boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaknmamaoh fpj_...

16

Upload: vophuc

Post on 15-May-2018

214 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

� � ������� � �� ������ � ����� ���� ��� ��� �! " #%$'&�(*)*+-,/.0(1+2$'&3(1$�(146587:9;"<#>=?$'&6@BADCE&6@E5�FHGICE&

JLKNMPOQK1RTSVULUNWYXNZLZ\[

]_^a`cbedLRefhg6iHjYklOmRenNohRTbpWrqsjYtudNbwvmoNWQxujzy|{rjY}~jQ��opo

� dLM\bwRT`��aO�bwdLRTfpg��ja���pMQKNOmRTS\K1M'Wr��jYklop�c��`cfpW � jYk�opMaMavmdL��^'Wa��jYk�Re`�fT�pd�oNWmi�jYklOaRTnNopR|b�Wr{rj � K1�afTbe`���nYW��;j � dL�coNWiHj � Reop^moNW�q~j�tudNbevaoNWQ}~jY}�KN��opRT�po�bebw�-WQk�j�JNOa�c`�K*y���`�KN�1W��ljQ�u��oh`�M'Wa{rjY�uReoh�lKN�c^'WQxuj�y�{rjY} ja�¡ohoNW� j��<o�SLopRhWQiHj��<dLn1opo�¢rWYiHja�0KNfT��KN�cOmbwfeKmWY]£jY�0KNf|S�Omn�Wr�HjQq¤`���vQK1Re^afhWa��jYq?dL��opR|bwfhWQ��jY{mK1Ma^adLR|¥�W�;jQ{�bwdL�copRhWQ�_j � j�{�¦§`cbev'Wa��j�{�beRwKNn1d¨¢�fTn\SLWE��jai©KNMa^aohRevQK1opªLvaohM'W�q~j��8dLRTnP¦«KNMEj

U

Page 2: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

x0KN�m��osd�� � dLM\bwopM\b

��ja��M\bwRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM<KNMa^ q¤op�pohM\b��_RedNªLReohfef�e��ja]�����opRT`�¦§opM\b�KN�¡��o�¢Loh��dL�a¦§opM\bef�e�T��jQq¤o�KN��bw`�dNM � d�^aoh��f�� dLR¤�uK*b�K ��MQK1�cS�fe`cf�IiHja]����h`cbwoh^:k K1RTSLdNM<��MQKN�cS�fT`�f � opM\beopRiHj��uO�bw��d�dLn§�¤`cbwv U X tuohi��?�aªLRwK1^aoi���jm����nPMad¨�¤��oh^aªL¦§opM\bq¤o� opRTopMa�hopf

X

Page 3: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

��� ���������� ����������������������������������� !

"�Om�p��ohdLMaf ¦%KNn1o�Oa� MaopKNRe� S<U�ZLZ�# d��¡bwvao�¦%KNfTfld��¡bwvmo�¢�`�fe`c�a��o?OaMa` ¢LohRefeo1j�x£vmohS K1Reo�K*b bwvao��pdLRTod���K1bedL¦%fHKNMa^�MPOa�p�cop` `cM�fTbwKNRefHbevQK1b �aRTd¨¢�`c^ao«bevao opMaohReªNS8bwvQK1bHvao�K1b�bwvao �a��KNMao�bwf KNMa^ K1����d¨� � dLR��` � o~bed o ��`cfTb�dNM K1b��co�KNf|b�dLMao d��_bwvmop¦ WEdLOaR�o�KNR|bwv'j ��Ma^aohRef|b�KNMa^m`�Maª bevaop`cR�`�M\beopReMaKN�;f|bwRTOa�hbeOaReo vQK1f��opopM:K1b�bevao��hopM\bwohR�d��_MPOa�h��opKNR�KNMm^:�QKNR|bw`��h��os�av\S�fe`c�pf � dLR?^aoh��KN^aohfpj�x£vaoH¦%KN�pRTdLfe�hdL�a`��s�aRTdL��opRTbe`�ohfd���bwvao§�aRed1bwdLM8KNMa^�MaopOmbeRedLM8KNReo ��op���/nPMad¨�¤M�KNMm^�bwvmop`�RsªLRTdLOaMa^�fTbwK1bwo§��vQKNRTªLo K1Ma^��hOaReRTopM\bH^m`�f|ybwRT`��aO�bw`�dNMaf�vQK�¢Lo ��opohM�¦§o�K1feOaRTop^ � dLR�¦§dLReo�bevQKNM%$NZ SLopKNRefhj {�`c¦%`c��KNR£bwd K1bedL¦§`���MPOa�h��oh`2W'MPOa�h��opdNMafKNRTou�pdL¦§�a��o � f|S�f|bwoh¦%f?d�� �pdLM�¥QMaop^'&POQKNRenPf?KNMa^Do �mvm`��a` b¤��vQKNRwK1�hbwohRe`cfTbw`c�ufe��op��bwRwK d�� o ���h`cbwoh^<f|b�K1beopfhj}�`cªLva� SDo ���p` bwop^ MPOa�h��opdNMVfTb�K*bwopf�KNReoHfTopMafT`cbe`c¢Lo bwd ^ao�b�KN`c��f?d��(&POQKNRen<�pdLM�¥QMaop¦§opM\b��¤vm`���v `�f��rd�dLRe� SOaMa^mopRef|bwd�d�^ �¤`cbeva`�M*)�OQK1MPbeOa¦ � vaRTdL¦§d�^mS�MQK1¦%`c�pf,+-) � ��. W0bwvao � OaMm^QKN¦§opM\b�KN��bwvaohdLRTS�d ��f|bwRedNMaª`�M\beopRwK1�hbw`cdLMafhj©�<o�KNfTOaReoh¦%ohM\bwf�d �0o �m�h`cbeop^ f|b�K1beopf?KNRTo~Mmopop^mop^<bed%�hdL¦§o�bwd§K§��ohbTbwohR?OmMa^aopRTfTbwKNMa^a`cMaªd��/vad¨� �pdNMm¥QMaoh¦%ohMPbu��dLRTn�fu`cM:MPOa�p�copdLMmfpjux£vaohfeo o ���h`cbwoh^ fTb�K*bwopf��pdLOa�m��o�f|bwRTdLMaªL� S<bed«bwvao�¦%ohfedLM�y�QKNR|SLdLM��hdLM\bw`cM�OmOa¦ bed � dLRe¦ MPOa�h��opdNM�ReopfTdLMQKNMm�popf d ����vaKNRwKN��bwohRe`�f|bw`c�«¦%KNfefTopf KNMm^�^aop�pK¨S��¤`�^mbevafpWKNMa^���KNMH��ol¦§dLf|b0o0/Eoh�hbw` ¢Loh�cS `�M\¢LohfTbw`cª\K1beop^H�\S Oafe`cMaª�¦§opfTdLMH�aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM�RTo�KN��bw`cdLMaf0dNM�bwvao�MPOa�p�copdLM'jx£vaoso ���h`cbwoh^<�aKNRTSNdLM<�mRedLªLReKN¦�vaKNf£b��ld%¦«KN`cM �pdN¦%��dLMaohMPbefpj/x£vaos¥QRef|b?dLMaos`�f bed§ohfTbwKN�a��`cfev bwvmo

fTS�f|bwop¦%K1be`��pf¡d��Pbevao_fe��op��bwReOm¦<W �¤va`���vs�aRTd¨¢�`c^aopf¡`cM � dLRe¦%K1be`�dLM�dLMubwvao_MQK*bwOaRTo_d���bevao_o1/rop��bw` ¢Lo/^aopªNReopohfd�� � RTopoh^adL¦ `�M%fTbwRTdLMaª2) � �HjPx£vaohfeoufTbeOa^a`copf K1Reo?��KNRTRe`�oh^ dLOmb©�¤`cbev«vQK1^aRedLMm`���KNMa^ oh��op��bwRTdL¦«K1ªLMaohbe`���aRTdL�rohfpj_x£vao?feoh�pdLMm^«�pdN¦%��dLMaohMPb�`�f_bed �aRTdL��o?RTopfTdLMQKNMa�ho�beRwKNMafT`cbe`�dLMaf/K*b�^m`3/ropReohM\b�^m`�fTbwKNMa�ho�fT��KN�copfpj]_��oh�hbwRTdLM ��o�KN¦§f K1Reo�`c^ao�KN�Ybwd�¦%opKNfeOaRTo�bevao�ReohfedLMaKNMa�po�beRwKNMmfe`cbe`�dLM � dLRe¦ � KN��bwdLRTf � RTdL¦ bwvao�MPOa�h��ohdLMªLRTdLOaMa^DfTbwK1bwoubed bevaouo ���h`cbwoh^<�aKNRTSNdLM<f|b�K1beopfhWYKNMa^ �¤`cbevD¢1KNR|S�`�Maª fe�aK1bw`�KN�ERTopfedN��Ombe`�dLM d�� bwvmou�aRedL��oNjx£vaohfeo~¦%opKNfeOaRTop¦§opM\bwf¤�aRTdL��osbevaou`�M\beopReMaKN�'fTbeReOa��bwOaRTo d �0o �m�h`cbeop^ fTb�K*bwopf?KNMm^ �mRed¨¢�`�^aos`�M � dLRe¦%K1bw`cdLMKN��dLOmb?bwvao �pdLM�¥QMa`�Mmª � dLRT�popf�d��6bwvmo�4*y5&�OaKNRen f|S�f|bwoh¦<j?� `cbwv<�pdLMm�popR|bwoh^Vo1/rdLRTbef�`�M KNMQKN� S��p`�Mmª§¢NopRTSo ��beopMafT`c¢Lo ^QK1b�K � RedL¦ JNo0/EohRefTdLM �¡KN��dLRwK1bedLRTS6+-JL�¡KN�7. KNMa^3d1bwvaohR«op�cop��bwRedNM � KN�h`���` bw`copfpW/fT`�ªLMa` ¥Q��K1MPb�aRTdLªLReohfef?vQKNf¤��opopM<¦«K1^aou`�M bwvmo �QK1fTb � oh��SNo�KNRTfpj©x£vao~�pdLM\bwRT`��aO�bw`�dNM d �6¦§opfedNMaf£bwd bwvaosfTbeReOa��bwOaRTod��_bevao�89+|U¨X:4\X;.£ReohfedLMQK1Ma�po vQK1f���opopMVo ���a��dLRTop^VOa�<bwd=<�>�?A@B+-tso�i�.C>pW'KNf�`����cOafTbeRwK1beop^<`�M:�;`�ªaj ULjx£vao=D yE8�bwReKNMafT`cbw`cdLM � dLRe¦ � KN��bwdLRTfHKNRTo«Mad¨� �hdLMafe`c^aopRTop^ KN�cdLMaªD�¤`cbev8bwvao%MPOa�p�copdLM � dNRe¦ � KN��bwdLRTfKNfubwvmo%��opMa��vm¦«KNRTnV^QK1bwKD��vaKN���copMaªL`cMaª bwvao bevaopdLRTohbe`���K1�_�pdL¦§¦HOaMa` b�SLj§�_RedLªNReopfTf�`cM�OmMa^aopRTfTbwKNMa^a`cMaªbwvmopfeo§^QK1bwK �¤`cbwv��¡K1bTbw`��ho�) � �F+ �G) � ��.���K1���pOm��K1be`�dLMaf�vQKNfs��opopM�¦%KN^aoIH XKJ-j§�<dLRTopd¨¢LohRpW6K1�p�pOmRwK1beo^QK1bwK d �lbwvmo§beRwKNMafT`cbe`�dLM � dLRT¦ � KN�hbedLRef � dLRufToh¢LohRwKN��va`�ªNvaopRs¦%KNfefLDNM~vQK�¢Lo%�rohopM8o ��bwRwK1�hbwoh^�`�M bwvmo�QKNf|b�b���d SLopKNRefhjux£vaoHo �mKN¦§�a�co d��_bevao�beRwKNMafT`cbe`�dLM � dLRe¦ � KN��bwdLR � dLR¤bwvao q¤dL��opR�ReopfTdLMQKNMm�poNWEfevad¨�¤M`�M �0`�ªmj X�W�^aoh¦%dLMmfTbwReK1bwohf�bwvmo�feohMafe` bw` ¢�` b�S d��_bwvaohfeoH¦§o�K1feOaRTop¦§opM\bwf�bed%bwvmoH�QKNR|SLdLMVf|bwReOm�hbwOmReoNj�x£vao

