebulebisa da
dakrZalvis wesis TvalsazrisiT sakmaod gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba
ukavia dakrZalvis inhumaciur wess. samarxebi ZiriTadad
ormosamarxebs, qviTnageb samarxebs da e.w. `qvayuTebs~
warmoadgenen.
micvalebulebi dakrZalulni arian umTavresad kidureb-
moxril mdgomareobaSi marjvena an marcxena gverdze. Zalian
bevr samarovanze SeiniSneba mkacrad dadgenili kanonzomie-
reba, rodesac marjvena gverdze mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen
dakrZalulni, xolo marcxena gverdze qalebi. magaliTad,
aseTi viTarebaa gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis iseT
gamorCeul Zeglze, rogoricaa samTavros samarovani
(kalandaZe, 1947).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aris ramdenime SemTxveva,
rodesac samarxebSi dadasturda e.w. `mjdomare pozaSi~
dakrZalva. dakrZalvis es poza dadasturebulia Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebiT daTariRebul sanTisa (TrialeTi) [Куфтин, 1941:
50-55] da nulis samarovnebze [Куфтин, 1949a: 48-49]. magram es
wesi ufro metad Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijniT daTariRe-
19
bul samarovnebze gvxvdeba. mag. zemo avWalaSi [nioraZe, 1931:
263], waRvlis samarovanze [ramiSvili, 2004: 111], waRverSi
[nioraZe, 1944: 20-23] RrmaxevisaTvis samarovanze [kaxiani, 1977:
31] da sxva. Tumca mjdomare pozaSi dakrZalva saqarTvelos
teritoriaze sakmaod iSviaTi movlenaa da ufro e.w.
`ganja_yarabaRuli~ kulturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli
[Пиотровский, 1964: 58-60].
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dakrZalvis wesis Tavisebu-
rebebiT gamoirCeva `rkiniskalos~ samarovani, romelic ivris
saTaveebSi, erwoSi mdebareobs. samarxebi Sedgeba qva-
yriliani mozrdili ormoebisgan, romlebSic micvalebulebi
ramdenime fenadaa Casvenebuli. ise, rom TiToeuli ormosa-
marxi xSirad 2 an 3 erTmaneTze daSrevebul kompleqsebs
Seicavs. qveda fenis samarxebSi micvalebulebi Zlier
moxrilad arian Casvenebuli. Zeglis gamTxrelebis azriT,
adamianis Zvlebi Tanmxleb inventarTan erTad Zalze
qaosuradaa Cayrili, ris gamoc igi meoradi dakrZalvis
STabeWdilebas tovebs. TiToeul samarxeul kompleqss aqvs
Tavisi qvayrili, romelic Zvlebsa da inventars uSualod
zed ayria an maTSivea areuli. samarovani zogadad Zv.w. IX-
VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, xolo misi yvelaze mZlavri Sre
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [ramiSvili, jorbenaZe,
1964: 19-20].
meoradi dakrZalva ivaraudeba axalcixis amiranis
goraze [CubiniSvili, 1963: 84] da taS-baSSi (TrialeTi)
[Куфтин, 1941: 117], oRond gacilebiT adreul periodSi Zv.w.
III aTaswleulSi.
sruliad unikaluria aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis
moliTis samarovani. igi mdebareobs tabawyuris tbasTan,
sofel moliTTan, zRvis donidan 2020 m simaRleze. aq kldis
napralebSi Cndeboda kremaciuli samarxebi, anu Tixis
WurWeli adamianis ferfliTa da samarxeuli inventariT,
romlebic ZiriTadad samkauls da samoselTan dakavSirebul
20
nivTebs Seicavda: brinjaos sakinZebs, samajurebs, qvisa da
kvarcis mZivebs da sxva, romelTac cecxlSi yofnis kvali
etyobodaT. samarovani Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiTaa daTariRe-
buli [CubiniSvili, RambaSiZe, 1965: 8].
dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi dadasturda diRomSic. aq
gaiTxara gorasamarxi, e.w. `dasakrZalavi darbaziT~, sadac
aRmoCnda asamde Tixis WurWeli, brinjaosa da rkinis
mravali nivTi, cxenis aRkazmuloba da sxva. samarxi Zv.w.
VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Абрамишвили, Боxочадзе и др.,
1971: 371].
sakmaod xSiria aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze
simboluri samarxebi _ e.w. `kenotafebi~, romlebsac albaT
sxvagan gardacvlili da dasaflavebuli micvalebulebis
saxelze mis mSobliur kuTxeSi marTavdnen. vrcelia maTi
arsebobis qronologiuri CarCoc _ gvianbrinjaos xanis
adreuli etapidan [TuSiSvili, 1972: 82. kalandaZe, 1959: 185.
ramiSvili, 2004: 111] Zv.w. VII saukunemde (rvelis #25 da
CiTaxevis #15 samarxebi).
dakrZalvis ormagi wesi _ inhumaciuri da kremaciuli
dadasturda gujareTis xeobaSi _ mzeTamzes samarovanze. aq
samarxis gavrcelebul tips ormosamarxebi warmoadgenda.
micvalebulTa umetesoba inhumaciuradaa dakrZaluli. Tumca
#4, #17 da #26 samarxebSi kremaciuli dakrZalvac dafiq-
sirda. #26 samarxis iataks cecxlis kvali etyoboda, xolo
Sua nawili gamoirCeoda mura feriT. es gamTxrelebis azriT
sayuradReboa imiT, rom dakrZalvis wesic da samarxeuli
inventaric Zalze axloa kolxur kulturasTan da misi
gavrcelebis kidev erTi axali keris damadasturebelia
[nasiZe, 1991]. rac Seexeba #4 da #17 samarxebs, maTSi
kremaciuli urnebi aRmoCnda adamianis damwvari ZvlebiTa da
samarxuli inventariT. samive samarxi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukune-
ebiT TariRdeba [nasiZe, 1990].
21
Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebis samarovnebze (iseve rogorc
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis samarovnebze) samarxTa da micvale-
bulTa damxrobis TvalsazrisiT raime zogadi kanonzomie-
reba ar SeiniSneba. micvalebulebi damxrobilni arian
TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebiT. zogjer ama Tu im samarovanze
ama Tu im mimarTulebiT damxrobas upiratesi mdgomareoba
ukavia. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc borjomis xeobis
samarovnebia (ix. cxrilebi I-IV).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxov-
lis da borniReles samarovnebi mravaliarusiania, romlebic
drois sakmaod did monakveTSi Zv.w. XVI-III saukuneebSi
funqcionirebs. adreuli fenis samarxebi yvela samarovanze
ormosamarxebs warmoadgens. dakrZalvis wesi garda erTi
gamonaklisisa, inhumaciuria. sakmaod mkacradaa daculi
mamakacTa marjvena, xolo dedakacTa marcxena gverdze
dakrZalvis wesi [RambaSiZe i., 1999: 74]. damxrobis mxriv arc
am samarxebSi SeiniSneba TvalsaCino kanonzomiereba.
borniRe-les #52 samarxSi dafiqsirda kevrze dakrZalvis
SemTxvevac, romelic erTaderTia am mxareSi [RambaSiZe i.,
1999: 74], magram sakmaod gavrcelebulia gvianbrinjaos xanis
samxreT kavkasiis centralur da aRmosavleT nawilSi.
rogorc adreuli, aseve Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTa-
riRebuli samarxebi mdidaria inventariT. Tumca sxvadasxva
samarxSi inventaris raodenobam da gansxvavebulobam
i. RambaSiZe miiyvana daskvnamde, rom es movlena `sazogadoe-
baSi mkveTri diferenciaciis maniSnebeli unda iyos,
rodesac gvarebsa da did ojaxebSi xdeba qonebrivad da
socialurad dawinaurebuli fenis gamoCena~ [RambaSiZe i.,
1999: 75].
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia CiTaxevis #44 samarxi. esaa
erTaderTi kremaciuli samarxi am samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-
VIIUsaukuneebze adreul fenebSi. samarxSi aRmoCnda urnad
gamoyenebuli Tixis dergi micvalebulis damwvari ZvlebiTa
22
da inventariT. o. RamabaSiZe Zv.w. XVI-XV saukuneebiT
daTariRebul fenaSi dakrZalvis am wesis arsebobas
mcireaziur impulsad miiCnevs da xeTur samefoSi e.w. `Sua
mefobis~ xanaSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebul kremaciis
gavlenas ukavSirebs [RambaSiZe o., 1983: 12]. am azrs iziarebs
i. RambaSiZec [RambaSiZe i., 1999: 73].
aRmosavleT saqarTvelosagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli
suraTia kolxeTSi, sadac arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis
samarovnebi. samarxTa gansxvavebuli tipebiTa da dakrZalvis
sxvadasxva wesiT am mxriv kolxeTis calkeuli regionebic
mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.
centraluri kolxeTisTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia
didi koleqtiuri samarxebi, romelic Sedgeboda sakulto
moednebisa da samarxi ormoebisgan. sakulto moedanze
xdeboda dakrZalvis ritualTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi
procedurebi: micvalebulTa sagangebo damuSaveba da krema-
cia. albaT aqve ewyoboda aRapic. rac ufro xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi da intensiurad funqcionirebda sakul-
to moedani, miT ufro metia misi farTobi da mZlavria
kulturuli fena. sakulto moednis Semadgeneli nawilia
saZvle ormoebi an Txrilebi, sadac kremirebuli Zvlebi
ifloboda. agreTve qvayrilebi, romelic SesaZloa sakrema-
cio qurebis an samsxverploebis nangrevebi yofiliyo.
am tipis samarovnebis meore ZiriTadi nawilia koleq-
tiuri samarxi ormoebi, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan formiT (wriuli, ovaluri, marTkuTxa), zomiT,
samarxeuli fenis simZlavriT, samarxeuli inventaris
raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi maCveneblebiT. isini ZiriTadad
sakulto moednis perimetrze arian ganlagebuli. aq ikrZale-
boda micvalebulTa arakremirebuli nawilebi inventarTan
erTad [papuaSvili, 1998: 15-16].
aseTi samarovnebia: ureki [miqelaZe, 1985: 6-12]; nigvziani,
[miqelaZe, 1985: 73-93]; ergeta, I-IV [papuaSvili, 2000: 55-60];
23
dRvaba [CubiniSvili n., 1987: 45-48]; paluri [oqropiriZe,
baramiZe, 1974: 96-123]; muxurCa [gogaZe da sxva, 1986: 45-55];
brili [baramiZe, 1961: 23-24]; caiSi [papuaSvili, esebua, 2000:
48-50] da sxva.
isini albaT ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi mainc
funqcionirebdnen da TiToeul maTganze dakrZalul micva-
lebulTa raodenobac Sesabamisad ramdenime aseuls
moiTvlida.
rac Seexeba dakrZalvis ritualis pirvel nawils, anu
micvalebulis mdgomareobas sakulto moedanze moxvedramde,
misi arqeologiuri fiqsacia ver xerxdeba. zogi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom am ritualis nawils micvalebulTa xeze
dakidebis uZvelesi kolxuri Cveuleba warmoadgenda, rome-
lic werilobiT wyaroebSia dafiqsirebuli [miqelaZe, 1985:
17-20. papuaSvili, 1998: 16] (amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT
qveviT gveqneba saubari).
amasTan zogierT samarovanze (magaliTad ureki)
zemoaRniSnuli tipis samarxebis paralelurad arsebobs
individualuri samarxebic. orive tipis samarxebSi masala
absoluturad identuria da samarxebic erTi periodisani
arian.
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTSi
arsebul viTarebas, am mxriv iq sakmaod gansxvavebuli da
mravalferovani suraTia. araTu mTels am mxareSi, aramed
zogjer calkeul samarovnebzec ki dakrZalvis ramdenime
wesi dasturdeba. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia Zv.w. VIII-VI
saukuneebis Zegli _ wiTeli Suquras samarovani. maszed
dakrZalvis ramdenime wesia dadasturebuli: 1. rodesac
micvalebulebi grZel samarx-ormoebSi gaSotil mdgomareo-
baSi iyvnen dasvenebulni; 2. rodesac micvalebulebulebi
marjvena gvvrdze kidurebmoxrilebi daumarxavT; 3. meoradi
dakrZalva, rodesac micvalebulis Zvlebs da ara mTel
ConCxs specialur ovaluri formis ormoebSi flavdnen an
24
aseve specialur WurWelSi aTavsebdnen, romelic ormoSi
TaviT dabla idgmeboda [Трапш, 1969: 149]. yvela tipis samarxi
erT teritoriazea dadasturebuli. samarxeuli inventaric
erTnairia da Zeglic Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba
[Трапш, 1969: 150] .
amave periodis Zeglia guadixus samarovani, sadac
dafiqsirda micvalebulTa sruli da nawilobrivi kremacia
ovaluri formis ormoebSi [Трапш, 1969: 46]. eSeris samaro-
vanze ki micvalebulebi Tixis WurWlebSi, e.w. osuariumebSi
arian dakrZalulni kremaciis gareSe [Куфтин, 1949b: 92-93].
dakrZalvis orgvari wesia dadasturebuli kolxeTis
ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT periferiebSic, kerZod brilis
samarovanze. aq gvxvdeba, rogorc inhumaciuri, ise krema-
ciuli samarxebi. kremacia aq uSualod samarxebSi xdeboda
[baramiZe, 1998: 247].
rogorc vxedavT, dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze
gavrcelebuli yofila dakrZalvis ramodenime rituali:
meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi kremaciiT, sruli kremacia,
meoradi dakrZalva Tixis WurWelSi, dakrZalva e.w. osuariu-
mebSi da sxva. erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli Tavisebureba,
rac borjomis xeobis rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis
samarxebs axasiaTebT, aris erT samarovanze da xSirad erT
samarxSi dakrZalvis orgvari wesis arseboba _ inhumaciuris
da kremaciulis.
riT SeiZleba es aixsnas? SeiZleba davuSvaT ramdenime
versia. maT Soris is, rom es viTareba SesaZloa eTnikur-
religiuri sxvaobiT iyos gamowveuli. am sakiTxze azri
gamoTqves o. RambaSiZem da i. RambaSiZem [RambaSiZe o. Ramba-
SiZe i., 1987: 44]. borjomis xeobaSi kremaciuli samarxebis
gamoCenas isini Zv.w. VII saukuneSi frigiis samefos _
`muSqebis qveynis~ ganadgurebas ukavSireben, rodesc mcire
aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi didi politikuri kataklizme-
25
bis Sedegad eTnikuri masebis garkveul moZraobasac unda
hqonoda adgili. kerZod Zv.w. 676 wels arseboba Sewyvita
frigiis samefom anu `muSqebis qveyanam~ da moxda muSqebis,
anu mosxebis _ `xeTizebuli mesxuri tomebis~ CrdiloeTiT
gadmonacvleba. aq, samxreT kavkasiis samxreT regionebSi
isini Seerwynen mkvidr mosaxleobas da moxda am ori
eTnikur-religiuri erTobis Serwyma religiuri TviTmyofa-
dobis SenarCunebiT. amis dasturad o. RambaSiZe da
i. RambaSiZe e.w. `Sereul~ samarxebs miiCneven [RambaSiZe o.,
RambaSiZe i., 1987: 40-41].
g. meliqiSvilis azriT, muSqebi (mosxebi, mesxebi)
qarTveluri tomebia, romlebmac Zv.w. XII saukeneSi
istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT raionebidan
mcire aziis siRrmeSi SeaRwies da iq damkvidrebis Semdeg,
rkinis metalurgiis wyalobiT, socialuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT win swrafad waiwies. Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebSi mcire aziaSi ukve arseboben msxvili saxelmwi-
foebrivi warmonaqmnebi. romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda
mcire azieli muSqebi da Tabalebic. am periodSi, gansakuT-
rebiT miTas (berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT midasis) mefobis
dros `muSqebis qveyna~ mcire aziis uZlieres saxelmwifos
warmoadgenda. TviT muSqebi ki am saxelmwifos mosaxleobis
mxolod garkveul nawils Seadgendnen da ZiriTadad mis
Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi cxovrobdnen [Меликишвили,
1959: 226-230].
zogi mkvlevaris azriT, frigia (`muSqebis qveyana”) iyo
konfederaciuli saxelmwifo, romlis ZiriTad segments
indoevropeli frigielebi (romelTa dedaqalaqi iyo
gordioni) da pontoeli warmoSobis muSqebi da Tabalebi
warmoadgendnen (dedaqalaqi mazaka – cezarea) [Barnet, 1967: 12]
am samefos mmarTvelebma TavianTi Zalaufleba gaavrceles
mcire aziis ara mxolod aRmosavleT, aramed centralur da
dasavleT nawilebzec. amitomac aRmosavluri – asuruli da
26
urartuli wyaroebi am saxelmwifos ,,muSqebis samefos”
uwodeben maTTan axlos mcxovrebi tomis saxelis mixedviT,
xolo berZnuli wyaroebi, aseve maTTan axlos mcxovrebi
indoevropeli frigielebis saxelis mixedviT _ `frigiis
samefos~.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Zv.w. 676 wels frigiis, igive
muSqebis samefom arseboba Sewyvita. ZvelberZnuli tradicia
am movlenas kimerielebis Semosevas ukavSirebs, Tumca dRes
mecnierebaSi gabatonebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad frigiis
samefo urartusa da kimerielTa erTdrouli laSqrobis
Sedegad ganadgurda [Меликишвили, 1959: 226-230].
qarTveluri tomebi muSqebi, romlebic didi, mraval-
erovnuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen am droi-
saTvis ukve `xeTizebulni~ iqnebodnen [Меликишвили, 1959:
229]. swored maTi nawili daiZra saqarTvelos samxreT-
dasavleT regionebisaken, e.i. im adgilebisaken, saidanac
isini Zv.w. XII saukuneSi mcire aziaSi gadasaxldnen (Tumca
arqeologiurma gaTxrebma frigiaSi, kerZod, misi
dedaqalaqis gordionis Seswavlam aCvena, rom Semosevebis
Semdeg aq cxovreba sulac ar wydeba, piriqiT sakmao
intensivobiTac grZeldeba. Ees Semosevebi ar atarebda
gamanadgurebel xasiaTs. Aamdenad muSqebis erTbaSad ayrisa
da CrdiloeTisaken masiuri ltolvis safuZvelic ar
arsebobda. Gg. meliqiSvili miiCnevda, rom muSqebis
CrdiloeTisaken gadmonacvleba sakmaod xangZlivi procesi
unda yofiliyo). am talRis Semotanilad miiCneven o.
RambaSiZe da i. RambaSiZe borjomis xeobaSi dakrZalvis
kremaciul wess [RambaSiZe o., RambaSiZe i., 1987: 40-41].
maTi Teoriis Tanaxmad e.w. `Sereuli” samarxebis arse-
bobac am movlenas ukavSirdeba. e.i. kremirebuli micvalebu-
lebi `mosulebi” iyvnen, xolo inhumaciurad dakrZalulebi –
adgilobrivebi. am SemTxvevaSi dakrZalvis orive wesis erT
samarxSi arseboba unda miuTiTebdes, rom am samarxSi
27
dakrZaluli yofila `mosulic” da `adgilobrivic~, anu es
aris saojaxo samarxi, romlis wevrTagan (vTqvaT col-qmari)
erTi `mosulia~, meore ki `adgilobrivi”. amasTan TiToeuli
maTgani TavianT rwmenas misdevda da aRiarebda. ramdenad
SesaZloa, rom im dros aseTi religiuri Semwynarebloba
yofiliyo Zneli saTqmelia, magram Tuki aseT rames adgili
marTlac hqonda, es am xalxis eTnikuri erTobiTac SeiZleba
aixsnas. e.i. adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da mcire aziel
`muSqebs” Soris kavSiri ar gawyvetila. yovel SemTxevaSi
gamodis, rom samxreT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb
xalxs axsovs TavianTi mcire aziaSi gadaxvewili moZmeebi.
rodesac maT gauWirdaT da iqidan gamodevnes, uproblemod
miiRes, Seifares da SeiTvises. Tumca Zv.w. XII saukunidan
Zv.w. VII saukunemde didi droa gasuli. SeiZleba muSqebma am
xnis manZilze Zlieri `xeTizaciac” ganicades. magram
mTlianad mainc ar `gaxeTdnen”. iseve, rogorc ar
gaTurqdenen TurqeTSi saukuneebis manZilze mcxovrebi
qarTvelebi da ar gasparseldnen fereidnelebi.
muSqebis eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi sxva
mosazrebebic arsebobs: erT-erTis Tanaxmad muSqebi
balkanur-Trakiuli modgmis indoevropeli tomebi iyvnen,
romlebic mcire aziaSi Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi e.w. `zRvis
xalxebTan” erTad movidnen [Kretschmer, 1886. Goetze, 1936.
Георгиев, 1960: 38. Дяконов, 1968: 21].
arsebobs mesame mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac muSqebi
somxebis winaprebi iyvnen, an yovel SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi im
elementTagani, romelic safuZvlad daedo somxuri eTnosis
Camoyalibebas [Пиотровский, 1959: 129. Копанян, 1948: 171. Еремян,
1952: 72] da sxva.
yvelaze damajereblad mainc im mecnierTa mosazreba
gamoiyureba, romlebic muSqebs (mosxebs) qarTvelur tomebad
miiCnevs [baqraZe, 1871: 22; 1877; 1899: 28. janaSvili, 1896: 19.
28
javaxiSvili i, 1979: 60-62. meliqiSvili, 1954: 305, 410, 420; 1965,
82-101. miqelaZe, 1974: 30-31. janaSia, 1952: 3-65. xazaraZe, 1984.
Xаxанов, 1902: 1-64. Меликишвили, 1959: 104].
Cvenc savsebiT vizirebT am mosazrebas.
sxva sakiTxia, marTla ukavSirdeba Tu ara borjomis
xeobaSi dadasturebuli dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi muSqebs
(mosxebs, mesxebs) da maT moZraobas mcire aziidan samxreT
kavkasiisaken?
rogorc ukve iTqva, es movlena Zv.w. VII saukunis
dasawyisSi unda dawyebuliyo. maSin, rodesac TviT
o. RambaSiZe, zogierT kremaciul da `Sereul” samarxs maTSi
aRmoCenil garkveul nivTebze dayrdnobiT arc Tu usafuZv-
lod, ufro adreuli xaniT aTariRebs. mag: borniReles #8
kremaciul samarxs Zv.w. VIII saukunisa da Zv.w. VII saukunis I
naxevriT [RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1984]; CiTaxevis #761 samarxs
Zv.w. VIII saukuniT, #84 samarxs ki Zv.w. IX_VIII saukuneebiT
da a.S. [RambaSiZe o., 1975].
o. RambaSiZisa da i. RambaSiZis mosazrebas gamoexmaura
germaneli arqeologi i. motcenbekeri Tavis naSromSi
`mosulebi mesxeTSi?” [Motszenbaker, 1997]. man ar gaiziara
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi
samxreTidan Semotanilia. dawvrilebiT ganixilavs ra
CiTaxevis #32 da borniReles #8 samarxebs, motcenbekeri
askvnis, rom aq aRmoCenili kremaciuli urnebi da sxva
keramikuli WurWeli adgilobrivi tradiciebis matarebelia;
WurWlis zogierTi tipi ki axlo msgavsebas iCens sinqro-
nuli xanis kolxur keramikasTan. kolxur masalasTan
poulobs did siaxloves brinjaos inventaric: culi,
Subispiri, satevari da a.S. mkvlevaris azriT, Tu Tvals
gadavavlebT gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovnebze
dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesis gavrcelebis areals, dav-
rwmundebiT, rom maTi didi umravlesoba dasavleT
kavkasiaze modis. amasTan, am samarxebis (CiTaxevis #32 da
29
borniRelis #8) inventari ar mowmobs am regionSi axali
eTnikuri talRis Semodinebas. gansxvaveba dakrZalvis wesSi
ki SesaZloa calkeuli individebisadmi gansakuTrebuli
damokidebulebiT aixsnas. amis argumentad i. motcenbekers
borniReles #8 da CiTaxevis #32, agreTve Treligorebis #16
da #24 kremeciuli samarxebis mdidruli inventari moaqvs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevari ar iziarebs mosazrebas
samxreTidan axali eTnikuri masis Semodinebis Sesaxeb, aseve
ar gamoricxavs samxreTuli kulturebis (somxeTi, mcire
azia) Zlier gavlenas. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel mesamedSi,
romelic misi azriT urartudan momdinareobda [Moszenbaker,
1997: 351].
borjomis xeobaSi kremaciuli samarxebis warmomav-
lobis sakiTxs SevexeT Cvenc naSromSi: `dakrZalvis wesi
borjomis xeobaSi Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi” [kvirkvaia, 1999:
37-40], sadac ar gaviziareT mosazreba kremaciis samxreTidan
`xeTizebuli mesxebis” mier Semotanis Sesaxeb da igi
kolxur samyaros davukavSireT. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom borjomis xeobis kremaciuli da e.w. `Sereuli”
samarxebis sruli analogia arc kolxur samyaroSi
eZebnebaT. aq ar gvxvdeba didi koleqtiuri samarxebi – e.w.
`saZvleebi” ise rogorc palurSi [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1977:
95-100], nigvzianSi [miqelaZe, 1985: 71] an urekSi [miqelaZe, 1985:
15-18]. isini arc brilis [gobejiSvili, 1959: 191] da `wiTel
Suquras” [Трапш, 1969: 149-150] samarxebs hgvanan, sadac
kremacia uSualod samarx ormoebSi xdeboda. (am mxriv
gamonaklisi SeiZleba iyos gujareTis xeobaSi, mzeTamzes
samarovnis #26 samarxi, romelzec zemoT ukve gvqonda
saubari [nasiZe, 1990]). araa aRmoCenili uSualod samarovnis
siaxloves mdebare `kremaciuli moednebi”, romlebic sakmaod
damaxasiaTebelia kolxeTisaTvis. ar dasturdeba sruli
kremacia, rogorc magaliTad urekSi [miqelaZe, 1985: 15-18] an
30
guadixuze [Трапш, 1969: 46-50]. ase rom, kolxur samyarosTan
am mxriv gansxvaveba metia, vidre saerTo (saerToa
nawilobrivi kremacia), magram Cvenis azriT, es mainc ar
gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, rom aqac swored kolxeTisTvis
damaxasiaTebel meorad dakrZalvasTan gvqondes saqme. miT
umets, rom TviT kolxeTSic am mxriv sakmaod gansxvavebuli
suraTia da calkeuli regionebic garkveuli Taviseburebe-
biT gamoirCeva, (centraluri kolxeTi, Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kolxeTi, brili). am arguments aZlierebs samarxeuli inven-
taric, sadac kolxuri kulturis Zalian Zlieri gavlena
igrZnoba (amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT momdevno TavebSi
gveqneba saubari). dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi kolxeTSic
da borjomis xeobaSic Zv.w. VIII saukunidan iCens Tavs.
kolxur samarovnebze dakrZalvis sxvadasxva wesis
arsebobas m. trapSi micvalebulTa sxvadasxva socialuri
mdgomareobiT an sxvadasxvagvari sikvdiliT xsnida [Трапш
1969; 149-150]. m. baramiZe am mosazrebas ar iziarebs. misi
azriT, vinaidan samarxSi (saubaria wiTeli Suquras
samarovanze) daaxloebiT erTnairi nivTebia fiqsirebuli,
sxvaoba dakrZalvis wesSi micvalebulTa socialuri
mdgomareobiT ar unda aixsnebodes [baramiZe, 1998: 246]. aseve
usafuZvlod miaCnia m. baramiZes guadixus da wiTeli
Suquras samarovnebis sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufisadmi
mikuTvnebis mcdeloba, vinaidan am or samarovanzec masala
absoluturad identuria [baramiZe, 1998: 246-247].
Cven savsebiT viziarebT m. baramiZis azrs da vTvliT,
rom borjomis xeobaSi ara Tu erT samarovanze, aramed erT
samarxSi dakrZalvis orgvari wesis arseboba kidev ufro
amyarebs mis Sexedulebas.
ganixilavs ra guadixus samarovans m. baramiZe ar
gamoricxavs sxvadasxva wesiT dakrZalul micvalebulTa
sqesobriv sxvaobas. amis safuZvels mas aZlevs samarxuli
inventaris analizi, rodesac erTi tipis samarxSi, sadac
31
sruli kremaciaa dadasturebuli ZiriTadad `qaluri”
inventari Warbobs (samajurebi, fibula, sasafeTqle rgoli,
xatisuReli, mZivebi da sxva), xolo meore tipis samarxebSi,
sadac adgili aqvs micvalebulTa nawilobriv kremacias -
`mamakacuri” inventari (culebi, Subispiri, danebi da sxva)
[baramiZe, 1998: 248]. borjomis xeobis samarxebi am varaudis
saSualebasac ar iZleva, vinaidan kremaciul urnebSi dadas-
turebulia rogorc `qaluri” ise `mamakacuri” inventari, e.i.
am wesiT orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi imarxebodnen.
gamoricxavs ra zemoaRniSnul versiebs (sxadasxvagva-
rad dakrZalul micvalebulTa eTnikur da socialur
sxvaobas), m. baramiZe am movlenis Tavisebur axsnasac gvTava-
zobs: `xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT” – wers is, rom `gansxaveba
erTi da igive samarovanze arsebul qronologiurad Tana-
droul dakrZalvis wesSi, erTi eTnikuri jgufis SigniT
sxvadasxva sagvareulo CveulebiT aixsnas?” amis safuZvels
mas merxeulis samarovani aZlevs, romelic mcire moculobis
gamo (40 kv. m) mxolod sagvareulo sasaflao Tu SeiZleba
yofiliyo da sadac dakrZalvis mxolod erTgvaro-vani wesi
dafiqsirda – micvalebulTa meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi
kremaciiT [baramiZe, 1977: 25-26].
am mosazrebas ra Tqma unda aqvs arsebobis ufleba da
garkveuli safuZvelic, magram mainc Zneli dasajerebelia, im
droindeli sazogadoebis patara ujredSi (imdenad pataraSi,
rom micvalebulebs erT sasaflaoze krZalavdnen), esodeni
multireligiurobis arseboba. dakrZalvis wesi ZiriTadad
religiur rwmena-warmodgenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. ganviTa-
rebis rac ufro dabal safexurze dgas organizebuli
sazogadoebrivi jgufi da rac ufro pataraa igi, miT ufro
meti saerTo Rirebulebis garSemoa gaerTianebuli. am
RirebulebaTa Soris ki religias, romelic imdroindeli
sazogadoebis ZiriTad ideologias warmoadgenda, albaT
upirvelesi adgili eWira.
32
rodesac madnisWalis samarovanze (Zv.w. XV-XIV s.s.)
arsebul viTarebas ganixilavs, sadac erTdroulad samarxTa
ramdenime tipi Tanaarsebobda (gorasamarxebi, ormosamarxebi,
qvissamarxebi). n. TuSiSvili midis im daskvnamde, rom es
garemoeba socialuri da qonebrivi diferenciaciiT unda
yofiliyo gamowveuli [TuSiSvili, 1972: 81-82].
kolxur tomebSi gavrcelebuli meoradi dakrZalvis
Sesaxeb berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebic mogviTxro-
ben. magaliTad, apolonios rodoselis `argonavtika”,
romelic Zv.w. III saukuneSia Seqmnili [apolonios rodoseli
1970: 187]. masze ufro adreulia nimfodore sirakuzelis
`periplusi” [uruSaZe, 1964: 329], sadac aseve mamakacTa meorad
dakrZalvis ritualzea saubari kremaciis gareSe. `kolxebSi
ar aris miRebuli micvalebul mamakacTa arc dawva, arc
miwaSi Cafvla. gvamebs isini nedl tyavSi axveven da xeebze
kideben, qalebs ki miwaSi asaflaveben” [Латышев, 1886: 698].
msgavs cnobebs gvawvdis ax.w. I saukuneSi moRvawe nikoloz
damaskeli. aseve II saukunis bolosa da III saukunis dasawyis-
Si moRvawe klaudius eleniusi da sxvebi [Латышев, 1886: 419].
magram am avtorebis Tanadroul kolxeTSi maT mier
moyvanili cnobebi arqeologiurad ar dasturdeba. e.i. isini
ufro Zveli cnobebiT sargeblobdnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
apolonios rodoselisa da nimfodore sirakuzelis cnobe-
bis Tanaxmad meoradi dakrZalavis rituali mxolod
mamakacTa mimarT gamoiyeneboda, xolo qalebs Cveulebriv
miwaSi flavdnen. nikoloz damaskeli da klavdius eliniusi
ki amgvari sxvaobis Sesaxeb arafers amboben.
afxazeTSi meoradi dakrZalvis rituals aRweren XVII
saukuneSi moRvawe italieli misionerebi. arqanjelo
lamberti [Арканджело Ламберти, 1913: 189-190] da Turqi
mogzauri evlia Celebi [evlia Celebi, 1971: 104].
Zalian sayuradReboa XIX saukunis afxazi moRvawis
solomon zvanbas mier aRwerili afxazTa erTi Cveuleba,
33
rodesac mexiT moklul adamians an saqonels aTavseben oTx
boZze aRmarTul specialur xis koSkSi manam, sanam misgan
mxolod Zvlebi ar darCeboda. amis Semdeg ki Zvlebs miwaSi
marxavdnen [Звамба, 1955: 67-68]. msgavs cnobebs gvawvdian
n. janaSia [Джанашия, 1960: 67-68], Иналафа: 1965, 531-532] da
sxvebi.
Cvenis azriT, borjomis xeobis samarovnebze
dakrZalvis gansxvavebuli wesebis arseboba yvelaze metad
swored sxvadasxva viTarebaSi gardacvlil adamianTa
sxvadasxvagvarad dakrZalviT unda aixsnas, anu xom ar
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom kremaciuli samarxebi
arabunebrivi sikvdiliT gardacvlili adamianebisa unda
yofiliyo? am varauds aZlierebs statistikuri monacemebic:
borniReles samarovanze, sadac am periodis 65 samarxi
gaiTxara, kremaciuli urna dafiqsirda mxolod 33 samarxSi,
CiTaxevis samarovanis 44 samarxidan mxolod 9-Si, xolo
kviracxovlis Svidi samarxidan erTSi.
kategoriulad unda gamovricxoT am movlenis axsna
socialuri sxvaobiT im martivi mizezis gamo, rom gansxvave-
biT kolxuri samarovnebisagan, borjomis xeobaSi dakrZal-
vis inhumaciuri da kremaciuli wesi Tanaarsebobs erT
samarxSi, e.i. erT ojaxSi.
kolxuri samarovnebis daTariRebis Sesaxeb jerac araa
erTi azri Camoyalibebuli. Tumca udavoa, rom am samaro-
vanTa ZiriTadi Sre Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba,
mxolod zogierTi samarovnis zeda qronologiuri zRvari
gadmodis Zv.w. V saukunis I naxevarSi (merxeuli, paluri,
larilari da sxva). Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba
agreTve borjomis xeobis CvenTvis saintereso samarxebic.
mecnierebaSi arsebobs sxvadsxva azri kavkasiaSi dak-
rZalvis kremaciuli wesis genezisisa da gavrcelebis gzebis
Sesaxeb. m. trapSi Tvlida, rom kolxur samyaroSi kremacia
Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi Cndeba da rom misi warmoSobisa da
34
sadaurobis Ziebam dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo [Трапш, 1968:
48].
samxreT kavkasiaSi kremaciis yvelaze adreuli faqtebi
cnobilia Zv.w. III aTaswleulis II naxevariT daTariRebul
Zeglebze [Ивановский, 1811: 39]. ufro meti SemTxvevebia
krema-ciisa Suabrinjaos xanaSi. gvianbrinjaos xanidan
kremaciul samarxTa ricxvi ufro matulobs, igi sakmaod
gavrcelebu-lia Zv.w. II aTaswleulis bolo da Zv.w. I
aTaswleulis sawyisi saukeneebiT daTariRebul e.w.
`xojalar-qedabekur” Zeglebze [Ивановский, 1911: 148-157]. Zv.w.
VIII-VII saukuneebSi aRmosavleT da centralur samxreT
kavkasiaSi kremaciuli samarxebi did iSviaTobas
warmoadgenda [Абрамишвили, Боxочадзе и др., 1971:370-371] da
mxolod kolxuri samyarosTvis iyo Zalze damaxasiaTebeli
[Козенкова, 1982a: 27].
Zv.w. I aTaswleulis I meoTxediTaa daTariRebuli
araratis mTis siaxloves, sof. malaqlusTan aRmoCenili
kremaciuli samarovani _ e.w. `kolumbariumi”, romelic
kldovan miwaSi Cadgmul urnebs warmoadgenda. samarovani
saguldagulod iyo qvebiT dafaruli, TviT urnebi ki Tixis
jamebiT Tavdaxuruli. samarxuli inventari – rkinis danebi,
Subispirebi, isrispirebi, spilenZis WurWeli da samkauli
urnebis gverdiT iyo dawyobili. urnebSi mxolod ferfli
dadasturda, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom micvalebuli
mTlianad iwveboda. inventarTagan zogierTs, mag samkaulsa
da mZivebs aCndaT cecxlSi yofnis kvali – e.i.
micvalebulebs Cacmulebs wvavdnen, Tumca zogierT samka-
uls, mag. samajurebs cecxlis kvali ar etyoboda. urnebad
yovelTvis erTnairi, wiTeli, viwroyeliani, priala zedapi-
riani WurWeli gamoiyeneboda, romelic aseTive ferisa da
faqturis mqone jamebiT iyo Tavdaxuruli. yvela WurWeli
cal mxares iyo gaxvretili (rogorc Cans, ferflis Cayris
35
win), radgan isini adre albaT sayofacxovrebo daniSnu-
lebiT gamoiyeneboda. b. kuftini am samarovanis araratis
mTasTan arsebobas samxreT kavkasiaSi vanis samefos eqspan-
siiT xsnis da mas urartuli garnizonis sasaflaod miiCnevs.
erTaderTi inhumaciurad dakrZaluli micvalebuli ki,
romelic inventaris gaTvaliswinebiT qali unda yofiliyo.
b. kuftinis azriT, SeiZleba adgilobrivi mcxovrebi –
urartueli jariskacis coli iyo da rogorc Cans, Tavisi
eris tradiciisamebr daasaflaves [Куфтин, 1944: 69-78].
urartul `kolumbariums” ramdenadme waagavs moliTis
samarovanze aRmoCenili kremaciuli urnebi. iseve rogorc
malaqluSi, aqac urnebi kldovan miwaSi (faqtiurad kldis
napralSi) yofila moTavsebuli. magram malaqlus `kolumba-
riumisagan” gansxavebiT aq WurWeli yofila gaxvretili.
samwuxa-rod Zeglis gamomqveyneblebi ar azusteben, urnebSi
sruli kremacia dafiqsirda Tu mxolod nawilobrivi, rac am
SemTxvevaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca uamisodac `kolum-
bariumisagan” mas kidev bevri arsebiTi NniSani ganasxvavebs.
kerZod is, rom aq samarxeuli inventari Sedgeba mxolod
samkaulisagan. urnebi ar iyo gaxvretili da rogorc Cans,
arc erTgvarovani. samarovani Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiTaa
daTariRebuli [CubiniSvili, RambaSiZe, 1965: 8].
samxreT kavkasiaSi dakrZalvis wesis gavrcelebis
Taviseburi sqema SemogvTavaza v. kozenkovam [Козенкова, 1982a:
14-33]. m. trapSis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod kozenkovas
miaCnia, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli
wesi Semosulia CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, kerZod ki ruxtidan
(Cr. oseTi), saidanac is jer mezobel raWis teritoriaze
gavrcelda (brili), Semdeg ki kolxeTis dablobze
[Козенкова, 1982a: 27]. magram mkvlevaris azriT, dakrZalvis es
wesi arc CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvisaa avtoxtonuri da igi aq
samxreT ruseTis stepebsa da volgis qvemo welze mcxovrebi
36
e.w. `Zeluri kulturis“ matarebel xalxTan urTierTobis
Sedegad vrceldeba. Tumca kremacia am kulturaSic gare-
danaa Semotanili da Tu saidan amaze sxvadasxva mosazreba
arsebobs: erT-erTis Tanaxmad is aq andronovos kulturis
fiodorovos jgufTan urTierTobis Sedegad vrceldeba.
