bphokey-aleq
TRANSCRIPT
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BENIGN PROSTATE HIPERPLASIA
dr. Mochamad Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FINACSSertifikasi dosen: 12107102411578
Bagian SMF Ilmu Bedah RS UMM
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
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Definisi
BPH : benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPE : benign prostatic enlargement
BPO : benign prostatic obstruction
BOO : bladder outlet obstruction
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EPIDEMIOLOGI
Faktor risiko BPH:
Insidens BPH me seiring dg pertambahan usia, khususnya >50 thn
Umur
Ras Etnik
Sejarah Keluarga
Perokok Penyakit Kronis (HT, CAD, & DM)
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PREVALENSI
UMUR
40 - 50
50 - 6060 - 70
70 - 80
80 - 90
PREVALENSI
20%
40%55%
80%
90%
Prevalensi BPH seiring dg pertambahan usia (Berry, 1993)
BPH -dr . Moch. Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FinaCS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
( 1- 10 ) ( 11 -2 0 ) ( 21 -3 0 ) ( 31 -4 0) ( 41 -5 0 ) ( 51 -6 0 ) ( 61 -7 0) ( 71 -8 0) ( 81 -9 0 +)
Prev
(%)
BPH
Pathology
Age range in year(Leary, M.P.O - 1995)
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PREVALENSI DI BEBERAPA NEGARA
Table : International comparison of lower urinary tract symptoms
Country % prevalence of moderate to severe urinary symptoms (I-PSS > 8)
50 - 59 years 60 - 69 years 70 - 79 years
Asia 1) 29 40 56
China 2) 24 33 49
Australia 3) 36 33 37
USA 4) 31 36 44
Canada 15 27 31
The Netherlands 5) 26 30 36
France6)
8 14 271. Includes both hospital - clinic - based and community - based study
2. Community - based urban and rural (n=1,074)
3. Hospital - clinic - based urban (n=146)
4. Community - based study 0f 2,115 men, 40 - 79 years of age, rescaled AUA score
5. Community - based scores for 502 men, 55-59, 60-69, and 70-74 years of age
6. Nationwide probability sample of 2,011 men, 50-80 years of age
(Homma et. al., 1997)
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MANIFESTASIKLINIS & PATOFISIOLOGI
Anatomi lokasi dari prostat yg mengelilingi urethra
memegang peranan penting pd patofisiologi BPH
Meskipun demikian, keparahan Gx obstruksi uretra,
tidak berhubungan dg besarnya prostat
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PATOFISIOLOGI
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Refluks vesiko-ureter
Hidroureter
Hidronefrosis
Pionefrosis Pilonefrosis
Gagal ginjal
Ginjal & ureter
Hipertrofi otot detrusor
Trabekulasi
Terbentuk selula, sakula
Divertikel buli-buli
Buli-buli berkontraksi
lebih kuat
Tekanan intravesikal
Penyempitan lumenuretra prostatika
Hiperplasia prostatPATOFISIOLOGI
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PROSTAT
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ANATOMI
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BPH hiperplasi jaringan disekitar uretra
membentuk pseudo/ surgical capsule
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KOMPLIKASI BPH
Buli-buli - divertikel- batu- infeksi
- hematuri
Ginjal - hidronefrosis- pielonefritis- gagal ginjal
Di luar UT - hernia
- hemorrhoid
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DIAGNOSIS
1. Pemeriksaan harus dilakukan (mandatory)
2. Pemeriksaan yg dianjurkan (recommended)
3. Pemeriksaan tambahan (optional)
( IAUI GUIDELINES, 2003)
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1. Anamnesis yang difokuskan pada Gx LUTS
emeriksaan yang harus dilakukan
BPH -dr . Moch. Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FinaCS
a. OBSTRUKSI:
- Hesitansi harus mengejan saat miksi
- Pancaran miksi lemak- Intermittensi pancara urine berhenti berulang-ulang
- Miksi tidak puas
- Menetes setelah miksi
b. IRITASI
- Frekuensi (sering miksi)
- Nokturia (sering miksi malam hari)
- Urgensi (nyeri suprapubik & diikuti rasa ingin miksi)
- Disuria (nyeri saat miksi)
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2. Pemeriksaan fisik & colok dubur (DRE)
area supra pubik distensi VU +/-, nyeri tekan +/-
refleks bulbo cavernosus (BCR)
colok dubur / RT:
- tonus sfingter ani, mukosa rektum, ampula rektum,massa, nyeri tekan +/-
- prostat besar, konsistensi, nodul, batas, simetrisantar lobus, & nyeri tekan
3. Urinalisis
BPH -dr . Moch. Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FinaCS
Dips ti ck tes t ing :
Sedimen urin mencari kemungkinan UTI
Pox kultur urin mencari jenis kuman sekaligus menentukan
sensitifitas kuman thdp antimikroba yg
diujikan.
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DerajatTemuan klinis saat
RT
Estimasi penonjolan
prostat kedlm lumen
rektum
Sisa volume
urin
I
Penonjolan prostat,
batas atas mudah
teraba
1 - 2 cm100 ml
IV > 4 cm Retensi urin total
erajat Hiperplasia Prostat enigna
erdasarkan Gambaran Klinik
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1. PSA (usia
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International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)
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Seberapa sering Anda tidak dapat
menahan keinginan untuk kencing?