4

Page 4: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

������������ �������������������! #"$�% !�&���! �' M( ���! *),+.- /102�43!5!3�6879���! #": !;���<��4=>���?��@����4;� !A�������=B��CD��;���'FE!�GF �� HC,�����I��AKJ9�� #�L�!MB�� !�����4=��� ���"ONP�B�Q�� #RS�2A��!MT 9�U�V=��4;� !�B !;QRVA���AK�!�,��@��W�&X���;�YBA���Z!�K[�0]\!^#\4_ [`6ba`c9 #�4 !�&���Q���`�d Y� #Z!�4Ae ��L�� ���"f *=�Rg�T !":���� !;�"h�V=��4;B�� !;���YT;� ���Q���BAi=��4A#�& #�QM,�4=h���:jk���l�nmo�&pq�irL@B�L=B !A�@��4=:��YB �Z!�k��Ai�!MT�� !�����4=�� ���"s��Y� #�T�����t�uv":�4A����1��;Q��YB=1�&uD�4�&��A��

�pdN¦%�QK1Re`�fTdLM �¤`cbevDbevao~Reop��K1bw` ¢�`�fTbe`���&�OaKNRen ¦§d�^mop�'�pKN���hOa��K1be`�dLMmf fevad¨�¤f¤bwvQK*b?bevaosfTbwK1bwo~vQKNf?K2&�OaKNRenfeOm�afTbeReOa��bwOaRTo:K1b§fe¦%KN�c� ^a`�f|b�KNMm�popf oh��`�¦§`�MaK1bw`cMaª ¦§d�^mop��f d ��bwvm`�f fTbwK1bwo<KNf§K vPS��aRT`�^ �QKNR|SLdLM dLR§K¦§opfedNM�y��QK1RTSLdNM~¦§dL�cop�pOm��oNj¡x£va`cf��pdLMm�p��Omfe`�dNM~`cf'�pdNMafe`cfTbwohM\b �¤` bwv~� ) � � �pKN���hOa��K1be`�dLMmfrbwvaK1b KN��fTd£fevad¨�K§¢1KN�copMa�ho�&POQK1RenDfTbeReOa��bwOaRTo � dLR¤bwva`cf�f|b�K1beoNj£x£vaohfeoH^moh¢Loh��dL�m¦%ohMPbef�¦%KNRenDK ¦%K�wTdLR?KN^m¢1KNMa�ho�`cM dLOaROaMa^mopRef|b�KNMm^a`�Maª«d��6bwvmo �QK1RTSLdNM:fTbeReOa��bwOaRToNj?��MVKN^a^a` bw`cdLM'WQ��K1Ma^a`�^aK1bwohf � dLR?Mao����QKNRTSNdLM:f|b�K1beopf�vaK¨¢No��opopM � dLOmMa^V`�M ¢1KNRT`�dLOmf���vQKNMmMaop�cf � dLR � OaR|bwvaohR��pdLM�¥QRe¦%K1bw`cdLM �¤` bwv:o �m��opRT`�¦§opM\bwf�bed �ro��rohR � dLRT¦%oh^�¤`cbev ��dL��KNRe`c�pop^s��o�KN¦§f KNMa^~�rdN��KNRT`��poh^ub�KNRTªLohbefpj6�QdLR�o �mKN¦%�m��oNW bwvmo©¢NopRTS~K1�p�pOmRwK1beo©b���d1y��m`�dLM~op�cop�hbeRed1y�aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM ^QK1bwK �aRTd¨¢Lo bwd �roV¢LohRTS o0/Eoh�hbw` ¢Lo�`�M bwvmo�fTo�KNRT��v � dLR �QK1RTSLdNM fTbwK1bwohf �¤vm`���v ^aop�pK¨S�aRT`�¦%KNRe`c�cSs`�M\bed~RTopfTdLMQKNM\bLx 8dNRWy D ��vaKNMaMaoh��fpj_��f_`��c��Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM �0`�ªmj 4mW1bwvao?KNMQK1�cS�fe`cf6d���bwvaozxe{|x�}op�cop��bwRed*y��aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM ^aK1b�K � RedL¦ JL�¡KN�:fTvad¨�o�¢�`�^aohMa�po � dLR�K�~�� ?��>

{ fTbwK1bwo�K1bHU¨[LXNZ � ohi��¤va`c��v^aoh��K�S�f�fTbeRedLMmªL�cS `cM\bwd�x 8 jlx£va`cf¤fTb�K*bwo~�pdLOa�c^<��os^a`3/ropRTopM\b � RedL¦!bwvao~�pdLM\¢NopM\bw`cdLMQKN� D M +��L� �!� U¨[LXNZI.fTbwK1bwou�¤va`c��v<^mop��K�S�f��mReop^mdL¦%`cMQKNM\bw� S«`cM\bwd1y D�WYKNf¤�c`�fTbeop^D�\S bwvmo �;KNRTbe`��h��os�uK1bwK tsRTdLOa�D`�M<XNZLZ:@mj��opfT�a`cbeo_bwvaohfeolfTOa�p�hopfTfeopfhW�bevao©fTbwOm^mS~d��ao �m�h`cbeop^H�QK1RTSLdNMaf0�hdLM\bw`�MPOaohf;bed���olK?��vQKN�c��opMmªLo/`�M~vQKN^aRTdLM

Page 5: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

0 1 2 3 4

Q2 (GeV2)

A1/

2(10

-3G

eV-1

/2)

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4

Q2 (GeV2)

S 1/2(

10-3

GeV

-1/2

)

������� 3g�rL@B���&XV�� # !�&���4=�),+ - + M 02������� 6i� �! #" �% !�&���! #Ae ��L�&��":CT ��4=�Jk�Q��@t��@�� ��4A#YB;Q��A�� #��" ��4;� ���QZV��A������

� YB ���"h�g=B�4;`�� !;���YB;� ���Q���TA� ��4=1��Y� #Z!�4A*m 5 pq7B�! ����4�U��Y� �Z!�4A m �!pq�

�av\S�fe`c�pfpj_�<dLfTb¡nPMad¨�¤M MadLM�yIfTbwReKNMaªLo_�aKNRTSNdLMsfTb�K*bwopf¡vQK�¢No���opohM ^a`cfe�hd ¢NopRTop^�Omfe`�Mmª£op��K1fTbw`c� x D�� x Dfe�pK1bebeopRT`�MaªVK1MQKN�cS�fT`�f~�ro � dLReo<U� ��LZmjDx£vao§�¤`�^aoh�cS�KN�h�pop��bwop^�f|S�¦%¦§ohbeRe`��§�pdNMafTbe`cbwOmopM\b�&POQKNRTn�¦§d�^aop��QKNfTop^ dLM �aRTdLnNohM fT�a`�M�y��YK�¢LdNR§{ ��+ @I.�KNMa^ dLRT�a`cbwKN�©o ���p` b�K1be`�dLM �2+ 4;. fTS�¦§¦%o�bwRTS�Reoh�aRed�^aOa�hopf ��op���bwvmouo ���p` b�K1be`�dLM fT�roh�hbwRTOa¦ � dLRl¦«KNfTfeohf?Om�Dbed ULj��%tuohi�ja}?d ��oh¢NopRhWEKH��KNReªLo�M�Om¦H�rohR£d�� va`�ªNvaopR ¦%KNfTffTbwK1bwohf��mReop^m`��hbeop^%`�M bwva`cf/¦%d�^aop�mvQK�¢Lo�Mmd �h��o�K1R©�hdLReRTopfT�rdLMm^aopMa�ho�`cM§o ���rohRe`�¦§opM\befpj_��f�KN� bwopRTMQK1be`c¢LohfpW`cb0vQKNf6��opohM fevad¨�¤M bwvaK1b6bwvmol�loh����opfTbwKN�a�c`�fevmop^ �QKNR|SLdLM f|b�K1beopf0¥mb/KN��fTd�`�M�dNbwvaohR6fTS�¦§¦%o�bwR|S�fT��vaop¦§opfhWfeOm��v:KNf£bwvmo~^m` &POQKNRTn\y5&POQKNRen ¦§d�^aop�cfpW��¤vm`���v �mReop^m`��hb?K ¦HOa��v Reoh^aOa�hop^ MPOa¦��rohR�d��;o ���h`cbwoh^<f|b�K1beopfhjx£vao �pOmReReohM\b ��vaKN���copMaªLo `cf�bwdD`c^aopM\bw` � S fTdL¦§o d��/bwvao va`cªLvaopR��cS�`�Maª �aKNRTSNdLM�f|b�K1beopf��¤` bwv ¦«K1fefeohfsd��ULj [ bedDX�j X«tuohiHj�x£vaohfeo fTbwK1bwohf��pdNOa��^<�pdLOa�m��o�f|bwRTdLMaªL� S �¤` bwv<feoh¢NopReKN�6¦§opfedNM�y��QK1RTSLdNM:��vQKNMaMmop��fhWE`cM�QKNR|bw`c�pOa��KNR�bevao �pdL¦§�a��o �:b���d1y��m`�dLM ��vQKNMmMaop�cfpW�bwd � dLRT¦�ReohfedLMaKNMa�pohf~�¤` bwv opMmopReªN`�opfu�¤va`c��v�KNReo MadNbReoh��K1beop^ bwRT`c¢�`�KN�c�cSDbwdDbwvmo§��dLfT`cbw`cdLMafu�aRTop^a`c�hbeop^8�\SVbevao �pdLMaf|bw` bwOaohMPb�&POQKNRTnV¦%d�^aop�cfsKNfu�loh���©KNfubwvmo�pOmReReohM\bl� ) � � ��KN�c�pOa��K1bw`cdLMafpj x£vao¤`�^mopM\bw` ¥Q��K1be`�dLMmf6d���bwvaohfeo¤fTbwK1bwohf©RTo�&POa`cReo¤�aReoh�p`cfeo£¦§o�KNfTOaReoh¦%ohMPbefd���feo�¢LopReKN�?��vQKNMaMaoh��f§KNMa^ bwvmopdLRTohbw`c��KN�c�cS�fedLOmMa^ ^aK1b�K�KNMQKN� S�fe`�f ¦§ohbevad�^afH�¤va`���v KN�h�pdLOaM\b � dLRHbwvmo��vQKNMmMaop�Q�hdLOa�a�c`�Maª�o0/Eoh�hbef©RTopfTOa�cbe`�Maª � RTdL¦�bwvao£OaMm`cb�K1Re`cb�S~�hdLMa^a` bw`�dNMaf_KNMa^Hbevao£ReopKN�hbe`�dLM ¦§op��vaKNMa`�fT¦%fK1b fTvadLR|b ^a`�f|b�KNMa�hopf �¤vaohReo �lo �lKNM\b bwdV¦%KN��dLOmb�bwvao `cMPbeopRTMQKN� f|bwReOm�hbwOmReoDd��?�QKNR|SLdLMafhj�����KNReªLoo ����opRT`�¦§opM\b�KN�mo1/rdLRTb/`cf_�pOaRTReopM\be�cS OaMm^aopR|� K�S%KNMa^ �a��KNMaMaoh^ � dNR6bwvao¤Mao ��b©fToh¢LohRwKN�QSNo�KNRTf�K*b�JNo1/ropRefTdLM�¡KN� Oafe`cMaªsbwvao � ���u{ ^aohbeop��bwdLR/`�M �hdLM wTOaMa��bw`cdLM �¤`cbwv ��dL��K1Re`��hop^ v\S�^aRedNªLopM«KNMa^ ^aopO�bwopRT`�Oa¦b�KNRTªLohbefbwd fTo�KNRT��v � dLR£fTdL¦%osd�� bwvmopfeo~fTbwK1bwohf£�¤`cbwvD�c`�MaopKNRe� S«dLR£�h`�RT�pOa��KNRe� S«��dL��K1Re`��hop^ �avmdNbwdLMD��o�KN¦§fpjx d K1MQKN�cS��ho bwvao?KN�cReo�K1^mS��hdL���cop��bwop^§KNMm^ � dNRTbwvm�pdL¦§`�Maª�¢LopR|S o ��bwohMafe` ¢Lo?^QK1bwKmW\o��§�p`copM\b�KNMa^§fedLOmMa^

¦§ohbwvmd�^af � dLR_��opR � dLRe¦§`�Mmªuop¦§�a`�RT`���K1�aKN¦§�a��` bwOa^mo£KNMQKN� S�fe`�f_vaK¨¢No���opohM«^ao�¢Loh��dL��op^%�PSHfeoh¢NopReKN�rªNRedLOa�mf