[Отрашенко, 1976: 185; Смирнов, 1957: 209-218; Мамонтов, 1980: 175].
v. kozenkova am Sexedulebebs ar iziarebs da Tvlis, rom
Zelur kulturaSi kremacia sabatinovos etapze Semovida
centraluri evropidan an dunaispireTidan, sadac gviani
brinjaos xanidan kremacia dakrZalvis TiTqmis erTaderTi
wesi iyo. e.i. v. kozenkovas mier danaxuli kremaciis
gavrcelebis marSruti aseTia: centraluri evropa, dunaispi-
reTi, samxreT ruseTis stepebi (Zeluri kulturis sabatino-
vos etapi), yobani (ruxta), dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi
(brili), kolxeTis dablobi. amis dasturad v. kozenkovas
yobanSi Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebis kompleqsebSi evropuli
warmomavlobis nivTebis arseboba moaqvs. kerZod, brinjaos
satevrebis zogierTi tipi, keramikuli WurWlisa da
samkaulis zogierTi saxeoba [Козенкова, 1982a:29]. amis
damadastureblad mkvlevari miiCnevs saqarTvelos
teritoriaze aRmoCenil iseT kompleqsebs, rogoricaa
Txmoris da obSkviTis ganZebi.
v. kozenkovas Teoriis mixedviT, Zv.w. II aTaswleulis
miwuruls Crdilo kavkasiaSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesisa
da evropuli (dunaispiruli) tipis iaraRisa da samkaulis
gamoCena indoevropeli tomebis dasavleTisaken moZraobas
ukavSirdeba. am periodSi dakrZalvis es wesi Tanaarsebobs
im droisaTvis sayovelTaod gabatonebul inhumaciur wesTan.
e.i. winareyobanur periodSi kremacia im ucxo eTnosis arse-
bobis damadasturebelia, romelic Semdgom adgilobriv
mosaxleobaSi aiTqvifa. yobanuri kulturis ZiriTadi
elementebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg dakrZalvis gabatonebul
wesad kvlav inhumacia darCa, kremacia ki arsebobas
37
ganagrZobs Crdilo-kavkasiuri mosaxleobis raRac garkveul
nawilSi da Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi samxreT kavkasiaSic,
kerZod kolxuri kulturis arealSi vrceldeba [Козенкова,
1982a: 30-31].
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sruliad gansxvavdeba
v. kozenkovas Teoriisagan l. neCaevas n. Clenovas da
v. krivickis mosazreba. maTi azriT dakrZalvis kremaciuli
wesi CrdiloeTkavkasiuri mosaxleobis arayobanuri nawilis-
Tvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. es mosaxleoba samxreT kavkasiuri
warmoSobis unda yofiliyo, sadac maTi azriT, dakrZalvis
kremaciuli wesi `farTod iyo gavrcelebuli”, e.i. isini
gvTavazoben v. kozenkovas marSrutis sapirispiro marSruts,
rodesac kremacia saqarTvelos teritoriidan vrceldeba
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [Кривицкий, Нечиева, Членова, 1978. 20].
yobanur kulturaSi kremaciis gavrcelebis gzebTan
dakavSirebiT arsebobs kidev erTi mosazreba, romelic am
movlenas skviTuri kulturis pirdapiri zegavleniT xsnis.
[Любин, 1964: 253-261. Алексеев, 1971: 58. Батчаев, 1979: 27].
CrdiloeT kavkasiis kremaciuli samarxebi iyofa or
jgufad adreulebad, romlebic Zv.w. XIII saukunis II
naxevriTa da Zv.w. XII saukuniT TariRdeba (ruxta eSkakoni,
mukulani da sxva) da gviandelebad, romlebic Zv.w. VII-VI
saukuneebiT TariRdeba (bulungu, karabaSevo) orive jgu-
fisTvis damaxasiaTebelia didi saerTo samarxi akldamebis
arseboba, romlis kedlebic qvis filebiTaa nagebi, adreul
etapze ki xis konstruqciebiTac. kremacia xdeboda samarxis
SigniT, samarxeul inventarTan erTad. samarxebi ZiriTadad
koleqtiurebia, Tumca aris sruli kremaciac (karabaSevo).
magram ZiriTadad mainc nawilobrivi kremaciaa gavrcele-
buli. sinqronuli samarxebi gamoirCevian inventaris
absoluturi erTgvarovnebiT da Zalian axlo msgavsebas
38
iCenen yobanisa da Tlias samarovnebis inventarTan. krema-
ciuli urnebi CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis ucnobia.
Cvenis azriT, ar unda iyos marTebuli v. kozenkovas
Teoria kolxur samarxebSi dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesis
Crdilouri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. amis safuZvels gvaZlevs
kolxuri (igulisxmeba centraluri da Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kolxeTi) da Crdilokavkasiur samarxebs Soris arsebuli
sagrZnobi gansxvaveba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ar gvxvdeba
kolxeTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saZvle ormoebi. arc
ovaluri formis samarx-ormoebSi Catarebuli kremaciis
ritualia damaxasiaTebeli, ise, rogorc es wiTel Suquraze
da guadixuSia. Crdilokavkasiuri kremaciuli samarxebi
yvelaze met siaxloves brilis kermaciul qvayuTebTan
pouloben da amdenad, yvelaze metad maTi dakavSirebaa
SesaZlebeli, miTumetes Tu maT geografiul siaxlovesac
gaviTvaliswinebT. argumentad ar gamodgeba agreTve
v. kozenkovas mier dadasturebuli evropuli warmoSobis
TiToorola nivTi, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriazea
aRmoCenili, magram adgilobrivi kulturebisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebel kompleqsebSi Sedis. mag: Txmoris ganZSi samxreT
kavkasiisaTvis ucxo nivTis, keltis arsebobas o. RambaSiZe
savsebiT marTebulad samxreT ruseTis stepebTan arsebuli
kulturul-ekonomikuri kavSirebis asaxvad miiCnes [Ramba-
SiZe o., 1963: 77].
amasTanave albaT arc l. neCaevas, n. Clenovasa da
v. krivickis mosazrebaa mTlad marTebuli, vinaidan Zv.w. XIII-
XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze kremacia srulebi-
Tac ar yofila ise `farTod gavrcelebuli”, rogorc amas
isini aRniSnaven, arc kolxursa da Crdilokavkasiur (ruxta)
masalas Soris SeiniSneba didi msgavseba.
yovelive amis fonze yvelaze marTebulad kvlav
m. trapSis mosazreba gamoiyureba, romelic Tvlis, rom
kolxeTis teritoriaze kremaciuli samarxebis warmoSobisa
39
da sadaurobis Ziebam dadebiTi Sedegi ver gamoiRo. rogorc
m. hiornesi wers: `ar SeiZleba or sxvadasaxva kulturaSi
SeniSnuli yovelgvari msgavseba maSinve erTi kulturidan
meoreSi Setanilad gamovacxadoT. gansakuTrebiT ki Tu es
sacxovrebel nagebobebsa da samarxebs exebaT” [Гернес, 1914:
80].
ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar gavamaxviloT borjomis
xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis samarxebSi arsebul zogierT
garemoebaze. mag: CiTaxevis #25 samarxSi aRmoCnda uamravi
Tvis qalis fragmenti. aseve mxolod Tavis qalis
fragmentebi gamovlinda borniReles #7 samrxSi. #11
samarxSi ki erTi inhumaciurad dakrZaluli micvalebuli da
ori Tavis qala aRmoCnda. sakmaod ucnauri SemTxveva
dafiqsirda borniReles #36 samarxSi, sadac micvalebuli
marcxena gverdze iyo dasvenebuli, Tavis qala ki marjvena
yvrimalis Zvalze ido.
am samarxebs garedan raime zemoqmedebis kvali ar
etyobaT. amdenad riT SeiZleba iyos yovelive es gamowveuli
Zneli asaxsnelia.
samarxebSi mxolod Tavis qalebis aRmoCenis faqtebi
mTlad ucxo movlena ar aris. mag.: aseTi suraTi dafiqsirda
RrmaxevisTavis #13 da #15 samarxebSi, romlebic agreTve
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [RrmaxevisaTvis arqeo-
logiuri Zeglebi 1980. 115, 117]. mxolod Tavis qalebi
dafiqsirda qvemo qarTlSi gaTxril kobalis gvianbrinjaos
xanis samarovanzec [Тушишвили, Амиранашвили, 1987: 18].
SesaZloa aq meorad dakrZalvasTanac gvqondes saqme,
magram vinaidan aseTi ram am samarovnebze mainc sakmaod
iSviaTobaa, gadaWriT amis Sesaxeb jer-jerobiT verafers
ver vityviT.
40
41
42
43
44
Tavi II. liTonis iaraRi
borjomis xeobis samarovnebis Cveni sakvlevi periodis
samarxebSi sakmaod mravlad aRmoCnda sabrZolo iaraRi.
rvelis samarovani am mxrivac gansxvavdeba danarCeni
samarovnebisgan. aq sabrZolo iaraRi garda skviTuri isris-
pirisa (#22 samarxi) ar aRmoCenila. agreTve gamovlinda ori
rkinis culi (#19 da #22 samarxebSi) da cxra rkinis dana
(#6, 7, 19, 22, 32, 40, 45, 48 samarxebSi). magram culebs da miT
umetes danebs wminda sabrZolo iaraRad ver miviCnevT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SesaZloa brZolaSic gamoiyene-
boda, ufro metad albaT mainc sameurneo da sayofacxov-
rebo daniSnuleba hqonda. es miT umetes cxadia rvelis
samarovnis masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, sadac ar dadasturda
iseTi wminda sabrZolo daniSnulebis iaraRi, rogoricaa
maxvilebi, satevrebi da Subispirebi.
rac Seexeba CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles
samarovnebs, yvela am saxeobis sabrZolo iaraRi dadasturda
da sakmaod uxvadac. kerZod, CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda:
ori maxvili (#15 da #22 samarxebSi): cxra satevari (#23,
26, 32, 70, 78, 85 samarxebSi): oci Subispiri (#8, 20, 22, 26, 29,
32, 70, 75, 95 samarxebSi): kviracxovlis samarovanze: oTxi
satevari (#29, 31, 55 samarxebSi) da ori Subispiri (#29
samarxSi).
borniReles samarovanze gamovlinda erTi maxvili (#8
samarxSi), ori satevari (#4 da #8 samarxebSi), cameti Subis-
piri (#2, 4, 8, 23, 32, 33, 46, 71, 80, 92 samarxebSi), ori isris-
piri (#761 samarxSi), xuTi culi (#1, 32, 65, 92 samarxebSi).
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi
umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi xdeba iaraRis warmoebaSi.
kerZod Zv.w. VIII saukunidan rkina xdeba mTavari masala
iaraRis dasamzadeblad. Tumca jer kidev mzaddeba brinjaos
an kombinirebuli (`bimetaluri~) iaraRi, Zv.w. VI saukunidan
45
brinjaos iaraRi warmoebidan mTlianad idevneba da mas
rkina cvlis. es tendencia savsebiT asaxulia borjomis
xeobis samarovnebze aRmoCenil masalaSic. aq aRmoCenili
sami maxvilidan erTi (nakluli) rkinisaa (CiTaxevis #22
samarxi), ori ki bimetaluri (CiTaxevis #15 da borniReles
#8 samarxebSi). TxuTmeti satevridan cameti rkinisaa da
mxolod ori brinjaosi (CiTaxevivs #26 da borniReles #92
samarxebSi), TerTmeti culidan rva rkinisaa da sami
brinjaosi da a.S.
m a x v i l e b i. CiTaxevis samarovanze gaTxrili
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli 44 samarxidan
maxvili aRmoCnda mxolod #15 da #22 samarxSi.
#15 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili ido kremaciul urna-
qoTanSi, micvalebulis damwvar Zvlebsa da sxva samarxeul
inventars Soris. igi specialurad iyo moxrili.
es maxvili rkinisaa, Zlier daJanguli, wveris nawili
motexili aqvs, tari aklia, sakmaod viwroa, wverTan odnav
gafarToebuli. mTels sigrZeze dauyveba qedi. sataresTan
odnav Seviwrovebulia. misi zomebia: sigrZe 55.5; udidesi
sigane 0.40; sigane wverTan 0.50 sm. vinaidan mas aklia
iaraRis erT-erTi mTavari komponenti _ tari, ufro albaT
maxvilis pirad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
garda maxvilisa, samarxSi aRmoCnda: brinjaos mrgval-
ganivkveTiani, Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi: ori cali rkinis
Tavgamsxvilebuli, Zlier daJanguli sakinZi, brinjaos
erTwiladi mSvildiseburi fibula.
maxvili aRmoCnda agreTve CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi. es
maxvilic, ise rogorc #15 samarxis amgvari nivTi naklulia,
gaaCnia arasruli tari, magram mainc SedarebiT ukeTesadaa
Senaxuli. sakmaod grZelia, Sua adgilas SedarebiT Seviwro-
vebuli, SenarCunebuli aqvs forma, brinjaos salte da
qarqaSi. maxvili sakmaod grZelia, Sua adgilas SedarebiT
46
Seviwrovebuli. vadasTan SemorCenili aqvs brinjaos mxatv-
rulad gaformebuli salte, mis erT mxares samkuTxeduri
RiobebiT gamosaxulia dekori, romelic Zalze mogvagonebs
or gabrwyinebul, sxivebian mzes. maxvilis am farTo rkals
zemoT SemorCenili aqvs viwro da SedarebiT sqeli brinjaos
salte. farTo salte meore mxaresac ramdenime adgilas
amoWrilia da samkuTxeduri RiobebiT Seqmnilia dekora-
tiuli formebi. salte qveviT erT adgilas SeWrilia.
saxelurTan maxvils aqvs ori samanWvle naxvreti, romelSic
SerCenilia erTi bronjaos manWvlis fragmenti. maxvilis
sigrZea 44; sigane manWvlebTan 65.5; saltis sigane 5.7; sigane
Seviwrovebul adgilas 3.3; sigane Sua adgilas 5; sigane
boloSi 4.8; sigane wverTan 1.1 sm (tab. XIII2).
garda maxvilisa #22 samarxSi aRmoCnda rkinis kolxu-
ri meore tipis (o. jafariZis klasifikaciiT) [jafariZe, 1950]
culi, rkinis masragaxsnili Subispiri, vercxlis sasafeTq-
le rgoli, minis mZivebi da Tixis sami tolCa.
borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili erTader-
Tia, romelsac SemorCenili aqvs taric da piric. igic iseve,
rogorc CiTaxevis #15 samarxis maxvili kremaciul urna-
qoTanSi aRmoCnda, ris gamoc sagrZnoblad moxrilia.
maxvili ganekuTvneba e.w. `bimetalur~ iaraRTa kategorias,
vinaidan aqvs brinjaos tari da rkinis piri.
tari sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: zeda nawili momrgvale-
bulia da SedarebiT farTo, qveviT misi fuZe Cazneqilia da
aqvs Rari, zeviT aRmarTulia Sverili, saidanac gamodis
taris Sua nawili, romelic Seviwroebulia. igi uerTdeba
taris qveda nawils, romelic agreTve SuaSi viwrovdeba.
zeda da qveda nawilebs erTmaneTis sapirispirod mimarTuli
Sverelebi aqvs. fuZe erT adgilas orive mxares naxevrad
wriuladaa SeWrili. maxvili SedarebiT viwroa, misi qveda
nawili odnav Sezneqilia. aqvs wawvetebuli bolo. Sua
adgilas orive mxares dauyveba sakmaod maRali qedi.
47
maxvilis sigrZea 38; taris sigrZe 12; taris zeda nawi-
lis sigane 3; Sua nawilis sigane 1.2; piris udidesi sigane
3.5; sigane wverTan 1.2 sm (tab XIII1).
garda maxvilisa, #8 kremaciul samarxSi aRmoCnda ori
brinjaos Subispiri, rkinis danis natexebi, brinjaos
mrgvalganivkveTiani sakinZi, rkinis Reraki, kremaciul urnad
gamoyenebuli iyo Tixis qoTani, romelic Tixisave jamiT iyo
Tavdaxuruli.
samive maxviliani samarxi zogadad Zv.w. VIII-VII saukune-
ebiT TariRdeba, Tumca masSi aris iseTi nivTebi, romlebic
ufro konkretuli daTariRebis saSualebas iZlevian. aseTia
magaliTad CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis kolxu-
ri culi (tab. XXI4). rkinis culebi, romlebic brinjaos
culebis minabaZs warmoadgens gamoCenas iwyebs Zv.w. VII
saukunis meore naxevridan (abramiSvili, 1957: 132-133) daax-
loebiT amave da cotaTi adreuli periodiT unda
daTariRdes borniReles #8 samarxic, romlis urnad
gamoyenebul qoTanSi aRmoCnda Zalze saintereso Subispiri
(tab. XVIII4-5). masris gravirebisa da mxatvrulad gaformebis
stiliT igi axlos dgas e.w. `kolxur-yobanur~ kulturaSi
cnobil masalasTan, romelic Zv.w. XI-VI saukuneebis
qronologiur CarCoSi eqceva [amiranaSvili, 1944: 38. �����,
1991]. samTavros Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis fenis samarxebze
dakvirvebisas, r. abramiSvili mivida im daskvnamde, rom am
periodis samarxebSi, momdevno xanis samarxebTan SedarebiT,
meti raodenobiT gvxvdeba brinjaos iaraRi, maT Soris
Subispirebic [abramiSvili, 1957:133], am SemTxvevaSi
gasaTvaliswinebelia borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili
Subispiris msgavseba samTavrulTan.
rkinis maxvilebi specialurad aravis Seuswavlia.
zogadad ki maxvilebisa da satevrebis Sesaxeb bevr mecniers
aqvs saintereso naSromi. mag. g. lomTaTiZis `brinjaos
satevrebi da maxvilebi samTavros uZveles samarxebSi~.
48
brinjaos maxvilebisadmi specialuri Tavia miZRvnili
k. ficxelauris wignSi: `ior-alaznis teritoriaze mosaxle
tomTa uZvelesi kultura~, samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze
aRmoCenili brinjaosa da rkinis maxvilebi vrcladaa ganxi-
luli m. pogrebovas wignSi: “Вооружение и войско Центрального
и Восточного Закавказья в эпохи поздней бронзы и раннего железа” da
“Иран и Закавказье в раннем железном веке”. samTavros samarovanze
gamovlenili maxvilebis daTariRebas exeba r. abramiSvili
Tavis naSromSi `samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili gviani
brinjaosa da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis Zeglebis
daTariRebisaTvis~. TrialeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenil
maxvilebs exeba b. kuftini monografiaSi: “Археологические
расскопки в Триалети”. Т. 1. skviTuri maxvilebisadmia miZRvnili
n. sokolskis naSromi: “Вооружение совроматов” da sxva.
maxvilebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. zogi mecnieri
metismetad afarToebs maxvilis cnebas da mas uZvelesi da
umartivesi formebidan momdinared miiCnevs. maxvilebis
prototipebad Tvlian iseT primitiul iaraRs, rogoricaa
xis keti, kaJis satevari da TviT avstraliuri bumerangic ki.
Tumca eTnografiul sinamdvileSi, zogierT pirvelyofil
tomSi dadasturebulia xis maxvilebic, magram es mainc ar
CaiTvleba liTonis maxvilebis prototipad. qarTveli
mecnierebi: g. lomTaTiZe [lomTaTiZe, 1974], a. kalandaZe
[kalandaZe, 1959] da sxvebi im azrisa arian, rom maxvili
brinjaos industriis nayofia da pirvelad Sua brinjaos
xanaSi Cndeba. amis damadastureblad maT moaqvT samTavros
samarovanze yvelaze adreuli, Sua brinjaos xanis yorRanul
samarxSi sakmaod didi, TiTqmis erT metramde sigrZis
maxvilis arseboba [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 102]. g. nioraZe maxvile-
bis prototipad miiCnevda spilenZis farTopirian satevars
49
da metad grZeli piris mqone, winaaziaSi gavrcelebul
najaxs [nioraZe, 1931: 190].
maxvilis damzadeba moiTxovda metalurgiis ganviTare-
bis gansakuTrebul dones. es nivTi gamZlec da magaric
unda yofiliyo. (unda gaeZlo mTeli Zal-RoniT ZgerebisaT-
vis) amitom yvelaze kargi masala mis dasamzadeblad
brinjao iqneboda, Tumca aqa-iq, mag. kretaze aRmoCenilia
spilenZis maxvilebic. specialistebis didi umravlesoba
maxvilebis prototipad satevars miiCnevs da es asec unda
iyos. maxvili albaT sxva araferia, Tu ara didi satevari,
romelic xSirad imeorebs satevris formebs. droTa
ganmavlobaSi ki igi mxolod misTvis damaxasiTebel formas
Rebulobda [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 85]. g. lomTaTiZe zogierTi
evropeli mecnieris (bone, galingi da sxva) msgavsad
satevarisa da maxvilis zomas Soris pirobiT zRvrad 40 sm.
Tvlis da amisda mixedviT gamoyofs da ajgufebs iaraRis am
or saxeobas [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 86].
maxvili SeteviTi iaraRia, igi ZiriTadad xelCarTul
brZolaSi gamoiyeneboda da ori funqcia hqonda: Zgereba -
gangmirva da Cexva. iaraRis formas maTi moxmarebis
ragvaroba ganapirobebda da bunebrivia, rom am faqtorebma
sxvadasxva regionSi erTmaneTis damoukidblad iCina Tavi.
amisda mixedviT iqmneboda maxvilTa sxvadasxva tipi: e.w.
`grZeli maxvili~ saZgerebeli iaraRia da igi Txeli javSniT
aRWurvili mtris winaaRmdeg SesaZloa yofiliyo
gamoyenebuli. Tumca amave dros kveTis funqciac hqonda
SenarCunebuli. e.w. `bolokveTili maxvilebi~ ki SesaZloa
gamoyenebuli yofiliyo mxolod saCexad, e.i. iseTi mtris
winaagmdeg, romelic liTonis javSniT ar iqneboda
aRWurvili. g. lomTaTiZis azriT, aseTi maxvili cxenosani
mebrZolis iaraRi unda yofiliyo da cxendacxen brZolaSi
Zalze mosaxerxebeli [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 87-88]. rac Seexeba
wvermomrgvalebul maxvilebs (swored aseTi kategoriis
50
maxvilebs miekuTvnebian borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili zemoT
naxsenebi sami maxvili), ormagi funqciis matarebeli unda
yofiliyo: saZgerebladac ASeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT da saCex-
sakveTadac. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisidan rkinis
TandaTan aTvisebasTan dakavSirebiT, maxvilis ganviTare-
baSic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba. brinjaos maxvilebis
gverdiT TandaTanobiT Semodis rkinis maxvilebic, oRond
maT tari brinjaosgan ukeTdebodaT. aseT iaraRs `bimeta-
lurs~ uwodeben. Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi yvelaze metad
swored `bimetaluri~ maxvilebia gavrcelebuli. saerTod ki
rkinis maxvilebi Zvw. XII-XI saukuneebidan Cndeba. Jak de
morganis mier musi-ieris samarovnis #472 qvayuTSi aRmoCe-
nil maxvils r. abramiSvili Zv.w. XI saukuniT aTariRebs
[abramiSvili, 1961: 332-333] Zv.w. 1200 wliT TariRdeba iranSi
geoi-Tefeze aRmoCenili Zlier daSlili rkinis maxvilic.
bimetaluri rkinis satevrebi ki gacilebiT adre Cndeba
saqarTvelos teritoriazec. mag. beSTaSenis Coguloviseul
kompleqsSi aRmoCenil rkinis satevars, metad originaluri
brinjaos tariT, r. abramiSvili gvianbrinjaos xanis
adreuli etapiT – Zv.w. XV-XIVss-iT aTariRebs [abramiSvili,
1961: 375].
Zv.w. VIII saukunidan brinjaos maxvilebi TandaTan
adgils uTmoben bimetalur maxvilebs. Zv.w. VI saukunidan ki
maxvilebi mTlianad rkinisaa.
am droisTvis mtkvris CrdiloeTiT mdebare raionebSi,
brinjaos tarebi xSirad inarCunebs TavianT Zvel formebs.
amasTan erTad Zv.w. VIII saukunis bolodan aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebas iwyebs axali tipis
bimetaluri iaraRi, romelTac gansxvavebuli formis tarebi
axasiaTebs. mag. iranuli warmoSobis e.w. orkapa tariani
maxvilebi.
brinjaos figurultarian e.w. `samTavrul~ maxvilebs
b. piotrovski urartudan momdinared miiCnevs, romelTac
51
Seerwya adgilobrivi formac da Seiqmna sruliad axali
`samTavruli~ tipi. [Пиотровский, 1949: 57-59]. amave azrisaa
m. pogrebovac [Погребова, 1984: 49].
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebulia rkinis
maxvilebis sami tipi. esaa `samTavruli~ tipi, e.w. `orkapa~
tariani maxvili da skviTuri akinakebi, romlebic Zv.w. VII
saukunidan iwyeben gamoCenas.
gacilebiT Znelad SeiZleba gaeces pasuxi imas, Tu
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul rkinis maxvilebis romel tips
miekuTvneba borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili maxvilebi,
vinaidan, rogorc avRniSneT, sami maxvilidan ors ara aqvs
tari, romelic maxvilis tipis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
ganmsazRvrelia. xolo erTaderTi mTlianad SemorCenili
borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvilis taric rkinis
maxvilebisaTvis sakmaod originaluria da mis zust
analogias samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze Cven ver
mivakvlieT. misi mTavari niSania e.w. `sokoseburi~ Tavi,
romlis zeda nawili momrgvalebulia, xolo qveda nawili
Sezneqili. saerTod e.w. `sokoseburi~ tari sakmaod Zveli
formaa. mag. aseTi tari aqvs egvipteSi aRmoCenil qvis
satevars [nioraZe,E 1931: 190]. egvipturi satevris es tari
ramdenadme waagavs borniReles maxvilis taris zeda nawils,
Tumca maT Soris raime genetikuri kavSiris arsebobis
Sesaxeb laparakic zedmetia. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi
sokoseburi Tavi aqvs dablagomSi aRmoCenil rkinis maxvils
[Куфтин, 1949: 38. табл. 11], urekis samarovanis #3 ormosamarxSi
aRmoCenil brinjaos satevars [miqelaZe, 1985: tab. XII],
ergetis samarovanze, adgil naakardamuSi gamovlenil
brinjaos satevarebis tarebs [Микеладзе, Хахутаишвили: 1974.
Табл. LХV]. brinjaos satevrebi gvxvdeba Tlias samarovanze.
mag: #52 samarxSi [Техов, 1981: 38. таб. III]. brinjaos maxvilis
ramdenadme msgavsi saxeluri aRmoCenilia iranSi da rogorc
52
misi gamomqveynebeli m. pogrebova aRniSnavs, igi winaaziuri
warmoSobisa unda iyos [Погребова, 1977: 43].
yvela zemoCamoTvili satevrebi da maxvilebi (garda
iranuli maxvilebisa) aRmoCenilia iseT adgilebSi, romle-
bic kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba. es ki SesaZleb-
lobas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom am tipis, e.i. sokosebur-
Taviani taris mqone iaraRma swored aq miiRo farTo
gavrceleba. albaT aseTi tipis tarisgan ganviTarda iseTi
ufro rTuli da daxvewili tarebi, rogoric aqvs
borniReles maxvils. yvelaze metad es tari mogvagonebs
TrialeTSi, sof. beSTaSenSi, adgil safar-xarabasTan
b. kuftinis mier gaTxril #11 samarxSi aRmoCenil brinjaos
satevris tars da WiaTuris raionis sof. nigozeTSi
SemTxveviT aRmoCenil, mSvenivrad ornamentirebul maxvilis
tars. b. kuftini maT `kolxur-yobanur~ kulturis wres
miakuTvnebs da Zv.w. VIII saukuniT aTariRebs [Куфтин, 1941: 69].
msgavsi tariani bimetaluri iaraRi aRmoCenilia xaSuris
nacargoraze #502 samarxSi. es taric ornamentirebulia.
samarxi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba. [ramiSvili,
2001: 159. tab. IX1618].
aRniSnuli garemoeba kidev erTxel adasturebs im
azrs, rom gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi kolxuri
kulturis wre Sors scildeboda sakuTriv kolxeTis
geografiul CarCoebs da mesxeTsa da borjomis xeobasac
moicavda.
rac Seexeba CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenil maxvils
(tab. XIII2), marTalia isic naklulia, tari ara aqvs, magram
gaaCnia brinjaos salte, romelic mSvenivradaa ornamentire-
buli, kerZod, mis erT mxares aRbeWdilia samkuTxeduri
RiobebiT Seqmnili gabrwyinebuli mzis msgavsi ornamenti,
xolo meore mxares ori, wveriT erTmaneTisaken mimarTuli
samkuTxeduri Riobi.
53
tars qvemoT brinjaos salteebi damaxasiaTebelia
samTavruli tipis rkinis maxvilebisaTvis. maTTvis damaxasia-
Tebelia agreTve taris mxatvruli gaformeba. maT Soris
samkuTxeduri RiobebiTac. (mag: samTavros CrdiloeT ubnis
#272 samarxSi aRmoCenili maxvili). mxatvrulad gaforme-
buli brinjaos salte ki metad iSviaTia, xolo iseTi
ornamentiT damSvenebuli, rogoric aqvs CiTaxevis #22
samarxis maxvils, Cven sxvagan arsad gveguleba.
borniRelis #8 da CiTaxevis #15 samarxebSi aRmoCenili
maxvilebi dazianebul mdgomareobaSia. isini moxrilad iyo
Cadebuli qoTnebSi adamianis damwvar ZvlebTan da sxva
inventarTan erTad. saerTod WirisufalTa mier maxvilebis
Zalad waxdena - moxra sakmaod cnobili movlenaa da xSirad
gvxvdeba. gansakuTrebiT xSiria amgvari faqtebi samTavros
samarovanze. es tradicia cnobilia agreTve saqarTvelos
gareTac. rogorc mezobel regionebSi, ise sinqronuli
periodis evropul kulturebSic [Motzenbaker, 1997: 334-335].
sagulisxmoa isic, rom ufro adreul xanaSi, rodesac
iaraRi ZiriTadad brinjaosagan mzaddeboda, es movlena
ufro iSviaTi iyo da maSin is iaraRis gatexvaSi aisaxeboda.
adreuli rkinisa da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi ki es
movlena sagrZnoblad gaxSirda da iaraRis gafuWeba, ufro
xSirad mis moRunvaSi gamoixateboda. Tu ra iyo amis mizezi
Zneli saTqmelia. SesaZloa ramdenime versiis daSveba: iqneb
es dakavSirebuli iyo religiur tradiciasTan, an ubralod
iaraRi Zvirad fasobda da mZarcvelebi mis mosapoveblad
samarxis gaZarcvasac ar eridebodnen da a.S. magram gadaWriT
romelime versiis mtkiceba ra Tqma unda Znelia. aq mxolod
erTi ramis Tqma SegviZlia: borniReles #8 da CiTaxevis #15
samarxebSi aRmoCenili maxvilebi Tixis WurWelSi aRmoCnda,
sadac maTi moRunvis gareSe moTavseba SeuZlebelia. Tumca
rogorc avRniSneT, bevria imis magaliTi, rom ganzrax
54
moRunuli maxvilebi xSirad gvxvdeba inhumaciur
samarxebSic.
maxvili iseTi iaraRia, rom misi SiSvlad tareba
SeuZlebelia da aucileblad qarqaSSi unda yofiliyo
moTavsebuli. qarqaSi ki arcTu ise bevria aRmoCenili. es
albaT imiT unda aixsnas, rom is mzaddeboda iseTi
masalisgan, romelic miwaSi didxans ver Zlebda _
ZiriTadad albaT xisgan da tyavisgan. bolo ki SedarebiT
myari masalisgan damzadebuli unda hqonoda, radgan
maxvilis wvers ar gaexvrita an ar gaexia. aseT masalad ki,
rogorc Cans, yvelaze xSirad brinjaos iyenebdnen. Cvenamde
moaRwia araerTma brinjaosgan damzadebulma qarqaSis bolom
(mag. brilis samarovnis Zv.w. VII_VI saukuneebis samarxebSi
aRmoCenili qarqaSis brinjaos boloebi). bevri maTgani
mxatvruladaa gaformebuli da mtacebel cxovels
mogvagonebs. zedapiri Semkulia nair-nairi geometriuli
saxeebiT: spiralebiT, samkuTxedebiT, texili xazebiT.
mogvianebiT, Zv.w. V saukunidan boloebis SemosaWedad
brinjaos sada furclebs xmarobdnen [gobejiSvili, 1959: 192].
CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi maxvilTan erTad aRmoCnda
brinjaosgan damzadebuli qarqaSis bolo. misi sigrZe 20 sm-
ia, sigane zeda nawilSi 6 sm; sigane qveda nawilSi 5.6 sm:
sisqe zeda nawilSi 2 sm; sisqe qveda nawilSi 1.8 sm. is
aRmoCnda micvalebulis xerxemlis ukan da amave samarxSi
aRmoCenil rkinis maxvils ekuTvnoda. qarqaSis zeda nawili
damSvenebulia gverdigverd myofi TavSeqceuli samkuTxa
RiobebiT. mTel sigrZeze dauyveba kanelurebi. qarqaSis
qveda nawils amSvenebs ori, fuZiT erTmaneTisken miqceuli
samkuTxa Riobi. qveda nawilSi erT mxares aqvs samanWvle
naxvreti, xolo zeda nawilSi, Sua adgilas brinjaos
naxevarrkali. qarqaSi maxvilis TiTqmis naxevars faravs
(tab. XIII3).
55
msgavsi qarqaSebi gvxvdeba samTavros samarovanze #174
da #293 samarxebSi. pirveli maTgani Zv.w. VIII da VII
saukunis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba. xolo meore Zv.w. VII
saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT [abramiSvili,
1957. tab 1111. 68]. msgavsi qarqaSebi aRmoCenilia karmir-
blurzec [Пиотровский, 1952]. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili
qarqaSi uornamentoa da amiT gansxvavdeba CiTaxevis #22
samarxSi aRmoCenili qarqaSisgan. aseTi qarqaSebi hqondaT
iseT maxvilebs, romlebic `samTavrulad~ iwodebian. amitom
SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi
aRmoCenili maxvilic `samTavruli~ SeiZleba yofiliyo. am
varauds amagrebs aRniSnuli maxvilis saltec, romelic
samkuTxa RiobebiT Seqmnili dekoriTaa ornamentirebuli.
amgvari RiobebiT Seqmnili ornamenti ki bevri samTavruli
maxvilis tars amSvenebs (mag. #70 samarxis cnobili orkapa
tariani maxvili, CrdiloeT ubnis #272 samarxis maxvili,
saTovlis maxvili) da sxva [mcxeTa VI. nax. 678,
badriaSvili, 1953: 232-234].
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, gabatonebulia varaudi, rom
msgavsi brinjaos qarqaSebi mxolod xis an tyavis qarqaSis
boloebia, magram CiTaxevis #22 samarxis qarqaSi iZleva imis
SesaZleblobas, rom vivaraudoT, es qarqaSia da ara qarqaSis
bolo. saqme imaSia, rom aRniSnul nivTs zeda nawilze,
orive mxares aqvs brinjaos naxevarrkali (tab. XIII3),
romelic SeiZleba samxariRlie Tasmis gasayreli yofiliyo,
marTalia qarqaSi maxvils mxolod naxevars faravs, magram
igi savsebiT daicavda meomars iaraRis sxeulSi SerWobisgan,
xolo maxvilis zeda nawils misTvis TviT didi moZraobis
drosac ki ar SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina. gadaWriT imis
mtkiceba, rom es swored ase iyo da ara sxvagvarad Zneli
saqmea, miT umetes, rom Cven jerjerobiT ar gveguleba iseTi
qarqaSebi, romlebsac naxevarrkalebi aqvs.
56
samwuxarod, gadaWriT verafers vityviT, Tu rogori
iyo zemoaRniSnuli maxvilebis tarebis wesi. maTi aRmoCenis
viTareba amaze veraviTar warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis,
vinaidan ori maxvili aRmoCenilia Tixis WurWelSi, xolo
erTi micvalebulis ConCxisagan sakmaod moSorebiT.
saerTod ki maxvilTa tarebis orgvari wesia cnobili.
erTi maTgani mkvlevarTa (g. lomTaTiZe, a. kalandaZe) mier
saxeldeba rogorc `asurul-babilonur-urartuli~ wesi.
aseTad miiCneven isini saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi
dacul urartuli qvis qandakebaze gamosaxul maxvilis
tarebis wess. am qandakebaze Torosan-Cafxutosan mamakacs
marcxena gverdze hkidia grZeli da viwro maxvili, romelic
rogorc Cans, Camokidebulia wels irgvliv Semotymuli
grZeli da farTo TasmiT, sadac rgolia gayrili. samwuxa-
rod qandakeba dazianebulia da samxariRlie nawili kargad
ver SeimCneva. yovel SemTxvevaSi savaraudoa, rom igi
marjvena mxarze yofiliyo gadakidebuli.
maxvilTa tarebis es Cveuleba saerTod gansxvavdeba im
wesisgan, romelic boRazqois bareliefzea gamosaxuli. aq
maxvili qarqaSSia garWobili. g. lomTaTiZisa da a.
kalandaZis azriT, maxvilTa tarebis samTavruli wesi,
ZiriTadad `urartul-asurul-babilonuris~ msgavsi yofila.
e.i. es maxvilebi aRWurvili yofila samxariRlie TasmiT
(portupeiT) [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 43. kalandaZe, 1959: 174].
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenil
maxvils qarqaSis zeda nawilSi aqvs ori naxevarrkaluri
brinjaos Sverili, romelic SesaZloa Tasmis gasayrelic
yofiliyo. Tu es varaudi sworia, maSin am maxvils albaT
daaxloebiT iseve atarebdnen, rogorc samTavrul maxvilebs
_ e.i. `urartuli-asuruli-babilonuri” wesiT. TviT maxvili
Cveni varaudiT `samTavruli” maxvilebis tips unda
miekuTvnebodes.
57
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi – e.i. Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebSi, rkinis iaraRis gverdiT jer kidev xmarebaSia
brinjaos iaraRic (Subispirebi, culebi, isrispirebi da
sxva), magram maxvilebi ratomRac ZiriTadad yovelTvis
rkinisagan mzaddeba, mxolod tari Tu ukeTdeboda
brinjaosi. gvian brinjaos xanis Semdeg TiTqmis arsad
vxvdebiT brinjaos maxvilebs. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?
jer erTi, maxvili xelCarTul brZolaSi gamosayenebeli
iaraRia da igi gacilebiT gamZle unda yofiliyo, vidre sxva
iaraRi. amitomac igi gamZle da magari masalisagan –
rkinisagan mzaddeboda. meore, gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
maxvili privilegirebuli pirebis iaraRi unda yofiliyo da
xSirad rigiT mebrZolebs arc hqondaT. g. lomTaTiZe
maxvils `oficrul” iaraRsac ki uwodebs [lomTaTiZe, 1974:
155]. Tu es marTlac ase iyo gasagebia, rom `oficruli”
iaraRi ufro Zvirfasi da saimedo masalisgan iqneboda
damzadebuli. Cvens SemTxvevaSi am mosazrebas amagrebs
Semdegi garemoebebic: CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCenili
maxvilis salte mxatvruladaa gaformebuli. savaraudod
misi taric iseve rogorc bevri sxva bimetaluri iaraRis
tari aseTi iqneboda. garda amisa samarovnebze sul sami
maxvilia aRmoCenili, maSin rodesac am periodis samarxebSi
sakmaod uxvadaa iseTi iaraRi, rogoricaa Subispirebi da
satevrebi. is samarxebi ki, romlebSic maxvilebi aRmoCnda
SedarebiT mdidrul samarxebs warmoadgenen. yovelive es ki
Cveni varaudiT amyarebs im azris siswores, rom maxvilebi
marTlac ar iyo Cveulebrivi `rigiTi mebrZolebis” iaraRi
da igi privilegirebuli pirovnebis iaraRs da SesaZloa misi
xelisuflebisa da ierarqiuli mdgomareobis simbolos
warmoadgenda.
s a t e v r e b i. satevrebi da maxvilebi arsebiTad
erT wyarodan mokle satevridan gamomdinare iaraRia,
58
satevari sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi, brinjaos xanidan XX saukunemde.
termini ,,satevari” samecniero literaturaSi g. lomTa-
TiZem daamkvidra [lomTaTiZe, 1974: 41]. is ZiriTadad dasav-
leT saqarTveloSi ixmareboda, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTve-
loSi sityva xanjali Seesityviseboda.
satevari xelCarTul brZolaSi gamosayenebeli iaraRia.
igi ZiriTadad saZgereblad gamoiyeneboda da maxvilisagan
gansxvavebiT kveTa-Cexvis funqcia ar hqonda. saqarTvelos
teritoriaze satevrebi adrebrinjaos xanidan iwyebs
gamoCenas. iaraRis es saxeobac, iseve rogorc maxvilebi,
monografiulad Seiswavla g. lomTaTiZem [lomTaTiZe, 1974].
manve mogvca brinjaos satevrebis klasifikacia samTavros
samarovanze aRmoCenili masalis mixedviT. mkvlevarma
brinjaos satevrebi dayo or tipad da ramdenime qvetipad.
pirveli tipi g. lomTaTiZis klasifikaciiT aris e.w.