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CATATAN HARIAN MIKSI
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IPSS (Internat ional Prostate Symptom Score)
WHO & AUA
7 pertanyaan ttg keluhan miksi (skor 0 5)- ringan : 0 - 7- sedang : 8 - 19- berat : 20 - 35
1 pertanyaan ttgKualitas Hidup (QoL) (skor 1 7)
Penilaian Gejala
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Pemeriksaan Tambahan(Dokter umum, dokter spesialis non urologi, spesialis urologi)
1. USG transabdominal (TAUS) / transrektal (TRUS)
2. Pancaran urine dg uroflowmeter
a. > 15 cc/det : non obstruksi
b. 10-15 cc/det : borderline
c. < 10 cc/det : obstruksi
3. Volume residual urine (=post voiding residual urine)- Normal : 0,09 2,24 cc (variasi )- Cara periksa : a. Invasif kateterisasi post voiding
b. Non invasif USG post voiding
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TRUS (Trans Rectal Ultrasound)
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UROFLOWMETRI
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Pemeriksaan tambahan
Urodinamika (Pressure Flow Study)
lebih baik dari uroflowmetri ok dpt diketahui etiologi pancaran
lemah apakah akibat:
a. Obstruksi leher buli + uretra (BOO)
b. Kelemahan kontraksi otot-otot detrusor
Urethrosistoskopi- sifat : invasif
- guna u/ mengetahui:
a. pembesaran prostat
b. obstruksi uretra + leher buli-buli
c. batu buli, trabekulasi + divertikelBPH -dr . Moch. Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FinaCS
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URODINAMIK
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IVP
Voiding cystourethrography
Retrograde urethrography
Urethral Pressure Profilometry
External urethral sphincter electromyography
Filling cystometrography
Pemeriksaan yg TidakDianjurkan
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PENATALAKSANAAN
Pemantauan (watchful waiting)- Px tdk di Tx tp perkembangannya diawasi
- Indikasi : skor IPSS < 7
- KIE berupa:
a. Jgn >> minum dan kopi / alkohol stlh makan malam
b. Kurangi konsumsi kopi / coklat (iritasi buli)
c. Batasi obat flu yg mgd PPA (simpatis )
d. Jgn menahan miksi tll lama
- Kontrol tiap 6 bulan & lakukan pemeriksaan:
a. Keluhan Px c. Pancaran urineb. IPSS d. Vol. residu urine
Terapi Medikamentosa
Terapi IntervensiBPH -dr . Moch. Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FinaCS
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INDIKASI TERAPI
MEDIKAMENTOSA
Indikasi: IPSS > 7
Tujuan:
1. me resistensi otot polos prostat sbg komponen dinamik2. me vol. prostat sbg komponen statik
Jenis obat:
a.
- adrenergik blocker
ex: - selektif masa kerja pendek --- prazosin
- selektif masa kerja lama ---- terazosin (hytrin)
b. 5- reductase inhibitor
ex: finasteride (prostacom)
c. fitoterapi
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- adrenoseptor antagonis
Mekanisme Kerja
Relaksasi komponen otot polos di:
- bladder neck
- prostat
- urethra -1 receptor
blockage
Smooth muscle relaxation
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Lokasi -1
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Generic Trade Company Indication Adm &
Name Dosage in BPH
Terazosin Hytrin Abbot Hypertension Initial dose at 1 mg
in 2 DD, incr. To 2
mg in 2 DD
Doxazosin Cardura Pfizer Hypertension Once daily 1 mg
Tamsulosin Harnal Yamanouchi BPH Once Daily 0,2 mg
Alfuzozin Xatral Sanofi S BPH Once daily 1 mg
Antagonist Receptor
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5
- reduktase inhibitor
contoh: finasteride
mekanisme kerja
mhambat perubahan hormon testosteron
DHT
T DHT
Decrease in volumeBPH -dr . Moch. Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FinaCS
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Fitofarmaka
Alternatif
Penelitian ilmiah (+)
- Pygeum af ri canum
- kerja menghambat bFGF
bFGFGrowth Factorsand BPH
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TERAPI INTERVENSI
Macam Intervensi:a. Pembedahan :
- Open- Endourologi: TURP,TUIP,TULP,Elektrovaporasi
b. Invasif minimal : TUMT, HIFU ,Stent Ureth, TUNA, ILC
Sifat Intervensi:
a. Mengeluarkan jaringan prostat
- Prostatektomi terbuka
- TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate)
- TULP (transurethral laser induced of the prostate)
- Electrovaporationb. Tidak mengeluarkan jaringan
- TUIP (transurethral incision of the prostate)
- TUMT (transurethral microwave thermotx)
- TUNA (transurethral needle ablation)
- HIFU (high intensity focused ultrasound)
- ILC (interstitial laser coagulation0BPH -dr . Moch. Aleq Sander, M.Kes., Sp.B., FinaCS
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OPERASI TERBUKA
Pada kasus Prostat Vol besar
ADA kelainan penyerta:
Batu buli-buli besar Divertikel buli-buli
Perawatan & Morbiditas > TUR-P
Komplikasi > TUR PROSTAT
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TUR PROSTAT
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DASAR PERTIMBANGANOPERATIF
retensi urin kronis
infeksi kronis
batu saluran kemih
pendarahan
kelainan anatomis
gangguan faal ginjal
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INDIKASI TERAPI INVASIFENDOSKOPI - PEMBEDAHAN
retensi urin
gross-hematuria renal insufisiensi
batu buli-buli
ISK berulang
- ABSOLUT
- RELATIF
Skor IPSS > 20
urine sisa > 100 ml
Q max < 10 ml/det medikamentosa gagal
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