$

Page 6: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

�¤`cbev �pdNMPbe`�MPOa`cMaªH`�¦§�aRTd ¢Nop¦§opM\bwfhj_x;d�fTbwRTopMaª1bwvaohMDbeva`�f�o1/rdLRTb KNMa^ bed KN��fTdH`�M\beopRe�mReohb�bwvao�o ��bwReKN�hbeop^ReohfedLMaKNMa�pos�QK1RwKN¦§ohbeopRefhWmbwvmos]����h`cbwoh^ k KNRTSNdLMD��MQK1�cS�fe`cf � opM\bwohR�+-]/kl� � .l� K1f?ohfTbwKN�a��`cfevaoh^DK1b�JNo��y� opRTfedLM<�¡KN��dLRwK1bedLRTS«`�M<JLKNMPOQKNR|SLW�XNZNZ;@mj

����� ����� ������� ����� ���*���������(���� ������

��M bwvao �QKNf|b � oh� SNo�KNRTfpW o ��bwohMafe` ¢Lo%^QK1b�K d����avad1bwd1y�KNMm^�oh��op��bwRTd1y��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLMVd����afTopOa^ad*y�fe�pKN��K1R¦§opfedNMaf +]x � X x � �� . KNMa^ ¢Lop��bwdLR<¦%ohfedLMmf + � ��� .«vQK�¢No���opohM KN�p�hOa¦HOa��K1bwoh^ K*b:JL�¡KN�EWs�<�u� ��W]/� {���WNt~q¤�����_W1K1Ma^ {��aRT`�Maª*y��mj¡x£vaohfeo£^QK1bwK�vQK�¢No �rohopM K1MQKN�cS��hop^�bed�`�^mopM\bw` � Ss��KNMa^m`�^QK1beopf � dLR Maoh�o ���h`cbwoh^H�QKNR|SLdLM fTbwK1bwohf6KNMa^ o ��bwReKN�hb DDy D M beRwKNMmfe`cbe`�dLM � dLRT¦ � KN�hbedLRef � dLR feo�¢LopReKN��n�Mmd �¤M�ReopfTdLMQKNMm�popfhjx£vao©�pOaRTReohMPb0o1/rdLRTb `cf¡bed�Ombe`��c`��po0va`�ªLvm�cS���dL��KNRe`c�pop^sv\S�^aRedNªLopM K1Ma^�^aohOmbwohRe`cOa¦�b�KNRTªLohbef KNMa^���dL��KNRe`c�pop^�avad1bwdLM:��o�K1¦%f�bed¨� KNRT^V�pdL¦§�a�cohbwo ¦%opKNfeOmReop¦§opM\bef�d��©K«��KNReªLo~MPOa¦H��opR�d �/Reo�K1�hbw`cdLM:��vQK1MaMaop�cfpW�K1Ma^bwd ¦§o�KNfTOaReo:bevaoV��dL��KNRT`��pK1bw`cdLM3d��~RTop�pdN`���v\S��rohRedLMmfDbevaRedNOaªLv bwvaoh`�R«��o�K1n ^aop�pK¨S�fhj x£vaopfTo�^QK*b�KmWbwdNªLohbevaopR6�¤` bwv bwvao?KN�cReopKN^mSH�hdL���cop��bwop^ OmMa�rdN��KNRT`��poh^ �pRTdLfef©feoh�hbw`cdLMafhWP�¤`c��� � dLRe¦ bwvao¤�QK1fe`�f�� dNR/Ks¦�Oa��v

�������T5gi�b�I�����! # ���4=1�& ���A#AWA��4�&���Q�������! W��@��FCB ��V�&�4A�A9) [�- a { a } [1 !A �%YB�B�&���Q��� �!� ��@B�F�n� Z #�� !�I��@T !=� ����B���": !A�A4��rk@��hA���;���= ��Y� �Z!�4A* ��h� #��"��B��AzYBA��n������@B��� � ����"h�V=��4;Lm�� pq�:rL@��h=B !A�@B�4=v��Y� �Z!�4AH ��h�!MT�� !�����4=Jk@��4����@B�*�&��� �� 8�QMTY����Q���TA �!�� �� ��� �>

{ �� !�B=T��=B ���HA��� ���t �*����3��P��� ��*��Y� #���4=��uK�

@

Page 7: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

¦§dLReo¤o��§�h`�opM\b KNMa^ ¦HOm��v«��ohfeflKN¦H�a`cªLOadLOaf/fTo�KNRT��v � dLR©Maoh� �QK1RTSLdNM fTbwK1bwohf�bwvaKNM«vQK1f���opohM �rdNfefe`c�a��obwd�^QK1beoNj ��M3K��hdLOa�a�cop^3��vaKNMaMaoh��KNMaKN�cS�fe`cf bwvaohfeo ^aK1b�K �¤`���� KN���cd ��o ��bwReKN�hbe`�dLM d���"��VRTopfTdLMQKNMa�ho�QKNReKN¦§ohbwohRef¤oh¢NopM<d��;bevaou�loh����nPMad¨�¤M f|b�K1beopf£�¤`cbevD¦HOa��v `�¦§�aRed¨¢Loh^ K1�p�pOmRwKN��SLjx£vao��avadNbedLM«��o�KN¦ � K1�p`��c`cbe`�opf_`cM%o ���rohRe`�¦§opM\bwKN�E}�KN���Yk K1b JL� K1�«�aRTd ¢�`c^ao�ohMaopRTªNS\y�¦%KNRen1op^ OaMm�rd1y

��K1Re`��hop^DKNMm^ ��dL��KNRe`c�pop^«�aReoh¦%fTfTbwReKNva�cOaMaª �avadNbedLMD�ropKN¦§f �¤`cbwv ohMaopRTªL`�ohf¤Oa� bwd�$�j $§tuohi�WQKN�h�popfTfe`cMaª`�M\¢1KNRT`�KNM\buvQK1^aRedLMm`�� ¦%KNfefTopfsOa� bwd,4 tuohi�j'x£vaohfeo � K1�p`��c`cbe`�opfhWr`cM �pdL¦H�m`�MQK1be`�dLM:�¤` bwvVbwvmo � ]/kl����¡KNReªNo����h�poh�mb�KNMm�po§{���op��bwRedN¦%o�bwopR�+ � ���u{ . Wr¦%KNn1opfsJL�¡KN�VK%OaMa` &POao��a��KN�ho � dLR��avadNbed1y��mRed�^aOa�hbe`�dLMo ����opRT`�¦§opM\bwfhj�x£vmo ¥QRef|b � ���u{8o ����opRT`�¦§opM\bwf OafT`�Maª OaMa��dL��KNRT`��hop^��avmdNbwdLM���o�K1¦%f�KNMa^�OaMa��dL��KNR|y`��hop^<vPS�^aRTdLªLohMVdLR�^mopOmbeopRe`cOa¦�b�K1ReªLo�bwf�vaK¨¢No�¦§o�KNfTOaReoh^ bwvmo�^a` /EohReopM\be`�KN���hRedLfTf�feoh�hbe`�dLMaf�d��6¢1KNRT`�dLOaf�afTopOa^ad*y�fe�pKN��K1R ¦%ohfedLM �aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLMB��vaKNMaMaoh��fpj�{�Oa�afTo�&POaohMPb<o ����opRT`�¦§opM\bwf vaK¨¢No Oafeoh^ K��c`�MaopKNRe� S��dL��KNRT`��hop^V�avad1bwdLM��ropKN¦�bed ¦§o�K1feOaRTo bevao �ropKN¦ KNf|S�¦%¦§ohbeRe`�ohf���j ��M8KN^m^a`cbe`�dLM:bed fT`�MaªN��oH¦§opfTdLM�aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM'Wmbevaoub��ld§��vQKNRTªLop^<�a`�dNM �avadNbed1y��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLMD`�f£f|bwOa^m`�op^Ejx£vao§^QK1bwK � dLRsv\S��rohRedLM��mRed�^aOa�hbe`�dLM�vQK�¢Lo«`�Ma�hReo�K1feop^�^aRwK1¦«K1be`��pKN��� S `cM�RTop�pohM\b�SLopKNRefhj<{�`�Ma�ho��

��dL��KNRT`��pK1bw`cdLM��pKNM���o ¦%opKNfeOaRTop^ �\S�OafT`�MaªV` bwfHfTop� ��y�KNMQK1�cS��p`cMaª ^aoh��K�S�^m`�fTbeRe`c�aOmbw`cdLM'W6` bH`cfH�rdNfefe`c�a��obwd o ��beRwKN��b ^adLOa�m��oDKNMa^�beRe`��m��o ��dL��K1Re`��pK1bw`cdLM8dN�afeohRT¢1KN�a�copf KNMa^ ¦§o�KNfTOaReoDfT�a`�M�bwReKNMaf � opR � RedN¦ bwvmo�avad1bwdLM bed%bevao�v\S��rohRedLMEj ��Mao�fTOaRe�mRe`�fT`�Maª%ReohfeOa� b H @ J `�f¤bwvQK1b���� f�KN�m�ropKNR?bed«��o«U¨ZNZI#��rdN��KNRT`��poh^ ` ��aRTd�^aOm�pop^ �\S �p`cRe�hOa��KNRT�cS%�rdN��KNRT`��poh^ �avad1bwdLMafhWQ`�Ma^mop��opMa^aohM\b�d��¡bevaos�avadNbedLMDopMaohReªNSDK1Ma^<fT��K1bTbwohRe`�MmªKNMaªN��oNjx£vao?Mao ��blªLopMaohRwK1be`�dLM§d�� � ����{§�avad1bwd1yI�aRed�^aOa��bw`�dNM%o �m��opRT`�¦§opM\bwf/�¤`��c�QOafeo?��dL��KNRT`��hop^ b�KNRTªLohbef©bed

`�M\¢NopfTbe`�ª\K*bwo�^mdLOa�a�co���dL��KNRT`��pK1bw`cdLM dL�afTopRT¢1KN�m��o�¦§dLReo?ªLohMaopReKN��� S dLM ��dNbwv v\S�^aRTdLªLopMDK1Ma^ ^aohOmbwohRe`�Om¦<jx£vao§�rdN��KNRT`��poh^ �QRedL�hopM8{��a`�M x;KNReªNohb�+-�6q��~{�x�.u`cfu`�MVbwvmo ¥aMQKN�6bwohfTbe`�Maª �avQKNfTo«K*b JL� K1�8KNMm^��¤`c�����o%OafTop^�bwd ¦%opKNfeOaRTo«K1���6��o�KN¦ yIbwKNReªNohbs^adLOm�a��o§�rdN��KNRT`���K*bw`�dNM:dL�afTopRT¢1KN�m��opf � dLR~KD��KNRTªLo MPOa¦H��opR~d��¥QMQK1�lfTbwK1bwohfpj���M���KNfTo d��¤v\S��rohRedLM �aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM'W/KN^m^a`cbe`�dLMQK1�/beRe`c�a��o§�rdN��KNRT`���K*bw`�dNM�dL�mfeopR|¢1KN�a��ohf KNRToKN�h�popfTfe`c�a��os�¤va`���vEW � dLR¤bwvmo~¥QRTfTb�bw`�¦§oNWYK1����d¨� bwvao ¦%opKNfeOmReop¦§opM\b�d��/KN�c��dL�afTopRT¢1KN�m��opf?Maohop^aoh^ � dLR?KNMOaMQK1¦H�a`�ªNOadLOaf~¦%d�^aoh��`cMa^aop��opMm^aopM\b ^ao�bwohRe¦§`�MQK1be`�dLM�d�� bevao«RTo�KN��bw`cdLM�KN¦§�a��` bwOa^mopfpj�x£vmopfeo o ���rohRe` y¦§opM\bwf;KNReo©fe��vmop^aOa�cop^�bed���opªN`�M~`�M�XNZLZ\[¤KNMa^~¦«K1MPSsd �mbwvmolKN�h�pohfefe`c�a��o©dL�afTopR|¢NK1�a��ohf;�¤`��c�L��o�¦§o�KNfTOaReoh^� dLR/bwvao�¥QRef|blbw`c¦%o1j6x dHfTbeOa^mS§bwvao�`cfedLfT�a`�M%^aop�hdL¦§�rdLfT`cbe`�dLM§d���bwvmo�ReohfedLMaKNMa�po�KN¦%�m��`cbeOa^aohf©bevao�¦§o�K*yfeOmReop¦§opM\bef�d:/ ��dL��K1Re`��hop^ �aRTdNbwdLMmf �aRTd¨¢�`c^aop^��\S��6q �s{�x �¤`c���6��o �pdL¦§�a��oh¦%ohM\bwop^��¤`cbev�bevadLfeo§d:/��dL��KNRT`��hop^ MaopO�bwRedNMaf �mRed¨¢�`�^aoh^��\SVbwvmo«}��!��dL��KNRT`��hop^:b�K1ReªLo�b�W¡�aOa`c�cb~K1b k�"��BKNMa^��a��K1MaMaop^ bwd ��obwReKNMaf � opReRTop^ bwd JL� K1� � dLRl^QK*b�K bwKNnP`�MaªH`cMDXNZLZ �LXNZmU�Zmj0x d ¦%opKNfeOmReo�fTOa��v KNM o ��bwohMafe` ¢Lo~KNMa^ Mmo�KNRT�cS�pdN¦%�a�cohbeo feohb~d��©dL�mfeopR|¢1KN�a��ohfu�¤`cbwv OaMm�aReoh�pop^mopM\bwoh^ KN�p�hOaRwKN��SLW�bwvmo � ����{ �hdL����KN�rdNRwK1be`�dLM<vQKNfu^ao y¢Loh��dL��op^%Ku�pdL¦§�aRTopvaohMafe` ¢Lo¤o ����opRe`c¦%ohM\b�KN�a�mRedLªLReKN¦beds��KNRTRTS dLO�b_bwvaohfeo � dLRTbeva�pdN¦%`cMaªuo ����opRe`c¦%ohM\bwfpj