`foTliseburi” satevrebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv sam
qvetipad iyofa. 1) uqedo satevrebad; 2) viwroqedian
satevrebad da 3) farToqedian satevrebad. II tips ganekuTv-
neba brinjaos tariani satevrebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv or
qvetipad iyofa: 1) Sedgeniltarian da 2) mTlianadsxmul
satevrebad.
rkinis xanaSi satevrebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad matu-
lobs. isini ra Tqma unda umetesad rkinisganaa damzadebuli,
Tumca iseve rogorc maxvilebs, garkveul etapze tari
brinjaosgan ukeTdeboda. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom
garkveul periodSi rkinis satevrebi brinjaos satevrebis
formebs imeorebda.
kolxeTis teritoriaze adrerkinis xanaSi aRmoCenili
satevrebis klasifikacia mogvca T. miqelaZem [miqelaZe, 1985:
34-40]. brinjaos satevrebs igi or tipad yofs: 1) wagrZe-
lebuli foTlis formis orferda satevrebad da 2) mTlia-
nadsxmul satevrebad. pirveli tipis satevrebSi is or
59
qvetips gamoyofs: 1) gluvzedapirian da linziseburgani-
kveTian satevrebs da 2) erT da or mwkriva RarebiT Semkul
satevrebs, romlebsac mkveTri rombiseburi an aseve mkveTrad
SemaRlebuli, oRond momrgvalebuli ganivkveTi aqvT
[miqelaZe, 1985: 35].
T. miqelaZis klasifikaciiT rkinis satevrebi or jgu-
fad unda gaiyos: satevrebad, romlebic genetikurad kolxur
samyaros ganekuTneba da skviTuri samyarosTvis damaxasia-
Tebel satevrebad.
TviT kolxuri samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebel satevrebs
T. miqelaZe ramdenime tipad yofs: pirvel tips Seadgens
rkinis kolxuri satevrebi, romlebic brinjaos prototipe-
bidan momdinareobs da romlebic am prototipebis msgavsad
or tipad iyofa: linziseburganikveTian yunwian satevrebad
da Rarebian satevrebad, mkveTrad rombiseburi an momrgvale-
buri ganikveTiT [miqelaZe, 1985: 39].
meore tipia viwro da grZeli satevrebi, SuaSi maRali
momrgvaleburi qediT da sworkuTxa satareTi, romelsac
erTi an ori samanWvle aqvs.
mesame tipi ki brinjaostariani rkinis satevaria
[miqelaZe, 1985: 39].
T. miqelaZis klasifikaciisagan garkveulwilad gansxva-
vebuli sqema SemogvTavaza r. papuaSvilma. man kolxeTis
samarovnebze aRmoCenili brinjaos satevrebi sam jgufad
dayo. TiToeul jgufSi gaaerTiana ramdenime tipi, xolo
maTgan gamoyo ramdenime varianti. igi calke tipad
ganixilavs biemtalur satevrebs [papuaSvili, 19-42].
Tlias samarovanze aRmoCenili satevrebis formalur-
tipologiuri dayofisa da daTariRebis sakiTxebs exeba
b. texovic [Техов, 1977: 87-110].
CvenTvis yvelaze misaReb da optimalur variantad T.
miqelaZiseuli klasifikacia CavTvaleT da borjomis xeobaSi
aRmoCenili satevrebis ganxilvisas swored mas veyrdnobiT.
60
misi klasifikaciis sqema amgvaria: kolxeTSi aRmoCenili
satevrebi or ZiriTad nawilad iyofa: brinjaosa da rkinis
satevrebad. brinjaos satevrebSi ori tipi gamoirCeva:
yunwiani da mTlianadsxmuli. yunwiani satevrebic or
qvetipad iyofa: linziseburganivkveTianebad da daRarul-
pirianebad.
rac Seexeba rkinis satevrebs, T. miqelaZe maT 6 saxeo-
bad yofs: 1) yunwian satevrebad, romlebic brinjaos proto-
tipebidan gamomdinareoben da am prototipebis msgavsad or
qvetipad iyofian: linziseburganivkveTian da Rarebian
satevrebad. 2) sworkuTxatarian satevrebad. 3) brinjaos
figurultarian satevrebad. 4) rkinis satevrebad, romlebsac
figuruli brinjaos tari aqvT da imeoreben brinjaos
pirveli tipis mTlianadsxmuli satevris formas. 5) rkinis
satevrebad sokoseburTaviani tariT, romelsac T. miqelaZe
kolxeTSi garedan Semotanilad miiCnevs. 6) rkinis satevre-
bad romlebic mesame saxeobis brinjaos satevrebis formas
imeoreben da romlebic e.w. `winaaziuri~ tipis satevrebs
miekuTvnebian [Микеладзе, 1990: 58-59. табл. XXV]. calke
ganixilavs is skviTuri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel
satevrebs - e.w. akinakebs.
CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da borniReles samarovnebis
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxxebSi aRmoCnda
15 satevari. CiTaxevis samarovanze cxra (#23, 26, 32, 70, 78, 85
samarxebSi) aqedan Svidi rkinisa da ori brinjaosi.
kviracxovlis samarovanze oTxi #29 (2 c.) 31, 55 samarxebSi.
oTxive rkinisa. borniReles samarovanze #4 da #8
samarxebSi, aqedan erTi brinjaosi da erTi rkinisa. CiTaxevs
#26 samarxSi aRmoCenili satevari ki e.w. `bimetaluri~
iaraRis kategorias miekuTvneba, radgan mas aqvs rkinis piri
da brinjaos tari (tab. XIV-XV).
brinjaos satevrebi yvela naklulia. maT tari akliaT
da amdenad SeiZleba iTqvas, satevris pirebs ufro
61
warmoadgenen. samive maTgani yunwiania. borniReles #4
samarxSi aRmoCenil satevars yunwze aqvs erTi samanWvle
naxvreti. xolo CiTaxevis #70 da #85 samarxebSi aRmoCenil
satevrebs sami samanWvle naxvreti gaaCnia - orive mxarze da
yunwze (tab. XIV1,3,5). samive satevari qediania da wagrZele-
buli rombiseburi ganikveTiT.
erTaderTi bimetaluri satevari aRmoCnda CiTaxevis
#26 samarxSi. igi oTx natexadaa SemorCenili, piri swori
aqvs da boloSi mkveTrad Seviwrovebuli, dauyveba arc Tu
maRali qedi. ganikveTi wagrZelebuli rombiseburia. tari
damagrebulia sami manWvliT. taris Ziri SedarebiT farToa,
vada ZirTan Seviwrovebulia, romelic TandaTan farTovdeba.
vadis bolo momrgvalebulia (tab. XV6).
rac Seexeba rkinis satevrebs, maTi umravlesoba
yunwiania. aqvT swori piri, romelic Zirisaken mkveTrad
viwrovdeba. yunwze da mxrebze datanebuli aqvT samanWvle
naxvretebi. isini brinjaos satevrebis minabaZebs warmoadge-
nen (tab. XIV-XV).
am mxriv gamonaklisia kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi
aRmoCenili rkinis satevari. igi sakmaod grZeli da Zlier
wawvetebulia. satareze SemorCenili aqvs brinjaos erTi
manWvali, emCneva arcTu maRali qedi. ganikveTi wagrZele-
buli rombiseburia (tab. XV1).
am satevrebs mravlad eZebnebaT paraleli rogorc
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, ise mis farglebs gareT.
CiTaxevis #23 samarxSi aRmoCenili satevari (tab. XIV2),
ramdenadme emsgavseba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulTa mijnaze
kolxur-yobanur samyaroSi gavrcelebul brinjaos mxreb-
daqanebul satevris pirebs. msgavsebas iCens agreTve cxinva-
lis nacargoraze aRmoCenil satevarTan [gobejiSvili, 1952:
94]. imis gamo, rom Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi rkinis iaraRi
brinjaos prototipebis mibaZviT keTdeboda, es satevaric am
periodiT unda daTariRdes. miT umetes, rom am TariRs
62
Seesabameba samarxSi aRmoCenili sxva inventaric: fibula
sakinZi da sxva.
kviracxovlis #31 da #55, agreTve borniReles #4
samarxSi aRmoCenili satevrebi sakmaod axlo msgavsebas
iCenen somxeTSi noratusis samarovanze aRmoCenil erT-erT
satevarTan [Мартиросян, 1980. Табл IV1]. es nivTebi da agreTve
birniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenili brinjaos satevari (tab.
XIV1) Zalian hgavs kolxeTis teritoriaze gamovlenil
rkinis da brinjaos satevrebs. mag: urekis samarovanze
aRmoCenil rkinis satevrebs: #10 samarxSi dadasturebul
linziseburganivkveTian satevars da #1 samarxSi aRmoCenil
rkinis satevars [miqelaZe, 1985: 34-35. tab. XII33; XX12; XIX4].
aseve axlo msgavsebas iCenen nigvzianis samarovnis #3
dasakrZalav ormoSi aRmoCenil satevrebTan [miqelaZe, 1985.
tab. XLI7,8,9].
borniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenili brinjaos satevari
(tab. XIV1) ganekuTvneba T. miqelaZis klasifikaciis yunwiani
satevrebis pirvel qvetips, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
SedarebiT gluvi zedapiri da linziseburi ganikveTi,
danarCeni amgvari nivTebi miekuTvneba im tipis rkinis
satevrebs, romlebic brinjaos satevrebis formas imeorebs.
agreTve T. miqelaZiseuli klasifikaciis rkinis satevrebis
meore tips, romelTac axasiaTebT swori, viwro piri da
sworkuTxa satare erTi an ori samanWvle xvreliT. msgavsi
satevrebi aRmoCenilia paluris, wiTeli Suquras da sxva
samarovnebze [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1974: 104; Трапш, 1969: 178.
табл. XXI].
sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia kviracxovlis #29
samarxis rkinis satevari (tab. XV1). igi sakmaod arqauli
formisaa da r. abramiSvilis qronologiuri Skalis mixed-
viT Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957
tab. I.813] aseTive formis brinjaos satevari aRmoCnda sofel
gomnaSi sakmaod arqaul kompleqsSi _ brinjaos diskoseburi
63
gulsa-kidTan, brinjaos kolxur culTan da sxva
inventarTan erTad [nioraZe, 1944:204, tab. XIII]. kviracxovlis
#29 samarxSi satevarTan erTad aRmoCnda Subispiri, rkinis
moxrili dana, Tixis doqi da sasmisi. CamoTvlili nivTebi am
samarxis Zv.w. VIII saukuneze adreuli xaniT daTariRebis
saSualebas ar iZleva. rac Seexeba rkinis satevris formas,
misi arqauloba albaT imaze metyvelebs, rom borjomis
xeobaSi sakmaod myaradaa SemorCenili iaraRis damzadebis
Zveli tradicia, rac am SemTxvevaSi misi Zveli formis
SenarCunebaSi gamoixata.
S u b i s p i r e b i, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da
borniReles Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxeb-
Si aRmoCnda 35 Subispiri, rac raodenobrivad aWarbebs yvela
sxva saxeobis sabrZolo iaraRs. CiTaxevis samarovanze
dafiqsirda 20 egzemplari _ #8, 20, 22, 26, 29, 32, 70, 75, 95,
samarxebSi. kviracxovlis samarovanze ori _ #29 samarxSi.
borniReles samarovanze aRmoCnda cameti Subispiri, _ #2, 4,
8, 23, 32, 33, 46, 71, 80, 92 samarxebSi. maTgan mxolod oria
brinjaosi (CiTaxevis #95 da borniReles #8 samarxebSi)
danarCeni ki rkinisa.
rogorc cnobilia, Subispirebi TavianTi zomis mixed-
viT iyofa sakuTriv Subispirebad da xelSubispirebad.
sxvadasxva iyo maTi funqciuri daniSnulebac. Subispiri
saZgerebel iaraRs warmoadgenda: xolo xelSubispiri asru-
lebda rogorc saZgerebel, ise satyorcni iaraRis funqcias.
zemoaRniSnuli 35 Subispiridan zomis mixedviT mxolod
erTi _ borniReles #71 samarxSi aRmoCenili iaraRi SeiZ-
leba CaiTvalos xelSubispirad (tab. XVI1).
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis Subispirebis klasifika-
cia mogvca l. saxarovam [saxarova, 1973: 82-94]. misi azriT, es
periodi masriani Subispirebis farTod gavrcelebis xanaa da
rogorc tipologiurad, ise teqnikurad ganviTarebis
64
umaRles dones aRwevs. Zv.w. VIII saukunidan brinjaos Subis-
pirebi TiTqmis wyvets arsebobas da maT rkinis Subispirebi
cvlis, Tumca es ukanasknelni Zalze xSir SemTxvevaSi
brinjaos Subispirebis formebs imeoreben.
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi piris moyvanilobis
mixedviT Subispirebis oTxi tipi gamoirCeva: 1) foTliseburi
an viwropiriani; 2) foTliseburi met-naklebi variantebiT;
3) aliseburi da 4) samkuTxapiriani. rogorc wesi, yvela am
tipis Subispiri masragaxsnilia [saxarova, 1973: 82-84].
pirveli tipis Subispirebi umetesad damaxasiaTebelia
aRmosavlurqarTuli kulturisaTvis da samxreT kavkasiis
samxreT-aRmosavleT regionebisaTvis. aris maTi aRmoCenis
SemTxvevebi dasavleTY saqarTveloSic, magram Zalze
iSviaTad.
yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli meore tipis Subispirebia.
is gavrcelebis ufro did arealsac moicavs, magram
umetesad mainc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba.
mesame tipis Subispirebi saqarTveloSi ufro mcire
raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili da TiTqmis yvela kolxuri
kulturis wres ganekuTvneba (Tumca rogorc l. saxarova
aRniSnavs, am tipis Subispirebi aRmoCenili yofila mesxeT-
javaxeTSic, sadac Zalian Zlieri iyo kolxuri kulturis
gavlena).
meoTxe tipis _ samkuTxapiriani Subispirebi mxolod
afxazeTis teritoriazea aRmoCenili.
pirveli da meore tipis Subispirebs morfologiuri
TvalsazrisiT Zalze Rrma fesvebi aqvs. maTi adreuli
formebi ukve Sua brinjaos xanaSi iwyebs arsebobas (nuli,
qvasaTali) gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi ki ufro metadaa
gavrcelebuli. am droidan ukve xmarebaSi Semodis rkinis
Subispirebi da isini swored am formiT arian
warmodgenilni.
65
pirveli da meore tipis Subispirebi samxreT kavkasiaSi
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasarulisa da I aTaswleulis dasaw-
yisSi Cndeba, eseni arian viwropiriani rkinis Subispirebi,
romlebsac masraze brinjaos salteebis aqvs Semovlebuli
[Погребова, 1965: 16]. Zv.w. VIII-VI saukunidan ki mTlianad
batondebian rkinis Subispirebi da amave periodSi yalibdeba
maTi axali tipebi.
mkveTrad farTovdeba maTi gavrcelebis geografiuli
arealic, Tumca mainc xerxdeba zogierTi lokaluri
variantis gamoyofa. amave periodSi Subispirebis xvedriTi
wili SeiaraRebaSi mkveTrad izrdeba. amaze Tundac Cvens
sakvlev samarovnebze aRmoCenili Subispirebis raodenobac
metyvelebs. izrdeba Subispirebis zomebic. ufro xSirad
TviT pirisa da ara masrisa (xSirad piri am iaraRis 2/3
nawilia). es tendenciac garkveulwilad aisaxa borjomis
xeobis masalaSic.
Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze, Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT
daTariRebul samarxebSi aRmoCenili yvela Subispiri masra-
gaxsnilia. tipologiurad yvela maTgani, met-naklebi
variaciebiT ganekuTvneba l. saxarovas klasifikaciis meore
tips, anu foTlisebr Subispirebs. sxvadasxva variacia
gamoixateba Subispirebis calkeuli detalebis propor-
ciebSi da maT zomebSi. gvxvdeba SedarebiT viwro, wagrZele-
buli Subispirebi (mag: borniReles #8 an CiTaxevis #20
samarxSi tab. XVI5, XIX1,2); moklepiriani da grZelmasriani
Subispirebi (kviracxovlis #29, CiTaxevis #70 da #32
samarxebSi) (tab. XVI4, XVII3,5). moklemasriani da grZelpi-
riani Subispirebi (borniReles #71 da #92 samarxebSi) (tab.
XVI2,3); viwropiriani Subispiri (CiTaxevis #32 samarxi) da
mokle, originaluri Subispiri amave samarxidan (tab. XVII4).
yvela Subispirs dauyveba sxvadasxva simaRlis qedi. yvela
maTgani wagrZelebulrombiseburganivkveTiania.
66
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia borniReles #8 samarxSi
aRmoCenili brinjaos Subispiri. mSvenivrad gravireburi
masriT (masze ufro dawvrilebiT qveviT SevCerdebiT).
borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili Subispirebi bevr
paralels poulobs rogorc aRmosavleT, ase dasavleT
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili amave periodis da ufro adreul
SubispirebTan. agreTve saqarTvelos farglebs gareT
aRmoCenil analogiur masalasTan.
qvemo qarTlSi, beSTaSenSi aRmoCenil erT-erT Subis-
pirTan poulobs msgavsebas borniReles #71 samarxSi
aRmoCenili Subispiri [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. VI3,4).
beSTaSenSi gamovlenili zogierTi Subispiri garkveul
msgavsebas amJRavnebs borniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenil
rkinis SubispirTan (tab. XVIII2). Tumca borniReles Subis-
pirs masrisa da piris SeerTebis adgilas ramdenime amoRa-
ruli xazi dauyveba. maTTan msgavsebas amJRavnebs agreTve
borniReles #23 samarxSi aRmoCenili Subispirebic.
TrialeTSi, wiwamurisa da Taqqilisanis adrerkinis xanis
samarovnebze gvxvdeba moklepiriani da grZelmasriani
Subispirebi [Куфтин, 1941. табл. XXXV], romelic topologiu-
rad waagavs kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi aRmoCenil rkinis
Subispirs (tab. XVII5).
sakmaod axlos dgas borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili
Subispirebi somxeTSi cnobil analogiur masalasTan.
magaliTad borniReles #2 da #23 samarxebSi aRmoCenili
Subispirebi. msgavsebas poulobs noratusis samarovnis #10
samarxSi cnobil erT-erT SubispirTan [Мартиросян, 1964: 209.
рис. 81а].
borjomis xeobis Subispirebi forma-moyvanilobiT
msgavsebas iCens dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul
SubispirebTanac. mag. borniReles #71 da #92 samarxebSi
aRmoCenili Subispirebis msgavsi iaraRi dafiqsirda nigvzia-
nis #1 samarx-ormoSi [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XLI26], afxazeTSi -
67
wiTeli Suquras samarovanze [Трапш, 1969: 129 табл. XIII].
analogiuri Subispirebi mravladaa aRmoCenili samTavros
samarovnzec. mag. borniReles #25, 46, 71, 92 samarxebSi (tab.
XVI2,3) aRmoCenil Subispirebis msgavsi iaraRi Sesulia r.
abramiSvilis qronologiur SkalaSi da Zv.w. IX-VIII
saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli [abramiSvili, 1957; tab. I131].
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, borniReles #8 samrxSi
aRmoCnda brinjaos gravirebuli Subispiri, romlis masraze
gamosaxulia ori erTmaneTisgan zurgSeqceuli fantastiuri
cxoveli (tab. XVIII4,5). TviT faqti, am Subispiris borniRe-
les #8 kremaciul samarxSi aRmoCenisa (igi urna-qoTanSi
oTxad gatexil mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda), metad sayuradRebo
da mniSvnelovania, radgan am tipis iaraRi Zv.w. VII saukuneSi
TiTqmis gamosulia xmarebidan, garda amisa, es Subispiri
formiT sakmaod arqaulia. am mxriv igi waagavs TrialeTSi,
safar-xarabas #19 samarxSi aRmoCenil Subispirs [Куфтин,
1941. табл. XIV]. Tumca am ukanasknelis piri ufro metad
wawvetebuli da foTliseburi moyvanilobisaa da arc
ornamenti amkobs. safar-xarabas es samarxi gvianbrinjoas
xaniT TariRdeba da b. kuftini kolxuri kulturis wres
miakuTvnebs [Куфтин, 1941: 213] formiT is aseve waagavs
somxeTSi, noratusis #10 samarxSi aRmoCenil erT-erT
Subispirs, oRond es ukanaskneli mkveTrad wawvetebulia.
noratusis es samarxi Zv.w. VII_VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba
[Мартиросян, 1964: 209. рис. 81a]. rac Seexeba am Subispiris
masraze arsebul gamosaxulebas (tab. XVIII5), aSkarad
kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba. am mxriv siaxloves
iCens udes ganZSi [CubiniSvili, javaxiSvili, 1959: 59-62] da
eSeraSi aRmoCenil SubispirebTan [Куфтин, 1949: 212]. yvelaze
metad ki mainc bogvis Subispirs hgavs, romlis masrazec
aseve orTaviani cxovelebia gamosaxuli [fancxava, 1988: 31
XX1]. udes ganZi a. javaxiSvilisa da t. CubiniSvilis mier
68
Zv.w. XII saukuniT TariRdeba [javaxiSvili, CubiniSvili, 1959:
59-62] xolo, l. facxavas mier Zv.w. IX saukuniT [fancxava,
1988: 59]. msgavsi gamosaxulebiT Semkulia urekSi aRmoCenili
brinjaos Subispirebi, romlebic Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebiT
TariRdeba [qoriZe, 1965: 45].
Subispirebi gvxvdeba rogorc inhumaciur, ise
kremaciul samarxebSi. Zalze xSiria erT samarxSi ramdenime
Subispiris aRmoCenis SemTxvevebi. mag. CiTaxevis #32
samarxSi aRmoCnda cxra, xolo #70 samarxSi sami Subispiri.
kidev ufro xSiria erT samarxSi or-ori Subispiris aRmoCe-
nis faqtebi. kremaciul urnebSi aRmoCenili Subispirebi
sagangebod arian moxrili. xolo borniReles #8 samarxSi
gamovlenili brinjaos Subispiri, rogorc ukve vTqviT
oTxad iyo gatexili. es SeiZleba im ubralo mizezs mivawe-
roT, rom sxvagvarad maTi urnaSi moTavseba SeuZlebeli
iqneboda. sagangebod moxrili Subispirebi dadasturebulia
inhumaciur samarxebSic, rac garkveul ritualTan unda iyos
dakavSirebuli i. motcenebekeri Tvlis, rom rkinis iaraRis
ZaliT gafuWebis, moRunvis tradicia kavkasiisTvis mSobliu-
ri ar unda iyos da ufro metad sinqronuli periodis
(rkinis xanis) evropaSi cnobil wesebs waagavs [Motzenbaker,
1997: 341].
sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba. CiTaxevis #20 da
#29 samarxebSi Subispirebi wveriT miwaSi iyo CarWobili.
msgavsi faqtebi dadasturebulia somxeTSic, xrtanocis
samarovanze [Мартиросян, 1954], rac garkveul ritualze unda
miuTiTebdes. is faqti, rom am or regionSi garda saerTo
formisa, saerTo ritualic arsebobda, xom ar miuTiTebs
imaze, rom maT Soris ara mxolod kulturul-ekonomikuri,
aramed ufro Rrma kavSirebic unda yofiliyo, rac
garkveuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa da tradiciebis msgavsebaSi
gamoixateboda.
69
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom Subispirebi kolxuri
materialuri kulturisaTvis ar Cans ise damaxasiaTebeli,
rogorc iaraRis sxva saxeobebi _ mag. satevari an culi
[papuaSvili, 1998: 47]. es albaT ufro centralur kolxeTs
exeba, vinaidan Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTidan Subispirebi
sakmao raodenobiTaa cnobili. borjomis xeoba ki am mxriv
centraluri kolxeTisgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba da
Subispirebi, rogorc Cans, yvelaze ufro popularuli da
gavrcelebuli iaraRi yofila.
i s r i s p i r e b i. rvelis, CiTaxevisa da
borniReles samarovnebze Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebis samarxebSi
aRmoCnda aTi isrispiri: ori rvelis #22 samarxSi; eqvsi
CiTaxevis #73 samarxSi da oric borniReles #761 samarxSi.
amaTgan cxra brinjaosia da mxolod erTi (CiTaxevis #73
samarxSi) rkinis (tab. XX3).
rvelis #22 samarxSi dadasturebuli isrispirebi
ganekuTvneba e.w. ,,skviTur~ isrispirebis tips. isini
samfrTiani, masriani isrispirebia. erTi maTgani naklulia,
nawilobriv motexili aqvs masra da frTebi. samarxSi, sadac
isini dadasturda aRmoCnda erTi micvalebulis cudad
daculi ConCxi, romelic marjvena gverdze iyo dasvenebuli.
garda isrispirebisa aq aRmoCnda rkinis culi. rkinis
moxrili dana, brinjaos sakinZi da sxva nivTebi. samarxi Zv.w.
VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT unda
daTariRdes. erT-erTi mTavari damaTariRebeli swored
samfrTini `skviTuri~ isrispirebia.
CiTaxevis #73 samarxSi aRmoCnda eqvsi isrispiri. xuTi
maTgani brinjaos e.w. `yunwian-frTadaSvebul~ isrispirebs
ganekuTvneba. Tumca maTSic SeiZleba ramdenime gansxvave-
buli tipis gamoyofa. erTi maTgani (tab. XX4) SedarebiT
patara zomis, mokleyunwiani da uqedoa. danarCeni oTxi ki
70
grZelyunwianebia, qedianebi, grZlad daSvebuli ,,frTebiT~
(tab. XX1,2).
borniReles #761 samarxSi aRmoCnda brinjaos ori
gansxvavebuli tipis isrispiri: erTi maTgani ganekuTvneba
e.w. `fuZeamoRarul~ samkuTxa, firfitovan isrispirebis tips,
romelsac erTi naxvreti aqvs. meore ki yunwiania, aseve
brinjaos Txeli firfitisgan damzadebuli. Ggarda amisa
aRmoCnda patara zomis frTebdaSvebuli isrispirebic (tab.
XX7,8). borniReles #761 e.w. `Sereul” samarxSi sabrZolo
iaraRebidan mxolod es ori isrispiri aRmoCnda. inventarSi
ZiriTadad samkauli-sakinZebi, Zewkvebi, mZivebi, samajurebi
Warbobs, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom samarxi SesaZloa qalis
yofiliyo.
borniReles #761 samarxSi aRmoCenili samkuTxa isris-
pirebi gavrcelebas gvianibrinjaos xanis adreul safexurze
iwyeben. isini rogorc wesi, brinjaos an spilenZis Txeli
firfitisgan arian dazadebuli, fuZe amoRaruli aqvT, xolo
wveris maxloblad naxvreti aqvT datanili. isrispirTa es
saxeoba rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic ganagrZobs
arsebobas, Tumca am periodSi igi zogjer rkinisagan an
Zvlisgan mzaddeboda. kolxeTis teritoriaze ki arsebobas
amgvari tipis kaJis isrispirebic ganagrZoben. am tipis
isrispirebi pirvelad samTavros samarovanze Cndeba da 600-
700 wlis manZilze ganagrZobs arsebobas. amis gamo `samTav-
ruli~ isrispirebis saxeliTacaa cnobili. isini ZiriTadad
Zv.w. XI-X sakuneebSi iwyeben gamoCenas da masiur gavrcele-
bas, Tumca Semdegac didi xnis manZilze arseboben. amgvari
isrispirebi aRmoCenilia samTavros #7, 83, 89, 95, 206 ormo-
samarxebSi [mcxeTa VI, 1982: 101 sur. 419, 109. sur. 573; 126 sur.
824; 129 sur. 854; 134 sur. 881]. TbilisSi _ saburTaloze,
navTluRSi [qoriZe, 1958: 89. sur 63.2] da sxva. isini rogorc
Cans, ZiriTadad mainc Sida qarTlis teritoriaze arian
gavrcelebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi samTavros gvianbrinjaosa
71
da gardamavali periodis samarxebisaTvis mxolod amgvari
isrispirebia damaxasiaTebeli [qoriZe, 1958: 30-31].
borniReles #76 samarxi e.w. `Sereul~ samarxs warmoad-
gens, sadac dadasturda dakrZalvis rogorc inhumaciuri,
ise kremaciuli wesi. krecmaia ki rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
Zv.w. VIII saukuneze adreul xanaSi am regionisTvis ucxoa.
garda amisa, samarxSi aris iseTi nivTebi, romlebic mas
swored Zv.w. VIII_VII saukuneebiT aTariRebs. mag. Tixis
sasmisebi brinjaos xatisuReli da sxva. amave dros, amave
samarxSi dadasturda iseTi arqauli nivTi, rogoricaa
brinjaos Tavxvia sakinZi. Tumca es ukanaskneli, Cvenis
azriT, damaTariReblad ver gamodgeba (am sakiTxze ufro
dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi gveqneba saubari). ase, rom
aRniSnuli samarxi Zv.w. VIII saukuneze adreuli ar unda iyos
da amdenad am tipis isrispirebic am dromde da iqneb ufro
gvianac ganagrZoben arsebobas. yovel SemTxvevaSi borjomis
xeobaSi mainc.
isrispirebis erT-erT yvelaze mravaleicxovan da
kargad Camoyalibebul tips warmoadgens e.w. `yunwiani~
isrispirebi. am tipis damaxasiaTebeli niSania samkuTxa piri,
oTxkuTxa an rombuli ganivkveTiT. maxvili daSvebuli
frTebi da sxvadasxva ganivkveTis (mrgvali, oTxkuTxa) yunwi.
am tipis isrispirebi yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia
aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da saerTod kavkasiis aRmosavleT
regionebisTvis da zogjer `aRmosavleTamierkavkasiuri~
isrispirebis saxeliTaa cnobili [Куфтин, 1941: 56]. Tumca is
arc dasavleT saqarTvelosTvisaa mTlad ucxo. jer kidev
XX saukunis pirvl naxevarSi am tipis isrispiri aRmoCnda
sof. dablagomSi da b. kuftinma is yunwiani isrispirebis
kolxur variantad miiCnia [Куфтин, 1949: 144]. T. miqelaZe
urekis samarovanze mopovebuli yunwiani isrispirebis
aRwerisas aRniSnavs, rom am tipis isrispirebis kolxuri
varianti aRmosavleTamierkavkasiurisagan gansxvavdeba for-
72
mis simartiviTa da naklebad diferencirbulobiT. kerZod
maT ar aqvT SuaSi Tavidan bolomde gamWoli qedi. dReisaT-
vis kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealze amgvari
isrispirebi damowmebulia paluris saZvleze [oqropiriZe,
baramiZe, 1974: 108, tab. XIX27], muxurCis samarovanze [Гогадзе
1984 :30]. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am tipis iaraRis
gavrcelebis qronologiuri CarCo Zv.w. XIII-VII saukuneebs
moicavs [abramiSvili, 1957: 368-369].
yunwiani samkuTxa isrispirebi gavrcelebulia ara
mxolod samxreT kavkasiaSi, aramed mcire aziasa da egeosur
samyaroSi, sadac isini Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan
Zv.w. VIII saukunemde funqcionireben. maT egviptidan an
anatoliidan momdinared miiCneven, Tumca uSveben SesaZleb-
lobas, rom orive am regionSi iaraRis es tipi erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad iyos Seqmnili [Snodgrass, 1964: 141]. b. kuftini
yunwian kolxur isrispirebs xmelTaSuazRvispireTisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli produqciis kolxeTSi asimilirebul for-
mad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1950: 118]. yunwiani rkinis isrispirebi
brinjaos prototipebTan SedarebiT mcire raodenobiTaa
aRmoCenili. isini damowmebulia rkinis farTo aTvisebis
xanis kompleqsebSi (mag #211 ormosamarxSi). Aamgvari iaraRi
gamoCenas savaraudod Zv.w. X s-is dasawyisSi iwyebs da Zv.w.
VII s-is pirvel naxevramde arsebobs [abramiSvili 1961: 350,
363; tab. V2].
borniReles #761 da CiTaxevis #73 samarxebSi
aRmoCenil yunwian frTebdaSvebul isrispirebs paralelebi
eZebnebaT samTavros samarovanze, mag. #268 ormosamarxSi.
iseve rogorc borniReles #761 samarxSi, aqac aRmoCenilia
brinjaos Txelfirfitovani isriswverebi, romelTagan erTi
yunwiania, ori ki uyunwo – fuZeSezneqili da gaxvretili
[mcxeTa IV. sur 8222]. isini narekvavis samarovanzec gvxvdeba
[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. tab. XIV, XLII, LI].
73
msgavsi yunwiani samkuTxa frTebdaSvebuli isrispirebi
gvxvdeba urekis samarovnis #2 dasakrZalav ormoSic
[miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XII26,27,39]. isini siaxloves amJRavneben
agreTve somxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenil isrispirebTan mag.
artikidan [Хачатрян, 1963: 58 рис. 7].
Zv.w. VIII saukunis bolodan samxreT kavkasiaSi farTod
vrceldeba e.w. `skviTuri~ isrispirebi. kolxeTSi da im
teritoriaze, romelic kolxuri kulturis arealadaa
miCneuli, skviTuri isrispirebi naklebad gvxvdeba. mag.
Tlias samarovanze mxolod erTi aseTi isrispiria dadastu-
rebuli [miqelaZe, 1985: 41]. borjomis xeobaSi ki, sadac
sakmaod mZlavrobs kolxuri kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
elementebi, garda rvelis samarovnisa skviTuri isrispiri
(oRond orfrTiani) sof. qvabisxevSicaa aRmoCenili [nioraZe,
1944: 186].
skviTuri samfrTiani isrispirebi yvelaze metad Zv.w VI
saukuneSi aris gavrcelebuli. r. abramiSvilis qronolo-
giuri Skalis mixedviT, samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenili
am tipis isrispirebi Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da
Zv.w. VI saukuniT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I63,65,66].
msgavsi isrispirebi aRmoCenlia afxazeTSi yulanurxvas
samarovnis #5 samarxSi. m. TrafSis azriT, isrispirebis es
tipi sakmaod arqaulia da Zv.w. VI saukunesa da SesaZloa
Zv.w. VII saukunis bolosac miekuTvnebodes [Трапш, 1970: 135.
табл. V. 18, 19, 20]. aseTive isrispirebi, romlebic somxeTSi,
karmir-blurzea aRmoCenili Zv.w. VI saukunis pirveli naxev-
riT TariRdeba [Пиотровский, 1950: 86. рис. 55].
rvelis samarovnis #22 samarxis damaTariRebladac
swored es isrispirebi gamodgeba da igi Zv.w. VI saukuniT
unda ganisazRvros.
ra Tqma unda, sami skviTuri isrispiris aRmoCena (ori
rvelSi da erTi qvabisxevSi) sulac ar unda miuTiTebdes aq
74
skviTuri eTnikuri elementis arsebobaze. am tipis iaraRi im
droisTvis Zalze popularuli iyo da did teritoriaze
gavrcelebuli. miT umetes, rom borjomis xeobaSi ar
dasturdeba skviTuri kulturis arc erTi sxva elementi.
c u l e b i. rvelis, CiTaxevis da borniReles sakvlevi
periodis samarxebSi aRmoCnda 11 culi. maTgan rvelis
samarovanze ori: #19 da #22 samarxebSi orive rkinisa.
CiTaxevis samarovanze xuTi (#22, 26, 29, 32 samarxebSi). erTi
brinjaosi da ori rkinisa. borniReles samarovanze oTxi
(#1, 32, 65, 92 samarxebSi) erTi brinjaosi da sami rkinisa.
kviracxovelis samarovanze Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. samarxebSi arc
erTi culi ar aRmoCnda.
zemoCamoTvlili culebi oTx tipad iyofa: 1) brtyeli
culi (borniReles #1 samarxi); 2) kolxuri culebi meore
tipisaa (o. jafariZis klasifikaciiT) _ CiTaxevis #22
samarxSi; 3) hibriduli culebi; 4) rkinis culi, romelic
brinjaos culebis formas ar imeorebs (CiTaxevis #28
samarxSi).
sakmaod saintereso da garkveulwilad unikaluria
borniRelis #1 samarxSi aRmoCenili brtyeli culi. Tumca
SesaZloa is am samarxis kuTvnilebac ar iyos, vinaidan
aRmoCenilia samarxis Tavze kulturul fenaSi.
igi rkinisaa, aqvs brtyeli, sworkuTxedis moyvanilobis
satare, odnav dazneqili mxrebi, ,,gamoyvanili” tani, sustad
morkaluli, mxrebTan SedarebiT odnav viwro piri.
rogorc cnobilia, brtyeli culi sakmaod gavrcele-
buli iaraRi iyo drois garkveul monakveTSi da vrcel
teritoriaze. mis genezisze, daniSnulebaze da tipebze
araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli Tavisi mosazreba.
brtyeli culebis tipobrivi dayofa ganaxorciela
b. kuftinma. klasifikaciis amosaval wertilad man im
iaraRisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gverdiTi Sverilebi miiCnia
75
da amis safuZvelze sami ZiriTadi tipi gamoyo: kbiliseburi,
mxrebiseburi da blagvkuTxa Sverilebiani. am ukanasknels
Soris man kidev ori qvetipi gamoyo: farTo da viwro
quslianebi. amave dros ganasxvavebda ormag da sammag
yalibSi Camosxmul culebsac [Куфтин, 1944: 30-32].
kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi aRmoCenili
brtyeli culebi Seiswavla o. jafariZemac. man ori tipi
gamoyo. kbilismagvari Sverilebiani (am tipis culebi ZiriTa-
dad kolxeTis mTianeTSi, raWa-leCxumSia gavrcelebuli) da
mxrebismagvari SverilebiT [Джапаридзе, 1953: 291-300].
vrceli naSromi miuZRvna brtyel culebs d. qoriZem.
man am iaraRis sami tipi gamoyo. Seecada Tvali gaedevnebina
misi genezisisa da gavrcelebis arealisaTvis [qoriZe, 1969:
5-28]. pirvel saxeo-baSi man gaaerTiana gverdiTi Sveriliani
brtyeli culebis is jgufi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTe-
belia sworkuTxa formis, SedarebiT dabali, bolosken
gaTxelebuli satare, mxrebismagvari gverdiTi Sverilebi.
SedarebiT mokle, maRali da zogjer asimetriuli
gamoyvanili piri [qoriZe, 1969. tab. I]. meore saxeobaSi
mkvlevarma gaaerTiana brtyeli culebi, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia SedarebiT maRali, oTxkuTxa, zogjer
bolosaken odnav gafarToebuli satare, mkveTrad
gamoxatuli da momrgvalebuli gverdiTi Sverilebi, maRali
da Tanabari siganis tani, soluri, dabali da morkaluli
piri, eqvsad dawaxnagebuli tani [qoriZe, 1969. tab. I]. amgvari
culebis absoluturi umravlesoba raWa-leCumisa da
svaneTis teritoriazea aRmoCenili. mesame saxeobaSi d.
qoriZem gaaerTiana iseTi culebi, romelTaTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia samkapa satare Sverilebi, romlebic
ZiriTadad maRla arian mimarTuli, ganieri da welSi
gamoyvanili tani, morkaluli simetriuli piri (zogjer
sakmaod maRali da asimetriulic). amgvari culebis nawili
calmag yalibSia Camosxmuli, nawili ki ormag yalibSi. am
76
tipis culebSi mkvlevarma ori qvesaxeobac gamoyo: pirveli
qvesaxeobis iaraRi arsebiTad imeorebs ZiriTadi saxeobis
aRnagobas, magram SedarebiT patara da viwroa da Tanac
mxolod calmag yalibSia Camosxmuli [qoriZe, 1969. tab. II1].
meore qvesaxeobaSi gaerTianebulia kaxeTis teritoriaze
aRmoCenili brtyeli culebis ramdenime egzemplari. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sqeli, viwro, welSi gamoyvnili tani,
ganieri, odnav morkaluli piri oTxkuTxa satare, aseTive
oTxkuTxa, boloebmomrgvalebuli SverilebiT [qoriZe, 1969.
tab. II2].
amave dros d. qoriZe aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos
teritoriaze aRmoCenilia brtyeli culebi, romlebic arc
erT zemoTCamoTvlil tips ar miekuTvnebian. aseTTa Soris
ki asaxelebs borjomis raionis sof. BbalanTaSi (javaxeTi)
aRmoCenil brtyel culs [qoriZe, 1969:10-11]. es culi
SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili da adgilobriv glexs akad.
n. berZeniSvilisTvis gadaucia javaxeTSi mogzaurobisas. am
ukanasknels ki prof. t. CubiniSvilisTvis [RambaSiZe o., 1984].
culi ormag yalibSia Camosxmuli, aqvs eqvsad dawaxnagebuli
odnav Sezneqili tani, horizontalurad ganStoebuli,
sakmaod farTe mxrebi da odnav morkaluli, asimetriuli
piri [qoriZe, 1969. tab IV].
pirveli saxeobis culebs d. qoriZe Zv.w XII-XI saukune-
ebiT aTariRebs, meore saxeobisas Zv.w. XI-VIII saukuneebiT,
xolo mesame saxeobis culebs Zv.w. XIII-VIII saukuneebiT
[qoriZe, 1969: 13-14].
yvela zemoT naxsenebi mkvlevari ganixilavda mxolod
brinjaos brtyel culebs da araferi aqvT naTqvami rkinis
brtyeli culebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, iaraRis es saxeoba
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic ganagrZobs arsebobas,
Tumca araa ise gavrcelebuli, rogorc adre da arc iseTi
popularulia, rogorc sxva saxeobis culebi.