[

Page 8: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

x£vao%�aRed wToh�hbeop^ KN�h�pOaReKN�hS�d�� bevao§Maoh� ¦§o�KNfTOaReoh¦%ohM\bwf � dLRu¢1KNRT`�dLOaf~��dL��KNRT`��pK1bw`cdLMVdL�afTopRT¢1KN�m��opf KNRTo^a`cfe�a��K¨SNop^ `�M �0`cªLfpj � KNMa^N$ � dLR¤�6q �s{�x �aRedLªNRwKN¦�KNMa^<}����aRedLªNRwKN¦ WmRTopfe��op��bw` ¢Lop� SLj

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

γp→K+ΛEγ=1.5 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-g8,g9)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(K+)) .

Ox

(lin.

pol.b

eam

-rec

oil(x

) Λ

)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

γp→K+ΛEγ=1.5 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-g1,g9)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(K+)) .

Cx

(ci

rc.p

ol.b

eam

-rec

oil(x

) Λ

)-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

γp→K+ΛEγ=1.5 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-g9)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(K+)) .

Lx (

long

.tg.-

reco

il(x)

Λ)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

γp→K+ΛEγ=1.5 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-g9)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(K+)) .

Tx

(tr

ansv

.tg.-

reco

il(x)

Λ)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

γp→K+ΛEγ=1.5 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-g8,g9)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(K+)) .

Oz

(lin.

pol.b

eam

-rec

oil(z

) Λ

)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

γp→K+ΛEγ=1.5 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-g1,g9)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(K+)) .

Cz

(ci

rc.p

ol.b

eam

-rec

oil(z

) Λ

)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

γp→K+ΛEγ=1.5 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-g9)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(K+)) .

Lz (

long

.tg.-

reco

il(z)

Λ)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

γp→K+ΛEγ=1.5 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-g9)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(K+)) .

Tz

(tr

ansv

.tg.-

reco

il(z)

Λ)

������� ���rk@���CB #���2�4�&���4= !����Y� # !�&R��!�LA���"h� �!�L��@���A�CT���>�!MTA��� �Z MT;Q�4AS�!�W) [ - � {�� ���?M,��"h�4 !A#Y� ��4=YB�B=B�� ��� M�� AL�Kj��Vr CB ��!�! 8 !"��erL@��H��Y� #Z!�4Ak ��z�!�4���� 8 ���4=U�� ���"� H ��� ��� �bGhmo���!pq�

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γn(psp)→K0Λ(psp)Eγ=1.55 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-gsim)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(Ko)) .

Ox

(lin.

pol.b

eam

-rec

oil(x

) Λ

)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γn(psp)→K0Λ(psp)Eγ=1.55 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-gsim)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(Ko)) .

Cx

(ci

rc.p

ol.b

eam

-rec

oil(x

) Λ

)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γn(psp)→K0Λ(psp)Eγ=1.55 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-gsim)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(Ko)) .

Lx (

long

.tg.-

reco

il(x)

Λ)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γn(psp)→K0Λ(psp)Eγ=1.55 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-gsim)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(Ko)) .

Tx

(tr

ansv

.tg.-

reco

il(x)

Λ)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γn(psp)→K0Λ(psp)Eγ=1.55 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-gsim)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(Ko)) .

Oz

(lin.

pol.b

eam

-rec

oil(z

) Λ

)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γn(psp)→K0Λ(psp)Eγ=1.55 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-gsim)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(Ko)) .

Cz

(ci

rc.p

ol.b

eam

-rec

oil(z

) Λ

)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γn(psp)→K0Λ(psp)Eγ=1.55 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-gsim)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(Ko)) .

Lz (

long

.tg.-

reco

il(z)

Λ)

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

γn(psp)→K0Λ(psp)Eγ=1.55 GeV

sim.data (CLAS-gsim)

kaonMAID

cos(θCM(Ko)) .

Tz

(tr

ansv

.tg.-

reco

il(z)

Λ)

���������g�rk@��1CB ������4�&���4= !����YB # !�&R �!�zA���"h�U�!�F��@���A�CT��� �!MTA��� �Z M ;Q�4A�)��O- ��� � Jk����@ CB ��!����� !A� A�C,�4�&�� ���! k����MD�H":�4 !A�Y� ��4=1YTA���������@����PG �� ��!����� rL@��z��Y� �Z!�4A ��H�� ���"� H ���T��� �bGhmo���p

�_RedLªNRwKN¦§f � dLR�¦§o�KNfTOaRe`cMaª¤fe`cMaªL��o6KNMa^~^adLOa�a�co_�rdN��KNRT`���K*bw`�dNM�dL�afTopR|¢NK1�a��ohf;vQK�¢NolKN�cfed£��opohM �a��KNMaMaoh^� dLRHXNZLZ\[ �¤`cbwv�bwvao � R|S�fTb�K1� k KNRTReoh�l^ao�bwop��bwdLRHK1b ]/� {�� + KNMa^��avmdNbwdLM8opMaohReªL`copfHOa��bedB4mj U tuohi�.KNMa^ �¤`cbev<bwvmo � R|S�f|b�KN�;k KN�c�¡K1b��<�u�<�L+ �¤`cbev �avad1bwdLM<opMaohReªL`copf?Oa� bwd ULj � tuohi�.�j�kldNbev ^ao�bwop��bwdLRTfKNRTouop��oh�hbeRedL¦%KNªLMao�bw`c����KN�cdLRe`c¦%o�bwohRefl�¤` bwvDva`�ªNv ªNRwKNMPOa��KNRe` b�S KNMm^<ªLd�d�^ opMaohReªNS RTopfTdL��Ombe`�dLMEWQKNMa^ KNRTo

Page 9: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

dL�mbe`�¦§`��hop^ � dLRHbevaoD^aohbeop��bw`�dNM d ��¦§opfTdLMaf �¤`cbev ��KNRTªLo �aReKNMa��va`cMaª RwK1be`�dLf�bed �avadNbedLM�¥QMQKN� f|b�K1beopfhjx£vaohfeoVo ����opRT`�¦§opM\bwf«�¤`c���¤�pdN¦%�a�cop¦§opM\b«bevao JL�¡KN�B�mRedLªLReKN¦ �¤va`���v oh¦%�mvQKNfeohf«bwvmo:^aohbeop��bw`�dNM d����vQKNRTªLop^��aKNRTbe`��p�copf `�M8bevao«¥QMQK1�lfTbwK1bwo1jV��M��QKNR|bw`��hOa��K1RpW6K<�pdL¦H�m`�Maoh^�KNMQKN� S�fe`�f d��¤��dNbwv�bevao?xe{|x�}�aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM�^aK1b�K � RedL¦ JL�¡KN�HKNMa^ bevao x � x � KNMm^�x � �aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM ^QK1b�K � RedL¦�]/� {�� KNMa^ �*dLR6� �u�<��¤`��c�6��o%Maoh�pohfefwK1RTS8bed<^m`�fTbe`�MaªNOa`�fTv�MPOa�h��ohdLM�ReohfedLMaKNMa�pohf �¤va`c��v8^aoh��K�S��aRe`c¦«KNRT`�� S<`cM\bwd>x 8�dLR�y D��vQKNMmMaop�cfpjx£vao?ReopKN�Q�avadNbedLM§^QK1b�K~K1b )�> ? Z~KNMa��vmdLR_bwvao�KNMQKN� S�feopf©d���bwvao?op�cop��bwRed*y��aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM ^QK1bwKs�¤va`c��v

vQK�¢Lo��rohopM K1�p�pOm¦HOa��K*bwop^ Oa��bed < >�� @+2tuohi��*� . > `�M Reop�hopM\b0SNo�KNRTfpj6x£vmol¦HOa� bw`c�rdL�co6^aoh�pdL¦§�rdNfe`cbe`�dLMd���oh��oh�hbwRTd1y��mRed�^aOa�hbe`�dLM§^QK1bwK �pKNM ��o�OafTop^ bwd o ��bwReKN�hb�bwvao�op�cop�hbeRedL¦%KNªLMmohbw`c��DDyED'MlbwReKNMafe` bw`cdLM � dNRe¦� KN��bwdLRTfH�¤va`���v opMm�pd�^ao bwvaoDfe�aK1bw`�KN� KNMm^ fT�a`�M f|bwReOm�hbwOmReoDd��?bwvao MPOa�h��opdNM K1Ma^ `cbwf o ���p`cbeop^ fTbwK1bwohfKNMa^�vaohMa�po«KNReo feohMafe` bw` ¢Lo bwdDbwvao§MQK1beOaReo d���bwvao o0/Eoh�hbw` ¢Lo§^aopªNReopohf�d�� � Reohop^adN¦�bwvQK1b~��vQK1RwKN��bwopRT`��ho�QKNR|SLdLM�fTbeReOa��bwOaRTo K1b~^a` /EohReopM\b ^a`�f|b�KNMm�po§fe��K1��opfhj«x RwKNMmfe`cbe`�dLM � dLRT¦ � KN�hbedLRef � dLRsfToh¢LohRwKN����d¨� y�� S�`�MaªfTbwK1bwohf¤vQK�¢Lo KN��RTo�KN^mS �rohopM o ��bwReKN�hbeop^'W�KNf¤`��c��Oaf|bwReK1bwoh^ `�M �0`cªLfpj +|U .Iy0+-X;.�jx£vao~�a`�dNM<oh��op��bwRTd1y��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM ^QK1bwKN�QKNfTo Oa� bwd � ? X�j $%tuohi KNMa^ ) > ? @«tso�i > `cf¤ªLRed¨�¤`�Mmª

RwK1�a`�^a� SLj§JL�¡KN��vQKNf~KN�cReo�K1^mSV�pdNMPbeRe`c�aOmbwoh^�[:$'# d � KN�c�0bwvmo«K�¢1KN`���KN�a�co�^QK1bwKDbed bwvao§�pOaRTReohMPb~��dLRe�c^^QK1bwKN�QKNfToNj/� o�KNfTOaReoh¦%ohMPbefld���bwvmo¤b���d1yI�a`�dLM§^aoh��K�S ��vQKNMaMmop��f/�hdL¦%�m��op¦§opM\b_bevao¤fe`�MmªL��o£�a`cdLM ReohfeOa� bwfpWKNMa^DK1ReouopfT�roh�p`�KN��� S%`c¦%��dLR|b�KNM\b � dLRlbwvmouva`�ªLvmopR ¦%KNfeflfTb�K*bwopfhj/� � Oa���rfeo�b¤d�� OaMa��dL��KNRT`��hop^DX x D ¥QMQKN�fTbwK1bwo�dL�afTopRT¢1KN�m��opf;vQKNf �rohopM dL��b�KN`cMaop^ � dLR¡bwvao©¥QRef|b0bw`c¦%o_�¤` bwv bevao � �¡��{ ^ao�bwop��bwdLRhj6��M K?�pdL¦H�m`�Maoh^KNMQK1�cS�fe`cf6d��rfe`�MmªL��o£K1Ma^ ^adLOa�a�co£�a`�dNM§oh��oh�hbwRTd1y��mRed�^aOa�hbe`�dLM�^QK1b�K�W\ReopfTOa�cbef/dLM bwvao�)�>/oh¢LdN��Ombe`�dLM d���bwvmobwReKNMafT`cbw`cdLM � dLRT¦ � KN��bwdLRTf?vaK¨¢No ��opohM<dN�mb�KN`cMaop^ � dLR£¦%KNM\S d�� bwvmos��op�c��opf|b�KN�a�c`�fTvaop^Do ���h`cbwoh^ f|b�K1beopfpj��� bwvadNOaªLv8bevao � d��pOaf d��£bevao �pOmReReohM\b �aRedLªNRwKN¦>`�f dLM�fTbeRwKNMaªNopMaohfef%{ ?�Z:�aKNRTSNdLMafpW_�¤` bwv�bwvmo

� ���u{�^aohbeop��bwdLR§v\S���opRTdLM3f|b�K1beopf �¤`cbev3{*? ywULW©KNMa^ ��KNfT��KN^ao fTbwK1bwohf§�¤` bwv3{ ?�y|X:��K1M3KN�cfed ��oKN�h�popfTfeoh^ OafT`�Maª ^adLOm�a��oVn*KNdLM �avmdNbwd1yI�aRed�^aOa��bw`cdLM ReopKN�hbe`�dLMafhj � KNfT��KN^ao �QK1RTSLdNMaf K1ReoVd��~fe��op�h`�KN�`�M\beopReohfTbpWmKNf/bwvmohS§KNRTo��aRTop^a`c�hbeop^%bed vaK¨¢No�MQK1ReRed¨�B�¤`c^mbwvmf�K1Ma^«�pKNM«¦§dLReo¤opKNfe`c�cSH��o?feop�aKNRwK1beop^ � RTdL¦MadLM�y�ReohfedLMaKNM\b��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLMD¦§op��vQKNMm`�fe¦§fpj�x£vaohSD�pKNM ��os¦%dNReoso1/rop��bw`c¢No `cMD^a`�f|bw`�MmªLOa`�fTva`�Mmª vQKN^aRTdLMfTbeReOa��bwOaRTo ¦§d�^aop�cf `�M beopRe¦§f¤d��;�pdLMaf|bw` bwOaohMPb�&POQKNRTn ^aohªLReohopf?d�� � Reopoh^adL¦ j/�QOaRTbevaopRT¦%dLRTou`cb¤`cf o�KNfT`�ohRbwd�¦%KNn1o:�aReoh^a`���bw`cdLMaf«�¤` bwva`cM � ) � �Hj�x£vaoVReohfeOa� bwf d�� KNM o ���a��dLReK1bwdNRTS o ���rohRe`c¦%ohMPb �rohR � dLRT¦%oh^Reoh�pohMPbe�cS!H :J¤fevad¨�¤f%bevao va`�ªLv ��dNbwohM\bw`�K1�£d�� � ���u{�bwd�fTbeOa^mS fTbeRwKNMmªLo<�aKNRTSNdLM fT�roh�hbeRedLfT�pdL�\SLj ��Mo ����opRT`�¦§opM\b�KN���mRedLªLReKN¦�K1��dLMaªHbevaopfTo �c`�Maohf `�f¤��op`cMaª � dLRe¦§op^ K1b�JL�¡KN�'j

Page 10: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

���1��� ��� �� ������ � ������ �� �� �� � � ���� ���� ��

x£vaos^ao�¢Lop�cdL�a¦§opM\bwf?^aohfe�pRT`���op^<KN��d ¢No�K1Reos�pRTo�K1be`�Maª§K ¦%dNReou�pdN¦%�a�cohbeou^QK1b�K �QK1feo � dLR£bwvaoubevaopd1yReo�bw`c��KN� KNMQK1�cS�fe`cfpj£��^aopKN��� SLWYdLMao~�ldLOm��^ �c`�n1osbed«f|bwOa^mS bwvmo�D M fTbwRTOa�hbeOaReo��PS<KNMaKN�cS��p`cMaª bwvao ¦%ohfedLM�y�QKNR|SLdLMDRTo�KN��bw`�dNM ^QK1bwKH�pdL¦§�a��o�bwoh�cS �¤`cbeva`�M ) � �Hj�x£va`�f vmd ��oh¢NopR?`�f � K1R � RedN¦!dLOmR ReopKN��v'j/x;d ¦%KNn1o�aRTdLªLReohfefhW/bevao ^QK1bwKVKNMQKN� S�feopf K1Reo ��op`cMaªV�rohR � dLRT¦%oh^�`�M8b���d fTbeop�afhj��0`cRefTbpW_ReopKN�hbe`�dLM�¦§d�^aop�cfHKNRTo^ao�¢Lop�cdL��op^Vbwd o ��beRwKN��bubwvao2D'Mu�QKNRwK1¦%o�bwopRTf � RedN¦�bevao ^QK1bwKmjsx£vao Mao ��bsf|bwop� `cf�bwd ^ao�¢Loh��dL� `�M\beopR|y�aRTohb�K*bw`�dNMaf�d��_bevao o ��bwReKN�hbeop^ D M �QK1RwKN¦§ohbeopRef�`�M:bwohRe¦§f�d��/o0/Eoh�hbw` ¢Lo ^aohªLReohopfud�� � Reohop^adN¦<js��M:bwvmo�QKNf|b � o��BSLopKNRefhWaK �cdNb©d����aRTdLªLRTopfef�vQKNf��rohopM ¦%KN^ao¤`�M§bwva`cf/^a`�RTop�hbe`�dLM«KNMa^§�lo�KNReo?Mad¨� KNRe¦§op^§�¤`cbev��op��� y�^ao�¢Loh��dL��op^�¦%d�^aop�cf~bed:KNMaKN�cS��po«KNMa^�`�M\bwohRe�aRTohb�bevao%¢NopR|S8��KNReªLo%KN¦§dLOaM\b d��£^QK1bwK � RTdL¦>JL�¡KN�KNMa^ dNbevaopR�� KN�h`��c`cbw`copfhj�<dLf|b?d��0bevaosn�Mmd �¤M<�QKNR|SLdLM<ReopfTdLMQKNMm�popf�vQK�¢Lo~�rohopM<`�^aohMPbe`c¥Qoh^<�\S KN�m�a�cS�`�Mmª bevaos¦%d�^aoh�'�QKNfTop^

dLM§^a`�fT�rohRefT`�dLM Reoh��K1be`�dLMmf H U¨Z JQbed�K1MQKN�cS��ho¤bevaozx D op��KNfTbe`��£fe�pK1bebeopRT`�Maª~^QK1bwKmj6}?d ��oh¢NopR©bwva`cf�K1�a�aRedLKN��vvQKNf ` bwfH�c`�¦§`cb�K*bw`�dNMafpj �Ib `�f K1�a�a��`c��KN�m��oIH ULU J bwd oh��op��bwRTdL¦«K1ªLMaohbe`�� �m`�dLM��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM dLMa� S��¤` bwva`cM KRwK1MaªLo�d �(< > j��QOaR|bwvaohRe¦§dLReo1W�` b���op�hdL¦§opf�¢NopR|S ^a` �§�pOa� b�K1Ma^:`�¦§�aReKN�hbe`���K1� � dLR�K1MQKN�cS��h`�Maª bwvao ^QK1bwKd�� b��ld*y��a`cdLMD�aRed�^aOa��bw`�dNM RTo�KN��bw`cdLMaf �¤va`c��v KNRTou�pRTOa�p`�KN�'`�MD`c^aopM\bw` � S�`�Maª Mao���RTopfedNMQKNMa�hopf¤�¤`cbwvD��KNReªLo�¤`�^�bwvafud��©^aoh��K�S�fs`�M\bwd?x 8�KNMa^ y D f|b�K1beopfhj���� bwohReMQK1be`c¢NoHReopKN�hbe`�dLMV¦§d�^mop��f�vQK�¢Lo bwvmopReo � dLReo ��opohM^ao�¢Lop�cdL��op^ `�M Reoh�popM\b SNo�KNRTf«bwd�KNMQKN� S��ho<bevao Mao���^QK1b�K�d��sop�cop��bwRedN¦«KNªNMaohbe`��D¦%ohfedLM3�aRed�^aOa��bw`�dNMReopKN�hbe`�dLMmfpjx£vao �0K1RTbw`�KN���8K¨¢No!��MQKN� S�fT`�f +-�6�V��.��PS bevao!tu� ���*iu�_��ªNRedLOa�>�pdNMPbe`�MPOaohf bed�¦%KNn1o

�aRTdLªLReohfef�H U X J©�\S���KNRTRTS�`�Maª<dLOmb�KNMQKN� S�feopf Oafe`cMaª<bevao«�aKNRTSNdLM�fe��op��bwRedNfe�pdN�PS�^QK1bwKN�QKNfTo%bevQK1bH`cf f|bw`c���^adL¦§`�MaK1bwoh^~�\Shx D fT��K1bTbwopRT`�Maª�KNMa^~�pd¨¢NopRef;`�M\¢1KNRe`�KNM\b¡¦«K1fefeohf;Om�~bed?� ?BX�j $?tuohi�j x£vaop`cR;��yI¦«K1beRe` �KNMQK1�cS�fe`cf6d����a`�dNM �avadNbed1y��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM vQK1f_�rohopM o ��bwohMa^aoh^%bwdsK1MQKN�cS��ho bwvao£oh��op��bwRTd1y��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM ^QK*b�Kmj�_��KNMmf£KNReou��op`cMaª ^ao�¢Lop�cdL��op^ bwd RToh¢�`�fTo�bwvaou`cfedL�QK1R ¦%d�^aoh�EKNMaKN�cS�fe`cf H U 4 JEd��ex D�� xKx D�^QK1b�K K1�p�pO�y¦HOa��K1bwoh^D`�MVU� \[1Z � fhWYKNMa^ bwd§`�Mm�p��Om^ao�bwvaosRTop�pohM\b�^QK*b�K � RedL¦!x¤q?� ��� � KNMa^<k�"��8`cM bwvao~KNMaKN�cS�fe`cfpj� `cbeva`�M bevao?��yI¦«K*bwRe` � � dLRT¦HOa��K1bw`cdLM'W1bevao�� KN`�Mm�?ªNRedLOa� H U � J�KNMa^ JL�¡KN��y��©oh¢NopReKNM«ªLRTdLOa� H U $KJYvaK¨¢No

^ao�¢Lop�cdL��op^sbwvao ��Mm`cb�K1RTS���fTdL�QKNR;�<d�^aoh� + ���|�N.'bed?KNMQKN� S��ho_¢LopR|Sso ��bwohMafe` ¢Lo©�a`�dNM~�mvadNbwd*yrKNMa^sop�cop�hbeRed1y�aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM ^QK1bwKmj�x£vao�� D � D M � dLRe¦ � KN�hbedLRef �¤` bwv OaMa�mReop�hop^aohM\bwop^ �aReoh�p`�fT`�dLM vaK¨¢No���opohMo ��beRwKN��bwop^ � dLR§bevao n�Mmd �¤M �cd¨� y��cS�`cMaª DNM«f|b�K1beopfhj ��M3K��hdL����KN�rdNRwK1be`�dLM8�¤` bwv3]©k�� � W©bevaoVJL�¡KN��y�©oh¢NopReKNM:KNMaKN�cS�feohf?KNReos��op`�Mmª Reoh¥aMaop^<�PSD`cMa�p�cOa^a`cMaª�bwvmo~�hdLOa�a�cop^�yI��vQKNMaMmop�¡o1/rop��bwfpjx£vao �pdLOm�a��oh^�y���vQK1MaMaop�?��y�¦%K1beRe` �8¦§d�^aoh��f vQK�¢No<��opohM3^ao�¢Lop�cdL��op^3�\S bwvmo tu`�ohfefTopM3ªNRedLOa� H U [ J2W

t�� � ªNRedLOa� H U��KJ2WN�ui��EªLRTdLOa� H U� J-W1KNMa^Hk�dLMaM�y�t~K1be��va`�MaK?ªLRTdLOa� H XNZ J2j;x£vaop`cR;K1MQKN�cS�fTopf0vaK¨¢NolRToh¢LopKN��oh^