77
brtyeli culi arsebobas sakmaod adreuli xanidan
iwyebs. Zalian saintereso egzemplaria napovni TeTriwyaros
raionSi, adrebrinjaos xanis yorRanul samarxSi [gobeji-
Svili, 1958: 131].
aseTive iaraRi cnobilia saCxeridanac. zugdidis
raionis sofel maxariaSi 1926 wels SemTxveviT upovniaT
patara zomis uSverilo, martivi formis brtyeli culi,
romelsac b. kuftini `eCos” uwodebs da Sua brinjaos xaniT
aTariRebs (igi yuamilian culTan erTad iyo napovni)
[Куфтин, 1944. табл. II2]. adreuli brtyeli culebi napovnia
saqarTvelos sxva regionebSic [d. qoriZe, 1969: 13].
d. qoriZis azriT, gvianbrinjaosa da mis momdevno
xanaSi, rodesac xmarebaSia kolxuri da aRmosavlurqarTuli
culebis farTo asortimenti, brtyeli culebidan mxolod
da mxolod gverdiT Sverilebiani saxeobebia cnobili. amave
dros is aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleT da dasavleT
saqarTvelos did, sawarmoo regionebSi mxolod am
mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli brtyeli culebi ukeTebiaT da
iSviaTad Tu moxvdeboda ama Tu im mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli egzemplari sxva, Tundac mosazRvre mxareSi [qoriZe,
1969: 13].
borniRelis samarovanze aRmoCenili brtyeli culi
gamoirCeva SedarebiT martivi formiT. ara aqvs gverdiTi
Sverilebi, arc mkveTrad gamoyvanili tani, arc Sverilebiani
tardasagebi. amdenad, igi ar miekuTvneba d. qoriZiseuli
klasifikaciis arcerT saxeobas da yvelaze met siaxloves
balanTis culTan iCens. amasTan, mas ufro maRali satare
aqvs. odnav ufro naklebad Sezneqili gverdebi da ufro
simetriuli piri. Cvenis azriT, orive culi erTi tipisaa. am
msgavsebas Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia o. RambaSiZem. man
borniRelis culi satare nawiliT ordus ganZis culsac
miamsgavsa [RambaSiZe o., 1984]. Tumca Cveni azriT, ordus da
borniReles culebs garda imisa, rom sworkuTxedis
78
moyvanilobis satare aqvs, sxva erTmaneTTan araferi
akavSirebT. samagierod, axlo msgavsebas iCens borniRelis
culi Tlias samarovnis rkinis brtyeli culTan, romelic
Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis fenebSia aRmoCenili. oRond Tlias
culs SedarebiT swori mxrebi da ufro metad gamoyvanili
tani aqvs [Техов, 1985. табл. 1533]. rogorc cnobilia adreuli
rkinisa da zogjer rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic rkinis
iaraRi da sxva nivTebic brinjaos xanaSi gavrcelebuli
analogiuri nivTebis mibaZviT mzaddeboda. mag: satevrebi,
maxvilebi, Subispirebi, culebi da sxva. amgvar SemTxvevasTan
unda gvqondes saqme balanTisa da borniRelis culebTan
dakavSirebiTac.
o. RambaSiZe borniRelis brtyel culze dakvirvebam
kidev erT saintereso daskvnamde miiyvana. man yuradReba
miaqcia borjomis xeobisa da samcxis eTnografiul
sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli xis dasamuSavebuli iaraRis
e.w. `fxeCos” msgavsebas borniRelis brtyel culTan da
SesaZleblad miiCnia, maT Soris raRac genetikuri kavSiris
arsebobac [RambaSiZe o., 1984].
brtyeli culebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi
sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. zogi mkvlevari, mag., talgreni
fiqrobda, rom is samTo saqmisaTvis gamoiyeneboda
[Tallgren, 1912: 24]. n. trubnikova mas tyavis dasamuSavebel
iaraRad Tvlida [Трубникова, 1947: 49-53]. aseve fiqrobda g.
nioraZec [nioraZe, 1984: 13]. xis dasamuSavebel iaraRad
miiCnevdnen brtyel culebs d. qoriZe da o. RambaSiZe
[qoriZe, 1969: 27. RambaSiZe, 1963: 17].
Cvenis azriT, brtyeli culi imgvari iaraRia, romlis
gamoyeneba Tanabari warmatebiTaa SesaZlebeli yvela zemoCa-
moTvlili saqmisaTvis. sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva adgi-
las mas albaT sxvadasxva funqciis Sesruleba uxdeboda.
tyiT mdidar borjomis xeobaSi ki albaT, yvelaze metad
swored xis dasamuSaveblad iyenebdnen.
79
balanTa da borniRele garkveulwilad erT
geografiul regionSia moqceuli. ori Zalian msgavsi, Tumca
qronologiurad SesaZloa sakmaod daSorebuli culis
aRmoCena, xom ar iZleva varaudis safuZvels, rom samxreT
saqarTvelo miviCnioT im mxared sadac am tipis brtyeli
culebi mzaddeboda da vrceldeboda? Tumca orad ori
egzemplari amis Tamamad Tqmis safuZvels namdvilad ar
iZleva, miT umetes, rom msgavsi iaraRi sakmaod daSorebul
regionSi, Tlias samarovanzecaa aRmoCenili.
metad saintereso brinjaos culebi aRmoCnda CiTaxevis
#26 da borniReles #92 samarxebSi.
CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi aRmoCenili culi mogrZo
formisaa. mas aqvs swori, dabali, eqvsad dawaxnagebuli
tani, Tanabrad morkaluli yuis Tavi, mogrZo ovalis formis
satare xvreli, tanisagan Tanabrad gamoziduli niRrebi,
sakmaod dabali fxa da simetriuli, morkaluri piri (tab.
XXI3). culTan erTad CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi aRmoCnda:
brinjaos erTwiladi mSvildiseburi fibula, brinjaos
sartylis garsakravis fragmentebi, brinjaos sqeli fir-
fitisagan damzadebuli samajuri, brinjaos ovalurganivkve-
Tiani samajuri, rkinis culi (kolxuri), rkinis satevris
piri, rkinis Subispiri, brinjaos grexilReroiani xatis-
uReli, calyura, kanelurebiani Tixis sasmisebi da
sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli nairnairi mZivebi.
msgavsi culi aRmoCnda borniReles #92 samarxSi. mas
aqvs brtyeli odnav Cazneqili yuis Tavi (romelsac SuaSi
Rari dauyveba). swori, eqvsad dawaxnagebuli tani, ovaluri
satare xvreli, sakmaod maRali, tanidan Tanabrad gamozi-
duli fxa da simetriulad morkaluli piri (tab. XXI2).
masTan erTad samarxSi aRmoCnda: rkinis Subispiri, brinjaos
qamris garsakravis fragmentebi, samajurebi (maT Soris
arqauli ieris mqone masiuri Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi),
brinjaos frTiseburi abzindebi, brinjaos firfitovani
80
beWdebi, brinjaos mrgvalganivkveTiani sayure, brinjaos
firfitovani sakidebi, sardionis mZivebi da ramdenime Tixis
WurWeli.
orive samarxi maTSi aRmoCenili inventaris mixedviT
Zv.w. VIII s. meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VII saukuniT TariRdeba.
am culebma da agreTve CiTaxevis samarovnis Zv.w. X_XI
saukuneebiT daTariRebul #58 samarxSi aRmoCenilma msgavsma
culma imTaviTve miipyro mkvlevarTa yuradReba. vinaidan
isini aerTianeben rogorc kolxuri, ise `aRmosavleTamier-
kavkasiuri~ culebis elementebs. o. RambaSiZe maT `hibri-
dul” culebad moixseniebs [RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1974.
RambaSiZe o. da sxva, 1987].
specialuri naSromi miuZRvna am tipis culebs
l. saxarovam [saxarova, 2001: 171-172]. man garda zemoaRniS-
nuli egzemplarebisa am tipis iaraRs miakuTvna culebi
axalcixidan, artanuj-tanZoridan, udes ganZidan. yvela maT-
gani istoriuli samcxis (mesxeTis) teritoriazea aRmoCe-
nili. garda amisa, man am tipis culebs miakuTvna culebi
aWaridan: Caisubnisa da sixaliZeebis ganZebidan, saRoreTi-
dan da zotidan.
udes ganZi al. javaxiSvilisa da t. CubiniSvilis mier
Zv.w. XI-X saukuneebiT TariRdeba [javaxiSvili, CubiniSvili,
1959: 59-62], r. abramiSvilis mier Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT
[abramiSvili, 1961: 324-325], xolo l. fancxavas mier Zv.w. IX
saukuniT [fancxava, 1988: 73]. Caisubnis ganZi d. qoriZis mier
Zv.w. XII-XI saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli, xolo al.
ramiSvilis mier Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT [qoriZe, 1965: 20;
ramiSvili a., 1974: 100]. sixaliZeebis ganZi, romelic
hibriduli culebis oTx mTlian da or naklul egzemplars
Seicavs Zv.w. XII-XI saukuneebiT TariRdeba [kaxiZe, mamulaZe,
2000: 74]. amave periodis unda iyos culi saRoreTidan
[ramiSvili a., 1974. tab XV5; saxarova, 2001: 171]. zotis culi
ki l. saxarovas azriT, ufro gviandeli unda iyos. amis
81
sabuTad, mas is garemoeba moaqvs, rom es culi yvelaze
axlos dgas CiTaxevisa da borniRelis culebTan [saxarova,
2001: 171]. rac Seexeba axalcixisa da artanuj-tanZoris
culebs, mkvlevaris azriT, udes ganZis analogiurni arian
da SesaZloa maTi Tanadroulnic [saxarova, 2001: 171].
rogorc vnaxeT, am tipis culebis arsebobis qronolo-
giuri diapazoni sakmaod didia. yvelaze gviandelia
Caisubnis, CiTaxevis, borniRelisa da SesaZloa, zotis
culebi.
mTavari niSnebi, romlebic yvela maTgans aerTianebs
aris swori da brtyeli yuis Tavi, dabali, swori tani da
simetriulad morkaluli piri. amdenad, zeda nawiliT isini
kolxur culebs gvanan, qveda nawiliT ki e.w. `aRmosavleT-
amierkavkasiur” culebs. isic niSandoblivia, rom maTi
umetesoba aRmoCenilia iseT regionSi, sadac sakmaod mZlav-
radaa warmodgenili rogorc kolxuri, ise aRmosavlur-
qarTuli kulturis elementebi (igulisxmeba istoriuli
samcxis teritoria, romlis SemadgenlobaSi borjomis
xeobac Sedioda). amitomac l. saxarovam wamoayena winadadeba
am tipis culebisaTvis ,,mesxuri” culebi gvewodebina. rac
Cvenc savsebiT SesaZleblad da misaRebad migvaCnia. Tumca
mainc ,,hibriduls” vamjobinebT.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom am tipis yvela culi
mxolod brinjaosganaa damzadebuli. maT Soris borjomis
xeobaSi aRmoCenili egzemplarebic, romlebic Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebiT TariRdeba da rkinis culebTan Tanaarsebobs
(CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi ,,hibridul“ culTan erTad rkinis
culic aRmoCnda). samwuxarod am tipis culebs ar
CatarebiaT trasologiuri kvleva. iqneb isini raime
gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebiTac gamoiyeneboda.
rkinis culebi zogadad or ZiriTad nawilad iyofa:
1) culebad, romlebic genetikurad brinjaos culebs
ukavSirdebian da met-naklebi variaciebiT maT formebs
82
imeoreben da 2) culebad, romlebsac TviTmyofadi formebi
gaaCniaT da brinjaos industrias ar ukavSirdebian.
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli jgufis culebi aSkara
genetikur kavSirs amJRavnebs brinjaos kolxur culebTan,
formis absolutur ganmeorebas adgili mainc ara aqvs da es
albaT, rkinis metalurgiis teqnikuri TvisebebiT aixsneba.
yvelaze metad am tipis rkinis culebi kolxuri II tipis
culebis formebs imeorebs (o. jafariZis klasifikaciiT).
rkinis kolxuri culebi cnobilia rogorc sakuTriv
kolxeTis, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriidanac.
isini gvxvdebian afxazeTSi, guadixusa da wiTeli Suquras
samarovnebze [Трапш 1969: 56, табл. XI6,9; 183 табл. XIX10,11]. soxumis
mTaze Zv.w. XII-X ss. daTariRebul samarxeul kompleqsebSi
[kalandaZe 1954: 34, 51, tab. XXXIV1]. Tlias samarovanze [Техов
1985. табл.1463, 1472, 1503] da.a.S. sakmaos didia maTi arsebobis
qronologiuri CarCoc – Zv.w. XII_X saukuneebidan (soxumis
mTa, vidre Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebamde (nigvziani, Tlia,
borniRele da sxv.).
centraluri kolxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenili
masalis mixedviT rkinis culebis tipologiuri klasifika-
cia SemogvTavaza r. papuaSvilma [papuaSvili, 1988: 44-45]. im
tipis culebSi, romlebic TavianTi formiT brinjaos
culebs ukavSirdeba, man ori tipi gamoyo: pirveli tipis
ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania maxvili yua, romelic mas
brinjaos pirveli tipis kolxur culebTan aaxlovebs.
piris formis mixedviT ki is met saerTos kolxuri
culis II tipTan amJRavnebs da amdenad, am tipis rkinis
culSi Serwymulia pirveli da meore tipis brinjaos
kolxuri culebis Taviseburebani [papuaSvili, 1998: 45 tab.
XVIII4].
meore tipSi r. papuaSvili iseT culebs aerTianebs,
romlebic CaquCiseburi yuiT, morkaluli asimetriuli piriT
da ovaluri satare xvreliT xasiaTdeba. am niSnebiT isini
83
maqsimalurad uaxlovdebian TavianT brinjaos prototipebs
_ meore tipis kolxur culebs [papuaSvili, 1998: 45, tab.
XVIII5].
aseve or tipad yofs mkvlevari im rkinis culebs,
romlebic brinjaos culebis formebs ar imeorebs. saerTo
niSnebi, rac am culebs gaaCniaT aris viwro, wagrZelebuli
yua da aseve viwro da wagrZelebuli piri (pirisa da yuis
sigane Zailian uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs). pirveli tipi
xasiaTdeba maRali, viwro da maxvili yuiT, wagrZelebuli
viwro piriTa da ovaluri satare xvreliT. xolo meore
tipis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania maRali, odnav
gafarToebuli da wakveTili yua. maT zogjer ,,yuakverian~
culebsac uwudeben [papuaSvili, 1998: 45. tab. XVIII6].
rkinis culebi, romlebic brinjaos culis formebs
imeorebs, garda sakuTriv kolxeTisa aRmoCenilia aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi, mag. TrialeTSi,
beSTaSenis samarovanze [Куфтин, 1941: 45. рис. 43.]; Tlias
samarovanze [Техов, 1985. табл. 1472, 1503]; borjomis xeobaSi da
sxva. rogorc zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, da savsebiT marTebu-
ladac, amgvari rkinis culebi kolxuri warmoSobisaa da
isini, brinjaos kolxuri culebis arsebobis xanaSi _ Zv.w.
VII saukunis meore naxevarSi unda gamoCeniliyvnen [miqelaZe,
1985: 34].
rac Seexeba im rkinis culebs, romlebic brinjaos
culis formas ar imeorebs ,,yuakveriani" culis saxeliTacaa
cnobili.
mkvlevarTa nawili mas skviTur samyaros ukavSirebs da
amis ZiriTad argumentad is moaqvT, rom amgvari culebi
Zalze xSirad iseT kompleqsebSi arian aRmoCenili, sadac
skviTuri nivTebis siWarbea [Погребова, 1969: 183-187]. m. pogre-
bovas azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom am tipis culebi kargad
aris warmodgenili rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, agreTve somxeTSi (golovino,
84
musi-eri), maTi gavrcelebis centri mainc Crdilo kavkasiis
aRmosavleTi nawilia [Погребова, 1969: 183]. dasavleT
saqarTve-loSi msgavsi culebi cnobilia yulanurxvas
samarovanze, brilSi, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ dvanis
nekropolze, Tlias samarovanze _ yvela maTganze skviTur
inventarTan erTad [Погребова, 1969: 183-187].
borjomis xeobaSi gvxvdeba rogorc brinjaos prototi-
pebis minabaZi, ise maTgan gansxvavebuli rkinis culebi.
CiTaxevis #26 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis culi warmoadgens
brinjaos kolxuri (II tipis) culis minabaZs. igi aRmoCnda
komplqsSi, sadac dadasturebulia zemoaRniSnuli brinjaos
hibriduli culi, bimetaluri satevari, brinjaos fibula,
calyura kanelurebiani sasmisebi da sxva. samarxi Zv.w. VII
saukuniT unda daTariRdes. msgavsi culebic ZiriTadad am
periodSia gavrcelebuli. amave jgufs miekuTvneba CiTaxevis
#32 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis culic. igi aRmoCnda
bimetalur maxvilTan, brinjaos qarqaSTan, rkinis grZel-
pirian da moklemasrian SubispirebTan, rkinis moxril
danasTan da calyura sasmisebTan erTad. am kompleqsis
gaTvaliswinebiT samarxi Zv.w. VII saukuniT unda daTariRdes.
am SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi damaTariRebeli, swored
rkinis culia.
rac Seexeba CiTaxevis samarovanis #29 samarxSi aRmoCe-
nil culs, igi im kategorias miekuTvneba, romelsac araferi
aqvs saerTo brinjaos kolxur culebTan da romelic
r. papuaSvilma Tavis SkalaSi amgvari culebis meore tipad
gamoyo [papuaSvili, 1998: 45. tab. XVIII7]. msgavsi culebi
aRmoCenilia nigvzianis samarovanis #12 samarx-ormoSi
[papuaSvili, 1998: 46.], samTavros #212, 99, 8, 27, 14 samarxebSi
[abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I. 7,8,9], Tlias samarovanze [�����, 1985.
tab. 1062; 1374; 1411; 1451]. r. abramiSvilica da b. texovic
samTavrosa da Tlias im kompleqsebis TariRs, sadac es
culebi aRmoCnda Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevariTa da Zv.w.
85
VI saukuniT gansazRvraven. CiTaxevis #29 samarxic iq
aRmoCenili nivTebis (rkinis Subispiri, rkinis danebi) da
zemoaRniSnuli culis mixedviT, albaT amave periodiT unda
daTariRdes.
amdenad, borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis
samarxebSi aRmoCenili culebi, miuxedavad raodenobrivi
simcirisa, sakmaod asaxaven im tendencias, rac am iaraRis da
misi calkeuli tipebis genezisisa da ganviTareba-
gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT xdeboda imdroindel kavkasiaSi.
rogorc Cans, borjomis xeobac sakmaod aqtiurad yofila am
procesSi CarTuli.
86
Tavi III. samkauli da samoselTan dakavSirebuli
nivTebi
rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniReles sama-
rovnebis rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis samarxebSi mopove-
buli masalis mniSvnelovan nawils samkauli da samoselTan
dakavSirebuli nivTebi Seadgens. iSviaTia samarxi, sadac
amgvari nivTebi ar dadasturebula. isini gamovlinda
rogorc inhumaciur samarxebSi, ise kremaciul urnebSi.
rvelis samarovanze samkauli da samoselTan dakavSire-
buli nivTebi dafiqsirda Cvidmet samarxSi. aq aRmoCnda: sami
vercxlis da ori brinjaos sayure (#7, 54, 51 samarxebSi);
ori brinjaos da ori rkinis samajuri (#51 da #54
samarxebSi); vercxlis ori sasafeTqle rgoli (#8 samarxSi);
brinjaos Zewkvebi (#44 da #45 samarxebSi); sami brinjaosa
da erTi rkinis sakinZi (#19, 22, 23, 58 samarxebSi); brinjaos
xatisuReli (#7 samarxSi); sxvadasxva masalisgan damzade-
buli uamravi mZivi (#6, 19, 30, 40, 41, 44 samarxebSi).
CiTaxevis samarovanze samkauli da samoselTan dakavSi-
rebuli nivTebi dafiqsirda ocdaTormet samarxSi. kerZod,
brinjaos sakinZebi (#1, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 32, 37, 70,
72, 74, 85, 86 samarxebSi); rkinis sakinZebi (#17 da 73
samarxebSi); fibulebi (#4, 11, 15, 20, 23, 26 samarxebSi);
brinjaos samajurebi (#6, 20, 26, 37, 73, 82 samarxebSi); rkinis
samajurebi (#32 samarxSi); brinjaos sartylis garsakravi
(#14 samarxSi); brinjaos Rilebi (#11, 37, 70, 73 samarxebSi);
brinjaos sayureebi (#37 samarxSi); xatisuRlebi (#26, 32
samarxebSi); brinjaos gulsakidi (#74 samarxSi); brinjaos
milsakidebi (#37, 74, 82 samarxebSi); brinjaos Zewkvi (#70
samarxSi); brinjaos eJvani (#37 samarxSi); brinjaos beWdebi
(#37 samarxSi); sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli mZivebi
(#1, 6, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 37, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82,
97 samarxebSi).
87
kviracxovlis samarovanze gamovlinda: brinjaos sakin-
Zebi (#29, 48, 55 samarxebSi); brinjaos Zewkvi da rgoli (#55
samarxSi); brinjaos Rili (#55 samarxSi); sardionis, minis
da brinjaos mZivebi (#32 samarxSi).
borniReles samarovanze aRmoCnda Semdegi nivTebi: 82
sakinZi maT Soris oTmoci brinjaosi (#1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14,
17, 21, 22, 24, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71,
76, 78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 97, 99, 101, 111, 120 samarxebSi) da
mxolod ori rkinisa - #38 da #91 samarxebSi. oTxmoci
samajuri (78 brinjaosi da 2 rkinis - #2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17,
21, 22, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71, 76,
78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93 samarxebSi); eqvsi vercxlis sayure
(#21, 22, 32 samarxebSi); oTxi brinjaos sayure (#44, 92, 94
samarxebSi); brinjaos aTi sawvive rgoli (#73 samarxSi);
Svidi brinjaos beWedi (#21, 4, 55, 56, 92 samarxebSi); Svidi
brinjaos abzinda (#23, 27, 44, 64, 79, 92 samarxebSi);
brinjaos ilari (#32 da 76 samarxebSi); brinjaos sartylis
garsakravi (#92 samarxSi); brinjaos xatisuReli (#32
samarxSi); sami brinjaos sakidi (#24 da #32 samarxebSi);
brinjaos zarakebi (#24 da #32 samarxebSi); ori brinjaos
gulsakidi (#32 samarxSi); brinjaos Zewkvebi (#32 da 76
samarxebSi); sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli uamravi
mZivi (#1, 11, 16, 23, 24, 34, 44, 45, 46, 55, 56, 66, 74, 76
samarxebSi).
sakinZebi. sakinZebi borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenil samo-
selTan dakavSirebul nivTebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze
mravalricxovani da mravalferovani saxeobaa. rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xanaSi, iseve rogorc adreul periodSi, isini
ZiriTadad brinjaosagan mzaddeboda. mxolod TiTo-orola
SemTxvevaa rkinis sakinZebis aRmoCenisa (rvelis #15,
CiTaxevis #73 da borniReles #11, 38, 91 samarxebi).
88
formis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos sakinZebis ramode-
nime tipi: 1) Tavxvia sakinZebi, romelTa Soris sami qvetipis
gamoyofacaa SesaZlebeli:
a) sakinZebi, romelTa Rero mTlianad mrgvalganivkve-
Tiania (borniReles # 1, 7, 761 samarxebi, tab. XXIII2);
b) sakinZebi, romelTa Reros qveda nawili mrgvalganiv-
kveTiania, zeda nawili ki oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani;
g) sakinZebi, romelTa Reros zeda nawili grexilia
(CiTaxevis #16 da borniReles #76 samarxebi. tab. XXIII1).
2) Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi. aseTi sakinZebis Rero
rogorc wesi mrgvalganivkveTiania da zeda nawilSi saTasme
naxvreti aqvs datanebuli. am tipis sakinZebic or jgufad
iyofa: sada sakinZebad (rvelis #22, 58; CiTaxevis #15, 18;
borniReles #5, 11, 13, 17, 21, 35, 38, 44, 31, 55, 56, 81, 92, 93
samarxebi. tab. XXIII4) da ornamentirebul sakinZebad, sadac
Warbobs wiwvovani ornamenti (CiTaxevis #11, 23, 85;
borniReles #1, 4, 34, 44, 45, 65, 66, 71, 82, 89, 91 samarxebi.
tab. XXIII4,7,8).
3) oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani, Tavgamsxvilebuli sakinZebi
(CiTaxevis #14, 20 da borniReles # 21 da 14 samarxebi. tab.
XXIII3).
4) kopebiani sakinZebi (CiTaxevis #37, 74, borniReles
#78 samarxi. tab. XXIII5).
5) gumbaTiseburTaviani (Tavkopala) sakinZebi (tab.
XXIII9,10,11).
6) miniaturuli, Tavgabrtyelebuli sakinZebi (borniRe-
les #76, 96 samarxebi. tab. XXIII6).
zemoTxsenebul tipebs Soris yvelaze arqaulia Tavxvia
sakinZebi. maT Sesaxeb bevr mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli
sayuradRebo mosazreba (d. qoriZe, b. kuftini, n. oqropiriZe,
r. abramiSvili da sxv.). d. qoriZe Tavis naSromSi `Tbilisis
arqeologiuri Zeglebi~, ganixilavs ra, navTluRSi aRmoCe-
nil gvianbrinjaos xanis masalas, exeba Tavxvia sakinZebsac.
89
maTSi igi or tips gamoyofs. mrgvalganivkveTian da oTxkuT-
xaganivkveTian Tavxvia sakinZebs da ufro arqaulad mrgval-
ganivkveTianebs miiCnevs. am mxriv dasayrden masalas mas
samTavros CrdiloeT ubnis #288 samarxis inventari aZlevs
[qoriZe, 1958: 173-177].
saerTod ki Tavxvia sakinZebis prototipebad SeiZleba
spilenZis TavmokauWebuli sakinZebi CaiTvalos, romlebic
jer kidev eneoliTis xanidan arian gavrcelebuli (mag.,
Tefe-hisarSi, SengaviTSi da sxv.). yvela maTgani mrgvalganiv-
kveTiania.
fr. hanCari Tavxvia sakinZebs troa VI-dan kavkasiaSi
Semotanil saxeobad miiCnevs. magram qarTvel mkvlevarebs,
d. qoriZes da g. nioraZes maTi winaaziidan eqsporti saeWvod
miaCniaT [qoriZe, 1958: 173-177].
Tavxvia sakinZebs specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna
n. oqropiriZem [oqropiriZe, 1951]. mkvlevari a. kalandaZis da
g. lomTaTiZis naSromebze dayrdnobiT samTavros samarovan-
ze gamovlenil brinjaos sakinZebis mravalricxovani forme-
bidan, Tavxvia sakinZebs yvelaze Zvel formad Tvlis.
n. oqropiriZec maT or tipad yofs da orive tipis sakinZebs
WedviT damzadebulad miiCnevs. is Tavxvia sakinZebis parale-
lebs upirveles yovlisa TviT saqarTveloSi (flavismani,
gomna, TrialeTi, saCxere, raWa) da saerTod kavkasiaSi
(erevani, yobani, ganja-yarabaRi) eZebs da mxolod amis
Semdeg troaSi, siria-palestinasa da evropaSi. n. oqropi-
riZec iziarebs zemoaRniSnul mkvlevarTa mosazrebas da
Tavxvia sakinZebs kavkasiur wormoSobis nivTad miiCnevs.
d. qoriZis azriT, Tavxvia sakinZebi kavkasiis terito-
riaze gviani brinjaos periodis Semdeg ar gxvdeba da am
garemoebas amgvari nivTebis Semcveli kompleqsebis daTari-
Rebisas Zalze mniSvnelovan garemoebad Tvlis [qoriZe, 1958:
173-177]. aseTive azrisaa r. abramiSvilic. Tavis qronologiur
SkalaSi is Tavxvia sakinZebis Semcvels kompleqsebs Zv.w.
90
XIII-XII saukuneebiT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1957: 138. tab. I
204].
borjomis xeobaSi, kerZod borniReles samarovanze
aRmoCenil Tavxvia sakinZebis Semcvel kompleqsebze dakvirve-
bisas mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom am tipis sakinZebi
arsebobas ufro gvianac, kerZod, Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSic
ganagrZoben. borniReles #1 da #8 samarxebSi Tavxvia
sakinZebTan erTad aRmoCenilia iseTi nivTebi, romlebic
swored am periodiT TariRdeba. mag. rkinis moxrili dana
(borniReles #1 samarxSi); bimetaluri maxvili (borniReles
#8 samarxSi). garda amisa orive samarxSi dadasturda
dakrZalvis kremaciuli wesi. erT-erTi sakinZi swored
kremaciul urnaSi aRmoCnda. dakrZalvis es wesi am mxareSi
swored Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi arsebobs. am tipis sakinZebi
aRmoCenilia rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis sxva Zeglebzec.
mag. TrialeTSi (gomareTi) TviT rkinis Tavxvia sakinZebicaa
aRmoCenili [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. XVIII12]. brinjaos grexil-
Reroiani Tavxvia sakinZebi dadasturebulia rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xaniT daTariRebul leninakanis samarovanzec
[Мартиросян, 1964: 284. рис. 110. 5]. sakmaod mravladaa Tavxvia
sakinZebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, e.w. `yobanur~ kompleqsebSi,
romlebic Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Крупнов, 1960:
199. табл. XI; Козенкова, 1982 б. табл. XXXV3,4]. es ki miuTiTebs
imaze, rom amgvari sakinZebi arseboben qronologiurad
Zalze didi monakveTis manZilze – brinjaos xanis adreuli
safexuridan, rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanamde da amdenad
kompleqsis daTariRebisas dasayrdenad ver gamodgeba.
borjimis xeobaSi aRmoCenil sakinZebs Soris erT-erT
yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens e.w. Tavgamsxvile-
buli sakinZebi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am tipis sakinZebis
or jgufad dayofaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli jgufis sakinZebi
sruliad sadaa, xolo meore jgufis sakinZebis Reros zeda
nawili Semkulia sxvadasxva ornamentiT – texili, gadajva-
91
redinebuli, talRovani xazebiT. yvelaze xSirad ki mainc
e.w. `wiwvovani~ ornamentiT arian Semkuli. maT umravlesobas
korpusis zeda nawilze aqvs saTasme naxvretebi. garda Cveni
sakvlevi samarovnebisa, am tipis sakinZebi aRmoCenilia
maTgan axlos, sof. awyurSic [nioraZe, 1944: 196]. saerTod ki
aseTi sakinZebi cnobilia rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. mag. urekis #3 ormo-
samarxidan [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XIII44,45,46], beSTaSenis samarov-
nis gviani brinjaosa da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xaniT
daTariRebuli samarxebidan [Куфтин, 1941: 73. рис. 80]. samTav-
ros #295 samarxidan, romelic r. abramiSvilis qronolo-
giuri Skalis mixedviT Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da
Zv.w. VI saukuniT TariRdeba [abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I29].
SedarebiT iSviaTia TavSesqelebuli oTxkuTxaganivkve-
Tiani da mravalwaxnagiani sakinZebi (tab. XXIII3). iSviaTia
ara mxolod borjomis xeobaSi, aramed saerTodac. igi
Tavgamsxvilebuli mrgvalganivkveTiani sakinZebis cotaTi
ufro rTul nairsaxeobas unda warmoadgendes.
SedarebiT uxvadaa warmodgenili e.w. `Tavgabrtyele-
buli~ sakinZebi (tab. XXIII6). am tipis sakinZebi sakmaodaa
gavrcelebuli mTel kavkasiaSi. umetesad ki aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi: samTavros, beSTaSenis, Tlias samarovnebze.
igi dadasturebulia beSTaSenis #23 da #26 qvayuTebSi
[menabde, davlianiZe, 1968: 126, 128]. rogorc Cans, isinic
sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobdnen. mag.
Tlias samarovanze gvxvdebian rogorc Zv.w. XIII-X s.s., ise
Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi, (Tumca
IX-VII saukuneebis kompleqsebSi ufro metad).
borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili am tipis TiTqmis yvela
sakinZi sadaa, magram beSTaSenisa da Tlias samarovnebze
dadasturebul zogierT egzemplars Tavebi Semkuli aqvs
kvadratebad daRaruli xazebiT, jvaredini xazebiT,
wiwvovani ornamentiT da a.S.
92
sakinZebis sakmaod gavrcelebuli formaa agreTve
gumbaTiseburTaviani (e.w. `Tavkopala~) sakinZebi. maTi gavr-
celebis teritoriuli da qronologiuri arealic sakmaod
farToa. samTavros samarovanze aRmoCenil am tipis sakinZebs
r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VI
saukuniT aTariRebs, xolo sxva aseTi sakinZebi mas
moTavsebuli aqvs Zv.w. IX saukunisa da Zv.w. VIII saukunis
dasawyisiT daTariRebul fenebSi [abramiSvili, 1957. tab.
I27,130]. ufro aZvelebs amgvar nivTebs b. texovi. Tlias
samarovanze aRmoCenil egzemplarebs igi Zv.w. XVI-X da Zv.w.
XVI-XIII saukuneebis fenebSi aqcevs [Техов, 1981. табл. 51, 5, 10].2
zog kompleqsSi, mag. samTavros qveda fenis #565
samarxSi gvxvdeba rogorc Tavxvia, ise Tavgamsxvilebuli da
e.w. `Tavkopala~ sakinZebi. aseve igi dasturdeba beSTaSenis
samarovnis gvianbrinjaos xanis (Zv.w. XII-X s.s.) kompleqsebSi
[Куфтин, 1941: 73. рис. 80].
CiTaxevis #37, 74 da borniReles #78 samarxebSi
aRmoCnda e.w. kopebiani sakinZebi (tab. XXIII5). pirveli ori
oTxkopiania _ borniRelze aRmoCenil sakinZs ki xuTi kopi
amSvenebs.
am tipis sakinZebic sakmaod didi xnis manZilze
arseboben. b. texovi Tlias samarovnis masalebze dayrdno-
biT maT Zv.w. XIV-XII saukuneebSi aqcevs [Техов, 1980. табл. 15,
26]. kopebiani sakinZebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ufro mogviano
xanaSic aris da `yobanur~ kulturis kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba.
borjomis xeobaSi rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis kompleq-
sebSi am tipis sakinZebis aRmoCena adasturebs, rom maTi
zeda qronologiuri zRvari Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebamde modis
da kolxuri kulturisaTvis da am kulturis gavrcelebis
zonaSi moqceuli regionebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
2 b. texovis mier Zv.w. XVI-XIII s.s. daTariRebuli kompleqsebi bolo xanebSi gadaTariRda da sagrZnoblad gaaxalgazrdavda.
93
samajurebi. samkaulis es saxeoba sakmao raodenobiTaa
aRmoCenili borjomis xeobis samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII s.s.
daTariRebul samarxebSi. isini damzadebulni arian rogorc
brinjaosagan, ise rkinisagan.
rvelis samarovanze aRmoCnda oTxi samajuri – ori
brinjaosi da ori rkinis. CiTaxevis samarovanze brinjaos
samajurebi aRmoCnda #6, 20, 26, 37, 73, 82 samarxebSi, rkinis
ki #21 samarxSi. borniReles samarovanze dafiqsirda oTxmo-
ci samajuri, maTgan 78 brinjaosi da mxolod ori rkinis
(#1, 21, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 44,
45, 48, 50, 51, 55, 56, 65, 66, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 98
samarxebSi); kviracxovlis samarovanze sakvlevi periodis
samarxebSi arc erTi samajuri ar dadasturebula.
rkinis samajurebi Zalze daJangulia, xSir SemTxvevaSi
natexebis saxiTaa moRweuli da amitom formisa da tipis
garCeva Wirs.
brinjaos samajurebi ki SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg
tipebad:
1) mrgvalganivkveTiani, Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi
(gvxvdeba rogorc sada, ise ornamentirebuli calebi. tab.
XXV1,2,3).
2) mrgvalganivkveTiani da segmenturganivkveTiani sama-
jurebi, romelTa Tavebi damSvenebulia gvelis stilizebuli
gamosaxulebiT (tab. XXIV4,5,6).
3) brtyelganivkveTiani samajurebi (tab. XXV4,5).
4) masiuri Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi (tab. XXV1,2,3).
5) mrgvalganivkveTiani samajurebi, romelTa Tavebic
erTmaneTze gadadis (tab. XXIV1,2,3).
samajurebi aRmoCenilia rogorc inhumaciur samarxebSi,
ise kremaciul urnebSi. isini gvxvdebian rogorc mozrdili
adamianebis, ise bavSvebis samarxebSi. dadasturebulia
agreTve e.w. `kenotafSic~ (CiTaxevis #20 samarxSi). aq
94
aRmoCenili inventaris mixedviT simboluri samarxi mamakacis
saxelze unda yofiliyo gamarTuli.
xSir SemTxvevebSi samajurebi koleqtiur samarxebSi
gvxvdeba, sadac Zvlebi cud mdgomareobaSi iyo daculi da
Wirda imis dadgena, Tu romel micvalebuls ekuTvnoda esa
Tu is nivTi. magram aris samarxebi (mag., CiTaxevis #26
samarxi), sadac marcxena gverdze dasvenebul micvalebuls
samkaulTan (mZivebi, fibula, samajurebi) erTad Catanebuli
hqonda rkinis culi, rkinis satevari, Subispiri da
xatisuReli (b. kuftinis mier mamakacis inisignaciis niSnad
miCneuli). ase rom, zogjer inventaris mixedviTac SeuZlebe-
lia micvalebulis sqesis gansazRvra.
swored am samarxSia aRmoCenili brinjaos ovalurga-
nivkveTiani, Tavebgaxsnili samajurebi, romelTac erTi Tavi
gabrtyelebuli da gafarToebuli aqvT. maT paraleli
eZebnebaT qvemo qarTlSi, TrialeTSi: beSTaSenis, manglisis,
kikeTis, axalsoflis samarovnebze [davlianiZe, 1983. tab. IX-
X]. iseve rogorc borjomis xeobaSi, am mxareSic yvelaze
metad mrgvalganivkveTiani da ovalurganivkveTiani samajure-
bia aRmoCenili da iSviaTad gvxvdeba brtyelganivkveTiani da
miT umetes segmenturganivkveTiani egzemplarebi. Triale-
Tisgan gansxvavebiT borjomis xeobaSi naklebia cxovelis
stilizebulTaviani samajurebi (tab. XXIV4,5,6). aseTi samaju-
rebi sakmaodaa aRmoCenili dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod
afxazeTSi – wiTeli Suquras #21 da #26 samarxebSi
[doliZe, 1999: 42. tab. XX]; guadixus #18 samarxSi [doliZe,
1999: 43. tab. XXIV]; iaSTxvas #1 samarxSi [doliZe, 1999: 44.
tab. VI]. wiTeli Suqurasa da guadixus kompleqsebi Zv.w. VII-
VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba, xolo iaSTxvas #1 samarxi Zv.w.
VI-V saukuneebiT. aRmoCenilia isini samTavros samarovanze
#206 da #219 samarxebSi da r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII saukunis
meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs. msgavsi
samajurebi gvxvdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic – nesterovosa da
95
lugovoes samarovnebze. e. krupnovi maT aseve Zv.w. VII-VI
saukuneebs miakuTvnebs [Крупнов, 1960: 280]. msgavsi nivTebi
dadasturebulia Tlias samarovanze #213 da #321 samarxeb-
Si, romelTa TariRsac b. texovi Zv.w. VII saukunis meore
naxevriT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT gansazRvravs [Техов, 1985].
gvelis Tavis gamosaxulebiani samajurebi aRmoCenilia
kaxeTSic. kerZod, meliRele II-is qvis yrilSi [ficxelauri,
1973. tab. XLVIII]. gvxvdeba isini did liloSi, lafanyuras-
Tan; qarTlSi – zemo gostibeSi [davlianiZe, 1983, 63]. isini
gavrcelebuli arian somxeTis teritoriazec: mag. Zv.w. VII-VI
saukuneebis xrtanocis samarovanze [Каталог... 1969: 122. табл.
XLIII]; karmir-blurze [Каталог... 1964: 122. табл. XLIII3,5];
makaraSenis masalebs Soris [Мартиросян, 1964. 187-188. табл.
XXX]. Tumca `somxuri~ samajurebi TavianTi formiT
ramdenadme gansxvavdebian saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT
kavkasiis teritoriaze aRmoCenil samajurebisagan.
gvelis Tavis gamosaxulebiT samajuris Tavebis Semkoba
cxadia raRac religiur rwmenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. gve-
lis gamosaxulebian yvelaze adreul nivTad saqarTveloSi
miCneulia TrialeTis Suabrinjaos xanis erT-erT mdidrul
yorRanSi aRmoCenili Tixis WurWeli. Semdgom periodSi
gvelis gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT rogorc samkaulebze, ise
iaraRsa da Tixis WurWelze.
b. kuftinis azriT, gvelisTavebiani samajurebi urartu-
dan unda modiodes [Куфтин, 1944]. g. avaliSvilis azriT ki,
aseTi nivTebis karmir-blurSi didi raodenobiT aRmoCena
uciloblad mis urartul warmoSobaze ar unda miuTiTebdes.
miT umetes, rom urartul panTeonSi arc erT RvTaebas
gvelis atributika ar hqonia [avaliSvili, 1974: 82-90]. amgvari
samkaulis sixSire qvemo qarTlsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
ufro maT adgilobriv warmoSobaze unda mianiSnebdes. ase
rom, borjomis xeobaSi am tipis samajurebis aRmoCena kidev
96
erTxel miuTiTebs am mxaris kavSirs, erTis mxriv, qvemo
qarTlTan da TrialeTTan da meores mxriv, kolxur da
yobanur samyarosTan.
samajurTa erT-erT saintereso tips masiuri, oTxkuTxa-
ganivkveTiani samajurebi warmoadgens, romelic xuTi calia
aRmoCenili borniReles #93 samarxSi (tab. XXV1,2). maT garda
am samarxSi aRmoCnda ori mrgvalganivkveTiani samajuri.
agreTve sxva samkaulic: sayureebi, sakinZebi, beWdebi, mZivebi,
aseve rkinis Subispiri, brinjaos hibriduli culi da sxv.
samarxi koleqtiuria.
oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani samajurebi aRmoCenilia
afxazeTSi: merxeulisa da wiTeli Suquras samarovnebze
[baramiZe, 1977: 50. Трапш, 1969: 104-106. табл. VIII]. magram
borniReles samajurebisagan gansxvavebiT maT Tavebi
gabrtyelebuli aqvT. m. baramiZe varaudobs, rom am tipis
samajurebi mxolod afxazeTisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli
[baramiZe, 1977: 50]. masiuri oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani samajurebi
dadasturebulia samTavros samarovnis baierniseul #600
samarxSic.
Semdegi tipi samajurebi, romlebic Cvens sakvlev
samarovnebzea aRmoCenili, mrgvalganivkveTiani, erTmaneTze
Tavgadadebuli brinjaos samajurebia, romelTa Tavebic zog
SemTxvevaSi wawvetebulia. am tipis samkauli aRmoCnda
rvelis #20, CiTaxevis #22 da borniReles #38 da 83
samarxebSi (tab. XXIV1,2,3).
msgavsi samajurebi kargadaa cnobili samxreT kavka-
siaSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi isini gvxvdeba kolxeTis
dablobze – urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze [miqelaZe,
1985: 55. tab. XIX7, XXIII6]; wiTeli Suquras samarovanze (mag.
#32 samarxSi) [Трапш, 1969: 67-65], Tlias samarovanze, mag.
#263 samarxSi, romelsac b. texovi IX-VII saukuneebiT aTari-
Rebs [Техов, 1981: 16-17. табл. 74]. amave tipis samajurs, oRond
97
#104 samarxidan, igive avtori Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxev-
riTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs [Техов, 1985. табл.221].
rvelis #48 da CiTaxevis #32 samarxebSi aRmoCenilia
rkinis samajurebi. cudi daculobis gamo maT Sesaxeb raime
arsebiTis Tqma ar SegviZlia. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom
rkinis samajurebi Zv.w. VIII saukunidan iwyeben gamoCenas da
ukve Zv.w. VI saukunis Semdgomi periodidan mTels samxreT
kavkasiaSi masiurad vrceldeba.
sawvive rgolebi. borniReles #73 samarxSi aRmoCnda
aTi sawvive rgoli, romlebic mcirewlovan micvalebulis
wvivis Zvalze iyo wamocmuli (xuTi erT fexze, xuTi meore-
ze). rgolebi oTxkuTxavanivkveTiania, Tavebi erTmaneTze aqvT
gadadebuli (tab. XXV6).
b. kuftini Seexo ra afxazeTSi aRmoCenil brinjaos
msxvil rgolebs. isini sawvive rgolebad miiCnia, romelsac
adamians fexze bavSvobaSi acmevdnen da sikvdilamde zed
hqonda. mkvlevari maT cvilis dakargvis meTodiT damzade-
bulad Tvlida da mxolod afxazeTisaTvis damaxasiaTeblad
miaCnda. maT analogias igi mxolod dunaispireTSi xedavda
da aqedan gamohqonda daskvna afxazeTsa da dunaispireTs
Soris SesaZlo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. fr. baierni sawvive
rgolebs `goliaTis rgolebs~ uwodebda da simdidris
maCveneblad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1949b: 150-152].
brinjaos msgavsi rgolebi, rogorc oTxkuTaganivkve-
Tiani, ise mrgvalganivkveTiani, sakmaod gavrcelebulia
mTels msoflioSi. magram yvela maTganis sawvive rgolebad
miCneva albaT swori ar iqneboda.
borniReles #73 samarxSi aRmoCenili rgolebis
diametri 6 santimetria da amdenad igi adamians mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze, rogorc b. kuftini varaudobda, fexze
ver eqneboda wamocmuli. amas garda, maTi borjomis xeobaSi
aRmoCenis faqti uaryofs kuftinis varauds sawvive
98
rgolebis mxolod Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTSi arsebobis
Sesaxeb.
sayureebi. borjomis xeobis samarovnebze aRmoCenili
samkaulis sakmaod mniSvnelovan nawils sayureebi Seadgens.
isini damzadebuli arian rogorc brinjaosgan (rvelis #42
da #51, CiTaxevis #37, kviracxovlis #55 da borniReles
#44, 76, 92, 94 samarxebSi), aseve vercxlisagan (rvelis #7,
54, CiTaxevis #23, 82, borniReles #21, 22, 32 samarxebi (tab.
XXVI1-4).
vercxlis sayureebi Zalzed daSlilia, cudadaa Senaxu-
li, Tumca dgindeba, rom isini mrgvalganivkveTiani mavTuli-
sagan yofila damzadebuli. rvelis #7 samarxSi aRmoCenili
vercxlis sayuris boloebi gvelis Tavis stilizebul
gamosaxulebas warmoadgens (tab. XXVI3).
sayuris daniSnulebis mqone sxvadasxva masalisgan
damzadebuli rgolebis gavrcelebis geografiuli are da
qronologiuri CarCo Zalze didia. vercxlis mavTulisagan
damzadebuli sayureebis gavrcelebis dros ki r. abrami-
Svili Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriTa da Zv.w. VI saukuniT
gansazRvravs [abramiSvili, 1957: 126].
msgavsi sayureebi gavrcelebulia rogorc aRmosavleT,
ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi. agreTve CrdiloeT kavkasiasa
da somxeTSi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi isini gvxvdeba
nigvzianisa da wiTeli Suquras samarovnebze [miqelaZe, 1985:
84. tab. XLVIII. Трапш, 1969: 185-186. Табл. XV]; aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi beSTaSenis, samTavros samarovnebze [davlia-
niZe, 1985: 81-82]. beSTaSenis vercxlis sayureebis Tavebic
gvelis Tavis stilizebul gamosaxulebebs warmoadgens. am
nivTebs iseve rogorc maT Semcvel kompleqsebs b. kuftini
aqemeniduri xaniT aTariRebs [Куфтин, 1941: 43].
99
beWdebi. borjomis xeobaSi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT
daTariRebul samarxebSi aRmoCenili beWdebi, rogorc wesi,
brinjaos Txeli firfitisaganaa damzadebuli da Tavebi
erTmaneTze aqvT gadadebuli. isini aRmoCndnen CiTaxevis
#37 (2 c.) da borniReles #4, 55, 56, 92 (4 c.) samarxebSi
(tab. XXVI6,7).
al. kalandaZis azriT, am tipis beWdebi Cndeba gviani
brinjaos xanis adreul safexurze, ufro intensiur
gavrcelebas ki adreuli rkinis xanaSi iwyeben [kalandaZe,
1959: 185]. am dros maT ukve rkinisganac amzadeben. brinjaos
firfitovan, oRond ornamentirebul beWdebs, romlebic
samTavros samarovanzea aRmoCenili, r. abramiSvili Zv.w. VII
saukunis meore naxevariT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs
[abramiSvili, 1957: tab. I19,21].
xatisuRlebi. mcirericxovnobis miuxedavad Cvens
sakvlev samarovnebze aRmoCenil nivTTa Soris xatisuRlebs
mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT. amgvari nivTebi samecniero
literaturaSi kirkalis, gvergvis da sakisre rgolis
saxeliTac aris cnobili. borjomis xeobis samarovnebze
sul oTxi xatisuRelia dadasturebuli. ori brinjaosi
(CiTaxevis #26 da 32 samarxSi) da oric rkinis (rvelis #7
da borniReles #32 samarxebSi. (tab. XXVII1,2,3).
rkinis xatisuRlebi mrgvalganvkveTiania da Zlier
korozirebuli.
b. kuftini xatisuRlebs mamakacis samkaulad da inisig-
naciis niSnad miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1949: 156]. simdidris damadas-
tureblad miiCnevda xatisuRlebs al. kalandaZe [kalandaZe,
1959: 185]. misi azriT, grexilReroiani, boloebgafarToebuli
xatisuRlebi saqarTvelos adreul ZeglTa Soris TiTqmis ar
gvxvdeba. maT prototipad ki gvevlineba mrgvalganivkveTiani,
boloebdaxveuli xatisuRlebi. amis damadasturebelia
Tlias samarovanze aRmoCenili xatisuRlebic. im fenebSi,
100
romlebic Zv.w. XVI-XII saukuneebiT TariRdeba, ZiriTadad
mrgvalganivkveTiani xatisuRlebia dadasturebuli. mxolod
Zv.w. VIII saukunis da Semdgomi xanis kompleqsebSi Cndeba
grexilReroiani egzemplarebi [Техов, 1985. табл. 1073].
mrgvalganivkveTiani boloebdaxveuli xatisuRlebi
aRmoCenilia urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze [miqelaZe,
1985: 83. tab. XVIII, XIX, XX]; brilis [gobejiSvili, 1959: 103],
guadixus, wiTeli Suquras [Трапш, 1969: 68. табл. III, VII],
beSTaSenis [Куфтин, 1941: 74. рис. 94] da samTavros samarovneb-
ze. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi – nesterovosa da lugovoes
samarovnebze [Крупнов, 1960: 205-206. табл.. XXIII]. g.
gobejiSvili miiCnevda, rom mrgvalganvkveTiani xatisuRlebi
damaxasiaTe-belia adreuli yobanuri kompleqsebisaTvis. m.
TrafSi, romelic mxars uWerda am mosazrebas, miiCnevda, rom
amgvari xatisuRlebi iyo Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi
gavrcelebuli grexilReroiani xatisuRlebis winamorbedia
[Трапш, 1969: 68-69]. m. baramiZe ki miiCnevs, rom
mrgvalganivkveTiani xatisuR-lebis arsebobis zeda
qronologiuri zRvari Zv.w. VI saukunemde unda Camodiodes
da garkveul periodSi grexil-Reroian xatisuRlebTanac
unda Tanaarsebobdes [baramiZe, 1977: 53].
mogviano xanaSi xatisuRlebi Zvirfasi liTonebisganac
mzaddeboda.
rogorc brinjaos, ise vercxlis grexilReroiani
xatisuRlebi aRmoCenilia merxeulis [baramiZe, 1977: 52-55] da
paluris [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1974: 112] samarovnebze. is
garkveul msgavsebas iCens mTiani yirimis Tavrul
nakeTobebTan. baidaris velze, qvis samarxebSi aRmoCenilia
rogorc sada, ise grexilReroiani xatisuRlebi. m. baramiZe
varaudobs, rom isini aq SesaZloa dasavleT saqarTvelodan
iyos Setanili [baramiZe, 1977: 54].
101
Tlias samarovanze dadasturebul xatisuRlebze dak-
virvebiT SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom rac ufro
axalgazrdaa grexilReroiani xatisuReli, boloebi ara aqvs
daxveuli, is gabrtyelebuli da gafarToebulia. xolo
samTavros samarovnis masalebze dakvirveba gvaZlevs
varaudis safuZvels, rom orive tipis xatisuRlebi
Tanaarseboben. r. abramiSvili maT Zv.w. VII saukunis meore
naxevariT da Zv.w. VI saukuniT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1957.
tab. I1,3]. borjomis xeobaSi am mxriv arsebuli viTareba
mxars uWers r. abramiSvilis TariRs, vinaidan, aq aRmoCenili
ori xatisuRlidan erTi mrgvalganivkveTiania da bolowawve-
tebulia (CiTaxevis #32 samarxi), xolo meore grexilRe-
roiani da bolomokauWebuli (CiTaxevis #26 samarxi).
grexilReroiani, bolomokauWebuli xatisuReli aRmoCenilia
mzeTamzes samarovnis #26 samarxSi [nasiZe, 1987]. yvela am
kompleqsSi aris iseTi nivTebi (rkinis danebi, rkinis culebi
da sxva), romelic maT Tanadroulobaze metyvelebs (Zv.w. VII
saukune – Zv.w. VI saukunis pirveli naxevari).
abzindebi. CiTaxevisa da borniReles rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xanis samarxebSi aRmoCenilia aTi abzinda
(CiTaxevis #25 da #72 da borniReles #23, 27, 44, 64, 79, 92
samarxebSi. tab. XXVIII). yvela maTgani brinjaosganaa damza-
debuli. morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT maTi dayofa or
tipad SeiZleba: marTkuTxedis moyvanilobis da e.w. `frTise-
bur~ abzindebad. yvela maTgans ukana mxares aqvs kavi
(mamali dugma) da saTasme naxvretebi met-naklebi
raodenobiT. magaliTad CiTaxevis #25 samarxSi aRmoCenil
abzindas Tu aTi naxvreti aqvs (tab. XXVIII2). borniReles
#25 samarxSi aRmoCenilia mxolod xuTi (tab. XXVIII4).
bunebrivia, isini zomebiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
aTi abzindidan gravirebulia mxolod ori – CiTaxevis #25
da borniReles #79 samarxSi aRmoCenili egzemplarebi.
102
pirvel maTgans naWdevi xazebiT Seqmnili rombuli ornamenti
amSvenebs, xolo meores paraleluri horizontaluri xazebi.
orive maTgani marTkuTxa abzindebs ganekuTvneba (tab.
XXVIII2,3).
amgvari abzindebis arsebobis qronologiuri CarCo
sakmaod didia. isini Zv.w. X-IX saukuneebSi iwyeben gamoCenas
da Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT ganagrZoben funqcionirebas.
rac Seexeba maTi gavrcelebis geografiul sazRvrebs,
ZiriTadad kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis arealSi
gvxdebian [Крупнов, 1960: 103. Козенкова, 1982b: 51-54. fancxava,
1988: 33-34].
kolxeTSi dadasturebulia rogorc marTkuTxa, ise
frTiseburi tipis abzindebi. centralur kolxeTSi isini
mxolod Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba
[miqelaZe, 1985: 50]. magaliTad urekis da nigvzianis samarov-
nebze [miqelaZe, 1985: 50. tab. VI558,559; XIII647-652; XX754; XXI786],
ergetis [Хоштария, 1955: 46. рис. 9]; muxurCis [Гогадзе, Панцхава,
1977: 3. табл. VIII]; paluris [oqropiriZe, baramiZe, 1974. tab.
XVII], wiTeli Suquras [Трапш, 1969: 46. . рис. 9] samarovnebze.
msgavsi nivTebi didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili yobanSi,
magram maTSi ufro metad marTkuTxaAabzindebi Warbobs
[Уварова, 1900: 39-50. табл. XIV-XXI]. gvxvdeba isini Tlias
samarovnis Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi
[Техов, 1985]. aseve somxeTis teritoriaze, amave saukuneebiT
daTariRebul Zeglebze, romlebsac a. martirosiani importu-
lad miiCnevs [Мартиросян, 1964: 276. . рис.. 109]. am tipis abzinda
cnobilia sof. awyuridan [nioraZe, 1944: 196]. sakmao raodeno-
biT aRmoCnda samTavros samarovanzec. mag., #70 samarxSi
aRmoCenil abzindas r. abramiSvili Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebiT
aTariRebs, xolo #93 samarxis SedarebiT didi zomis –
cxranaxvretian abzindas Zv.w. VII saukunis meore naxevriT da
Zv.w. VI saukuniT [abramiSvili, 1957. tab. I37,136]. rogorc
103
marTkuTxa, ise frTiseburi abzindebi dadasturebulia
mzeTamzes samarovanze. (mag. #4, 22, 27 samarxebSi), romlebic
amave periodiT TariRdebian [nasiZe, 1990].
fibulebi. eqvsi fibula aRmoCnda CiTaxevis samaro-
vanze: #4, 11, 15, 20, 23, 26 samarxebSi (tab. XXIX). yvela
maTgani warmoadgens martiv, erTwilad fibulebs. maTgan
xuTi brinjaosganaa damzadebuli da mxolod erTi rkinisa-
gan (CiTaxevis #20 samarxi. tab. XXIX4). am tipis nivTebi
samecniero literaturaSi `submikenuri~ fibulebis (mSild-
sakinZebis) saxeliTaa cnobili, vinaidan maTi warmoSoba
berZnul xmelTaSuazRvispireTs ukavSirdeba [Blinkeberg, 1926:
17-21].
CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCenili fibulebis Rero
mrgvalganivkveTiania, ena gabrtyelebuli, zogi maTgani uor-
namentoa, zogs ki irgvliv Semovlebuli e.w. `Tevzifxuri~
ornamenti amSvenebs.
kavkasiaSi aRmoCenil fibulebs anu mSvildsakinZebs
araerTi mkvlevari Sexebia, magram monografiulad jer-
jerobiT mxolod n. sulavam Seiswavla [sulava, 2006]. manve
mogvca am fibulebis tipologiuri klasifikacia. n. sulava
kavkasiaSi aRmoCenil fibulebs sam tipad yofs: pirvel
tipSi aerTianebs naxevradovalurrkalian anu dabalrkalian
fibulebs da maTSi xuT qvetips gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian;
2) erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli irgvlivi `Tevzifxuri~
ornamentiT rkalSemokrul; 3) grexilReroian; 4) naWedvebiT
rkalSemokrul da 5) dakenWilrkalian egzemplarebs. meore
tipSi aerTianebs odnav asimetriulrkalian fibulebs da
maTSi sam qvetips gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian; 2) erTmaneTisa-
gan daSorebuli, irgvlivi Tevzifxuri ornamentiT
rkalSemokrul da 3) grexilReroian egzemplarebs. mesame
tipad mkvlevari naxevarwrisebur, anu maRalrkalian
(nalisebur) fibulebs miiCnevs da maTSi ocdaxuT qvetips
104
gamoyofs: 1) sadarkalian; 2) sigrZeze mimarTul `Tevzifxu-
riT~ rkalSemokrul; 3) irgvlivi `TevzifxuriT~ rkalSemok-
ruli; 4) yvaviliseburganivkveTian; 5) marTkuTxaganivkveTian;
6) mrgvalganivkveTian; 7) rombiseburganivkveTian; 8) rkalze
disokseburi SemsxvilebebiT; 9) mZiviseburrkalian; 10) irg-
vlivi zolebis segmentebiT rkalSemokrul; 11) dakenWilzur-
gian; 12) grexilrkalian; 13) firfiteseburrkalian;
14) daxorklilrkalian; 15) rkalze lursmniseburi Sverile-
biT; 16) rkalze verZis Tavis protomebiT; 17) `rozetuli~
rkaliT; 18) rkalis Tavsa da boloSi zoomorfuli gamosaxu-
lebebiT; 19) volutebiT budeSemokruli; 20) budeWvintiani;
21) baliSiseburzurgiani rkaliT; 22) Rrmamucliani rkaliT;
23) naviseburzurgiani rkaliT; 24) bibiloseburi rkaliT;
25) naxevradovalurrkalian egzemplarebs [sulava, 2006: 1-7].
Tavis naSromSi n. sulava exeba CiTaxevis #26, 58 da 20
samarxebSi aRmoCenil fibulebsac. pirvel ors, anu brinjaos
fibulebs, igi miseuli klasifikaciis pirveli tipis meore
qvetipSi, xolo #20 samarxSi aRmoCenil rkinis fibulas
mesame tipis pirvel qvetipSi aerTianebs [sulava, 2006: 49-50].
rac Seexeba danarCen fibulebs: CiTaxevis #10 samarxSi
gamovlenili brinjaos fibula unda mivakuTvnoT sulava-
seuli klasifikaciis pirveli tipis meore qvetips (dabal-
rkaliani fibulebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli `Tevzifxu-
riT~ rkalSemokruli); #16 samarxSi dadasturebuli fibula
meore tipis meore qvetipis (odnav asimetrulrkaliani
fibulebi erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli irgvlivi `Tevzi-
fxuri~ ornamentiT rkalSemokruli); xolo #20 samarxis
fibula mesame tipis pirvel qvetips (maRalrkaliani anu
naxevarwriseburi sada fibulebi).
CiTaxevis fibulebs mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT bevri
paraleli eZebneba. dabalrkaliani, sada fibulebi aRmoCe-
nilia urekis samarovanze. aqvea aRmoCenili Tevzifxurad
Semkuli amave tipis mSvildsakinZebi [miqelaZe, 1985. tab.
105
XXVII2]. dabalrkaliani, rogorc sada, ise ornamentirebuli
fibulebi nigvzianis samarovanzec dadasturda [miqelaZe,
1985: 82]. msgavsi nivTebi centralur kolxeTSi aRmoCenilia
agreTve ergetisa da dRvabas samarovnebze [sulava, 2006: 38-
44]; Crdilo-aRmosavleT kolxeTSi yulanurxvis, soxumis
mTis, guadixus, wiTeli Suquras, janxutis samarovnebze
(sulava, 2006: 38-44); rkinis fibulebi gamovlenilia brilis
samarovanze [sulava, 2006: 45]; mzeTamzes samarovanze asamde
fibulaa aRmoCenili. maTgan bevri mSvenivrad ornamentire-
buli da gravirebulia [sulava, 2006: 48-49; nasiZe, 1987: 1991].
yvelaze meti 168 fibula Tlias samarovanzea aRmoCenili.
maTgan 139 brinjaosia da 29 rkinis [sulava, 2006: 50].
samTavros samarovanze dadasturebulia sami brinjaosa da
sami rkinis mSvildsakinZi.
baierniseul #591 da #600 samarxebSi aRmoCenil
fibulebs Seexo r. abramiSvili [abramiSvili, 1961: 228-230].
igi miiCnevs, rom am tipis mSvildsakinZebi SavizRvispira
regionebidan vrceldeba da maTi radiaciis arec kolxuri
kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nivTebis gavrcelebis
farglebs ar scildeba. saqarTveloSi fibulebi inarCuneben
im saxes, romelic berZnul SavizRvispireTSi Tavdapirvelad
SemuSavda (gansxvavebiT sxva qvaynebisagan, sadac isini
formas icvlian). es ki r. abramiSvils aZlevs safuZvels,
rom fibulebi saqarTveloSi berZnuli submikenuri mSvild-
sakinZebis arsebobis periodSi gavrcelebulad miiCnios.
submikenuri xana ki Zv.w. 1160-1050 w.w. farglebSi eqceva.
amdenad, r. abramiSvili samTavros baierniseul
samarxebSi aRmoCenil fibulebs Zv.w. XII-XI saukuneebis
mijniT aTariRebs [abramiSvili, 1961: 330].
g. nioraZes, iseve rogorc bevr sxva mkvlevars,
fibulebis samSoblod samxreT evropa miaCnia [nioraZe, 1931:
202-203].
106
g. gobejiSvilis azriT, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili
fibulebis berZnuli warmoSoba saeWvoa, radgan Zv.w. II-I
aTaswleulis kavkasiur materialur kulturaSi berZnuli
gavlenis araviTari kvali ar SeiniSneboda da arc fibulebi
iqneboda gamonaklisi [gobejiSvili, 1959: 136-137].
T. miqelaZe fibulebis kolxur samyaroSi gamoCenas
egeosel zRvaosnebs miawerda da b. kuftinisa da r. abrami-
Svilis kvaldakval Tvlida, rom am tipis fibulebi
sruliad ucxoa mcire aziisaTvis [miqelaZe, 1985: 47-49].
b. texovi Tvlis, rom kavkasiuri fibulebis prototipi
submikenuri fibulaa da rom is saqarTveloSi Zv.w. XII
saukuneSi Semovida [Техов, 1977: 146-147].
j. afaqiZe kolxur samyaroSi (Tlias samaovanze),
fibulebis gamoCenas Zv.w. XI saukunidan varaudobs (afaqiZe,
2002: 49). kolxuri samarovnebi ki, sadac amgvari nivTebi
dafiqsirda Zv.w. VIII saukunis meore naxevriT da Zv.w. VII
saukuniT TariRdeba (iseve, rogorc CiTaxevis fibulebiani
kompleqsebi). uZvelesi fibula wiTeli Suquras samarovnidan
swored am periodis kompleqsSia dafiqsirebuli [Квирквелия,
1981: 15].
n. sulavas azriT, `kavkasia iyo nawili im uzarmazari
sivrcisa, romelSic fibulis idea trialebda. amitom
kavkasiuri fibulebis genetikuri kavSirebis moZebna mTel am
samyaroSia SesaZlebeli~. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom martivi
rkaliseburi fibulebi (miseuli tipologiis meore tipi) ar
ganekuTvneba iseT saxeobas, sadac mkacrad dadgenili
normebi moqmedebs da amdenad yvelaze sicocxlisunariania.
kavkasiis masalebis mixedviT isini Zv.w. IV saukunis CaTvliT
arseboben. meore tipis fibulebs paralelebi ara aqvT.
msgavsi fibulebi kavkasiis gareT arsad dasturdeba. amdenad
igi kavkasiuri movlenaa [sulava, 2006: 186].
107
zarakebi. brinjaos patara zomis zarakebi aRmoCnda
borniReles #24 da #32 samarxebSi.
#24 samarxSi aRmoCenili zaraki cilindrulia.
korpusis erTi mxare SeWrilia. aqvs samkuTxa formis yunwi
(romelic gatexilia) da rkinis ena. korpusi Semkulia verti-
kalurad daSvebuli paraleluri xazebiT. simaRle udris
4.2; diametri 2,2 sm-s (tab. XXVI9,10).
#32 samarxSi aRmoCenili zaraki konusis formisaa. ena
aklia. aqvs momrgvalebuli yunwi. korpusis zeda nawili or
adgilas gaxvretilia. misi simaRlea 5,5; diametri 4,5 sm (tab.
XXVI11).
zarakebis funqciuri daniSnulebisa da tipologiuri
dayofis Sesaxeb azri ara erT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli
(d. qoriZe, l. wiTlanaZe, i. gagoSiZe da sxva). maT
specialuri gamokvleva miuZRvna T. WaniSvilma [WaniSvili,
2005, 2007]. mkvlevari zarakebs korpusis formis mixedviT
oTx tipad yofs: konusiseburad, cilindrulad, naxevrad-
elifsurad da naxevarsferulad [WaniSvili, 2005: 19].
pirveli jgufis (konusuri) zarakebi gamoirCeva deta-
lebis mravalferovnebiT (aris gverdSeWrili, dafanjruli
egzemplarebi). cilindruli tipis zarakebisaTvis ki damaxa-
siaTebelia gverdSeWriloba, masiuri yunwi da korpusze ori
naxvreti, romelic enis Camosakidad keTdeboda.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi cilindruli zarakebis
qronologiuri diapazoni Zv.w. VIII-VII saukunidan Zv.w. IV-III
saukuneebis CaTvliT Semoifargleba. misi forma mTeli am
xnis ganmavlobaSi cvlilebas ar ganicdis, gansxvavebiT
aRmosavleT saqarTvelosagan, sadac maTi yunwis forma
qronologiur sxvaobas iZleva. adreuli zarakebi (Zv.w. VIII-
VII s.s.) zomiTac ufro didebia – maTi simaRle 2,5-dan 12 sm-
mde meryeobs. Semdgom saukuneebSi ki maTi zomebi sagrZnob-
lad mcirdeba.
108
cilindruli zarakebi aRmoCenilia muxurCis samaro-
vanze (Zv.w. VIII-VII da VII-VI s.s. fenebSi); eSeris samarovanze,
sadac isini cxenis ConCxTan da lagamTan erTad dadasturda,
brilis samarovnis #29 samarxSi, romelic Zv.w. VI-IV s.s.
TariRdeba, Tlias samarovnis VIII-VII saukuneebiT
daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [WaniSvili, 2007: 102]. am tipis
zarakebi xSirad Semkulia reliefuri kanalurebiT, wiwvo-
vani ornamentiT. wiTeli Suquras samarovanze - #8 samarxSi
aRmoCenil zarakze ki frTagaSlili orTaviani arwivia
gamosaxuli.
rac Seexeba konusur zarakebs, yvelaze adreuli
egzemplari dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ergetis samarovanze
aRmoCnda Zv.w. VIII saukunis meore naxevriT daTariRebul
kompleqsSi. aq is, iseve rogorc cilindruli zarakebi Zv.w.
IV-III saukunemde ganagrZnobs arsebobas. aRmosavleT saqarT-
veloSi ki yvelaze adreuli egzemplari aRmoCenilia
Trelis samarovanze da Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba.
aq is Zv.w. I saukunis CaTvliT gvxvdeba, oRond Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebis zarakebs momrgvalebuli yunwi aqvT, xolo Zv.w.
V saukunidan yunwi ukve samkuTxa xdeba [WaniSvili, 2005: 23].
am tipis zarakebi aRmoCenilia kurzuSi [qoriZe, 1961: 59],
wiTeli Suquras #20, 21, iaSTxvas #2, guadixus #21
samarxebSi, larilaris samarovanze, urekisa da ergetis
samarovnebze. [doliZe, 1999: 88-89], mzeTamzis samarovnis #29
samarxSi [nasiZe, 1991]. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, serJen-iurtis
#76 samarxSi, malaqlus kolumbariumSi. yvela CamoTvlili
Zegli Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba [doliZe, 1999: 88-89].
rac Seexeba am nivTis funqciur daniSnulebas, is moiazreba
rogorc sakulto sagani, sakisre rgolis nawili, cxenis
aRkazmuloba da sxva.
gulsakidebi. brinjaos gulsakidebi aRmoCenilia
borniReles #24 da #32 samarxebSi. orive maTgani erTi
109
tipisaa. isini warmoadgenen samkuTxedis formis brinjaos
firfitebs, romlebic dafanjrulia mrgvali da oTxkuTxa
RiobebiT (tab. XXVI12,13).
msgavsi gulsakidebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli samkaulia
da drois sakmaod xangrZliv monakveTSi arsebobda. mag.,
mingeCauris samarovanze isini Zv.w. XIII-XI saukuneebis
kompleqsebSia dadasturebuli [Асланов и др., 1959. табл. XIX].
Tlias samarovanze ki Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebis fenebSi [Техов,
1981. табл. 102]. Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba somxeTSi
aRmoCenili msgavsi gulsakidebic. [Хачатрян, 1975. рис. 92]. am
tipis nivTebi ufro metad samxreT kavkasiis centralur da
aRmosavleT regionebSi gvxvdeba.
mZivebi. rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da borniRe-
les samarovnebze aRmoCnda sxvadasxva masalis, formisa da
zomis uamravi mZivi. sardionis (sferuli, uproporcio,
msxliseburi, `daxeTqili~, cilindruli da sxva); minis
(uproporcio, irizebuli, cilindruli, sferuli, `Tvliani~
da sxva); agatis cilindruli da qalcedonis sferuli
formis; pastis; giSris, brinjaos (sferuli, cilindruli,
firfitovani) mZivebi (tab. XXX).
yvelaze meti raodenobiT mainc sardionis mZivebia
aRmoCenili. maT arsebobas saqarTveloSi uZvelesi tradicia
gaaCnia. g. lemleinis azriT, aq am mZivebis dasamzadeblad
xelsayreli pirobebi iyo, radgan saamiso masala
moipoveboda rogorc Savi zRvis sanapiro qviSnarSi, ise
ganamarxebul niadagSi. [Лемлеин, 1851: 68]. es mosazreba
SesaniSnavad daadastura muxurCis da oCxamuris mZivebis
saxelosnos aRmoCenam.
borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenil sardionis mZivebs
kavkasiis teritoriaze uamravi paraleli moepoveba da maTi
arsebobis qronologiuri CarCoc sakmaod didia. isini
110
Suabrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan antikur da ufro
mogviano xanebamde gvxvdeba da ara marto samxreT
kavkasiaSi, aramed CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da mcire aziaSic.
aqatis mZivebi samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze yvelaze
iSviaTi mZivebis kategorias miekuTvneba. yvelaze didi
raodenobiT isini urartuli xanis masalebs Soris gvxvdeba
[Мартиросян, 1954: 86]. aqatis mZivebi iranis samxreT
regionebSi jer kidev rkinis gamoCenamde yofila cnobili,
amitomac b. kuftini maTi warmoSobis centrad swored
iranis zegans miiCnevda [Куфтин, 1944: 47].
minis mZivebic Zalze didi xnis manZilze arsebobdnen.
TebeSi gamovlenil uadres egzemplarebs Zv.w. 3500-3300
wlebiT aTariRebdnen. mkvlevarTa azriT, maTi gavrceleba
xdeboda jer mesopotamiidan, xolo Semdeg xmelTaSuazRvis-
pireTis aRmosavleT raionebidan. saqarTvelos teritoriaze
minis mZivebi jer kidev Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulidanaa
cnobili, magram maTi raodenoba im periodSi Zalze mcirea.
mwiri raodenobiT gvxvdeba isini pirveli aTaswleulis
pirveli naxevris samarxebSic. amave aTaswleulis Sua xanebi-
dan minis mZivebis ricxvi mkveTrad matulobs da mis meore
naxevarSi pastis mZivebTan erTad masobrivad vrceldeba.
aRsaniSnavia rvelis #41 samarxSi aRmoCenili e.w. `Tvliani
mZivebi~. aris azri, rom am tipis mZivebis samSoblo egvipte
iyo. zogi mkvlevaris azriT, ki isini finikiis qalaqebSi
mzaddeboda [Крупнов, 1960: 251-253]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze
aseTi mZivebis gamoCenis TariRad Zv.w. VI saukune iTvleba.
kerZod, Rebis samarxebSi. isini Zv.w. VI saukunidan Zv.w. III
saukunemde arseboben. didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba brilis
adreantikul masalebs Soris [gobejiSvili, 1959: 198],
larilaris samarovanze, romelsac Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebiT
aTariReben [CarTolani, 1968: 310]. Sida qarTlSi isini
gvxvdebian zemo avWalaSi, kamaraxevSi; kaxeTSi – did
liloSi, sagarejoSi, lafanyurSi [davlianiZe, 1983: 100-101];
111
dasavleT saqarTveloSi – dablagomSi [Куфтин, 1950: 52],
dafnarSi, farcxanayanevSi [davlianiZe, 1983: 101], guadaxes
samarovanze [Трапш, 1969: 75]. bikonusuri formis minis mZivebi
aRmoCnda malaqlus samarovanze [Куфтин, 1944: 45-46], wofis
qvayuTebSi, asureTSi, gomareTSi, kuSCSi, samTavros Zv.w. VII-
VI saukuneebis samarxebSi; kaxeTSi – winandalSi, Toxliaur-
Si, iyalToSi; dasavleT saqarTveloSi – dafnarSi, farcxa-
nayanebSi [davlianiZe, 1983: 101]; CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi –
lugovoesa da nesterovos samarovnebze [Крупнов, 1960: 285].
minis movardisfro da molurjo mZivebi gvxvdeba goraZirSi
[davlianiZe, gogaZe, 1981: 51, 56].
pastis mZivebic, iseve rogorc sardionisa da minis
mZivebi, masiuradaa gavrcelebuli Zv.w. pirveli aTaswleulis
meore naxevridan. borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCenili pastis
mZivebsac uamravi paraleli eZebneba rogorc saqarTveloSi,
ise mis farglebs gareT.
112
Tavi IV. mcire plastika
borniReles #32 samarxSi aRmoCnda sami patara zomis
brinjaos qandakeba: mxedris, mamakacis (iTifaluri) da
mcuravi frinvelis.
mxedars aqvs sakmaod didi tani, didi Tavi da mokle
fexebi. saxis nakvTebi ar etyoba. Tavze wvetiani Tavsaburavi
(muzaradi) hxuravs. marcxena xeli cxovelis kiserTan aqvs
midebuli. marjvena ki idayvSi moxrili da win gaSverili.
xelis mtevnebi sqematuria, TiTebis gareSe. taniT odnav win
gadaxrilia, fexebi muxlebSi aqvs moxrili. terfebi ara
aqvs. cxoveli, romelzedac isaa amxedrebuli, sakmaod
dabaltaniania. aqvs maRali, sqeli kiseri (fafari ar
etyoba), dacqvetili yurebi, wawvetebuli, sakmaod grZeli
drunCi, Cazneqili zurgi. fexebi gaSlili aqvs, wina
marcxena fexi odnav win gadadgmuli. Cliqebi an TaTebi ar
etyoba. aqvs sakmaod grZeli, sqeli da boloSi wawvetebuli
kudi.
miuxedavad sagrZnobi sqematurobisa, mxedris poza
(jdomis manera, gadaxrili tani da win gaSverili xeli)
mainc garkveul dinamiurobas sZens qandakebas da TiTqos
jiriTis an brZolis moments asaxavs.
Znelia imis garkveva, Tu romel cxovelze zis mxedari.
o. RambaSiZis varaudiT is mglis ojaxis romelime
warmomadgenels hgavs [RambaSiZe o., 1984]. Tumca arc isaa
gamoricxuli, rom antilopaTa ojaxis romelime warmomadge-
neli an sulac cxeni iyos (Tumca am ukanasknels yvelaze
naklebad hgavs).
figuris simaRle 7,5; sigane 2,9 sm-ia (tab. XXXI1).
imave _ #32 samarxSi aRmoCnda mamakacis iTifaluri
qandakeba. misi simaRle 6, sigane 1,4 sm-ia. figura ganasaxie-
113
rebs fexze mdgom mamakacs. saxis nakvTebi sustadaa gamokve-
Tili. Tavze sakmaod didi, naxevarmTvariseburi muzaradi
hxuravs. igi erT adgilas gaxvretilia, rac albaT imaze
miuTiTebs, rom qandakeba sakidad iyo gamoyenebuli. mxrebi
sakmaod farTo da araproporciuli aqvs. xelebi idayvSi
moxrili da win gaSverili. xelis mtevnebi ara aqvs. fexebi
ganze gaSlilia, terfebi sakmaod didi da mkveTrad
gamokveTili. aqvs aseve mkveTrad gamokveTili, aRgznebul
mdgomareobaSi myofi sasqeso organo (falosi). (tab. XXXI2).
brinjaos patara zomis anTropomorfuli qandakebebi
Zalian gavrcelebulia adrerkinisa da rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xanis kavkasiaSi. agreTve mcire aziaSi, axlo
aRmosavleTSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi da samxreT da
centralur evropaSi.
samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi maTi aseulobiT
egzemplaria dadasturebuli, romelTa umravlesoba SemTxve-
viTaa aRmoCenili da mxolod mcire nawili arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli. bevri maTgani ruseTisa da
evropis sxvadasxva qalaqebis muzeumebSia daculi. nawili ki
saqarTvelos muzeumebSi, maT Soris erovnuli muzeumis
fondebSi.
maTi Seswavlac sakmaod xangrZliv periods moiTvlis.
pirvelad CrdiloeTY kavkasiis teritoriaze aRmoCenili
figurebis Sesaxeb a. ipolitovma gaamaxvila yuradReba. 1868
wels gamoqveynebul publikaciaSi man mcire plastikis
nimuSebi, romlebic CeCneTis teritoriaze iyo aRmoCenili,
ZvelberZnul RvTaebaTa `Zalze uxeS minabaZad~ miiCnia
[Ипполитов, 1968: 49-52]. a. uvarovma yazbegis ganZis Seswavlis
Sedegad amgvari figurebi yobanur, TviTmyofad nakeTobebad
CaTvala da Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiT daaTariRa [Уваров, 1887: 2-
9. табл. 8-10].
fr. baierni yazbegis ganZsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
aRmoCenil figurebs ara kavkasiel, aramed ucxo tomis
114
warmomadgenlebs miawerda [Марковин, 1986:75]. J. muriem ki
pirvelma Seadara erTmaneTs kavkasiuri da evropuli
(sardiniuli) figurebi da pirvelma gansazRvra maTi
gavrcelebis geografiuli areali [Mourier, 1987:28-31]. i.
pantiuxovma daRestanSi aRmoCenil brinjaos qandakebebze
dakvirvebis Sedegad pirvelma gamoTqva varaudi, rom
brinjaos xanis garkveul etapze kavkasiaSi mcireaziuri
religiuri kulti yofila gavrcelebuli [Пантюхов, 1896: 58-
59, 142-148, табл. XVI1,4,6,7]. meoce saukunis ocian-ocdaaTian
wlebSi gamovida a. zaxarovis ramdenime naSromi, romlebic
kavkasiis mcire plastikis nimuSebs eZRvneboda. swored am
naSromebSi moxda maTi erT-erTi pirveli seriozuli
klasifikacia [Захаров, 1928; Zakharov, 1933]. o. daudovma,
romelmac monografiulad Seiswavla kavkasiuri (gansakuTre-
biT Crdilokavkasiuri) brinjaos figurebi, isini axlo
aRmosavleTis da mcire aziis mcire plastikis nimuSebs
daukavSira da amis safuZvelze gaakeTa daskvna kavkasiasa da
aRniSnul regionebs Soris uZvelesi eTnokulturuli
kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb [Даудов, 1974: 84-94]. samxreTkav-
kasiuri da mcireaziuri plastikis stilistur msgavsebaze
gaamaxvila yuradReba v. blekmac [Блек, 1981: 20-21]. vrceli
naSromi miuZRvna kavkasiuri mcire plastikis nimuSebs
v. markovinma. masSi ganxilulia rogorc samxreT, ise
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili qandakebebi, – mocemulia
maTi tipologiuri klasifikacia, paralelebi mcireaziur da
evropul nimuSebTan da gamotanilia daskvna am regionebs
Soris arsebuli uZvelesi kulturuli da religiuri
kavSirebis Sesaxeb [Марковин, 1886]. Crdilokavkasiuri nimuSe-
bi ganxiluli aqvT e. krupnovsa [Крупнов, 1960: 214] da
v. kozenkovas [Козенкова, 1982b: 67-71].
somxeTSi aRmoCenili figurebis Sesaxeb saintereso
mosazrebebi aqvT s. esaians, o. mnacakanians, b. piotrovskis
115
da sxvebs [Есаян, 1976: 222. Есаян, Мнацаканян, 1970: 157-168.