U¨Z

Page 11: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

bwvmoH`�¦§�rdNRTb�K1Ma�po d��/�pdLOm�a��oh^�y���vQK1MaMaop�0o1/rop�hbefu`�M:o ��bwRwK1�hbw`cMaª DNMu�QK1RwKN¦§ohbeopRef�KNMa^VvQK�¢No§`c^aopM\be`c¥Qoh^feo�¢LohRwKN��Mao�� D M �pKNMa^a`c^QK1beo�fTbwK1bwohf�� RedL¦!KNMQKN� S��p`�Mmª�bwvaou^aK1b�KHd�� �?W WmKNMa^ � �aRed�^aOa��bw`�dNM'j_x£vaopfTo¥QMa^m`�MaªLf/�¤`��c�Q�ro � OaR|bwvaohR�o �aK1¦%`cMaop^%�PS§OafT`�Maªsbwvmo � dLR|bwva�hdL¦%`cMaªs^QK1bwK~d��'�rdL��KNRe`c��K1be`�dLM dN�afeohRT¢1KN�a�copfpWKNf¡^aohfe�pRT`���op^ `�Mubwvao/�aRToh¢�`�dNOaf;fTop��bw`�dNM'j;�����LªNRedLOa�mf;K1Reo/`�¦§�aRed¨¢�`�Mmª bwvaoh`�R¡KNMQK1�cS�fe`cf ¦§ohbevad�^af'bwd?�pd¨¢LohR¦§dLReo?��vQKNMaMmop��flKNMa^%Oafeo���ohbTbwohR©bevaopdLRTohbe`���K1��`cMa�aOmb©bwd ^aoh¥aMao�MadLM�y�ReohfedLMaKNM\b ReopKN�hbe`�dLM%¦%oh��vQKNMa`cfe¦§fpj���QK1RTbw`�KN� y2� K�¢No:KNMQK1�cS�fe`cf%bwd�dL�?feo�bDvQKNf RTop�pohM\bw�cS3�rohopM ^ao�¢Lop�cdL��op^ �\S bevao � KNReMmopªL`co �<op�c��dLM

ªLRTdLOa� H X�U0J2j§x£vao bwd�dL�6nP` b fTOa�a��dLRTbefs�rdNbev�o�¢LohMPb �QKNfTop^�¦«K ��`c¦HOa¦��c`�n1op��`cvad�d�^ ¥abebe`�Maª KNfu��op���/K1ffe`c¦%�m��o ¥abwf�bedV�pRTdLfefHfTop��bw`�dNMaf KNMa^�K1����d¨�¤f � dLR�opKNfTS8�pdLOa�m��`�Mmª d��¤¦%KNM\S8^m`3/ropReohM\b ^QK1bwK feo�bwf `�M\bedbwvmo fwKN¦§o«¥abpj8x£va`cfHvQKNf ��opohM ��op�c��bwohfTbeop^ KNMa^ `�fH�hOaReRTopM\bw� S���op`cMaª KN�a�a�c`�oh^�`�M�bevaoDKNMQKN� S�fe`�f�d���avad1bwd1yI�aRed�^aOa��bw`�dNMV^QK1b�K � RedN¦ bwvmo � ����{ o �m��opRT`�¦§opM\b K1b JL�¡KN�'j x£vaohfeo§^QK1b�KD�pOmReReohM\bw�cS:`�Ma�h��Oa^aobwvmo~�mvadNbwd �aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLMDd�� x D�W � D�W D�W _ D�W � ��W � � � KNMm^:X x D�jx£vao JL� K1��y|�:{ �3�pdL�c��KN��dLReK1bw`cdLMuvQKNf6^moh¢Loh��dL��op^ H [KJmKNMH`cfedL�aKNR0¦§d�^mop� +2J\� Z:@I.¡�¤` bwv beReoho�y�^m`�KNªLReKN¦

¦§op��vQKNMm`�fe¦§f£KNMm^<K1^a^a`cbe`�dLMaKN�Y�avaopMmdL¦%ohMadL�cdLªL`��pKN�YbwopRT¦%f bed KNMQKN� S��po�¢NopRTS o ��bwohMafe` ¢Lo:xe{ x�} �avmdNbwd1yKNMa^ oh��op��bwRTd1y��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM ^QK*b�K � RedN¦ JL�¡KN�'j6������fe`�ªNMa`c¥Q�pKNM\b©X x �pdNMPbeRe`c�aOmbw`cdLMaf6vaK¨¢No���opohM%`c^aopM\be`c¥Qoh^`�M bevao�K1MQKN�cS�fT`�fpj;x£vao�J\� Z;@s¦%d�^aop�mvQKNf©�rohopM§`�Maf|bwReOm¦%ohMPbwKN�Q`�M `c^aopM\bw` � S�`�MaªsMPOa�p�copdLM§ReohfedLMaKNMa�pohfl`cMbwvmoHX x�o ���h��OafT`c¢Lo~��vQKNMmMaop�-W��¤` bwv ¦«KNfTfeohf�vaopK�¢�`copR¤bwvQK1M�ULj @%tso�iHj��QdLR bwvaos¥QRTfTb?bw`�¦§ou�aRTop��`c¦%`cMQKNR|S^QK1bwK�dLM�< > o�¢LdL�cOmbw`cdLM � dNR;oh��op��bwRTd1y��hdLOa�a�c`�MaªLf�d ��� � �1+|U @LXNZI.�WI�L� � +�U [LXNZ;.�W�� � � +�U [NZLZ;.�W1KNMa^�� ��� +�U [NZLZI.fTbwK1bwohfpW\�¤va`c��v§^mop��K�S ¦§dLf|bw�cSs�¤` bwvHb���d �a`cdLMHoh¦%`cfefe`cdLM vQK�¢Lo£��op�hdL¦§o¤K¨¢1KN`c��KN�m��oNj¡��M§K��pdN����K1�rdLReK1bw`cdLM�¤`cbev ]/kl� � Wlbevao:KNMaKN�cS�feohf«�¤`cbev J\� Z;@�¦%d�^aop��KNRTo ��op`�Mmª�Reo�¥QMaop^ �\S3`�Ma�h��Oa^a`cMaª bwvao:�hdLOa�a�cop^�y��vQKNMmMaop�¡o1/rop��bwfhj��MPOa¦��rohRHd��¤^mS�MQKN¦§`��pKN�©¦%d�^aop�cf H XLX���XL[ JlvQK�¢Lo ��opopM�^moh¢Loh��dL��op^�`cM�Reoh�pohMPb SNo�KNRTfHbwdVK1MQKN�cS��ho

��dNbwv�bevaovx D op��KNfTbe`��«fT��K1bTbwohRe`�Mmª�K1Ma^ op��oh�hbeRedL¦%KNªLMao�bw`c�«�a`cdLM��aRed�^aOa��bw`cdLM�^QK1bwKmj�x£vmopfeo ¦§d�^aoh��f^a` /EohR � RedL¦�bwvao ��yI¦«K1beRe` � ¦§d�^aop�cf�^aopfT�pRT`���op^�KN��d ¢No �PSVKN�p�hdLOaM\bw`cMaª � dLR�bwvmo d:/�yIfevaoh���6fT��K1bTbwohRe`�Mmª¦§op��vQKNMm`�fe¦§fpj/}?opMa�ho�bwvmohS K1Reo�¦§dLRTo�^a`cReop��bw� S%RTop��K1bwoh^«bwdHvaKN^aRedNM fTbeReOa��bwOaRTou��KN�c�pOa��K1bw`cdLMaf�KNMa^ �pKNM��o�OafTop^Hbed�^ao�¢Lop�cdL� bevaopdNReohbe`��pKN�P`�M\bwohRe�aRTohb�K*bw`�dNMaf;d �abwvao©o ��beRwKN��bwop^2D M �QKNReKN¦§ohbwohRefhj0x£vao�¦%d�^aop�cf¡d��q¤o� fpj H XLX�W1X:4 J\vaK¨¢No/�rohopM~`�Maf|bwReOm¦%ohMPbwKN�L`cMuReoh¢No�KN�c`�Maª bevao/`�¦§�rdNRTb�K1MPbE�a`�dNMu�p��dNOa^u�pdLM\beRe`��mOmbw`cdLM�bwd£bwvmo� D�� 8 � dLRT¦ � KN�hbedLRefhj_�_RedLªNReopfTfl`cM%OaMm^aopRTfTb�K1Ma^a`�Mmª�bwvaohfeo�^QK1b�Ku�¤`cbev �¡K1bTbw`��ho�) � � ��KN�c�pOa��K1bw`cdLMafvQKNfu��opohM ¦«KN^moIH X J-j ���p�pdNRe^a`cMaªL�cSNWrbevao o1/rop��bw`c¢NoH¥Qop�c^VbwvaohdLRTS KN�a�aRTd\KN��v H X �:J0vQKNfu��opopM�KN�m�a��`cop^ bed`�M\¢NopfTbe`�ª\K*bwo/bwvao���va`�ReKN�Po ��bwReKN�rdN��K1be`�dLMu�¤va`c��vH`�f Maopoh^aop^Hbed�dL��b�KN`cM RTo�KN�c`�fTbe`�� DDy 8 � dLRe¦ � K1�hbwdNRef � RTdL¦bwvmo©�hOaReRTopM\b;� ) � � ��K1���pOm��K1be`�dLMafr�¤`cbwvu¢NopRTSs��KNReªNo6�a`�dNM~¦%KNfTfpj x;d¤`�M\¢NopfTbe`�ª\K*bwo/va`�ªNvaopR�¦%KNfef�MPOa�h��ohdLMReohfedLMaKNMa�pohfpWQ^mS�MQK1¦%`c��KN�Y�pdNOa�a��oh^�y���vaKNMaMaoh�'¦%d�^aoh��f/�¤`cbwv KN���YReoh��o�¢NK1MPb Reo�K1�hbw`cdLM«��vaKNMaMaoh��f¤KNRTo���op`�Mmª^ao�¢Lop�cdL��op^ K1b0]/kl� � H X :J�KNMa^HK1��fed?�\SsbwvaolJNOa��`c��vHtuRedNOa� H XL[ J-WLKN`c¦%`cMaª¤K1b0K��hdL¦%�mReopvmopMafT`c¢LolKNMQKN� S�fe`�f

ULU

Page 12: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

d�� bwvaos^QK*b�K d�� x_W W �?W � WYKNMa^ X x��aRed�^aOa��bw`cdLM'j

�� � ����� � ����������� ���� ��������� �� �����������

x£vao ] �m�h`cbeop^Vk K1RTSLdNM ��MaKN�cS�fe`cf � ohM\bwopR�+-]/kl� � .£� KNf?opf|b�KN�m��`�fTvaop^ K1b�JL� K1� `�M JLKNMPOQKNR|SLWrXNZLZ:@bwd �aRed¨¢�`�^ao%bwvaohdLReo�bw`��pKN�©feOa�a��dLR|bHbwd:bevao o ���h`cbwoh^��QKNR|SLdLM��aRTdLªLReKN¦<j ]/kl� � � f �aRTdLªLReKN¦ vQKNf�b���d�pdN¦%��dLMaohMPbefpj?x£vao ¥aRefTb�dLMao `�f¤bwd«`c^aopM\be` � SDMao���aKNRTSNdLM:fTbwK1bwohf�KNMm^:o ��bwReKN�hb�bwvaoD M �aKNRwKN¦§ohbeopRTf� RedN¦�bwvao§¦%ohfedLM��aRed�^aOa��bw`cdLM8^QK*b�Kmj x£vmo«feoh�pdLMm^�dLMao%`�fubwd<^aoh¢Nop��dN��`�M\bwohRe�aRTohbwK1bw`cdLMafsd�� bevao%o �PybwReKN�hbeop^ D M �aKNRwKN¦§ohbeopRTfpj x£va`�f RTo�&POa`cReopfHK � Oa���©OaMa^aohRef|b�KNMa^m`�Maª d��£bevao �pdLOm�a��oh^�y���vQK1MaMaop�lo1/rop�hbefReohfeOa� bw`cMaª � RTdL¦ bwvao�OaMa`cbwKNRe` b�S �pdLMm^a`cbe`�dLMaf�KNMa^ bevao�RTo�KN��bw`cdLM«¦§op��vQK1Ma`�fT¦%f�`�M%bevao�fTvadLRTblRwKNMmªLo�+ d:/�yfevmop��� . RTopªL`cdLMH�¤vaopRTo£�lo �lKNM\b_bwdu¦%KN� dLOmb0bwvao£f|bwReOm�hbwOmReo£d����QKNR|SLdLMmfpj_x dsKN��va`�o�¢Lo£bwvmopfeo b���dsªLd\KN�cfpWKu^mS�MQKN¦§`��pKN�a�pdNOa�a��oh^�y���vaKNMaMaoh�QReo�K1�hbw`cdLM ¦%d�^aoh�avQKNf/��opopM§^ao�¢Lop�cdL��op^%K1b©]/kl� � KNMa^§`�f_��op`cMaªuOafTop^bwd ��opR � dLRe¦ K1MQKN�cS�fTopf¤d�� bwvaos¦§opfedNM<�aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM ^QK*b�K � RedL¦�JL� K1� KNMm^ d1bwvaohR � K1�p`��c`cbe`�opfhj]/kl� � � f£^mS�MQKN¦§`���K1���hdLOa�a�cop^�yI��vQKNMaMmop�E¦§d�^aop�5H X J'`cf�dN�mb�KN`cMaop^«�PS%o ��beopMa^a`cMaª K ��op�c� yIbeopf|bwop^«^mS\y

MQKN¦§`��pKN��¦%d�^aop�5H XNX J�`cM bwvao�8,+�U X:4\X;./ReohªL`�dLM bed `�Ma�h��Oa^mouKN���rReoh��oh¢1KNM\b£¦§opfTdLM�yI�QKNRTSNdLMD��vQKNMaMmop��f¤K1Ma^bwvmo�o �m�h`cbwK1bw`cdLMaf©d��'va`cªLvaohR©¦%KNfTf��QK1RTSLdNM«ReohfedLMaKNMa�pohfpj©x£vao?��vQKNMaMaoh��f��pdLMafT`�^aohReoh^ KNReo � D � x D � D�W� D�W0KNMa^�bwvao§bwvaRTopo�yI�QKNR|bw`��h��o�xKx D �pdNMPbe`�MPOaOa¦ �¤va`c��v�vQKNf:x 8 � y D�W_KNMa^�� D RTopfedNMQKNM\bH�hdL¦%��d1yMaohMPbefpj6x£vmo ¦%d�^aoh��feK1bw`cfT¥Qohf0bwvmolOaMa` b�KNRT`cb�Su�hdLMa^a` bw`cdLMaf;KNMa^ KN�h�pdLOmMPbef � dLR¡bwvaolReo�K1�hbw`cdLM�¦§op��vaKNMa`�fT¦%f`�Msbwvmo�fTvadLRTb|y�ReKNMaªLo©ReohªL`�dLM~�\SsªLopMmopRwK*bw`�Mmª?bevaolRTo�KN��bw`�dNM�KN¦§�a�c`cbwOm^aopf � RTdL¦ fedL� ¢�`�Maª¤�pdNOa�a��oh^�y���vaKNMaMaoh�`�M\beopªLReKN�Yo�&POQK1be`�dLMaf©�¤`cbev�xKx D�OaMa` b�KNRT`cb�S �pO�bwfpj/x£va`cf�¦§d�^aop��`�f©Mad¨� �roh`�Maª Oafeoh^ bwd K1MQKN�cS��ho?bevaoSx_W W �?WYKNMa^VX�x8�aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM ^QK1bwKmjl��M<o ��beopMafT`�dLM d��0bevaos`�M\¢LohfTbw`cª\K1be`�dLMDbwd§`�Ma�h��Oa^mosbevaosfTbeRwKNMaªNopMaohfef�aRTd�^aOm�hbw`cdLM ��vQKNMaMaoh��fhW � � KNMa^ � ��W `�f KN�cfed�`�M �aRTdLªLReohfefhj �0`�RTfTb RTopfeOm�cbwf%KNRTo o ���roh�hbwoh^B`�M bwvmofeOm¦%¦§opRud��lXNZNZ\[ KNMa^�K �pdL¦§�a�cohbwo K1MQKN�cS�fT`�f�d���MPOa�p�copdLM RTopfedNMQKNMa�hopfs�¤`cbwv ¦%KNfefu��op�cd¨� XDtuohi `�fo ����op��bwop^<`�M<XNZLZ bed ¦%ohohb?dLMaoud��;bwvaos¦§`��copfTbedLMaohf d�� bwvaos��K1fTb�"�{�� � ��dLMmª1y�ReKNMaªLo��m��KNM'jx£vao©]/kl� � � f;^mS�MQK1¦%`c��KN�L�hdLOa�a�cop^�yI��vQKNMaMmop�\��K1���pOm��K1be`�dLMaf'KNReo/KN�cfed¤KN`c¦%oh^sK1b¡�pdN¦%�a�cop¦§opM\bw`cMaª bwvmo

op¦§�a`cRe`��pKN�rKN¦%�m��`cbeOa^ao�KNMQKN� S�fTopf£^aohfe�hRe`���op^D`cM bwvaou�aRToh¢�`�dNOaf¤feop��bw`cdLMafpj_x d �aRed��pohfef?KH��K1ReªLouK1¦%dLOmMPbd��?bwvaoD^QK*b�K:bwd dL�mbwKN`�M�bevao ¥QRef|bTy�RTOaM `�M � dLRT¦«K*bw`�dNM�KN��dLOmb bevao,DNM o ���p` b�K1be`�dLMafhW©bevaopfTo K1MQKN�cS�fTopfpW¦§dLfTbe�cS§�QKNfTop^DdLM bwvmou��y�¦%K1bwRT` �%KN�a�mRed\KN��vEWa¦HOaf|b£�ro�o��§�p`copM\b¤MPOa¦%ohRe`c��KN�c�cS§KNMa^ vmopMa�hosKNReo � dNRe�poh^bwd�¦«KNn1o�KN�m�aRed ��`�¦%K1bw`cdLMaf/`�M§bwRTo�K1be`�Maª~bwvao�Reo�K1�hbw`cdLM«¦§op��vaKNMa`�fT¦%fhj6x dHopf|b�KN�a�c`�fTv KNMa^ K1��fed ^aoh¢Nop�cdL�bwvmopdLRTohbw`c��KN�Y`cMPbeopRT�aReo�b�K1be`�dLMaf/d��Ebwvao?o ��bwReKN�hbeop^=D M �QKNReKN¦§ohbwohRefhW�bevao�K1�a�aRed ��`�¦%K1be`�dLMaf/OafTop^ `cM%fTOa��vKNMQK1�cS�feohf�¦HOaf|b���o�o �mKN¦%`cMaop^Ej?x£vmo ¢1KN��`c^a`cb�S«d��6bevao�d�� beopM<Oafeoh^Vfe��opop^�y��a�cdNb�dNR?be`�¦§o�y�^mop��K�SNop^ �a��dNb¦§ohbwvmd�^afD`cM o ��bwRwK1�hbw`cMaª bwvao D M �QKNReKN¦%o�bwohRef � RedL¦ bwvao�^aohbeopRT¦%`cMaop^ �QKNR|bw`�K1� yI�lK�¢Lo KN¦§�a�c`cbwOm^aopf

U X

Page 13: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

fevmdLOa��^DK1��fed��rouf|bwOa^a`cop^'j_x£vmopfeoubevaopdLRTohbe`���K1�E`�fTfeOaohf¤KNReou��op`cMaªH`cMP¢Nopf|bw`�ªLK1bwoh^<K*b£]/kl� � `cM dLRT^aopR bed�aRTd ¢�`c^ao�`cM � dLRT¦«K1be`�dLM � dNR�`c¦%�aRTd¨¢�`cMaªubwvao��pOaRTReohMPblop¦§�a`�RT`��pKN�YKN¦§�a��` bwOa^ao¤K1MQKN�cS�fTopfpj_��f Ks¥QRef|blf|bwop�EW]/kl� � `�f©�pdL�c��KN��dLReK1bw`cMaªu�¤`cbwv§bwvao � ���u{«�pdN����K1�rdLReK1bw`cdLMHbwd Reo�¥QMao�bevaop`cR�`cfedL�QK1R�¦§d�^mop��KNMQKN� S�feopfld���a`cdLM oh��op��bwRTd1y��aRTd�^mOa�hbe`�dLM ^QK1bwK%�\S `�Ma�h��Oa^a`cMaª bwvao~�pdLOm�a��oh^�y���vQK1MaMaop�;o1/rop��bwfpj � dL�c��KN��dLRwK*bw`�dNMaf �¤`cbevdNbevaopR¤op¦§�a`cRe`��pKN�rKNMQKN� S�fT`�f£ªLRTdLOa�af£�¤`c���E��os^aoh¢Nop�cdL�roh^'jx£vao�¦«KN`cM���vQK1����ohMaªLo/bwd�]©k�� � `cf;bed�^ao�¢Lop�cdL� K��lK�S bed��pdNM � RedLM\b;bwvao�o ��bwReKN�hbeop^�D M �aKNRwKN¦§ohbeopRTf

^a`cReop��bw� S��¤`cbev � ) � � �pKN���hOa��K*bw`�dNMafpj �_RedNªLReohfef«vaKNf �rohopM3¦%KN^ao;H U1W£XKJ¤`cM beva`�f ^m`�Reoh�hbe`�dLM � dLR bwvmo8 +|U X:4LX;.~RTopfedNMQKNMa�hoNj�}�d¨��oh¢LohRpW©¦«K1MPS�dL��opM &POaohfTbw`cdLMaf RTop¦%KN`�M�bwdV��o `�M\¢LohfTbe`�ª\K1beop^ H X � J ��o� dLRTo¦§o�KNMa`cMaª�� Oa�;�pdL¦§�QKNRT`�fTdLMaf��pKNM���o ¦%KN^aoNjH]©k�� � `�fu�m��KNMaMm`�Maª«bed �ldLRTn �¤`cbevVbwvao � ) � � ªNRedLOa�mfbwd o ���a��dLRTo�bwvaou�hdLMaMaoh�hbe`�dLMaf£��ohb���opohM � ) � ��KNMa^DReohfeOa� bwf£dL��b�KN`cMaop^ � RTdL¦ bevaosKNMQK1�cS�fe`cf Oafe`cMaªHbwvmoKN�a�mRed\KN��v ^aohfe�pRT`���op^<KN��d ¢NoNj

� � � 2� � ���� � ������B���� �����������

x£vao�¦%opKNfeOaRTop¦§opM\bwf�d��'beRwKNMafT`cbe`�dLM � dLRe¦ � K1�hbwdNRef � dLR©bevao�`c^aopM\be`c¥Qoh^«�QKNR|SLdLM«fTb�K*bwopf�Reo1&�Om`�Reo�op�cop��ybwRTdLM ��o�K1¦%f¤d��_fTO �§�p`copM\bw� SD��KNRTªLosopMaohReªNS fe�aKNM<bed«�aRTdL�rosbwvmo �cdLMaª%KNMa^ fTvadLR|b�^a`cfTbwKNMa�po~fTbeReOa��bwOaRTod��/bwvmo M�Om�p��ohdLM'j~x£vao �aRedNªLRwKN¦�vQKNfuf|b�KNR|bwoh^ �¤` bwvVohMaopRTªL`�ohf � RedL¦>UHbwd @ tuohiHWEKNMa^ Reo1&POa`�RTopf�bwvmoopMmopReª1S�^adLOa�m��`�Mmª:d��¤bwvao JL�¡KN� K1�p�poh��ohRwK1bedLR�bwd U XVtuohi�bwd KN�c��d¨� �aRedN�a`�Maª:bevao MPOa�p�copdLM �hdLReoDK1b^a`cfTb�K1Ma�po fT��KN�copf��¤vmopReo �hdLM\bwRT`��aOmbe`�dLMmf � RedN¦ bevao �QK1Reo &POQKNRTnPf ¦«K�S��roh�pdL¦§o `c¦%��dLRTbwKNM\b�j JNo1/ropR�yfedNM:�¡KN��dLRwK1bedLRTS«`�f£bwvmo~dNMa�cS �m��KN�hos�¤vmopReosbwvmopfeo o ����opRe`c¦%ohM\bwf¤��KNM<�ros�pKNReRT`�op^ dLOmb�K1b?¦§d�^mopfTb�<�>�¤`cbev � ����{rW KNMa^�K � bwopRubevao<U¨X<tuohi Oa�aªNRwKN^ao%K1b~va`cªLv < > �¤`cbwv� ����������j«��M8o �mKN¦§�a�co§d �lbwvmonP`�Maoh¦«K*bw`��hf£RwKNMmªLou�pd¨¢LohReoh^ �¤`cbevDbevao U X tso�iJL�¡KN�<Om�aªLRwK1^aos`�f£fevmd �¤M<`�M �0`cªaj @x£vao�D'M¤�mRedLªLReKN¦��pKNM ��ou�pdL¦§�a��oh¦%ohM\b�KNR|S%bedHbwvao~tuopMaohRwKN�c`��hop^D�0K1RTbwdNM<��`cfTbeRe`��mOmbw`cdLMaf +2ts�©��.