Пиотровский, 1952: 50].
qarTveli mecnierebidan brinjaos mcire plastikis
nimuSebs araerTgzis Seexo S. amiranaSvili. igi am figurebs
adgilobriv, kavkasiur warmoSobisad miiCnevda da miuxedavad
imisa, rom zogierT maTganSi (mag. cageris muzeumSi dacul
`mxedarSi~) mcireaziur elementebsac xedavda, maTze aziuri
da mogviano xanaSi antikuri xelovnebis gavlena mainc
nakleb damajereblad miaCnda [amiranaSvili, 1944: 42-44; 70-72].
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil mcire plastikis nimuSebs vrceli
gamokvleva miuZRvna g. javaxiSvilma [javaxiSvili g., 1984]. am
naSromSi ganxilulia rogorc adrerkinisa da rkinis farTo
aTvisebis, ise neoliT-adrebrinjaosa da antikuri xanis
anTropomorfuli figurebi. mocemulia maTi qronologiuri
da tipologiuri klasifikacia. saintereso mosazrebaa
gamoTqmuli maTi genezisisa da kavSiris Sesaxeb mosazRvre
da Soreuli regionebis analogiur nimuSebTan. brinjaos
anTropomorfuli figurebis Sesaxeb saintereso mosazrebebi
aqvT gamoTqmuli k. ficxelaurs [fucxelauri, 1973: 115-120;
Пицхелаури, 1979: 51-58], l. fancxavasa da b. maisuraZes
[fancxava, maisuraZe: 2001]; b. kuftins [Куфтин, 1949b: 254];
T. miqelaZes [Микеладзе, 1990: 66-67]; o. lorTqifaniZes
[Lordkipanidze, 2000: 1-29]; l. wiTlanaZes [wiTlanaZe, 1963] da
sxvebs.
anTropomorfuli figurebis ramdenime klasifikacia
arsebobs (talgrenis, zaxarovis, markovinis, javaxiSvilis
da sxva). sxvadasxva avtori klasifikacias sxvadasxva
kriteriumebiT axdens. mag. a. zaxarovi am kriteriumad
figuraTa calkeul detalebs iRebs (iTifaluri, `rqiani~
`sadgariani~ da a.S.). v. markovini ki maT pozebs, ZiriTadad
xelebis mdgomareobas. man anTropomorfuli figurebi rva
jgufad, anu rogorc TviTon uwodebs rva `seriad~
116
daajgufa. mag. `orantis~ anu mvedreblis pozaSi gamoxatuli
adamianebis qandakebebi, romelTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli
niSnebia maRla aRmarTuli xelebi, Zalze didi
xelisgulebiTa da mkveTrad gamoyofili TiTebiT; S-is
magvari figurebi, romlebsac cali xeli maRla aqvT aRmar-
Tuli, meore ki dabla daweuli, idayvSi moxrili da win
gaSverili; doinjSemoyrili anu �-is magvari figurebi da
sxva [Марковин, 1986: 81-89]. mexuTe seriaSi man `meomari~
figurebi gaaerTiana. isini rogorc wesi, sxvadasxvagvari
(wvetiani, momrgvalebuli, Slapiseburi, maraoseburi,
naxevarmTvariseburi da sxva) muzaradiT arian Tavdaburuli.
umravlesoba fariT, umboniT, maxviliT da zogjer
SubiTacaa aRWurvili. magram maTi mTavari da aucilebeli
aqsesuari mainc CaCqania [Марковин, 1986: 95-97. рис. 12-13].
g. javaxiSvilma saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili
anTropomorfuli qandakebebi sam tipad dayo: moculobiT,
sibrtyobriv da brtyel figurebad [javaxiSvili g., 1984: 56-
58].
rac Seexeba brinjaos mcire plastikis gavrcelebis
geografiul areals: samxreT kavkasiaSi isini dadasture-
bulia saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azerbaijanis (SedarebiT
iSviaTad) teritoriaze. CrdiloeTYkavkasiaSi: CeCneTSi, ingu-
SeTSi, CrdiloeT oseTSi, daRestanSi, yabardoSi da a.S. wina
aziaSi: xurvinSi, biblosSi, beiruTSi, ugariTSi,
luristanSi. mcire aziaSi – Tefe-hisarSi, boRaz-qoiSi da
a.S. evropaSi: rodosze, kretaze (heraklionSi), aTenSi,
olimpiaze, sardi-niaze, pirineis naxevarkunZulze, avstriaSi
da a.S.
maTi gavrcelebis qronologiuri CarCo saqarTvelos
teritoriaze Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis meore naxevridan
iwyeba. am periodiTaa daTariRebuli kaxeTSi, meliRele I-ze
aRmoCenili figurebi [Пицхелаури, 1979: 53]. magram yvelaze
intensiurad mainc Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi arian gavrcele-
117
buli. kidev ufro metad ki albaT Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi
(rogorc kavkasiaSi, ise mosazRvre regionebSi).
zogadad ki anTropomorfuli figurebi (ZiriTadad
qvisagan da Tixisagan damzadebuli) sakmaod gavrcelebuli
iyo adresamiwaTmoqmedo periodSi (Zv.w. VI-IV aTaswleu-
lebSi) da adrebrinjaos xanaSi (Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis meore
naxevari – Zv.w. III aTaswleuli). rogorc kavkasiasa da
saqarTveloSi, ise mesopotamiaSi, wina aziaSi, mcire aziasa
da evropaSi [javaxiSvili g., 1984: 12-44].
gvianbrinjaos xanidan rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanamde,
samxreT kavkasiaSi adamianis arc moculobiTi da arc
grafikuli gamosaxuleba ar gvxvdeba. g. javaxiSvili am
movlenas Suabrinjaos xanaSi mesaqonleobis ganviTarebas da
mwyemsur meurneobas ukavSirebs, rac misi azriT, xels ar
uwyobda Zveli samiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis tradiciaTa
gagrZelebas. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac sarwyavi miwaTmoqme-
debis TandaTanobiT ganviTarebas Tan mohyva baris xelaxali
moSeneba da miwaTmoqmedebis axleburi intensifikacia, kvlav
axali ZaliT iCens Tavs miswrafeba mkvidri saojaxo yofis
Sesaferisi garemos Seqmnisaken. amasTan, am xalxis
Sexedulebebma am xnis manZilze sagrZnobi cvlilebebi
ganicada da Sesabamisi gamovlinebac hpova. xelaxla Cndeba
anTropomorfuli gamosaxulebebi, magram maTi xasiaTi da
ieri uZvelesi xanis nimuSebTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro
`gaadamianurebulia~. neoliT-adrebrinjaos periodSi anTro-
pomorfuli gamosaxulebebi bevrad pirobiTia. maTi
Semqmnelebi figuris romelime ZiriTadi nawilis gadmocemiT
ifarglebodnen. rogorc g. javaxiSvili maT Sesaxeb wers:
`es aris RvTaebrivi Zalis simbolo adamianis atributi-
kiTYan sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, RvTaeba adamianis niSniT~.
gviandeli brinjaos figurebis SemTxvevaSi ki sawinaaRmdego
viTarebaa: `gamoxatulia adamiani RvTaebis atributikiT~
[javaxiSvili g., 1984: 45-48].
118
gansxvavebulad xsnis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi saqarTve-
los teritoriaze brinjaos da Tixis anTropomorfuli
figurebis gamoCenis da intensiuri gavrcelebis mizezs o.
lorTqifaniZe. mas miaCnia, rom Zv.w. VIII saukunis meore
naxevridan kolxur kulturaSi SeiniSneboda garkveuli
siaxleebi: Tixis ormagTaviani figurebi, naviseburi
fibulebi, berZnuli formis Tixis WurWeli da maT Soris
yvelaze saintereso siaxle – anTropomorfuli qandakebebi.
Zv.w. VIII saukunesa da VII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
kolxeTsa da berZnul samyaris Soris ormxrivi kontaqtebi
iCens Tavs. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom am axali kulturuli
elementebis, kerZod, anTropomorfuli figurebis kolxeTis
teritoriaze gamoCena arc adgilobrivi niadagiTYda arc
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis gavleniT ar aixsneba da rom maTi
paralelebi mxolod gviangeometriuli xanis saberZneTSia
saZebari [Lordkipanidze, 2000: 152]. am azrs iziareben l. fancxa-
va da b. maisuraZec [fancxava, b. maisuraZe, 2001. 152].
saberZneTSi, olimpiis gaTxrebisas, 1937 wels, aRmoCnda
SiSveli meomris brinjaos figura, romelsac wvetiani
Cafxuti exura. xelisgulebi gaxvretili hqonda. masSi albaT
saomari iaraRi, Subi an fari magrdeboda. cali xeli
idayvSi moxrili aqvs da maRla aRmarTuli. meore ki aseve
idayvSi moxrili da win gaSverili [Марковин, 1986: 87. рис. 7.
15]. iTvleba, rom es qandakeba gviangeometriul stilSia
Sesrulebuli. erTi amgvari figura luvrSic inaxeba, msgavsi
egzemplarebi aRmoCenilia aTenis akropolisze da Zv.w. VIII
saukuniT TariRdeba [Марковин, 1986: 104]. amdenad xmelTaSua-
zRvispireTis ZiriTad regionebSi mcire plastikis TiTqmis
iseTive nimuSebia gavrcelebuli, rogoric kavkasiaSi. pozaTa
kanonikuroba aris is ZiriTadi ram, rac maT aerTianebT
(Tumca amasTan erTad calkeuli detalebiT, mag. tansac-
mliT, aqsesuarebiT da a.S. calkeuli regionebis figurebi
119
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba). es niSnebi damaxasiaTebelia
centraluri evropis mcire plastikis nimuSebisTvisac. zogi
mkvlevaris azriT, halStatis xelovnebaSic SeiZleba
kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili figurebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebis aRmoCena [Марковин, 1986: 104].
borniReles `mxedris~ zusti analogi arsad gveguleba.
cxovelebze amxedrebuli adamianebis miniaturuli qandake-
bebi ki ucxo araa arc kavkasiisaTvis, arc mcire aziisa da
evropisaTvis. dasavleT saqarTveloSi da kolxuri kultu-
ris gavrcelebis arealSi gvxvdeba cxenze Semjdari qalebis
figurebi. isini cxenze gverdulad, `qalurad~ zian. aseTi
figurebi aRmoCenilia samosSi da muxurCaSi. rogorc
T. miqelaZe aRniSnavs, es qandakebebi `didi dedis~ kults
ukavSirdeba [Микеладзе, 1990: 64. табл. XXVI5. 6].
borniReles qandakebis met-naklebad msgavsi figura
aRmoCenilia CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, sof. samaSkoSi. aqac
adamiani raRac cxovelzea amxedrebuli, romelsac borniRe-
les cxovelis msgavsad dacqvetili yurebi da wawvetebuli
drunCi aqvs. mxedari TiTqos uzangebze mTeli taniTaa aRmar-
Tuli (Tumc arc uzangi da arc sxva mosarTavi ar Cans),
orive xeli win sworad aqvs gaSverili da cxovelis kiserze
Cavlebuli. cxovelis zurgi sagrZnoblad Cadrekilia.
fexebis ganlagebiT iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom TiTqos
mirbis. mxedars Tavze Cafxuti hxuravs. saxis nakvTebi ufro
metad gamokveTili aqvs vidre borniReles mxedars, – etyoba
cxviri, nikapi da Tvalebi. v. kozenkova, romelmac es figura
gamoaqveyna, cxovels cxenad moixseniebs da mas serJen-
iurtis namosaxlarze Zv.w. X-VII saukuneebis fenebSi dadas-
turebul cxenis Tavis qandakebebs amsgavsebs. amave periodiT
aTariRebs igi samaSkos brinjaos qandakebasac [Козенкова,
1982 б: 69. табл. XLII27].
120
mat-naklebad hgavs borniReles `mxedris~ figuras
CrdiloeT italiaSi, aRmoCenili mxedris qandakeba, romelic
hamburgis xelovnebisa da xelosnobis muzeumSia daculi.
Tumca isic iseve, rogorc samaSkos mxedari, cxovelze
muxlmouxrelad, `gaWimulad~ zis. iseve rogorc borniReles
figuris SemTxvevaSi aqac gaurkvevelia Tu ra cxovelzea
mxedari amxedrebuli [Марковин, 1986: 104. рис. 16. 3].
`mxedarTa~ mcire zomis brinjaos qandakebebi sxvac bevria
cnobili. magaliTad, cageris muzeumSi daculi muzaradiani
mxedari [amiranaSvili, 1944: sur. 58]. aseve mxedrebi didodan
da CrdiloeT kavkasiidan (aRmoCenis zusti adgili ucnobia).
Tumca es ukanasknelni ufro realisturad arian
gamosaxulni (rogorc cxenebi, ise adamianebi) [Марковин, 1986:
99. рис. 142, 3].
ufro mravldeba mxedarTa qandakebebi antikur xanaSi.
aq ukve isini gvevlinebian rogorc rTuli plastikuri
kompoziciis, an sxva raime nivTis nawili (axalgorisa da
yanCaeTis Standartebi, vanis oqros sayureebi da sxva)
[javaxiSvili g., 1984: 84-86. tab. XXII-XXIII].
miuxedavad imisa, rom brinjaos mcire zomis iTifa-
luri figurebi Zalze gavrcelebulia mTels kavkasiaSi,
borniReles qandakebis zusti analogia versad moviZieT,
Tumca mTeli rigi detalebiT is bevr saerTos poulobs sxva
qandakebebTan. maT Soris somxeTSi, airumSi aRmoCenil
masalasTan. aq aRmoCenil brinjaos figuras borniReles
qandakebis msgavsi muzaradi hxuravs. Tumca misi dgomis
manera gansxvavdeba borniReles qandakebis manerisagan. misi
saxis nakvTebic ufro metad gamokveTilia: etyoba piri,
warbebi da Tvalebi [Есаян, 1976: 222. табл. 1463]. meomari
iTifaluri figura cnobilia agreTve paravakaridan. masac
borniRelesa da airumis figurebis msgavsi muzaradi
hxuravs, oRond maTgan gansxvavebiT xelSi fari uWiravs,
121
romelic s. esaianisa da o. mnacakanianis azriT, asurul
bareliefze gamosaxul meomarTa farebs Camohgavs.
kompleqsi, sadac es figura aRmoCnda Zv.w. X-IX saukuneebiT
TariRdeba [Есаян, Мнацаканян, 1970: 162]. marTalia yvela
maTgani e.w. `meomar~ figuraTa jgufs miekuTvneba, magram maT
Soris gansxvavebac TvalSisacemia.
dgomis maneriT borniReles figura yvelaze metad
zekarSi aRmoCenil da quTaisis muzeumSi dacul brinjaos
qandakebas hgavs, Tumca am ukanasknels arc Cafxuti hxuravs
da saxis nakvTebic ufro realisturad aqvs gamokveTili
[javaxiSvili g., 1984. tab. X26]. borniReles figuris
Tavsaburveli, romelic frigiul muzarads hgavs, o. Ramba-
SiZes miaCnda rogorc erT-erTi argumenti mcire aziidan
otebuli `xeTizebuli mesxebis~ borjomis xeobaSi Semosv-
lisa. msgavsi Tavsaburavi hxuravs cageris muzeumSi dacul
mxedris brinjaos figurasac. S. amiranaSvilis azriT, igi
ramdenadme hgavs rogorc Sua mefobis xanis xeTuri
xelovnebis nimuSebs, ise e.w. `frigiul~ muzaradsac. mkvle-
vari am qandakebis ganxilvisas gamoricxavs masSi frigiuli
da iranuli xelovnebis gavlenas da kavkasiaSi aRmoCenil
mcire plastikis nimuSebs ukavSirebs. S. amiranaSvili zeka-
ris qandakebasac exeba da mas `arqauli xanis qarTuli
xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel nimuSad~ Tvlis [amirana-
Svili, 1944: 70-81. sur. 58].
a. zaxarovi brinjaos miniaturul figurebze
dakvirvebis Sedegad arc kavkasiisa da xmelTaSuazRvispire-
Tis imdroindeli mosaxleobis eTnikur naTesaobas gamoric-
xavda [Zakharov, 1933: 115]. zogi mkvlevari ki figuraTa
erTgvarovnebas maTi Semqmnelebis religiuri rwmena-
warmodgenebis erTgvarobas ukavSirebs da ara mxolod
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi, aramed adreul epoqebSic
[Марковин, 1986: 107]. mkvlevaris azriT, warmarToba sulac ar
iyo amorfuli religia. mas, iseve rogorc dRevandeli
122
msoflios wamyvan religiebs (qristianobas, islams, budizms)
Taviseburi kanonebi hqonda. am kanonebs emorCileboda
gamomsaxvelobiTi simboloebic, maT Soris plastikuric.
v. markovins paraleli qristianul xatwerasTanac aqvs
gavlebuli, sadac moqmedebs saerTo kanonebi, magram amasTan
erTad arsebobs calkeuli, xSirad regionul an Tundac
eTnikur niadagze Seqmnili xatweris skolebi, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan mTeli rigi niSnebiT gansxvavdeba [Марковин,
1986: 107].
amdenad, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom brinjaos anTropomor-
fuli figurebi warmarTuli kerpebia. maT Soris gamokveTi-
lad SeiZleba nayofierebis an omis mfarveli RvTaebebi
SevicnoT. an iseTni, romlebsac orive funqcia hqonda. amis
safuZvels is ZiriTadi atributika iZleva, rac am funqciebs
gamoxatavs: erTis mxriv muzaradi da iaraR-saWurveli,
meores mxriv falosi. cnobilia agreTve qalTa (maT Soris
mSobiareTa) anTropomorfuli qandakebebi, rac agreTve
nayofierebisa da gamravlebis kultTan iqneboda dakavSire-
buli da es figurebic albaT nayofierebis qalRmerTebis
(didi dedis ?) gamosaxulebebs warmoadgendnen. ganixilavs
ra nigvzianis samarovanze aRmoCenil brijaos iTifalur
qandakebas, T. miqelaZe mas da kavkasiis msgavs nimuSebs
mamrobiTi nayofierebis kults da warmarTul RvTaeba
boslokotros ukavSirebs, romelsac Tavidan xaris atribu-
cia unda hqonoda, xolo Semdeg, religiuri azrovnebis
garkveul etapze iTifaluri RvTaeba-mamakacis saxe miiRo
[Микеладзе, 1990: 66-67. табл. XXXVI]. amasTan dakavSirebiT ar
SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT ukanasknel xanebamde saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi, kerZod svaneTSi SemorCenili `saqmisais~, `adreki-
lais~ da `melia-tulefias~ religiuri ritualebi, romlebic
aSkarad mamrobiTi nayofierebis RvTaebis kultTan iyo
dakavSirebuli [javaxiSvili iv., 1979: 102-116]. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dRemde scemen Tayvans `xatebs~ da
123
`RvTisSvilebs~, romlebic meomrisa da sqesobrivi cxovrebis
(gamravlebis, nayofierebis) mfarvel-momwesrigeblis funqci-
as iTavseben – mag. kopalas. borniReles qandakebasac orive
atributi aqvs: muzaradi da falosi da Cveni azriT, swored
amgvari warmarTuli RvTaebis gamosaxuleba unda iyos.
rac Seexeba `mxedrebs~, gvxvdeba rogorc iTifaluri,
ise ufaloso mxedarTa figurebi. agreTve mxedari qalebis
qandakebebic. amgvar figurebTan dakavSirebiT saintereso
mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli m. rostovcevs. is `mxedrebs~ ara
mxolod nayofierebis an omis RvTaebebad, aramed cxovelTa
samyaros mfarveladac miiCnevda [Rostovzeff, 1931: 55-57]. am
varaudis dadasturebad SeiZleba borniReles `mxedaric~
gamodges, vinaidan cxoveli, romelzedac isaa amxedrebuli
yvelaze naklebad swored cxens hgavs. gareul cxovelze
amxedreba ki albaT cxovelTa samyaroze gavlenis mqone
arsebas Tu SeeZlo. (gavixsenoT oCokoCi, oCopintre, mglebze
amxedrebuli jadoqrebi da sxva miTologiuri da zRapruli
personaJebi).
mesame qanadakeba, romelic borniReles #32 samarxSi
aRmoCnda mcuravi frinvelis plastikur gamosaxulebas
warmoadgens. mas aqvs qoCriani Tavi, sakmaod grZeli da
farTo niskarti, Tvalebis adgilas kopebi, maRali yeli,
wagrZelebuli da boloSi wawvetebuli tani. gverdebze
orive mxares, frTebis adgilas, mogrZo Riobebi aqvs
datanili, fexebi ori mcire SveriliTaa gadmocemuli (tab.
XXXI3).
mcuravi frinvelebis plastikuri figurebi rogorc
liTonis, ise Tixis sakmaod adreuli periodidanaa cnobili
samxreT kavkasiaSi da mis mosazRvre regionebSi. isini
xSirad sakidebad, Standartis Tavebad an sxva nivTebis
samSvenisad iyo gamoyenebuli.
124
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi saqarTvelos terito-
riaze amgvari figurebis koncentraciis ori ZiriTadi
centri arsebobda: ior-alaznis auzi da mesxeTi.
ior-alznis auzSi aRmoCenil figuraTa ricxvi
ramdenime aseul egzemplars moiTvlis. kaxuri tipis qandake-
bebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia samkuTxeduri moyvanilobis
sxeuli, patara Tavi, maRali kiseri da gulmkerdis
gagrZelebaze wyvili fexi. [gomelauri, 2005: 9]. amgvari
figurebi aRmoCenilia, mag. gadrekilis samarovanze [Пицхе-
лаури, 1979. табл. XXIII-XXV] da kaxeTis bevr sxva Zeglze.
istoriuli qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze: taSiris #5
yorRanSi, romelic Zv.w. XIV saukuniT TariRdeba [kaxiani,
RliRvaSvili, 1998: 98-107]. didi zomis frinvelis brinjaos
qandakebebi aRmoCenilia somxeTSi, lori-berdis #2 da #7
yorRanul samarxebSi [Девержян, 1981. табл. V, XIII] artikis
samarovanze [ficxelauri, 2008. tab. CL1 ] da bevr sxva
Zeglze.
mesxeTSi brinjaos mcuravi frinvelebis ocdaaTamde
figuraa aRmoCenili, maT Soris borjomis xeobaSic. mag.
kviracxovlis samarovnis #40 samarxSi. kompleqsi sadac is
dadasturda, gviani brinjaos xanis adreuli etapiT
TariRdeba [Гамбашидзе, Квижинадзе, 1980: 58-59; табл.XXXVII169].
mcuravi frinvelis figurebi amSvenebs borniReles Zv.w. XV-
XIV saukuneebiT daTariRebul erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenil
diskosebur gulsakids [RambaSiZe i., 1999. tab. XLII7]. msgavsi
nivTi, romelic sakidad yofila gamoyenebuli, SemTxveviT
aRmoCnda borjomis raionSi, kaxisis tbasTan, adgil
dabaZvelSi [Гамбашидзе О., Гамбашидзе И., 1987: 31].
kaxeTisgan gansxvavebiT am regionSi mcurav frinvelTa
brinjaos figurebis oTxi tipologiuri jgufia gavrcele-
buli. maTgan ori adgilobrivi warmomavlobisaa da regions
125
gareT ar gvxvdeba. ori ki somxur masalas ukavSirdeba
[gomelauri, 2005: 9-10].
adgilobrivi tipis figurebi ZiriTadad gaxsnilia da
geometriuli Riobis nacvlad maT morTulobas paralelur
zolebad daRaruli ornamenti qmnis (zveli, borniRele,
dabaZveli, kviracxoveli). adgilobrivi (mesxuri) warmomav-
lobis meore tips axasiaTebs profilSi naxevarmTvariseburi
sxeuli. zurgis centrSi sakidi rgoli da rkaluli formis
Riobebi (zveli, julRa, axalcixe). kaxuri figurebisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac geometrizirebuli sxeulia
ganmsazRvreli, mesxuri tipebi Seberili formebiT xasiaT-
deba [gomelauri, 2005: 10]. im tipebisaTvis, romlebic
`somxur~ figurebs emsgavsebian, damaxasiaTebelia sferuli
an zariseburi sxeuli, Tavis da tanis SeerTebis adgilas
yulfi, qvemoT rigebad ganlagebuli samkuTxedebiT [gome-
lauri, 2005: 10].
Sida qarTlSi gansxvavebiT kaxeTisa da mesxeTisagan
mcurav frinvelTa plastikuri figurebi naklebadaa aRmoCe-
nili. aq isini mxolod mcxeTis midamoebSia dadasturebuli
(samTavro, werovani, narekvavi) da kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli
figurebis identuria.
borniReles #32 samarxSi aRmoCenili mcuravi frinve-
lis qandakeba sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba adreuli xanis
rogorc kaxuri, ise mesxuri figurebisagan. adreuli mesxuri
figurebi Tu ufro gedebs, yanCebs da yaryatebs mogvagonebs,
#32 samarxSi aRmoCenili figura, ufro bats an ixvsa hgavs.
n. gomelauri, romelmac specialuri gamokvleva
miuZRvna gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis aRmosavleT kavka-
siis mcire plastikis nimuSebs da gansakuTrebiT Wvirul
figurebs, Tvlis, rom Wviruli skulpturebis idea
saqarTveloSi anatoliidan Semotanilia, romelmac samxreT
kavkasiaSi mkvidrad moikida fexi da maTi momxmarebeli
126
sazogadoebis yvela socialuri fenis warmomadgeneli gaxda
[gomelauri, 2005: 22].
Zv.w. XII saukunidan am kulturis centri samxreT
kavkasiaSi, (SesaZloa mis farglebs gareTac) sustdeba. Zv.w.
VIII saukunidan ki kvlav iCens Tavs, Tumca am gviandel
nimuSebSi, aRniSnuli kulturis tradiciebi gvxvdeba
saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul sxva mxatvrul nawarm-
TaTvis damaxasiaTebel nimuSebTan erTad (igulisxmeba
qarTlis, raWisa da svaneTis mxatvruli kerebi). Zv.w. VI
saukunis Semdgom ki amgvari skulpturebi saerTod aRar
mzaddebian.
borniReles #32 samarxis frinvelis qandakebis msgavsi
figura, samecniero literaturaSi ver moviZieT. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Tavisi formiTa da gamomsaxvelobiTi stiliT is
sakmaod unikaluria.
mcuravi frinvelebic ra Tqma unda religiur rwmena-
warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. igi pirvel yovlisa
samyaros erT-erT mTavar elements – wyals ukavSirdeba.
wyali ki sicocxlis dasabams. egviptur `mkvdarTa wignSi~
didi bati qaosidan amozidul borcvze debs kvercxs,
saidanac mzis RmerTi iCekeba [Матье, 1956: 18]. igive
faqtorTan gvaqvs saqme berZnul miTologiaSic, sadac ledas
gedad gardasaxuli zevsisagan uCndeba ori kvercxi da
maTgan ibadebian elene da dioskurebi.
da bolos riTi SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba, rom
brinjaos samive skulpturuli gamosaxuleba erT, borniRe-
les #32 samarxSi aRmoCnda? es samarxi e.w. `Sereul~, -
inhumaciur-kremaciul samarxs warmoadgens. masSi dafiqsirda
erTi micvalebulis marjvena gverdze dasvenebuli ConCxi
(damxroba W-O) da ori kremaciuli urna-qoTani. is erT-erTi
umdidresi samarxia borniReles samarovnis rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xanis samarxebs Soris. masSi aRmoCnda rkinis
xatisuReli, brinjaos cilindruli zaraki, brinjaos
127
vardulebi, brinjaos samajurebi, brinjaos sakidi, vercxlis
sayureebi, brinjaos Zewkvi, brinjaos sakinZebi, sardionisa
da aqatis mZivebi, rkinis culi, rkinis Subispirebi. Tu
inventaris saxeobebis mixedviT vimsjelebT, samarxSi qalic
unda yofiliyo dakrZaluli da mamakacic. inventaris
simravle ki iq dakrZaluli adamianebis socialur da
qonebriv dawinaurebaze miuTiTebs. iqneb erT-erTi micvaleb-
uli kultis msaxuric iyo da swored mas Caatanes brinjaos
qandakebebi?
128
Tavi V. keramika
borjomis xeobis samarovnebis samarxeul inventars
Soris uxvad gvxvdeba Tixis WurWeli. rogorc Cans, am
WurWlis udidesi nawili sameTuneo Carxzea damzadebuli.
cnobilia, rom gviani brinjaos xanidan iwyeba misi
intensiuri gamoyeneba da WurWlis seriulad damzadeba.
amaze metyvelebs maTi formisa da damuSavebis teqnikis
erTgvarovneba. Tumc ki, arc ise iSviaTad, gvxvdeba
specialurad damzadebuli WurWelic, romelic gamoirCeva
formis daxvewilobiTa da ornamentaciiT.
am periodSi, miuxedavad sameTuneo Carxis gamoyenebisa,
rogorc Cans, kvlav xdeboda WurWlis Zveleburad, xeliT
Zerwva. aseTi WurWeli, gansxvavebiT adreuli xanis
analogiuri nivTebisagan, SedarebiT mdare xarisxisaa da
ugemovnod damzadebuli. xeliT naZerwi WurWeli gvxvdeba
oTxive samarovanze: kerZod, rvelis #6 samarxSi jami,
CiTaxevis #15 samarxSi tolCa, #16 samarxSi jami da tolCa;
#19 samrxSi tolCa; #30 samarxSi qoTani; #31 samarxSi jami;
#33 samarxSi tolCa; #73 da #74 samarebSi jamebi.
kviracxovlis samarovanze #31 samarxSi qoTani; #48
samarxSi qila; #95 samarxSi xelada. borniReles
samarovanze #34, 42, 56, 64, 65, 72, 73, 82 samarxebSi tolCebi
da sasmisi. #78 samarxSi koWobi, #2 samarxSi qoTani.
Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi keramikuli warmoeba rom
maRal doneze iyo ganviTarebuli, metyvelebs Tixis damuSa-
vebis da gamowvis teqnologiac. gvxvdeba rogorc Savpriala,
ise wiTlad, movardisfrod, yavisfrad gamomwvari WurWeli.
maTi kecebic sxvadasxvagvaria; aris rogorc erTfenovani
Savi, yavisferi, ruxi, vardisferi da sxva, ise orfenovani da
samfenovani kecebic. Zalze xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac kecSi
gareulia kvarcisa da qarsis kristalebi. es imdenad xSiri
movlenaa, rom SeiZleba borjomis xeobis imdroindeli
129
keramikuli warmoebis erT-erT ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel
niSnadac miviCnioT. aris WurWlis SeRebvis faqtic. kvira-
cxovlis #48 samarxSi aRmoCenil qilas Ziri wiTlad aqvs
SeRebili. es ki im periodSi did iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.
a. kalandaZe Tavis naSromSi `gviani brinjaosa da
adreuli rkinis xanis Zeglebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi~
gamoyofs Semdegi daniSnulebis Tixis WurWels: 1. sufris
WurWeli: langari, TefSi, jami, badia, samarile da sxva.
2. siTxis Camosasxmeli WurWeli: koka, doqi, xelada, tolCa,
fiala, Tasi, kaTxa da sxv. 3. sanovagis Sesanaxi WurWeli:
dergi, qila. 4. samzareulo anu saduRi WurWeli: qoTani,
qvabqoTani, koWobi da sxva. 5. rZis produqtebisaTvis gan-
kuTvnili WurWeli: sawveleli, sarwyavi, sadRvebeli da sxva.
6. sagzao WurWeli: maTara. 7. sabavSvo miniaturuli WurWeli.
8. sakulto WurWeli.
borjomis xeobaSi dadasturda TiTqmis yvela daniSnu-
lebis WurWeli, garda sagzao da rZis produqtebisaTvis
gankuTvnili WurWlisa. sufris WurWlidan aq gvxvdeba jame-
bi (badiebi, fialebi, langrebi), samarile; siTxis Camosasxme-
li WurWlidan doqi, tolCebi, sasmisebi, sanovagis Sesanaxi
WurWlidan dergebi da qilebi. samzareulo WurWlidan
qoTnebi da koWbebi. gvxvdeba miniaturuli WurWelic. rac
Seexeba sakulto WurWels, aseTad e.w. `sarkmliani~ WurWeli
SeiZleba miviCnioT.
am saxeobaTa raodenobrivi Tanafardoba sxvadasxva
samarovanze sakmaod gansxvavdeba: rvelis samarovanze aRmo-
Cenilia Tormeti xelada (#23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 40, 41, 44, 48,
58 samarxebSi). erTi jami (# 48 samarxSi) da sami koWobi
(#24, 30, 42 samarxebSi).
CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda: Teqvsmeti tolCa #2, 6,
8 (2 c.); 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22 (2 c.); 26 (2 c.); 73 samarxebSi,
cxrameti qoTani #12, 13, 16, 16a, 17, 26, 30, 33, 70 (2 c.), 73, 74,
76, 84 (2 c.), 85, 86, 87, 95 samarxebSi; Cvidmeti jami: #16 (3 c.),
130
16a, 23, 26, 31, 33, 70 (4 c.), 73, 74, 75, 761, 84, 95 samarxebSi; ori
dergi: #16 da #85 samarxebSi; cameti sasmisi: #20, 22, 23, 26,
33, 70 (2 c.); 74, 75, 761, 82, 87, 89 samarxebSi; eqvsi qila: #70
(3 c.) da #73 (3 c.) samarxebSi, erTi koWobi - #70 samarxSi
da erTi samarile #84 samarxSi.
kviracxovlis samarovnis #29 samarxSi dadasturda:
erTi doqi, erTi tolCa, erTi jami da sami qoTani, #48
samarxSi qila, #95 samarxSi xelada.
borniReles samarovanze gamovlinda ormocdaTvrameti
qoTani: #1 (2 c.); 2 (2 c.), 4 (30), 7, 8 (2 c.), 11, 13; 21 (2 c.), 23,
25, 26, 27, 29, 32 (2 c.), 33 (2 c.), 34, 44, 46 (2 c.), 47, 48 (2 c.),
50, 51, 56 (2 c.), 58 (2 c.), 64 (2 c.), 65, 66, 71 (4 c.), 72 (4 c.), 76,
79, 80, 81, 89 (2 c.), 91, 94 samarxebSi. ocdaCvidmeti sasmisi:
#1, 4 (2 c.), 8, 15 (2 c.), 21 (2 c.), 22, 23 (2 c.), 24, 25, 26, 27, 32,
34 (2 c.), 38 (2 c.), 42, 47, 56, 58, 64 (2 c.), 65, 71 (3 c.), 72, 73, 74,
76 (2 c.), 82, 92 (2 c.) samarxebSi. ocdarva tolCa: #2, 11 (3 c.),
17, 23, 29, 32 (2 c.), 34 (2 c.), 41, 44, 51, 64, 65, 71 (3 c.), 72, 76,
77, 79, 80, 81 samarxebSi. ocdaxuTi jami: #21 (2 c.), 4, 5, 8, 11,
21 (2 c.), 22, 23, 25, 27, 33, 34 (2 c.), 44, 48, 50, 56, 58, 72, 80, 91,
92 samarxebSi. ori koWobi: #25 da 78 samarxebSi. ori dergi
#49 da #89 samarxebSi. Caidniseburi WurWeli #50 samarxSi.
TvalSi sacemia is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva samaro-
vanze garkveuli saxeobis WurWeli raodenobrivad sagrZnob-
lad Warbobs sxva saxeobis keramikul nawarms. mag. rvelis
samarovanze xeladebi, CiTaxevis samarovanze ki tolCebi da
sasmisebi.
oTxive samarovanze yvelaze didi raodenobiT mainc
jamebi (badiebi, fialebi, langrebi), qoTnebi, tolCebi da
sasmisebia aRmoCenili. TiToeuli am saxeobis WurWeli
formiTa mravalferovnebiTac gamoirCeva. amitom maTze ufro
dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT.
131
jamebi. am saxeobis WurWeli oTxive samarovanaze met-
naklebi raodenobiTaa dafiqsirebuli. rvelis samarovanze
mxolod erT - #48 samarxSi. CiTaxevis samarovanze TerTmeti
#161, 23, 70 (4 c.), 73, 74, 75, 761, 84, 95 samarxebSi, erTi
kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi. yvelaze meti jami ki borniRe-
les samarovanzea gamovlenili #21 (2 c.), 4, 5, 8, 21 (2 c.), 22,
23, 25, 27, 33, 34 (2 c.), 44, 48, 50, 56, 58, 72, 761, 80, 91, 92
samarxebSi.
am saxeobis WurWlis zogi egzemplari savele davTreb-
sa da angariSebSi moxseniebulia rogorc badia (didi zomis
egzemplarebi) an fiala (patara zomis egzemplarebi). qarTu-
li enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT badia `didi
qusliani jamia~, xolo fiala `Rvinis sasmuri pirgadaSlili
dabali jami~ [qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t. I:
943; t. VII: 98]. amitomac Cven maT jamebis saxeobaSi vaerTia-
nebT da maTTan erTad ganvixilavT.
maTSi sami tipi gamovyaviT: 1. pirmoyrili, muclgamobe-
rili, brtyelpiriani jamebi (tab. XXXII2,3,4). 2. sworpiriani
jamebi, romelTa gverdebic Zirisaken mkveTrad daqanebulia
(tab. XXXII5) da 3. bakoiani jamebi, romlebic bakosa da
muclis SeerTebis adgilidan mkveTrad daqanebulia. aqvT
dabali qusli da brtyeli Ziri (tab. XXXIII). am tipis jamebi
zogjer arqeologiur katalogebsa Tu samecniero litera-
turaSi langrebad iwodeba. langari ki qarTuli enis
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi amgvaradaa ganmartebuli: `didi
brtyeli TefSi, mrgvali an ovaluri, Cveulebriv liTonisa~.
[qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. IV, 1974].
jamebic, iseve, rogorc sxva saxeobis WurWlis
absoluturi umravlesoba Carxzea damzadebuli. magram aris
gamonaklisebic: mag., rvelis #6 da CiTaxevis #31 samarxSi
aRmoCenili jamebi xeliT naZerwia. CiTaxevis #31 samarxSi
dadasturebuli jami vardisfradaa gamomwvari. pirgadaS-
lili da odnav gverdebgamoyvanilia. aqvs brtyeli Ziri.
132
pirmoyrili jamebi am saxeobis WurWlis erT-erTi
uZvelesi saxeobaa. kavkasiis teritoriaze is jer kidev
brinjaos xanis adreuli safexuridan gvxvdeba da Zalze
didi xnis manZilze ganagrZobs arsebobas. amdenad, mxolod
formis mixedviT, isini kompleqsis an Zeglis damaTriReblad
ver gamodgeba. am SemTxvevaSi misi faqtura da damzadebis
teqnologiaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. borjomis xeobaSi aRmoCe-
nili pirmoyrili jamebi ki am mxriv savsebiT esadageba Zv.w.
VIII-VII saukuneebis samarxebSi aRmoCenil WurWels.
meore tipis jamebic drois sakmaod did monakveTSi
funqcionireben. isini dadasturebulia borjomis xeobis
samarovnebis Zv.w. XV-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxeb-
Sic [RambaSiZe i., 1999. tab. IX1,2,11]. Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi am
tipis jamebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia kolxeTSi. didi raode-
nobiT gvxvdebian mag. urekisa da nigvzianis samarovnebze
[miqelaZe, 1995. tab. II, XLIV49; XLV5] da sxva Zeglebze.
Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze yvelaze meti raodenobiT
mesame tipis – bakoiani jamebia aRmoCenili. formis detale-
bis mixedviT maTSi ramdenime qvetipis gamorCevac SeiZleba:
pirveli qvetipisTvis damaxasiaTebelia momrgvalebuli an
swori piri, CaRaruli gverdi, mkveTrad gamoxatuli wibo,
daqanebuli kalTa da uquslo an dabalqusliani brtyeli
Ziri. aseTi WurWeli dafiqsirda, magaliTad, borniReles
#22 da 23 samarxebSi. #23 samarxis jams yelze talRiseburi
ornamenti Semouyveba (tab. XXXIII2).
amgvari WurWeli sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlo-
baSi arsebobs. gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan (Zv.w.
XIV-XIII ss.), vidre Zv.w. VI saukunemde. amitom borniReles
jamebs Zalze bevri paraleli eZebneba. mag. samTavros Zv.w.
XI-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi (#101, 223, 234
samarxebSi); narekvavis samarovanze [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli,
2007. tab. XI895; XII909; XL1170]; Trelis samarovanze, Zv.w. XIII-XII
saukuneebis kompleqsebSi [Tbilisi I., 1978: 116-120].
133
meore qvetipisTvis damaxasiaTebelia gadaSlili
bakomomrgvalebuli piri, Sveuli gverdi, mkveTrad gamoxa-
tuli wibo da uquslo an dabalqusliani brtyeli Ziri,
amgvari WurWeli dadasturda, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #70
samarxSi (tab. XXXIII3,4).
msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia samTavros [Tbilisi I
1978. 120], madnisWalis [TuSiSvili, 1972. 92-93]; beSTaSenis
[Куфтин, 1941. табл. LXIV. 1936] samarovnebze. amdenad isini
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi gvxvdeba, umTavresad Sida
da qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze.
mesame qvetipi gamoirCeva Zlier gadaSlili, momrgvale-
buli piriT da gverdiT, momrgvalebuli wiboTi da uquslo
an dabalqusliani brtyeli ZiriT. aseTi WurWeli fiqsirebu-
lia, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #14 samarxSi (tab. XXXIII7).
analogiuri WurWeli napovnia samTavros samarovnis
Zv.w. XIV-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebul #54, 58, 64, 73, 75, 118,
128, 254, 283 samarxebSi da Tlias samarovnis Zv.w. XIII-XII
saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [Техов, 1972: 161-162].
meoTxe qvetipi gamoirCeva sakmaod maRali, swori
bakoTi, `gamoyvanili~ gverdiTa da dabali qusliT. amgvari
jamebi dadasturda, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #73 da 74
samarxebSi (tab. XXXIII8).
msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia Sida qarTlis Zeglebze.
mag. xaSuris nacargoris #8 samarxSi [Рамишвили, 1995. табл.
110. 62. 64], xovles mesame horizontis masalebs Soris
[musxeliSvili, 1978. tab. LIII883] da sxva.
rogorc vxedavT, am tipis jamebi ZiriTadad Zv.w. XIII-VI
saukuneebiT daTariRebul Sida qarTlis Zeglebzea
gavrcelebuli.
134
qoTnebi. WurWlis es saxeoba yvelaze meti raodenobiT
aRmoCnda borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT daTari-
Rebul samarxebSi.
CiTaxevis samarovanze aRmoCnda cxrameti qoTani (#12,
13, 16, 16a, 17, 26, 30, 33, 70, 73, 74, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 95
samarxebSi. kviracxovelis samarovanze sami (#29 da 31 (2 c.)
samarxebSi). samocdaoTxi qoTani aRmoCnda borniReles
samarovanze (#1, 2, 21, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33,
34, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 56, 58, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 761, 79, 80, 81,
89, 91,94, 102, 110, 111 samarxebSi). zog maTganSi ori an meti
egzemplaricaa dadasturebuli. am saxeobis WurWeli yvelaze
xSirad iyo gamoyenebuli kremaciul urnebad. bevrma maTganma
Cvenamde natexebis saxiT moaRwia. zogis aRdgena moxerxda,
xolo zogi mxolod nawilobriv aRdga da amdenad maTi
formis srulad gansazRvra gaZnelebulia. yvela maTgani Cven
or mTavar jgufad davyaviT: yurian da uyuro qoTnebad.
TiToeul jgufSi ki ramdenime qvetipi gamovyaviT.
uyuro qoTnebi. 1. pirgadaSlili, mucelgamoberili,
didi an saSualo zomis qoTnebi. maTi gverdebi Zirisaken
Tanabrad daqanebulia. aqvT Zalze proporciuli tani da
btyeli Ziri, zog maTgans ki koxtad gamoyvanili dabali
qusli. am tipis WurWlis umravlesoba ornamentirebulia,
zog maTgans yelisa da muclis are Semkuli aqvs nakawri an
amoRaruli paraleluri xazebiT. zogjer am xazebs Soris
moqceulia iribad Sveuli texili an talRiseburi zolebi.
aris egzemplarebi, romelTac muclis qveda nawilze wneviT
datanili kanelurebi dauyveba. iSviaTad gvxvdeba
uornamento nimuSebic. zogjer am tipis qoTnebs muclis
areSi miZerwili aqvT rqiseburi Sverilebi (mag. borniReles
#79 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels) (tab. XXXIV3).
am formis qoTnebi da dergebi arsebobis Zalze did
dros iTvlis – Suabrinjaos xanidan rkinis farTo aTvisebis
135
xanamde. am xnis manZilze icvleboda maTi faqtura,
ornamenti da formis zogierTi detali. gvianbrinjaosa da
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi (maT Soris borjomis xeobis
samarovnebzec) ZiriTadad gvxvdeba Savad, yavisfrad da
ruxad gamomwvari qoTnebi. ornamentSi ki Warbobs nakawri da
amoRaruli paraleluri xazebi, badiseburi, wiwvovani,
talRovani dekori, wneviT datanili kanelurebi da sxva
(tab. XXXIV).
msgavsi WurWeli dadasturebulia samTavros samarovnis
Zv.w. XII-VI saukuneebis kompleqsebSi. narkvevis samarovanze
[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. tab. XIV297, 298; XV942]. xovles
namosaxlaris mesame da meoTxe horizontebSi (Zv.w. IX-VI s.s.)
[musxeliSvili, 1978. tab. XIII1931,2371, L849]; xaSuris
nacargoraze [Рамишвили, 1995. табл. 99] da sxva.
bikonusuri formis qoTnebi. am tipis WurWlisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia gadaSlili piri, dabali yeli, bikonusuri
tani, romelic mucelze mkveTri nawiburiT iqmneba. zog
maTgans ki (CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels) ori
nawiburi aqvs (tab. XXXV4).
amgvari WurWelic drois sakmaod did monakveTSi
arsebobs. gvxvdeba agreTve msgavsi formis koWbebic
(romelTa Sesaxeb qveviT gveqneba saubari).
msgavsi qoTnebi aRmoCenilia Trelis samarovanze Sua
brinjaos xanis miwurulisa da Zv.w. XIII-VII saukuneebis
samarxebSi [Tbilisi, I133]: samTavros #3, 11, 137, 144, 152, 206,
246, 247 da sxva samarxebSi [Tbilisi I134]; kaspis [baramiZe,
1965. tab. 11]; armazis [mcxeTa I. tab. XVIII1, XIX10], madnisWa-
lis [TuSiSvili, 1972. tab. XXVI193], beSTaSenis [Куфтин, 1941.
табл. XLVIII]; RrmaxevisTavis [Абрамишвили и др., 1976: 22];
narekvavis [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007. nivTi #320, 1153];
somxeTSi – evluqisa da artikis samarovnebze [Есаян, 1976.
136
табл. 92, 96, 105, 111, 114, 118, 135; Мартиросян, 1964: рис. 64].
CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenili ornawiburiani WurWlis
msgavsi egzemplari aRmoCenilia xaSuris nacargoraze
[ramiSvili, 2001. tab. IV513].
amdenad bikonusuri formis WurWeli gavrcelebulia
Zv.w. XV-VI saukuneebis manZilze, umTavresad samxreT
kavkasiis centralur regionebSi.
wagrZelebuli formis qoTnebi. am tipSi gavaerTianeT
pirgadaSlili, dabalyeliani, mucelgamoberili, wagrZele-
buli formis qoTnebi. isini ZiriTadad Savad, movardisfrod
an ruxad arian gamomwvari. gvxvdeba rogorc sada, ise
ornamentirebuli egzemplarebi. dekori ZiriTadad yelis,
mxris, muclis areSia datanebuli: horizontaluri,
paraleluri amokawruli an amoRaruli zolebi, zogjer maT
Soris moqceuli iribad Sveuli an jvaredini xazebi.
borniReles #81 samarxSi aRmoCenil amgvar WurWels ki
mTels korpusze wneviT datanili badiseburi ornamenti
amSvenebs. yelis areSi mas talRiseburi zoli Semouyveba,
xolo muclis areSi horizontalurad Semovlebul
paralelur xazebs Soris moqceuli badisebri dekori
gasdevs. yvela maTgani Carxzea damzadebuli (tab. XXXVI).
am formis WurWelic Sua brinjaos xanidan Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebis CaTvliT arsebobs. Tumca am xnis manZilze
garkveul cvlilebebsac ganicdis, rac ZiriTadad faqturisa
da ornamentaciis cvlaSi gamoixateba. mag. Tu adreuli
egzemplarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo frCxiliseburi an
samkuTxeduri ornamenti, mogviano xanaSi ufro talRisebri
an badiseburi dekori amSvenebT.
amgvari formis qoTnebi dadasturebulia Trelis
samarovnis Zv.w. XIV-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebul samarxebSi
[Tbilisi I, 1978: 131], gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapidan
gvxvdeba isini samTavros samarovanzec (mag., #10, 12, 13, 19,
137
70, 75, 174, 183, 288 samarxebSi) [Tbilisi I, 132]. navTluRis
[qoriZe, 1955: 191]; Cardaxis [oqropiriZe, 1965. tab. II8] gviani
brinjaos xanis samarxebSi. analogiuri qoTnebi aRmoCenilia
kaxeTSic, gulgulas gvianbrinjaos xanis samarovanze.
agreTve iyalTos, Toxliauris, bakurcixis, maRaros,
sagarejos midamoebSi [ficxelauri, 1959: 144. tab. V2]. rkinis
farTo aTvisebis xanaSi msgavsi WurWeli dadasturebulia
Trelis #24 samarxSi [Tbilisi I, 1978: 132].
amdenad aRniSnuli tipis WurWeli gavrcelebulia Sida
qarTlisa da kaxeTis teritoriaze gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa
da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSi.
meoTxe qvetipSi gavaerTianeT pirgadaSlili, dabalye-
liani qoTnebi, romelTac aqvT odnav gamoberili muceli da
farTo, brtyeli Ziri. amgvari qoTnebi aRmoCnda borniReles
#2 da #11 samarxebSi. #2 samarxSi gamovlenili qoTani
xeliT naZerwia, legadia gamomwvari da ori reliefuri
kopiT damSvenebuli (tab. XXXV6).
am tipis WurWeli aRmoCenilia samTavros gvianbrinjao-
adrerkinis xanis samarxebSi. xaSuris nacargoraze [Рамишви-
ли, 1997. табл. 363] da sxva Zeglebze.
yuriani qoTnebi. or mTavar jgufad iyofa: calyurian
da oryurian qoTnebad calyuriani qoTani mxolod erTi
calia aRmoCenili CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi. igi ruxad gamom-
wvaria, zedapirgaprialebuli, pirgadaSlili da dabalye-
liani. aqvs brtyeli Ziri. formiT Zalze waagavs amave
samarovanze gavrcelebul tolCebs (romelTa Sesaxebac
qveviT gveqneba saubari). oRond maTTan SedarebiT didi
zomisaa: misi simaRle 17 sm-s udris; piris diametri 13,5;
Ziris diametri 9, muclis sigane ki 18 sm-s (tab. XXXVIII5).
138
oryuriani qoTnebi. am jgufis WurWelSic SesaZloa
ramdenime qvetipis gamoyofa: 1. pirgadaSlili, dabalyeliani,
mucelgamoberili qoTnebi farTo brtyeli ZiriT,
romelebsac yurebi mxarsa da mucelze aqvs miZerwili (tab.
XXXVIII2).
2. pirgadaSlili, maRalyeliani, mucelgamoberili
qoTnebi, romlebic Zirisaken mkveTrad viwrovdeba. aqvT
brtyeli, viwro Ziri da dabali, koxtad gamoyvanili qusli.
momcro zomis yurebi umTavresad mxarsa da mucelze aqvT
miZerwili. zog SemTxvevaSi ki (mag., CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi
dadasturebul qoTans) yurebze unagirismagvari Sverili
aqvs daZerwili (tab. XXXVIII4). amave samarxSi aRmoCenil
meore qoTans ki ori patara, Sverilebiani yuri mxrebze aqvs
miZerwili (tab. XXXVIII3).
am tipis qoTnebis umravlesoba ornamentirebulia.
nakawri da amoRaruli dekori ZiriTadad yelis, mxris da
muclis areSi dauyveba.
3. pirgadaSlili an sworpiriani, mucelgamoberili,
wagrZelebuli formis qoTnebi, romlebsac yurebi mucelsa
da mxarze aqvT miZerwili (tab. XXXVII5).
4. wagrZelebuli formis tandabali qoTnebi. dabali,
cilindruli yeliT, swori piriT, mkveTrad gamoberili
mucliT, farTo, brtyeli ZiriT (piri da Ziri erTi zomisa
aqvT). momrgvalebuli yurebi miZerwilia mucelsa da mxarze.
amgvari WurWeli mxolod ori calia dadasturebuli
CiTaxevis #16 da borniReles #64 samarxebSi (tab. XXXVII3,4).
oryuriani WurWeli (qoTnebi, koWbebi, dergebi) sakmaod
gavrcelebulia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xanis samxreT kavkasiis centralur da samxreT
regionebSi. amgvari WurWeli zoomorfuli yuriT dadasture-
bulia magaliTad xovles IV horizontis masalebSi [musxe-
liSvili, 1978. tab. XLIII 1955], aseve samTavros samarovanze
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis
139
(Zv.w. IX-VII s.s.) kompleqsebSi [mcxeTa V, 1981. nivTi #67, 132,
236; mcxeTa, VII, 1985. nivTi #20, 109]; narekvavis samarovanze
[nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007: 319. nivTi #1008, 941, 1047; 320
nivTi #1085, 1364]; xaSuris nacargoris #160 samarxSi [rami-
Svili, 2001. tab. I104]; qvemo qarTlSi – kobalis samarovnis
#40 samarxSi [Тушиашвили и др., 1987: 19. табл. XIX1] da sxva.
(xaSuris nacargorisa da kobalis aRniSnuli kompleqsebi
Zv.w. XIV-IX saukuneebiT TariRdeba).
aRniSnuli tipis WurWlis umravlesoba ornamentirebu-
lia. ZiriTadad Semkulia mxrisa da muclis areSi gavle-
buli paraleluri xazebiTa da zogjer maT Soris arsebuli
wertilovani, iribad Sveuli, wiwvovani an samkuTxeduri
dekoriT. yurebi xSir SemTxvevaSi zoomorfulia.
CiTaxevis #70 samarxSi aRmoCenili oryuriani qoTnebi
formiT TiTqos uaxlovdeba kolxeTSi – urekSi aRmoCenil
e.w. `vazisebur WurWels~ [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XXVI8].
rac Seexeba me-3 qvetips, wagrZelebuli formis
oryurian qoTnebs, isini TiTqmis ucvlelad imeoreben amave
tipis uyuro WurWlis formas, gansxvaveba mxolod yurebSia.
amis magaliTia borniReles #81 samarxis uyuro da #89
samarxis yuriani qoTnebi (tab. XXXVI2 ; XXXVII5).
sakmaod originaluria borniReles #17 da #64 samar-
xebSi aRmoCenili qoTnebi, romlebic oryuriani qoTnebis me-
4 qvetipad gamovyaviT (tab. XXXVII3,4). amgvari WurWlis
zusti analogia samecniero literaturaSi ver moviZieT.
mxolod met-nakleb siaxloves iCens TrialeTSi aRmoCenil
erT-erT WurWelTan, romlis asakic Zv.w. VIII saukuniTaa
gansazRvruli [Менабде, 1973. табл.III59].
amdenad, Cvens sakvlev samarovanze gamovlenili
qoTnebi ganekuTvneba am saxeobis WurWlis im kategorias,
romelic faqtiurisa da formis met-naklebi cvlilebiT
gavrcelebuli arian gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa da rkinis
farTo aTvisebis xanis Sida da qvemo qarTlSi, maT
140
momijnave kaxeTisa da somxeTis teritoriaze da nawilobriv
kolxeTSi.
koWbebi. borjomis xeobis samarovnebze, sakvlevi
periodis samarxebSi dadasturebuli koWbebi ZiriTadad
imeoreben aq aRmoCenili qoTnebis zogierTi tipis formebs.
gvxvdeba wagrZelebuli qoTnis formis borniReles
#761 samarxSi (tab. XXXVIII2); bikonusuri formis (sof.
dvirTan SemTxveviT mopovebuli masala)3 (tab. XXXIX1).
bikonusuri, ornawibu-riani koWobi (CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi
aRmoCenili qoTnis msgavsi) (tab. XXXIX7); oryuriani
qoTnebis 3-4 qvetipis formis dabali cilindruli yeliT,
gamoberili mucliT da farTo brtyeli ZiriT, oRond
yurebis gareSe. borniReles #23 samarxSi (tab. XXXIX6).
amasTan erTad gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli formis koWbebic.
aseTia, magaliTad, CiTaxevis #28 samarxSi aRmoCenili
egzemplari: swori piriT, dabali yeliT, odnav daqanebuli
gverdebiT da brtyeli, farTo ZiriT (tab. XXXIX5).
koWbebi, iseve rogorc qoTnebis umravlesoba Carxzea
damzadebuli. gvxvdeba Savad, yavisfrad, vardisfrad gamom-
wvari egzemplarebi, magram qoTnebisagan gansxvavebiT, maTi
absoluturi umravlesoba uornamentoa. mxolod zogierT
maTgans yelis areSi erTi an ori horizontalurad amoRa-
ruli xazi Semouyveba. borniReles #25 samarxSi aRmoCenil
ornawiburebian koWobs ki muclis are paralelur xazebs
Soris moqceuli. iribad Sveuli ornamentiT aqvs Semkuli
(tab. XXXIX7).
amgvari WurWeli centraluri samxreT kavkasiis
teritoriaze drois sakmaod did monakveTSia gavrcelebuli
Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukuneebidan, vidre Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT.
3 borjomis raionis sof. dvirTan, adgilze, romelic `silis xevis~ saxeliTaa cnobili SemTxveviT aRmoCnda Tixis koWobi, tolCebi da brinjaos sakmaod originaluri rgoli. koleqcia Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT unda daTariRdes.
141
doqi aRmoCnda mxolod kviracxovlis #29 samarxSi. igi
monacrisfrodaa gamomwvari (emCneva Savi laqebic). pirgada-
Slilia, farTo yeliani, mxrebdaqanebuli da mucelgamobe-
rili. aqvs sakmaod farTo, brtyeli Ziri. yuri miZerwilia
pirsa da mxarze. yelze oTxi farTo Rari Semouyveba, mxarze
ki ori wriuli Rari. korpusis qveda nawili Semkulia wneviT
datanili iribad Sveuli zolebiT (tab. XLII,7).
msgavsi WurWeli sakmaod gavrcelebulia gvianbrinjao-
adrerkinis da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis samxreT
kavkasiis centralur regionebSi. mag., dadasturebulia
samTavros samarovnis #49 da #132 samarxebSi [mcxeTa V, 1981.
nivTi #186, 242, 188, 409]; Trelis [Tbilisi I, 1978: 125. nax. 78];
narekvavis [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007: 322. nivTi #398,
1120]; xaSuris nacargoris [ramiSvili, 2001. tab. IV520];
winwyaros [menabde. davlianiZe, 1968. tab. X339-340] samarovnebze
da sxva Zeglebze.
tolCebi. am saxeobis WurWeli sakmaod didi raodeno-
biTaa aRmoCenili borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT
daTariRebul samarxebSi. maTSi ramodenime tipi unda
gamovyoT. erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul tips cilindruli
tolCebi warmoadgens. maT axasiaTebs cilindruli formis
korpusi, romelic zogjer Zirisaken mkveTrad viwrovdeba,
xan ki `welSi gamoyvanilia~. aqvs erTi (zogjer zoomor-
fuli) yuri, romelic korpusis Sua adgilasaa miZerwili.
gvxvdeba rogorc viwro da maRali, ise SedarebiT dabali da
farTo egzemplarebi.
am tipis WurWeli ZiriTadad Savad da yavisfradaa
gamomwvari. bevri maTgani ornamentirebulia. dekori ZiriTa-
dad pirs qvemoT an korpusis SuaSi amoRarul, an nakawr
paralelur xazebs warmodgens. ramdenime maTgani ki ufro
rTuli dekoriTaa damSvenebuli. kerZod, iribad Sveuli
142
nakawri xazebiT Sevsebuli samkuTxedebiT da horizontalur
xazebs Soris moqceuli Tevzifxuri ornamentiT.
amgvari WurWeli ZiriTadad samxreT kavkasiis centra-
luri regionebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sakmaod didia maTi
arsebobis qronologiuri CarCoc – Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukune-
ebidan, Zv.w. VI saukunis CaTvliT. Tumca am xnis manZilze
garkveul cvlilebebsac ganicdis. adreul xanaSi naklebad
gvxvdeba Zirisken mkveTrad daqanebuli an `welSi gamoyva-
nili~ egzemplarebi. amis damadasturebelia gansxvaveba
erTis mxriv, Trelis da samTavros samarovnebis Zv.w. XIII-XI
saukuneebis kompleqsebSi [Tbilisi I., 1978: 137-138. nax. 75;
mcxeTa V, 1981. nivTi #235, 236] dadasturebul tolCebs,
xolo meore mxriv xaSuris nacargoris [ramiSvili, 2007. tab.
VI839] am Cveni sakvlevi samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis
kompleqsebSi aRmoCenil nimuSebs Soris.
amgvari WurWeli gvxvdeba kolxeTis Zv.w. VIII-VI sauku-
neebis samarovnebzec [Микеладзе, 1990: 37. табл.. XII4]. (tab. XL).
calke tipad gamovyofT qilisebur da kasrisebur
tolCebs. amgvari tolCebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. axasiaTebT
gadaSlili piri met-naklebad gamoberili muceli (qilise-
bur tolCebs SedarebiT sustad, xolo kasriseburebs
mkveTrad), farTo da brtyeli Ziri, erTi, xSir SemTxvevaSi
zoomorfuli an kopebiani yuri, romelic mucelze da
mxarzea miZerwili. zog maTgans (mag., CiTaxevis #86 da
borniReles #25 samarxebSi aRmoCenil WurWels) yuris
magivrad rkaliseburi Sverili aqvs (tab. XLI6).
amgvari WurWlis sagrZnobi nawili uornamentoa. Tumca
gvxdeba ornamentirebuli nimuSebic. mag. borniReles #4
samarxSi aRmoCenil tolCas yelis areSi talRiseburi
nakawri xazi Semouyveba, an #64 samarxSi dadasturebul erT
tolCas aseve yelis areSi ramdenime paraleluri nakawri
xazi Semouyveba, meore muclis areSi naTiTuri ornamentiTaa
143
damSvenebuli. CiTaxevis #32 samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWels ki
iribad Sveuli kanelurebi dauyveba (tab. XLI3,7).
am tipis WurWeli sakmaod gavrcelebulia Zv.w. VII-VI
saukuneebis kolxur samarovnebze [miqelaZe, 1985. tab. XIX742;
XX20; XXIII33 da sxva]; wiTeli Suquras #71 samarxSi [Трапш,
1969: 195. табл. XVIII], Tlias samarovanze amave periodiT
daTariRebul kompleqsebSi [Техов, 1980 а. табл.. 355; 386; 47; 908;
Техов, 1980 б. табл.915]. gvxvdeba agreTve kolxeTis adrerkinis
xanis namosaxlarebze, sadac ZiriTadad fragmentebis
saxiTaa moRweuli [miqelaZe, 1985: 22].
T. miqelaZem gamoyo tolCebis sami tipi:
1. qiliseburi tipis tolCebi, romlebisTvisac damaxa-
siaTebelia odnav momrgvalebuli korpusi. 2. Zirisaken
mkveTrad Seviwrovebuli tolCebi da 3. kasriseburi tolCebi.
mkvlevaris azriT, isini protokolxuri tipis tolCebis
Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens [miqelaZe, 1985: 21].
msgavsi WurWeli gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic.
mag. samTavros samarovnis Zv.w. XIII-X saukuneebiT daTariRe-
bul kompleqsebSi [mcxeTa V 188. sur. 259-260]; narekvavis Zv.w.
VIII-VI saukuneebis samarxebSi [nikolaiSvili, gavaSeli, 2007:
238. nivTi #1287, 1300]; qvemo qarTlSi – pantianis samarovnis
gvaianbrinjaos xanis adreuli etapis fenaSi [Тушишвили,
Амиранашвили, 1982. табл. XXXI6]; xovles IV horizontis masa-
lebSi [musxeliSvili, 1978: 103. tab. XVII]; Trelis samarovnis
Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebiT daTariRebul kompleqsebSi
[Tbilisi I. nax. 60. 615]. am Zeglebze aRmoCenili tolCebis
umravlesobac uornamentoa, Tumca ornamentirebuli nimuSe-
bic gvxvdeba. maT yurebs ki umravles SemTxvevaSi zoomor-
fuli Sverilebi amSvenebs. aris agreTve tolCebi (mag.,
samTavros samarovanze), romlebsac CiTaxevis #70 da
borniReles #25 samarxebSi aRmoCenili tolCebis msgavsad
yuris magivrad rqiseburi Sverilebi aqvs.
144
rogorc vxedavT, am tipis tolCebi sakmaod didi drois
ganmavlobaSi arsebobs: gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli
safexuridan rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanamde. gvxvdeba
rogorc `centraluramier-kavkasiuri~ (samTavruli), ise kol-
xuri kulturis Zeglebze. Tumca am ukanasknelze isini
mxolod Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi Cndebian.
Rruqusliani tolCebi. am tipis tolCebi gvxvdeba
CiTaxevisa da borniReles samarovnebze. isini gamomwvari
arian yavisferi an ruxi Tixisgan. aqvT gadaSlili (iSviaT
SemTxvevaSi swori) piri, dabali yeli, gamoberili muceli,
kargad gamokveTili gulamoRaruli qusli. maT absolutur
umravlesobas aqvs erTi, xSir SemTxvevaSi zoomorfuli
kopebiani an cilindrulSveriliani yuri, romelic mucelsa
da mxarzea miZerwili. umravlesoba ornamentirebulia.
ornamentSi Warbobs wneviT datanili an amoRaruli kanelu-
rebi, romlebic zogjer mTels korpuss dauyveba, zogjer ki
mxolod mis qveda nawils, xan simetriulad, xan ki konebad
aris ganlagebuli, aseve gvxvdeba yelze da mucelze
gavlebuli paraleluri horizontaluri xazebiT da sxva
ornamentiT Semkuli egzemplarebic (tab. XI).
CiTaxevis #22 samarxSi aRmoCnda Rruqusliani uyuro
tolCa, romelic formiT, faqturiTa da ornamentiT (korpu-
sis qveda nawilSi wneviT datanili kanelurebi) TiTqmis
zustad imeorebs, amave samarxSi aRmoCenili yuriani tolCis
moyvanilobas arc zomebSi SeiniSneba didi sxvaoba (tab.
XLII3,4). amgvari WurWeli sakmaod iSviaTia. misi paraleli
Cven mxolod erTgan vipoveT da is xovles namosaxlaris IV
horizontis masalebSia dadasturebuli. Tumca CiTaxevis
tolCasTan SedarebiT naklebad gamoyofili qusli aqvs da
kanelurebic yuridan Ziramde dauyveba [musxeliSvili, 1978.
tab. XLIII2320].
145
sakmaod originaluria agreTve CiTaxevis #14 samarxSi
aRmoCenili SedarebiT didi zomis tolCa. mas aqvs mkveTrad
gadaSlili piri, aseve mkveTrad gamoziduli mxrebi, viwro
Ziri, dabali, koxtad gamoyvanili qusli. mrgvalganivkve-
Tiani yuri mucelzea miZerwili. mucelzeve Semouyveba erTi
amoRaruli horizontaluri xazi. WurWlis forma bikonusu-
ris StabeWdilebas tovebs (tab. XII5).
aseve gamoirCeva CiTaxevis #70 samarxis gareTa kuTxes-
Tan dadasturebuli tolCa. mas aqvs gadaSlili piri, uCveu-
lod maRali cilindruli yeli, gamoberili muceli, dabali
koxtad gamoyvanili qusli. yuri miZerwilia mxarsa da
mucelze. muclis areSi dauyveba wneviT datanili kanelu-
rebi (tab. DXII6).
am tipis tolCebs exeba m. baramiZe, rodesac ganixilavs
kaspis samarovanze aRmoCenil keramikul masalas. igi Tvlis,
rom am tipis WurWlis arseboba ZiriTadad gviani brinjaos
xanidan rkinis xanaSi gardamaval da rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xanis samarxebSi SeiniSneba [baramiZe, 1965: 38].
aRniSnuli formis tolCebs moWiqul calebTan dakavSi-
rebiT exeba k. ficxelauri. mas moWiquli WurWeli adgilob-
riv nawarmad ar miaCnia, vinaidan ZiriTadad asureTSia
gavrcelebuli da kavkasiaSi sul TiTo-orola calia
dadasturebuli. samTavros da sxva Zeglebze aRmoCenili
Savpriala tolCebi TavianTi formiT Zalian axlos dganan
asurul egzemplarebTan, rac mkvlevaris azriT, maT Soris
genetikur kavSirze unda miuTiTebdes – Savpriala tolCebi
moWiquli WurWlis mibaZviT unda iyos damzadebuli. amis
dasturad igi im garemoebasac miiCnevs, rom Savpriala
WurWeli moWiqul tolCebze adreul kompleqsebSi arsadaa
dafiqsirebuli.
k. ficxelauris am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba r. abrami-
Svili da amgvar WurWels adgilobriv nawarmad miiCnevs.
argumentad mas is moaqvs, rom Trelis samarovanze Zv.w. XIII
146
saukunisa da Zv.w. XII saukunis pirveli naxevris mraval
kompleqsSi dadasturebulia araerTi am tipis tolCa.
agreTve isic, rom msgavsi WurWeli damaxasiaTebelia Sida
da qvemo qarTlis gvianbrinjaos xanis ZeglebisaTvis.
kerZod, isini aRmoCenilia Trelis [Tbilisi I, 138. nax. 66,
663. tab. XLV]; samTavros [mcxeTa V. nivTi #276, 277, 313];
kaspis [baramiZe, 1965: 38]; flavismanis [makalaTia, 1930: 233.
nax. 15, 16]: dvanis [makalaTia, 1948: 360]: dmanisis [nioraZe,
1947: 51-53]; redkin-lageris [Мартиросян, 1964: 200. рис. 78] da
sxva Zeglebze. sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdebian mogviano,
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanaSic. mag. xaSuris nacargoris
#208 samarxSi [ramiSvili, 2001: 158. tab. II357; III518]; dasavleT
saqarTveloSi wiTeli Suquras samarovnis #91 samarxSi
[Трапш, 1969. табл. XIV 4]; Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze da sxva.
qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT Rruqusliani tolCebis
arseboba Zv.w. XIII-VII saukuneebis farglebSi eqceva [Tbilisi
I, 1976: 140].
sasmisebi. calke unda gamovyoT CiTaxevis #87, borni-
Reles #4, 8, 76, 82 samarxebSi dadasturebuli da CiTaxevis
#82 samarxis maxloblad, kulturul fenaSi napovni
sasmisebi.
CiTaxevis #87 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisi Savad gamom-
wvaria, aqvs naprialebi zedapiri. kargad damuSavebuli ruxi
keci da Carxzea damzadebuli. gaaCnia dabali, odnav gada-
Slili piri, sakmaod maRali yeli da gamoberili muceli.
aqvs maRali, koxtad gamoyvanili fexi da brtyeli Ziri.
muceli Semkulia vertikaluri oTx-oTxi da horizontaluri,
zigzaguri, amoRaruli xazebiT. yuri miZerwilia mxarsa da
mucelze.
simaRle – 11,6; piris diametri – 7,8; muclis diametri –
9,1; fexis diametri – 4; Ziris diametri 4.7 sm. (tab. XIII3).
147
borniReles #4 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisic Savad
gamomwvaria. gamoirCeva naprialebi zedapiriT. aqvs odnav
gadaSlili piri, Sezneqili yeli, gamoberili, Zirisaken
mkveTrad daqanebuli muceli, maRali, koxtad gamoyvanili
fexi da brtyeli Ziri. ovalurganivkveTiani yuri miZerwilia
mxarsa da mucelze. gverdebi Semkulia paraleluri
vertikaluri xazebiT Seqmnili samkuTxedebiT, romlebic
wveriT Zirisaken arian mimarTuli.
simaRle 11; piris diametri 8; muclis diametri 9,6;
Ziris diametri 5,0 sm (tab. XLIII2).
borniReles #8 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisi ruxad
gamomwvaria. formiT da ornamentiT TiTqmis #4 samarxis
analogiuri WurWlis identuria. identuria maTi ornamenta-
ciac. gansxvaveba mxolod yuris formasa da zomebSia. #8
samarxis sasmiss yuri ufro didi zomisa aqvs da is
uSualod yels qvemoT da mucelzea miZerwili.
simaRle 11,5; piris diametri 7,3; muclis diametri 9,7;
Ziris diametri 4,5 sm (tab. XLIII1).
zemoaRniSnul WurWelTan formiT sakmaod axlos dgas
borniReles #76 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisic. igi Savad
gamomwvaria, priala zedapiriT, sxva sasmisebisagan gansxvave-
biT uornamentoa.
rac Seexeba CiTaxevis #82 samarxis maxloblad,
kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenil sasmiss, igi yvela CamoTvlili
sasmisebisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba. samwuxarod mis
Sesaxeb informacia arc savele davTarSi da arc angariSSi
ar moipoveba. SemorCenilia mxolod grafikuli naxati.
WurWeli sakmaod maRalia, pirgadaSlili, Cazneqili yeliT.
mxrebidan Zirisaken mkveTrad daqanebuli. aqvs Zalze viwro
Ziri. yelidan Ziramde wneviT datanili kanelurebiTaa
Semkuli. yuri miZerwilia mxarsa da mucelze (tab. XLIII5).
T. miqelaZem Tavis naSromSi «� ���������� �������»
mogvca Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis kolxuri keramikis klasifika-
148
cia [Микеладзе, 1990: 37-39]. pirvel jgufSi man qiliseburi
WurWeli gaaerTiana. meore jgufSi WurWeli, romlis gver-
debi Zirisaken mkveTrad daqanebulia. mesame jgufSi _
kasriseburi WurWeli. meoTxe jgufSi iseTi egzemplarebi,
romlebic axlos dgas meore jgufis (Zirisken mkveTrad
daqanebulgverdian) WurWelTan, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom
maT mkveTrad gamokveTili fexi axasiaTebT. es ukanasaknelni
ki arian mesame tipi sasmisebisa [Микеладзе, 1990. табл. XIII 3, 5],
romlebic gamoCenas Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis manZilze iwyeben
da kolxuri keramikis erT-erT wamyvan elementad gvevline-
bian [Микеладзе, 1990: 37].
swored T. miqelaZiseuli klasifikaciis meoTxe jgufs
miekuTvneba Cvens mier zemoT CamoTvlili, CiTaxevisa da
borniReles samarovnebze aRmoCenili sasmisebi. msgavsi
nimuSebi aRmoCenilia kolxeTis araerT samarovansa da
namosaxlarze. mag. ergetis #4 dasakrZalav ormoSi
[Микеладзе, 1982. табл. XLIV, XLV1], romelic Zv.w. VII-VI saukune-
ebiTaa daTariRebuli.
borniReles samarovanze gamovlenil sasmisebs Seexo o.
RambaSiZe. manac xazi gausva aRniSnuli WurWlis kolxur
masalasTan msgavsebas. magram amasTan yuradReba gaamaxvila
borniReles sasmisebis kecis damuSavebis teqnikasa da
ornamentaciaze (gansakuTrebiT am ukanasknelze), romlebic
samTavros samarovanze Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis kompleqsebSi
aRmoCenil nawarmTan iCens msgavsebas [RambaSiZe o., 1984].
amdenad, am tipis WurWelSi gaerTianebuli unda iyos
rogorc kolxur, ise samTavrul kulturaTa keramikuli
warmoebis tradiciebi.
rac Seexeba #82 samarxTan, kulturul fenaSi aRmoCe-
nil sasmiss (tab. XIII4), Tavisi formiT ufro gviandelis
STabeWdilebas tovebs. miT umetes, rom #82 samarxis
inventari: vercxlis farakiani beWedi, vercxlis sayureebi,
149
da sxva nivTebi komp-leqss Zv.w. VI saukunis boloTi da V
saukuniT aTariRebs [RambaSiZe o., 1976].
calke aRsaniSnavia borniReles #71 da #99 samarxebSi
aRmoCenili sasmisebi. #71 samarxis sasmisi moSavo-
moyavisfrodaa gamomwvari. zedapiri naprialebia. aqvs gada-
Slili piri. gverdebi Sezneqilia (welSi gamoyvanilia).
gaaCnia koxtad gamokveTili qusli da viwro Ziri, yuri
miZerwilia gverdis Sua nawilze. Semkulia horizontalur
paralelur xazebs Soris moqceuli vertikalurad daSvebu-
li da wertilebiT Sevsebuli paraleluri xazebiT. is sakma-
od originaluri formis da lamazi WurWelia (gamofenilia
borjomis muzeumis mudvimoqmed eqspoziciaSi, tab. ILIV2).
aseve sakmaod originaluri formiT gamoirCeva borniRe-
les #99 samarxSi aRmoCenili sasmisic. mas aqvs odnav
gadaSlili piri, Sezneqili yeli, sakmaod maRali tani, aseve
maRali fexi da viwro, brtyeli Ziri. kopiani yuri
miZerwilia yels qvemoT da mucelze. yelis areSi Semouyveba
ori paraleluri amoRaruli xazi, romelic iribad Sveuli
xazebiTaa Sevsebuli, xolo gverdebi Semkulia or-ori
Sveuli paraleluri xazebiT, romelTa Soris are wertile-
biTaa Sevsebuli (tab. XLIV1).
am WurWlis analogebi ver moviZieT. im kompleqsebis
mixedviT ki, sadac isini iyvnen dadasturebuli (cilind-
ruli da kasriseburi tolCebi, Tavgabrtyelebuli sakinZebi,
rkinis Subispiri da sxva) Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT unda
daTariRdnen.
Caidniseburi WurWeli. borniReles #50 samarxSi
dadasturda Caidniseburi WurWeli, romelic erTad-erTi
egzemplaria borjomis xeobis samarovnebze. is monacisfro-
moruxodaa gamomwvari. zedapiri gaprialebulia. aqvs gada-
Slili piri, dabali yeli, iribad daqanebuli mxrebi, gamobe-
rili muceli, farTo da brtyeli Ziri. mrgvalganivkveTiani
150
yuri mxarze aqvs daZerwili. aqvs mrgvali da mokle siTxis
gadmosasxmeli mili. yelze erTi, xolo mxarze ori
amoRaruli xazi Semouyveba.
simaRle 20; muclis diametri 24; Ziris diametri 10;
milis sigrZe 2; milis ganivkveTa 2,6 sm (tab. XLIV4).
Caidniseburi WurWeli sakmaod gavrcelebulia Zv.w. X-VIII
saukuneebSi rogorc mcire aziaSi (frigia), ise iransa da mis
mosazRvre teritoriebze. samxreT kavkasiaSi is ukidures
samxreT regionebSia gamovlenili (yizil-vanqi) [Погребова,
1977: 99. табл. XXIII1-5,7,9,10]. garda amisa, am tipis WurWeli
gamovlenilia mingeCauris yorRanebSi, romlebic Zv.w. XII-IX
saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Асланов и др., 1959. табл. XXXVII; XLII1;
XLII2]. magram arc mcireaziuri, arc iranuli da arc
mingeCauris Caidniseburi WurWeli borniReles egzem-plars
arafriT ar hgavs, garda imisa, rom yvela maTgans siTxis
sadeni mili aqvs. ase rom, maT Soris raime geneti-kuri
kavSiris Zieba Cvenis azriT ar unda iyos marTebuli.
`sarkmliani~ WurWeli. borniReles #23 da #25
samarxSi aRmoCenil tolCebs ZirSi obsidianis natexi hqonda
Cadgmuli.
#23 samarxSi aRmoCenili tolCa Savad gamomwvaria,
pirgadaSlili, yelSezneqili, mucelgamoberili, aqvs dabali
qusli. mrgvalganivkveTiani yuri mucelzea miZerwili,
uornamentoa.
simaRle 8,5: piris diametri 7,5; muclis diametri 10;
Ziris diametri 4,2 sm (tab. XLI8).