�aRTdLªLRwK1¦ K1b£JL�¡KN�Ej/�/RTdLªLRTopfef�`�M§bwva`cf�^a`cReoh�hbw`cdLM§`�f©�roh`�Maª ¦«KN^moIH 4\X J��\S«o ���a��dLRT`�Maªsbwvmo�Reoh��K1be`�dLMmf©��o�yb���opopM t~�/��fpW�`�M\beRed�^aOa�poh^ H 4LZ�W 4mU1J�`cM<U� LZ � fpW�KNMa^ bwvao�DDy D M bwRwK1Mafe` bw`�dNM � dNRe¦ � KN��bwdLRTfpj_x RwKNMmfe`cbe`�dLMts�©��fs�pKNM8��o«K1�p�pohfefTop^�o ����opRT`�¦§opM\b�KN�c�cS � dLRso �mKN¦§�a��o§`�M���opoh�a�cSVi�`�R|bwOQKN� � dN¦%�mbedLM8{���K1bTbwohRe`�Mmª�¤vaohReo K«va`cªLv:ohMaopRTªNS:�avmdNbwdLMV`cf�ªLohMaopReK1bwoh^VbwdLªLo�bwvaohR��¤`cbevVK Reoh�pdL`c�;o ���p`cbeop^ �QKNR|SLdLMV`cM bwvmo�¥QMQKN�fTbwK1bwo1j {�Oa��v fTbeOa^a`�ohf �¤`������roD�QK1RTb d�� � OmbeOaReoDo ����opRT`�¦§opM\bwf§K1b bevaoVU X tso�i Oa�aªLReKN^aoDOafT`�MaªVbwvmoOa�aªNRwKN^aoh^� ��������� ^aohbeop�hbedLRpj

U 4

Page 14: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

������� �gFrk@����� # !�BA�Z!�� #A��t�� 8 !�BA��Q���Q��� !"hC ;��Q��YB=��S� �! z��@B�:jL�!C,�� F ��4A����B !�B�&��� ��� 02������� 6FJ �Q��@?CB ������4�&���Q���BA���! L��@�� � � M��43��F��� YBCB�! # !=��HYBA#��������@���������� �:=������4�&���! t0��!C,�4�1���Q 8��;Q�4A868�

����� ��� ��� �� � ������� �����

x£va`cf ^ad��pOa¦§opM\b¤`�f£�mReop�aKNReoh^D�¤` bwv bwvmou`�Ma�aO�b�� RedL¦ bwvao���dLRTn�fTvadL�DdLM,D M ��MaKN�cS�fe`cfpWaJNo1/ropRefTdLM�¡KN��dLRwK1bedLRTSNW "�d¨¢Nop¦H��opR�$ y @mWYXNZLZ:@mj

mo� p��P� ��YB;��n ���GP�n <!7KrH� � �D� �S��� ���!7erz� �� ����7e !�B= � � d � ��":�Q��@`7K�IYT��;��q��@�� ���V�!���5!5g7 ���v CBC,�4 t�����9@ RVA��jk��Z � d �

m 3 p d � � ;Q�&X� !�B=� #��Y`7���� =��:�B�! #�& # !�B=`7 �S���k�&uK7 ����� ��� ���!�4;Q�!7�� � �V�#@� #�I�� #A* !�B= �S� rLA� C !;���A�7��9@ RVA��jk��Z � � �����������|7 ��3V��� ����0]3 ������6 d � �P;Q�&X� !�B=� ���Y`7erH� � ����� ������Y`7 �B��� � �k���!�4;��1 !�B= �*�irLA# CT !;���A�7@���C���;� �!� ��� � � ��5 �V�

m 5 p �D� d CTA������ �� !�T="� � Gt� z�4��A����� 47��9@ RVA��Bjk��Z � �$# �B7 5 �&%&'?02� %&% ��6m �p�� �D�t� � <4�B !Y� #R� !�U !�B= �S� �D�(� ��=B !A# �R� !�`7�) !=`�T�K�Q<!�(� �B7D3 �*%�02� %&' ��6 ,�8� �t� �k<4�T !Y� �R� !�`7B�+�� 8�#@B�QZD

U �

Page 15: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

�gYB��;��q��@�� � � ������43?0]3 ������68�m � p � � �l�>�() �����k !;q� 0%j ��� 6 �����9@ RVA�� �f5!5g7 �:0]3 ������6m � p�j*�(�� # !=����! #=����k !;]� 0 d ��� �B687B�IYT��;��q�&X�� ���V�!���5 �>0]3 ������6m�� p��t� � ���U���!����Z 7 �S��Gt� � Y� ��!�� #��7W�����9 !;]�Q7 � ��g�&���4=T������A:�!�z��@B�$�v�! ��VA�@��!C ��� �9@ RVA�����A��!���iX����Q���4=

�PYB��;Q�����BA � �Vr��Pj 3 �����g7T�4=|�BMIR �D� d C A��������D7 �t� d ��4=��!7(�����9Y��!�4�B�Q��7�C|� � � � � �g�m ' p�� �D�t� � <4�B !Y� #R� !�������T !;]�Q7(�9@ RVA��Bjk��Z���� �,7 � � �!3 ����0]3 ������68�m % p��B��� #���&������ !;]�Q7 �9@ RVA�� jk��Z � ��� �B7 ���&'!3 ����0]3 ������6 �e�i�FY�� !�B= GS���v��Rg�� !�B=`7e@���C��q�&X�� ��� �������V7

@���C��q�&X�� ��� ������!��mo�� p��t� � ��@B;Q�� 47t�9� H !��A��� 47Sj*� z�V�#@|7 � ������ #�����4�`7 ������ ��������'��������C��������� �! "�#�%$&$'�)(*�+�,|7

�9@ RVA�����ALGF �� ��43 �#�7� H #;nA� #YB@��h02� %�� %�6mo�!� p �S�TGP���B�B !�8@B�Q�!7T��� �-��,�. �/0�)(1,2 ��.!2�3'���#3!7 �4=`��k����YB #@��!C|7 �i��;]� �10 � �� !=B�4":��� � ��4A�A � ) � %��3�687

CT �!����mo�43 p�j*� �*� � #�B=���7 � � ��� �9 8��A��&�g�!7!�8� � � �V�� # �!� ZVA �gR!7 !�B=�jH� � � �v�! ��V": !�`7 �9@ RVA��jL��ZD� d ����7�� � �!3 ����0]3 ������6mo�45 p�Gt� ���D�� !�B;Q��R!7Tj*� �*� � #�B=B��7 )��D�P�! 8 !=B�� V7T !�B=��t�Tr ��CT;��Q��<!7��9@ RVA��Bjk��Z �TGO5 �V7 % � �?02� %&' �I68�mo���p�Gt�TGP ��4�8@BA��4;]7 �� � !�BA����4���`7��D� �D� * !": !;Q� ZD7T !�B=��e�TrL�n ���! 47�� YT��;]��� @IRgA4� �54(� #`7 ��� �U02� %&%&%�6mo� � p�� � �t� � <4�B !Y� �R� !�`7 �S� Gt� � Y� ��!�� #��7��S���e���QR� !����� !;]�Q7(� @IRVA�� jL��ZD� d �g�7 ��� �!3 ����0]3 ������68�mo��� p�rz� �U #��7 d � �9�4�T�B@���;�=`7 �*� � M,�� �<�������;]7 !�B= �e� rk�� ���! 47 6 * ���T�U !�n= 3 �����76 �

@I����C| �&� JLJLJ*� �ICT@|� YB�B����": !�n��<!� =�� ����k�2G ��� �����I�mo� � p��t� �V@ �V;QR� 47 �S� �|�4�TA �!�!7TNS� �1��A��4;]7D�t�(���4�B�B�� 47�� @IRgA4�BjL��ZD� ��� �T7 ��� �!3 ���?0]3 ������6mo� ' p �S� �> !;�Y�R!� !�B= d � ���4�B�T@���;�=`7 �b�I���� #�B ���Q���T !; �v�! �gA�@B�!C ��� ��@�� � @IRVA�����A �!�8�eXV�������4= �� #R!���BA

0 � �Vr�� j ����687 r� !;�;� !@B !A#A����!7B�K;Q�! #��=B V7|����#� � F�&� 3 �����g�mo� % p �S�TNPA�� Z� !�B=�����V�#@���;����4�`7(� @IRVA��BjL��ZD��9� �,7 ��3 �!3 ���?0]3 ������6m 3 � p �S� �P�B��A�� Zg���8@`7%�L� *;Q�4"hCB��7 �S� �V # !�I��A���ZD7TNS�BrL@���": V7�9Y� 4� �9@ RVA�� ��� � � � 7 �!�!��0]3 ������6m 3V� p �� ��� ���4;�;n��A�7������� !;]� �e ��V�&���4=B�������!�z��@���"h�������n���>�!�z��@��?r �!CT�n�� !;P�P ���YBC ��� �P !=� ����T��� � @IRVA�����A�7

F�&���!M,�� 3 �����g7��P !A�@ ZV��;�;��Fr �*7B !�B=1���1@ ����C �&� JLJLJ ��"h����� ��"tY`� �4=BY � CIJ V�m 3!3 p�rz���� ���� !�B=�rz� � �,� �*� � ���!7(� @IRVA��TjL��ZD� � #��|7 3 � � �?02� %&% ��6 �9@ RVA��BjL��ZD� �84�:`7 ��� �!3 ����0]3 ����� 68�m 3!5 p H !"� !;Q� Z !�B= �D� �S��) !�B��7 � @IRVA��ijL��ZD� � ��������;:|7 ���*% � 02� %&%&%�6 �D� �,�� H !"� !;Q� ZD7 �D���S��) !����79Gt�

GP ��4�8@BA��4;]7 �� � !�BA����4���`7B !�B= � �TrL�� ���! 7�� @IRgA�7Bjk��Z 77�84�� 7 ��5!3!3 ����0%jP6S0]3 ����� 687m 3 �p��t� � � d !;� V7 �S���K !A��� !;�YB��A� V7 �B� �*�Tr �2���`7� !�B=��e���L�(�v #�Q��@I��7(� @IRgA4�BjL��ZD� ���9<|7 ��5!3!3 ����0]3 ��� �I6m 3 � p ��� �t� �TYB=B h !�B= �S� �P;�@B �M �]7 �9@ RVA��Bjk��Z � �=4;`7 ��� ������3�0]3 ����5�6m 3 � p���� �P ���A#AW !�B=�)t� �VYB �R� V7 � @IRgA���jk��Z � � ��� 7 � ��5�02� %&%!5�6 �)�� �VY� #R� t !�T=��9�T�P #��A�A�7�� @IRVA��gjk��Z � � #:`7

U $

Page 16: boson.physics.sc.eduboson.physics.sc.edu/~gothe/research/pub/whitepaper-1-18-07.pdfvaKNMaMaoh fpj_ f_` c Oaf|bwRwK*bwop^ `cM 0` ªmj 4 mW1bwvao?KNMQK1 cS fe`cf6d bwvao zxe{|x} op cop

3 � 3!3�02� %&% ��68�m 3�� p �S� �P MD�� #<�������;]7 h���P � R� !": V7, !�B=��D� z #��J� !;�=|7�� @IRgA�� jk��Z �7��� � 7 � � �!3 ��3�0]3 ������68�m 3&' p��F;� !=B��"��Q �� !A#�� !;�Y���A� : !�T=U�U 8� �e !�B=��� #@T ����@��4�`7(�9@ RVA�� jL��ZD� �-� :`7 ��5 ������5?0]3 ������68�m 3&% p �S� �U ��A#Y�R� !": V7 rH� �� ����7 !�B=vrz� � �D� �S� �|���!7|���1 CTCD�4 z��� �9@ RVA��`jL��CB���Q7 �+� �e #���I� �k 8�#@B�QZ!�!z�gYB��;��

��@�� ��� � ' ���V�m 5 � p �S�Bjk !=�RVYBA�@ �g���|7 � @IRVA�� � ����� � :;<|7 �B� ��02� %&% ��6 !:�;�#`7 5!5!5�02� %&% ��6 � @IRVA���jL��ZD� �$#%4`7 � �!3 �?02� %&%��!6m 5V� p��t� ���q7 �9@ RVA��Tjk��Z ���|�����/� ;`7 �V��?02� %&%��!6 �9@ RVA��� ���ZD� �$#(#`7 �g�!���?02� %&%��!6m 5!3 p � �I�� # !� �I�%Y� ��9���� !;]�Q7 � @IRVA�� jL��ZD� �|����� ;��|7�3 �&'&%�0]3 ����� 6 D�P�g��!�F���� !;]�Q7 �e ��!��� �K ���� � YB��;q� � @IRVA�� ��� 7

����� 0]3 ����� 6 �t�(�K !A��� !;�Y���A# : !�B=U��� �e !�B=��� 8@B ����@��4�`7B@���C��qCT@�� ���V�!���� �V�

U @