#25 samarxSi aRmoCenili tolCa Savad gamomwvaria,
pirgadaSlili, mucelgamoberili. aqvs farTo da brtyeli
Ziri. yuris magivrad mucelze rqiseburi Sverili aqvs
miZerwili.
simaRle 9,5: piris diametri 9; Ziris diametri 6;
151
muclis diametri 10,2 sm (tab. XLI5).
e.w. `sarkmliani~ WurWeli iSviaTobas ar warmoadgens.
is sakmaod gavrcelebulia mcire aziaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa
da evropaSi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze ki aRmoCenilia
Trelis [Tbilisi I138]; madnisWalis [Тушишвили, 1981: 94-95];
dmanisis [nioraZe, 1947: 51-53]; `SuSis qarxnis~ [Ниорадзе, 2006:
16-20]; flavismanis [makalaTia, 1930: 231] samarovnebze.
agreTve diliJanSi, axtalaSi [makalaTia, 1930: 234], redkin-
lagerze, musi-ierSi, SeiTan-daRSi, troaSi, Crdilo-
aRmosavleT evropaSi (germania, safrangeTi); skandinaviis
naxevarkunulze (SvedeTi, norvegia); britaneTSi da sxva
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 16-20].
evropul da aziur `sarkmlian~ WurWels Soris sakmaod
didi qronologiuri sxvaobaa. evropaSi is ZiriTadad ax.w.
I-IV saukuneebSi vrceldeba, maSin, roca aziuri da
kavkasiuri nimuSebi Zv.w. 2000-500 w.w. farglebSi gvxvdebian
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 17]. Trelis, madnisWalis, dmanisis, `SuSis
qarxnis~ samarovnebic zogadad Zv.w. XIII-IX saukuneebiT
TariRdebian. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos
teritoriaze aRmoCenili `sarkmliani~ WurWlis umravlesoba
(Treli, madnisWala, dmanisi, gomna, `SuSis qarxana~)
Rruquslian tolCebs warmoadgens. erTis mxriv, aziur da
kavkasiur, xolo meores mxriv, evropul `sarkmlian~
WurWels Soris kidev erTi arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. aziur da
kavkasiur nimuSebSi `sarkmlis~ funqcias obsidianis am mTis
brolis natexebi asrulebs, xolo evropul egzemplarebSi
mina. aziur da kavkasiur WurWels umravles SemTxvevaSi
erTi an ori (`SuSis qarxnis~ samarovani) `sarkmeli~ aqvs,
maSin, rodesac evropaSi gamovlenil amgvar WurWels umetes
SemTxvevaSi ramodenime `sarkmeli~ aqvs datanebuli
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 17].
152
saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili WurWlis umravlesobas
`sarkmeli~ Zirze aqvs datanebuli (Tbilisi, madnisWala,
dmanisi, `SuSis qarxana~, borniRele da sxva) da rogorc
Cans, WurWlis gamomwvamdea Casmuli.
ra daniSnuleba SeiZleba hqonoda aseT WurWels? am
sakiTxze araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli mosazreba
rogorc evropaSi ise saqarTveloSi.
evropel mecnierTa azri sakmaod gansxvavebulia. erTni
`sarkmels~ WurWlis samSvenisad Tvlis, sxvani amuletad,
zogi ki miiCnevs, rom miniT an obsidianiT ubralod,
WurWlis dazianebul, gaxvretil adgils avsebdnen. aris
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom `sarkmeli~ WurWels masSi
mdgari siTxis mdgomareobis gasagebad ukeTdeboda, zogi maT
sakulto daniSnulebis WurWlad Tvlida da a.S. [Ниорадзе,
2006: 18].
qarTvel mkvlevarTagan am sakiTxs Seexnen g. nioraZe
da s. makalaTia [nioraZe, 1947. Ниорадзе, 2006. makalaTia, 1930].
g. nioraZis azriT, sxvadasxva dros, sxvdasxva xalxi amgvar
WurWels gansxvavebuli mizniT akeTebda. amitomac isini did
cvlilebas ganicdidnen formis, zomis, saxeobis, `sarkmlis~
masalis mxriv. zogjer amgvari WurWeli dasakrZalav
urnadac gamoiyeneboda. ganixilavs ra `SuSis qarxnis~ da
dmanisis samarovanze aRmoCenil `sarkmlian~ WurWels,
g. nioraZe kategoriulad gamoricxavs maTze `sarkmlis~
raime praqtikuli mizniT datanebas da am movlenas mxolod
religiur warmodenebs ukavSirebs. amis argumentad mas is
garemoebac moaqvs, rom obsidiani WurWlis ZirSia Casmuli
(iseve, rogorc saqarTveloSi gamovlenili analogiuri
WurWlis umravlesobaSi – r. k.) da amdenad arc WurWlis
samSvenisad da arc masSi mdgari siTxis Sesamowmeblad ar
gamodgeboda. aseve gamoricxavs is obsidianis WurWlis
SesakeTebel masalad gamoyenebas, vinaidan is WurWlis
gamomwvamdea Casmuli (iseve rogorc borniReles WurWelSi).
153
borniReles #23 da #25 samarxebi e.w. `Sereul~ samar-
xebs warmoadgens (sadac dadasturda rogorc inhumaciurad
dakrZaluli micvalebulebi, ise kremaciuli urnebi). magram
arc erT samarxSi `sarkmliani~ WurWeli urnad ar yofila
gamoyenebuli.
g. nioraZe aseve gamoricxavs `sarkmliani~ WurWlis
amuletebad gamoyenebas, vinaidan Tvlis, rom aseT SemTxve-
vaSi maTi ricxvi gacilebiT didi iqneboda. amasTanave
aRniSnavs, rom brinjaos xanaSi (iseve rogorc dRes zogierT
ganviTarebis dabal safexurze mdgom tomebSi) obsidians
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. amis magaliTad,
mas zemo avWalis, samTavros, redkin-lageris samarovnebi
mohyavs, sadac brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebTan erTad
obsidianis ubralo anatkecebicaa dadasturebuli, romlebic
misi azriT, marTlac amuletis funqcias asrulebdnen
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 19-20].
CamoTvlili versiebis gamoricxvis Semdeg g. nioraZe
`sarkmlian~ WurWels mzis kults ukavSirebs. amis erT-erT
argumentad mas is garemoeba moaqvs, rom am WurWlis
funqcionirebis periodSi, im xalxSi, romelTa teritoria-
zec isinia dafiqsirebuli, mzis Tayvaniscema sakmaod
gavrcelebuli movlena iyo (mzis gamosaxulebebi da
simboloebi maT ornamentaciaSi did adgils ikavebda). Tanac
kavkasiur `sarkmlian~ WurWelSi ZiriTadad obsidiani da
mTis brolia gamoyenebuli, anu is minerali, romelic mzis
Suqs kargad atarebs. tolCa siTxis sasmeli WurWelia da
Suqi, romelic `sarkmlidan~ Sedioda, anaTebda da
`ganwmedda~ masSi mdgar siTxes. g. nioraZis azriT, am
WurWlidan sasmels SesaZloa mxolod dResaswaulebze
svamdnen. mkvlevari ar gamoricxavs, rom amgvar WurWels
saflavSi mxolod qurumebs da maTi ojaxis wevrebs atandnen
[Ниорадзе, 2006: 20-21]. Tumca Cveni azriT, g. nioraZis am metad
sayuradRebo mosazrebas erTi kontrargumentic gaaCnia. Tu
154
`sarkmeli~ WurWels imisaTvis ukeTdeboda, rom mzis Suqs
masSi mdgari siTxe gaeSuqebina, ratom ukeTedeboda igi
yvelaze xSir SemTxvevaSi Zirze, anu im adgilze, saidanac
mzis sxivebi masSi yvelaze naklebad SeaRwevda?
s. makalaTiac ganixilavs ra flavismanis samarxSi
aRmoCenil `sarkmlian~ WurWels (Rruquslian tolCas), mas
aseve sakulto daniSnulebisad Tvlis. misi azriT, `sarkme-
li~ sinaTlis SegrZnebasTan da mzis kultTanac SeiZleba
yofiliyo dakavSirebuli da micvelebulis kultTanac,
vinaidan amgvari WurWeli xSirad dasakrZalavi urnis
funqciasac asrulebda [makalaTia, 1930: 236].
gaxvretili WurWeli. CiTaxevis #16 da #31 samarxebSi
aRmoCnda qoTnebi, romlebsac ZirTan erTi naxvreti hqondaT
datanili. aseve Zirgaxvretili iyo #70 samarxSi aRmoCenili
jamic. arc erTi WurWeli kremaciul urnad ar iyo
gamoyenebuli. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom naxvretiani
urnebi aRmoCenilia malaqlus kolumbariumze, sadac is
b. kuftinis azriT, micvalebulis kults da sulis
arsebobis rwmenas ukavSirdeboda [Куфтин, 1944: 70]. krema-
ciul urnebze da akldamebze msgavsi naxvretebi arc
evropisTvis yofila ucxo da yvelgan sulis arsebobis
rwmenasTan iyo dakavSirebuli [Погребальный обряд племен...
1974]. mecnierebi mas `sulis sarkmelsac~ uwodebdnen
[makalaTia, 1930: 235]. aseTi `sarkmlebi~ gvxvdeba samTavros
qvayuTebze da kavkasiur dolmenebSi. Tumca ratom iyo
gaxvretili CiTaxevis samarovanze dadasturebuli WurWeli,
romelic urnebad ar yofila gamoyenebuli Zneli saTqmelia.
rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, borjomis xeobis
samarovnebze aRmoCenili keramikuli nawarmis didi nawili
Semkulia sxvadasxvagvari dekoriT. ornamentirebulia yvela
saxeobis WurWeli: ZiriTadad tolCebi da qoTnebi, iSviaTad
155
koWbebi da jamebi (mxolod borniReles #2 da CiTaxevis #23
samarxSi dadasturebul jamebs Semouyveba pirs qvemoT
talRiseburi nakawri zoli).
cilindruli tolCebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ornamen-
tia or paralelur horizontalurad amoRebul xazs Soris
moqceuli iribad Sveuli xazebi, Sveuli xazebiT Seqmnili
samkuTxedebi, romelTa wveri xan Ziriskenaa mimarTuli, xan
ki pirisken; amoRaruli da wneviT datanili kanelurebi;
pirTan, an korpusis Sua nawilze ramdenime paraleluri
horizontaluri nakawri an amoRaruli xazi da sxva (tab.
XV).
Rruqusliani tolCebi ZiriTadad Semkulia wneviT
datanili kanelurebiT da nakawri xazebiT Seqmnili
samkuTxedebiT, romlebic wveriT Zirisaken aris mimarTuli
(tab. XLV).
qoTnebi Semkulia yelze, mxarze, mucelze Semovlebuli
horizontaluri paraleluri xazebiT, maT Soris moqceuli
iribad Sveuli, wiwvovani, badiseburi an wriuli ornamentiT.
agreTve mTels korpusze wneviT datanili badiseburi
dekoriT, paralelur xazebs Soris moqceuli wertilebiT,
wertilebiT Seqmnili samkuTxedebiT da sxva (tab. XLV).
kanelurebi zog WurWels piridan Ziramde dauyveba, zogs
muclidan Ziramde, zogs ki mxolod muclis areSi.
rac Seexeba WurWelTa yurebs: isini ZiriTadad mrgva-
lganivkveTiani an ovalurganivkveTiania. xSiria zoomor-
fuli yurebi, gvxvdeba agreTve yurebi e.w. `rqiseburi~ da
cilindruli SverilebiT, Riliseburi kopebiT, cilindruli
danaZerwiT da sxva (tab. XLV). zog WurWels yurebis
nacvlad e.w. `rqiseburi~ Sverili aqvs. gvxvdeba e.w.
`cruyuriani~ WurWelic (tab. XLV).
156
daskvna
rogorc cnobilia, borjomis xeoba istoriuli samcxis
(mesxeTis) Semadgeneli nawilia. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinisa da
rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis Zeglebi ki mxolod aqaa
gaTxrili da Seswavlili, Tumca jer-jerobiT mxolod
samarovnebi. Tu ar CavTvliT aspinZis raionis sof. saroSi
gvianbrinjaos xanis sawyisi periodiT (Zv.w. XV-XIV ss.)
daTariRebul 11 samarxs [RambaSiZe da sxv. 2000: 115-183].
sakmaod uxvadaa agreTve SemTxveviT mopovebuli nivTebi da
koleqciebic (ix. borjomis raionis arqeologiuri ruka, tab.
I2, 5, 9, 10, 13, 19, 22, 34, 38, 40).
mesxeTis rolsa da adgilze gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis
xanis samxreT kavkasiaSi, araerT mkvlevars aqvs gamoTqmuli
sayuradRebo mosazreba (g. nioraZe, o. jafariZe, T. miqelaZe,
o. lorTqifaniZe, t. CubiniSvili, a. javaxiSvili, o. Ramba-
SiZe, v. liCeli, l. saxarova, a. ramiSvili, i. RambaSiZe,
j. afaqiZe da sxva).
o. jafariZe exeba ra gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis
samcxis (maT Soris borjomis xeobis) Zeglebs, Tvlis, rom
am periodSi aq sakmaod rTuli viTareba iqmneba da regioni
dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaTa mZlavr gavlenas
ganicdis. mkvlevari ZiriTadad gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli
etapis kompleqsebs eyrdnoba (CiTaxevis, kviracxovlisa da
borniReles adreuli samarxebi, gomnis samarovani) da midis
daskvnamde, rom am periodSi mesxeTSi ufro Sida qarTlis
gavlena igrZnoba, rac upiratesad iaraRis xasiaTSi aisaxeba
(masragaxsnili Subispirebi, foTliseburi satevrebi,
laxtisTavebi, brinjaos brtyeli isrispirebi da sxva). amave
dros imasac aRniSnavs, rom am regionSi dRemde araa
cnobili aRmosavlurqarTuli culis aRmoCenis SemTxveva da
amas imiT xsnis, rom aq sakmaod adre da sakmaod
intensiurad kolxuri culi iwyebs gavrcelebas. II
157
aTaswleulis bolosaTvis ki misi azriT, mesxeTSi TandaTan
sustdeba Sida qarTlidan momdinare gavlena. amas ki imiT
xsnis, rom TviT Sida qarTlSi am periodSi ior-alaznis
kulturis momZlavreba iwyeba da mesxeTi ukve kolxuri
kulturis mZlavr gavlenas ganicdis. amis erT-erT
TvalsaCino magaliTad mkvlevars waRveris metalurgiuli
saxelosnos arseboba miaCnia.
udes ganZze dayrdnobiT, sadac kolxuri kulturisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli nivTebi Warbobs, a. javaxiSvili da
t. CubiniSvili mesxeTs kolxuri kulturis gavlenis sfero-
Si Semaval regionad miiCneven [javaxiSvili, CubiniSvili,
1959].
T. miqelaZe Tavis naSromSi: `Ziebani kolxeTisa da
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis
istoriidan~, sxva mraval sakiTxTa Soris mosxebis (mesxebis)
eTnikuri vinaobis problemebsac exeba. aRmosavlur da
berZnul wyaroebze, arqeologiur masalasa da samxreT
saqarTvelos, maT Soris borjomis xeobis toponimikasa da
onomastikonze dayrdnobiT midis daskvnamde, rom mosxebi
(mesxebi) dasavlur-qarTuli, zanurenovani tomia da rom
`mesxsa da qarTs Soris tolobis niSnis dasma ar unda iyos
gamarTlebuli~ [miqelaZe, 1974: 30]. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
T. miqelaZis es sakmaod saintereso mosazreba dRevandel
qarTul istoriografiaSi ZiriTadad araa gaziarebuli da
mesxebi aRmosavlur-qarTul tomadaa miCneuli.
samxreT saqarTveloSi Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi mimdi-
nare procesebs Seexo v. liCeli. igi Tvlis, rom Zv.w. II
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi samxreT saqarTveloSi
centraluramierkavkasiuri kultura dominirebs, Tumca
amasTan erTad garkveul eTnikur cvlilebebze metyvelebs
borjomis xeobaSi gaTxril samarovnebze mikvleuli
liTonisa da Tixis nawarmi, romelTa erTi nawili mkveTrad
gamoxatul lokalur xasiaTs atarebs (mag. borjomis
158
xeobaSi gavrcelebuli brinjaos diskoseburi gulsakidebi).
amave xanidan v. liCelis azriT, materialuri kulturis
xasiaTi mkveTrad icvleba da is dasavlur-qarTuli
(kolxuri) elementebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. amis magali-
Tad mkvlevars udesa da Telovanis ganZebi da mzeTamzes
samarovani moaqvs. Zv.w. IV saukunidan ki v. liCelis azriT,
samxreT saqarTveloSi materialuri kulturis xasiaTi
kvlav icvleba da isev aRmosavluri elementebi iwyebs
momZlavrebas [liCeli, 1999: 106-107].
am movlenebs o. lorTqifaniZe kolxuri kulturisa da
SesaZloa, kolxuri eTnikuri elementis mezobel regionebSi
(igulisxmeba samcxe da Sida qarTli) infiltraciiT xsnis
[lorTqifaniZe, 1999: 111-113].
rac Seexeba Sida qarTls: mkvlevarTa nawili (o. jafa-
riZe, k. ficxelauri da sxv.) miiCnevs, rom kolxuri kultura
aq ZiriTadad swored mesxeTidan gavrcelda.
al. ramiSvilis azriT, gvianbrinjaos xanis mesxeTi
arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT jerac araa saTanado doneze
Seswavlili. mopovebuli masalis ZiriTadi nawili gamouqvey-
nebulia da amdenad, maTi gaTvaliswinebac SeuZlebelia.
amitom, mkvlevari Tvlis, rom aseT viTarebaSi Znelia gadaW-
riT mtkiceba imisa, kolxuri kulturis arealSi Sedioda es
mxare Tu ara. kolxuri culebis da Tundac maTi dasamzade-
beli yalibebis aRmoCena, misi azriT ar unda niSnavdes
regionis maincdamainc kolxuri kulturis sferoSi yofnas
[ramiSvili a., 1998: 201].
am problemas Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi j. afaqiZec
Seexo. rvelis, kviracxovlis, CiTaxevisa da borniReles
samarovnebis gamoqveynebul masalaze dayrdnobiT igi Tvlis,
rom am mxareSi kolxuri kultura sakmaod adre iwyebs
gamoCenas da gavrcelebas. amis magaliTad Telovanis yalibi,
mitarbis culi da udes ganZic moaqvs. mkvlevars miaCnia, rom
mesxeTSi gvianbrinjaos xanis adreul safexurebze,
159
aRmosavlur-qarTuli da kolxuri kultura Tanabrad iyo
gavrcelebuli da amdenad, am regions `Sereuli kulturebis
zonad~ Tvlis. xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulis miwurulidan
mesxeTi ukve kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis erT-erTi
regionia, sadac didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili kolxuri
keramikis, iaraRisa da samkaulis nimuSebi. amasTanave imasac
aRniSnavs, rom amgvari masalis Semcveli kompleqsebis
gverdiT gansxvavebuli nivTebis Semcveli kompleqsebicaa
dadasturebuli. Tumca sabolood Zv.w. II aTaswleulis
miwurulidan mesxeTs mainc kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis
arealSi aqcevs [afaqiZe, 2002: 282-285].
mesxeTSi da konkretulad borjomis xeobaSi kolxuri
da aRmosavlurqarTuli kulturis urTierTobis sakiTxs
araerTgzis Seexo o. RambaSiZe. garda am ori mZlavri
kulturuli Srisa, igi aq mcireaziur elementebsac xedavda,
rac misi azriT, ZiriTadad dakrZalvis wesSi iyo
gamoxatuli (vinaidan am sakiTxs ukve SevexeT, aq sityvas ar
gavagrZelebT).
ra masalas iZleva am TvalsazrisiT borjomis xeobis
samarovnebis Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. daTariRebuli samarxebi?
samarxTa agebulebisa da dakrZalvis wesis Tvalsazri-
siT, es samarovnebi aRmosavlurqarTul sinqronul
ZeglebTan bevr saerTos amJRavnebs. kerZod, micvalebulTa
inhumaciurad dakrZalva, ormo-samarxebi, qviTnagebi samar-
xebi, kenotafebi. samarxSi mxolod Tavis qalebis aRmoCenis
faqtebi ZiriTadad `centraluramierkavkasiuri~ kulturis
arealSia gavrcelebuli, Tumca micvalebulTa inhumaciuri
dakrZalva arc kolxuri samyarosTvisaa mTlad ucxo, gansa-
kuTrebiT Crdilo-dasavleT kolxeTisaTvis. amasTan erTad
borjomis xeobaSi gvxvdeba meoradi dakrZalva nawilobrivi
kremaciiT, rac kolxuri samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli
movlenaa. magram borjomis xeobaSi kremirebuli Zvlebi
sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis Tixis WurWelSia moTavsebuli
160
da xSir SemTxvevaSi inhumaciurad dakrZalul micvelebul-
Tan erTad, erT samarxSia dadasturebuli. am TvalsazrisiT
borjomis xeoba yvela sxva regionisagan gansxvavdeba da e.w.
`Sereuli~ samarxebi mxolod am mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
movlenaa.
liTonis iaraRis TvalsazrisiTac Cvens sakvlev
samarovnebze orive zemoaRniSnuli kulturisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli nimuSebia dadasturebuli. erTi mxriv kolxuri
brinjaosa da rkinis culebi, meore mxriv e.w. `samTavruli~
tipis maxvilebi da fuZeamoRaruli isrispirebi, kolxuri
tipis satevrebi, gravirebuli Subispirebi da `aRmosav-
luramierkavkasiuri~ kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rkinis
Subispirebi, yunwiani da qediani isrispirebi. agreTve mxo-
lod mesxeTisaTvis da samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelosaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli e.w. `hibriduli~ (mesxuri) culebi.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sinqronuli periodis masa-
lasTan iCens msgavsebas samkaulsa da samoselTan dakavSire-
buli nivTebis zogi tipi. mag. e.w. `Tavgabrtyelebuli~
sakinZebi ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebis-
Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (beSTaSeni, samTavro da sxva), magram
maT gverdiT iseTi nimuSebicaa dadasturebuli, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT
saqarTvelos ZeglebisaTvis. Tundac, e.w. `Tavgamsxvi-
lebuli~ sakinZebi, mrgvalganivkveTiani da grexilReroiani
xatisuRlebi, gvelis stilizebulTaviani samajurebi,
mrgvalganivkveTiani mavTulisagan damzadebuli sayureebi da
a.S. kolxuri kulturis wres ganekuTvneba borjomis xeobis
samarovnebze aRmoCenili brinjaos abzindebi.
rac Seexeba keramikas: sameTuneo warmoebaSi SeiniSneba
am regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia – kvarcisa da
qarsis mineralebis intensiuri gamoyeneba. gvxvdeba WurWeli,
romelic ZiriTadad centraluramierkavkasiuri _ `samTavru-
li~ kulturisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mag. bakoiani jamebi,
161
bikonusuri da wagrZelebuli formis qoTnebi, sxvadasxva
formis yuriani qoTnebi. Tumca zogierTi maTgani did
siaxloves iCens Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis kolxur Zeglebze
aRmoCenil e.w. `vazisebur~ WurWelTan. samTavruli kultu-
risaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli agreTve e.w. `Rruqusliani~
tolCebic. Zv.w. VII-VI ss. kolxur samarovnebze mopovebul
masalasTan amJRavnebs siaxloves borjomis xeobaSi
aRmoCenili kasriseburi da qiliseburi tolCebi da kolxuri
tipis fexiani sasmisebi.
yovelive es gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom Zv.w. VIII-VII
saukuneebis borjomis xeoba `centraluramierkavkasiuri~
(samTavruli) da kolxuri kulturebis Sexvedrisa da
Tanaarsebobis zonad miviCnioT. romeli kultura iyo
dominanti da romeli daqvemdebarebuli, Zneli saTqmelia,
miT umetes maSin, rodesac am periodis namosaxlarebi araa
Seswavlili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kolxuri kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli nivTebi sakmaod uxvadaa warmodgenili, ar
dadasturebula am kulturis mTavari elementebi: Toxi,
segmentiseburi iaraRi da waldi. Tumca es SeiZleba imiTac
iyos gamowveuli, rom maTi micvelebulTaTvis Catanebis
tradicia ar arsebobda, an iqneb borjomis xeobis
meurneobis TaviseburebebiTac.
kolxuri nivTebi sakmaod uxvadaa warmodgenili
borjomis xeobis adreuli periodis (Zv.w. XIV-IX ss.)
samarxebSic [RambaSiZe i., 1999]. ase rom es movlena kolxuri
kulturisa da rogorc o. lorTqifaniZe wers: `kolxuri
eTnikuri elementis infiltraciiT~ SeiZleba yofiliyo
gamowveuli [lorTqifaniZe, 1999: 113]. am varauds aZlierebs
xeobis toponimika da onomastikonic. kerZod, iseTi
toponimebi, rogoricaa CiTaxevi (WiTaxevi), Wobixevi da sxva.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa es ukanaskneli (Wobixevi),
radgan, rogorc arn. Ciqobava miiCnevs `Wob~ (wabli) Ziridan
nawarmoebi yvela toponimi, gamoyofs samcxeSi zanuri enis
162
uZveles fenas [Ciqobava, 1938: 167]. es ki aq zanurenovani
mosaxleobis adreul damkvidrebaze unda metyvelebdes.
amgvari tendencia rogorc Cans arc momdevno xanaSi
Secvlila da Cvens sakvlev samarovnebze rkinis farTo
aTvisebis xaniT daTariRebuli samarxebic amis dasturia.
rac Seexeba borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis
sameurneo yofas: brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebis siuxve
metalurgiuli xeloxnobis maRalganviTarebaze unda
miuTiTebdes. aseve kargad yofila ganviTarebuli sameTuneo
warmoeba. WurWlis mravalgvaroba da mravalferovneba
soflis meurneobis sakmaod maRal doneze metyvelebs.
samwuxarod, am masalas ar Catarebia metalografiuli da
palinologiuri kvlevebi, Torem am mxriv gacilebiT meti
informacia gveqneboda. amasTan aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
borjomis xeobaSic, iseve rogorc sxvagan, aSkaraa
epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia: rogorc liTonis
nivTebis, ise keramikuli WurWlis seriuli warmoeba da
formaTa unifikacia. am periodSi naklebad gvxvdeba iseTi
daxvewili, maRalmxatvrul doneze damzadebuli nivTebi,
rogoric amave samarovnebis adreul samarxebSi (brinjaos
diskoseburi gulsakidebi, cxovelTa plastikuri gamosaxu-
lebiT damSvenebuli Tixis WurWeli da sxva).
brinjaos diskoseburi gulsakidebi da diskosebur-
Taviani sakinZebi, romlebic borjomis xeobis samarovnebis
adreuli samarxebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, solaruli
simbolikis matareblad iTvleba da zogi mkvlevari mzis
qurumi qalebis atrubutadac miiCnevs [RambaSiZe i., 1999:34,
93]. mzis kults ukavSireben e.w. `sarkmlian~ WurWelsac
[nioraZe, 1944: 127-128; makalaTia 1930: 223-240]. Tu es marTlac
asea, borniReles #23 da #25 samarxebSi aRmoCenili amgvari
WurWeli iqneb imaze metyvelebs, rom solarul RvTaebaTa
kulti borjomis xeobaSi Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSic
163
ganagrZobs arsebobas, magram sxva formiT da sxva sakulto
atribuciiT.
borjomis xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. daTariRebul samar-
xebs Soris gamoirCeva SedarebiT mdidruli samarxebic,
sadac sxva samarxebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti raode-
nobis da ukeTesi inventaria dadasturebuli. mag. CiTaxevis
#32, 37, 70, an borniReles #8, 32, 71, 76,1 92 samarxebi. es
SesaZloa imdroindel sazogadoebaSi arsebul qonebriv an
iqneb socialur diferenciaciazec metyvelebdes.
164
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330-351.
Unterwags zum golden Vlies archeologiche Funde aus Georgien, 1995 –
Saarbrüken.
Morgan J. de., 1889. Mission scientibique au Caucase. Etudes
archeologiques – historiques. t. 1. Paris. 179-181.
Mourier J., 1887. Archeologie au Caucase. Paris.
Rostovzeff M., 1931. Dieux et chevaux. A propos de quelques bronze
d’Anotolie de Suzie at Armenie Syria. vol. XII. Paris. 55-57.
Tallgren A. 1912. Die Kurferner Flachäxte mit seitichen Zäpfen.
"Finsk. Forn. Tidskribt" XXVI. 24. Helsingfors.
187
SemoklebaTa ganmartebebi
kak – kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli.
mska – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis arqeologiaSi.
mski – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriaSi.
sa – saqarTvelos arqeologia.
sin – saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi.
ssmae – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri
eqspediciebi.
sx – sabWoTa xelovneba.
Ziebani – Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi
Zm – Zeglis megobari.
АО – Археологические открытия.
ВИ – Вопросы истории.
ВЯ – Вопросы языковедения.
КСИИМК – Краткие сообщения о докладах и полевых исследованиях
Института Истории и материальной культуры АН СССР.
МАК – Материалы по археологии Кавказа.
ПАИ – Полевые археологические исследования.
ТСА – Труды секции археологии Института археологии и
искусствознания РАНИОН - Российской ассоциации научно-
исследовательских институтов общественных наук.
СА – Советская археология
CAM – Cambridge Ancient History
EA – Eurasia antiqua.
188
tabulebis aRweriloba
I. borjomis raionis arqeologiuri ruka:
1. bakuriani. (botanikuri baRi). gvianbirjaos xanis
namosaxlari.
2. balanTa. (oqrosqvabis mRvime). adrebrinajoas xanis
kultu-ruli fena. gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.
3. bozaTxevi. (sof. Wobisxevis maxloblad) gvianbrinjaos
xanis kenotafi. antikuri xanis namosaxlari.
4. borniRele. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani .
5. borjomi. (Zveli abano). gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTebis
koleqcia.
6. borjomi. (parki). ax. w. I s. abazanis naSTi.
7. gomna. (yverbili). gvianbrinjao_adrerkinis xanis
samarovani.
8. dviri. samarxi-qvayuTi. (periodi daudgenelia).
9. dviri. (silis xevi). adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis xanis
keramikuli WurWlisa da Zv.w. VIII-VI ss. nivTebis koleqcia.
10. did cemi. (sajvare, naqerala). brinjaos xanis nivTebis
koleqcia.
11. vardevani. Zv.w. VIII-VI ss. samarovani.
12. TavkveTili. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi.
13. Telovani. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqvia.
14. Tiselis seri. adrebrinjaos xanis namosaxlari da
samarovani.
15. Tofi-oli. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxi da
kulturuli fena.
16. kviracxoveli. (saTixis Rele). gvianbrinjao–adrerkinis
xanis samarovani.
17. kvirikiani. (sof. Wobisxevi). gvianbrinjao _ adrerkrinis
xanis kulturuli fena.
189
18. kodiani. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxi.
19. larebi. ax.w. I saukunis spilenZis, vercxlis da Tixis
WurWlis koleqcia.
20. maWarwyali. gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani.
21. mzeTamze. adrebrinjaos, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da
antikuri xanis samarovani.
22. mitarbi. gvianbrinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.
23. moliTi (cixe). kremaciuli urnebi. (savaraudod Zv.w. VIII-
V ss.). 24. moliTi. (jalili). brinjaos xanis yorRani da
nagebobebi.
25. moliTi. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi.
26. rveli. (banisxevi). gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da
aqemeniduri xanis samarovani.
27. saTixe. sameTuneo saxelosnos naSTi.
28. sakire. (sanacreebi). elinisturi xanis samarovani.
29. sakire. gvainbrinjaos xanis namosxlari da samarovani.
30. sakoWavi. (bakurianis andeziti) qvis, brinjaos da
antikuri xanis kultruli fenebi. qvisa da metalurgiuli
saxelosnoebis naSTebi.
31. slesis cixe. samarxi-qvayuTebi (periodi daudgenelia).
32. tabawyuri. Suabrinjaos xanis yorRanuli samarxebi da
didi raodenobiT (112 kg.) brinjaos wida.
33. timoTesubani. (qvevrebis seri). antikuri xanis
ormosamarxi, parTiis mefis orod II-is monetiT.
34. qvabisxevi. gvianbrinjaos xanis kremaciuli urna-qoTnebi
da brinjaos nivTebis da Tixis WurWlis koleqcia.
35. quruxeTi. (Wobisxevi). antikuri xanis nagebobebi da
kulturuli fena.
36. qciis mindori. (sof. tabawyurTan). Zv.w. VII-V ss.
namosaxlari.
37. Ritoras miwebi. Suabrinjaos xanis samarxi.
38. yvibisi. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.
190
39. CiTaxevi. (CiTaxevis miwebi). adrebrinjaos da
gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis samarovani.
40. cemi. brinjaos xanis nivTebis koleqcia.
41. waRveri. brinjaos xanis namosaxlari, samarovani da
metalurgiuli saxelosno.
II. CiTaxevis samarovnis saerTo gegma. 1972 w.
III. borniReles samarovnis saerTo gegma.
IV. CiTaxevis #73 samarxi.
V. CiTaxevis #70 samarxi.
VI. CiTaxevis #18 samarxi.
VII. CiTaxevis #33 samarxi (qvayrili).
VIII. 1. CiTaxevis #21 samarxis aRmosavleT kedeli.
2. borniReles #91 samarxi kremaciuli urna.
IX. CiTaxevis #86 samarxi.
X. 1. borniReles #21 samarxi. 2. borniReles #26 kremaciuli
samarxi. 3. CiTaxevis #93 samarxi. 4. borniReles #78 samarxi.
XI. CiTaxevis #2 samarxi.
XII. CiTaxevis #761 samarxi.
XIII. 1. `bimetaluri~ maxvili borniReles #8 samarxidan.
2. maxvili CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos qarqaSi CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.
XIV. 1. brinjaos satevari borniReles #4 samarxidan.
2. brinjaos satevari borniReles #23 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos satevari CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan.
4. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #55 samarxidan.
5. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
XV. 1. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.
2. rkinis satevari kviracxovlis #31 samarxidan.
3. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
4. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #73 samarxidan.
5. rkinis satevari CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
6. `bimetaluri~ satevari CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.
XVI. 1. brinjaos xelSubispiri borniReles #71 samarxidan.
191
2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #71 samarxidan.
3. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #92 samarxidan.
4. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
5. brinjaos Subispiri borniReles #8 samarxidan.
XVII. 1. rkinis Subispiri kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.
2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #32 samarxidan.
3. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
4. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
5. rkinis Subispiri kviracxovlis #29 samarxidan.
XVIII. 1. rkinis Subispiri CiTaxevis #29 samarxidan.
2. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #4 samarxidan.
3. rkinis Subispiri borniReles #32 samarxidan.
4. brinjaos Subispiri borniReles #8 samarxidan.
5. brinjaos Subispiris gravirebuli masra borniReles
#8 samarxidan.
XIX. 1-2. rkinis Subispirebi CiTaxevis #20 samarxidan.
3-4. rkinis Subispirebi CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
XX. 1-4. brinjaos isrispirebi CiTaxevis #73 samarxidan.
5-6. rkinis isrispirebi rvelis #22 samarxidan.
7-8. brinjaos isrispirebi borniReles #761 samarxidan.
XXI 1. brinjaos culi CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.
2. brinjaos culi borniReles #92 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos culi CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.
4. rkinis culi CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.
XXII 1. rkinis culi borniReles #65 samarxidan.
2. rkinis culi CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
3. rkinis culi CiTaxevis #29 samarxidan.
4. rkinis culi rvelis #22 samarxidan.
5. rkinis brtyeli culi borniReles #1 samarxidan.
XXIII. brinjaos sakinZebi CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis da
borniReles samarovnebidan.
XXIV. brinjaos samajurebi rvelis, CiTaxevis, kviracxovlis
da borniReles samarovnebidan.
192
XXV. 1-5. brinjaos samajurebi CiTaxevis da borniReles
samarovnebidan. 6. sawvive rgoli borniReles #73
samarxidan.
XXVI. 1, 2, 4. brinjaos sayureebi CiTaxevis da borniReles
samarovnebidan. 3. vercxlis sayure rvelis #7
samarxidan.
5,8. brinjaos vardulebi borniReles #32 samarxidan.
6-7. brinjaos beWdebi CiTaxevis #37 samarxidan.
9-10. brinjaos zaraki borniReles #24 samarxidan.
11. brinjaos zaraki borniReles #32 samarxidan.
12. brinjaos gulsakidi borniReles #24 samarxidan.
13. brinjaos gulsakidi borniReles #32 samarxidan.
XXVII. 1. brinjaos xatisuReli CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.
2. brinjaos xatisuReli CiTaxevis #32 samarxidan.
3. rkinis xatisuReli rvelis #7 samarxidan.
XXVIII. 1-2. brinjaos abzindebi CiTaxevis #25 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos abzinda borniReles #79 samarxidan.
4-5. brinjaos abzindebi borniReles #64 samarxidan.
XXIX. 1. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #10 samarxidan.
2. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #16 samarxidan.
3. brinjaos fibula CiTaxevis #26 samarxidan.
4. rkinis fibula CiTaxevis #20 samarxidan.
XXX. mZivebi rvelis, kviracxovlis, CiTaxevis da borniRe-
les samarovnebidan.
XXXI. 1. brinjaos mxedris qandakeba borniReles #32
samarxidan.
2. mamakacis iTifaluri brinjaos qandakeba
borniReles #32 samarxidan. 3. mcuravi frinvelis
brinjaos qandakeba borniReles #32 samarxidan.
XXXII. 1. jami borniReles #761 samarxidan. 2. jami
borniReles #44 samarxidan. 3. jami CiTaxevis #75
samarxidan. 4. jami borniReles #27 samarxidan. 5.
jami CiTaxevis #16a samarxidan. 6. jami sof. dviridan
193
(silis xevi).
XXXIII. 1. jami borniReles #4 samarxidan. 2. jami
borniReles #23 samarxidan. 3-5. jamebi CiTaxevis #70
samarxidan.
6. jami borniReles # 8 samarxidan. 7. jami CiTaxevis
#14 samarxidan. 8. jami CiTaxevis #74 samarxidan.
XXXIV. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan. 2. qoTani
borniReles #89 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles
#79 samarxidan.
4. qoTani borniReles #761 samarxidan.
XXXV. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan. 2. qoTani
CiTaxevis #761 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles #80
samarxidan. 4. qoTani CiTaxevis #87 samarxidan. 5.
qoTani borniReles #11 samarxidan. 6. qoTani
borniReles #2 samarxidan.
XXXVI. 1. qoTani borniReles #27 samarxidan. 2. qoTani
borniReles #81 samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles
#13 samarxidan. 4. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan.
XXXVII. 1. qoTani borniReles #25 samarxidan. 2. qoTani
borniReles #16a samarxidan. 3. qoTani borniReles
#64 samarxidan. 4. qoTani borniReles #17
samarxidan. 5. qoTani borniReles #89 samarxidan.
XXXVIII. 1. qoTani CiTaxevis #85 samarxidan. 2-5. qoTnebi
CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan.
XXXIX. 1. koWobi sof. dviridan (silis xevi). 2. koWobi
borniReles #761 samarxidan. 3. koWobi CiTaxevis #73
samarxidan. 4. koWobi CiTaxevis #70 samarxidan. 5.
koWobi CiTaxevis #28 samarxidan. 6. koWobi
borniReles #23 samarxidan. 7. koWobi borniReles
#25 samarxidan.
XL. 1. tolCa borniReles #65 samarxidan. 2-3. tolCebi
borniReles #1 samarxidan. 4. tolCa borniReles #32
samarxidan. 5. tolCa borniReles #13 samarxidan.
194
XLI. 1. tolCa borniReles #23 samarxidan. 2. tolCa
borniReles #87 samarxidan. 3. tolCa borniReles #64
samarxidan. 4.tolCa CiTaxevis #16 samarxidan. 5.
`sarkmliani~ tolCa CiTaxevis #25 samarxidan. 6. tolCa
CiTaxevis #86 samarxidan.
7. tolCa borniReles #64 samarxidan. 8. `sarkmliani~
tolCa borniReles #23 samarxidan.
XLII. 1. tolCa CiTaxevis #13 samarxidan. 2. tolCa CiTaxevis
#12 samarxidan. 3-4. tolCebi CiTaxevis #22 samarxidan.
5. tolCa CiTaxevis #14 samarxidan. 6. tolCa CiTaxevis
#7 samarxida (gareTa kuTxe). 7. doqi kviracxovlis
#29 samarxidan.
XLIII. 1. sasmisi borniReles #8 samarxidan. 2. sasmisi
borniReles
#4 samarxidan. 3. sasmisi CiTaxevis #87 samarxidan. 4.
sasmisi borniReles #82 samarxidan. 5. sasmisi,
aRmoCenili CiTaxevis #82 samarxis Tavze kulturul
fenaSi.
XLIV. 1. sasmisi borniReles #99 samarxidan. 2. sasmisi
borniReles #71 samarxidan. 3. kaTxa CiTaxevis #33
samarxidan. 4. Caidniseburi WurWeli borniReles
#50 samarxidan.
XLV. 1. ornamentis nimuSebi Tixis WurWelze borjomis
Xeobis Zv.w. VIII-VII s.s. samarxebidan.
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