1. 1 (ONET) ......... .. ............................... 2-37 2 (PAT2)........... . ............................................... 38-108 3 (PAT2)........... . ............................................... 109-160

2. (2) ___________________________________ 2012 1. 1. Monosaccharide (CnH2nOn) 2. Disaccharide : Monosaccharide 2 Monosaccharide 2 C12H22O11 ( CuSO4, Na2CO3 Cu2+/OH- ) O R C H + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- O R C -O + 2Cu2O + 3H2O 3. Polysaccaride : Monosaccharide 3. 2012____________________________________ (3) 2. C N ( NH2) ... H N C C OH 1R H N C C OH H O 2RH O H N C C OH 3RH O ... H H H () ... N C C 1RH O 2R H N C C H O H 3R N C C H O H ... () 2 3 100 pH (Denature) 2 ( CuSO4 NaOH) / 3. : (, ) Wax : ( CnH2n+1COOH) ( CnHmCOOH, m < 2n + 1) nH2O R C O OH 4. (4) ___________________________________ 2012 1. (Antioxidiant) E C BHT 2. Saponification : () HC OOCR OOCRCH2 OOCRCH2 + 3NaOH () HC OH OHCH2 + OHCH2 + Na3RCOO- () R + NaCO2 - () () R + NaSO3 - () R 3. : (Magarine) + H2/ 4. : I2 5. 2012____________________________________ (5) 1. X HCl NaOH Y NaOH CuSO4 Z HCl X, Y Z 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 92.1 g NaOH 12.0 g 1) 461 2) 702 3) 307 4) 921 3. 1) Ca2+ Mg2+ 2) 3) Ca2+ Mg2+ 4) Ca2+ Mg2+ 4. , + + + 1) 2) 3) 4) 6. (6) ___________________________________ 2012 5. () * 1 1 1 1 18 5 10 6 25 8 5 4 2 15 2 80 35 20 50 6 7 46 50 6 1 (* (50 )) 1) 2) E 3) 4) 6. 1) 22 NHCNHCNHCNHCNH O O O O 2) 322 CHCHNHCCHNHCCHNH O O 3CH 3CH 3) 222 NHCCHNHCCHNH O O 3CH 4) COHCHNHCCHNHCCHNHCCHNH 222 O O 3CH 3CH O O 7. 2012____________________________________ (7) (Fossil Fuel) 3 1. 2. 3. 1. (Coal) () () 8. (8) ___________________________________ 2012 2. (Oil Shale) - 2 1. 2. 3. (Petroleum) (Natural Gas) 1-5 - NGV (Natural Gas Vehicle) , - LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) , 1. (Geology) 2. 3. (Geophysics) (Seismic Wave) 4. 9. 2012____________________________________ (9) (LPG) C1-C4 C5-C7 C10-C19 C14-C19 C19-C35 320-385C < 30C 30-110C 250-340C 170-250C 65-170C > 350C > 500C C6-C12 C > C35 1. (Cracking Process) 500C C10H20 500C C8H16 + C2H6 2. (Reforming Process) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3CH CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 10. (10) __________________________________ 2012 3. (Alkylation Process) 42SOH C3CH 32 CHCH + 3CH 3CH CH 3CH CH3CH 3CH C2CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 2, 2, 4-- () 4. (Oligomerization Process) CH3 CH CH2 + CH3 CH 3CH CH CH CH3 CH3 CH 3CH CH2 CH 3CH CH CH CH3 (Octane Number) (iso-octane) C3CH 3CH 2CH 3CH CH 3CH 3CH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 2, 2, 4-- ( 100) 0 100 0 95 95 5 4--2- 4, 6--2- 11. 2012___________________________________ (11) - .. 2539 (MTBE) (ULG : Unlead Gasoline) 23CHCH 23CHCH Pb 32CHCH 32CHCH CH3 Pb 3CH CH3 3CH C3CH 3CH 3CH 3CHO (MTBE) (Cetane Number) (Diesel) (C16H34) 100 (C11H10) 0 100 0 CH3 (CH2)14 CH3 3CH ( 100) ( 0) (Diesohol) 99.5% 95% 12. (12) __________________________________ 2012 (Biodiesel) Transesterification 2CH O C O O C O 2CH O C O 33CH OH 2CH OH OHCH 2CH OH + CH 3R C O 3CHO + R R R (Liquefied Petroleum Gas : LPG) (Mercaptan) (CH3 SH) (C2H5 SH) ( + ) (Hydrocarbon Compounds) C H CH4, C2H6, C2H4 O, N, S, F, Cl, Br, I Alcohol Acid C 4 ( ) ( CnH2n+2) 2 C6H14(g) + 19 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) + 14 H2O(g) 13. 2012___________________________________ (13) ( H 2n+2) CO2 Br2 Br2 KMnO4 () Alkane (CnH2n+2) Alkene (CnH2n) Alkyne (CnH2n-2) Aromatic 14. (14) __________________________________ 2012 7. 1) 2) 3) 4) 8. 95 1) MTBE 2) 91 3) 95 5 4) 9. 3 () X Y Z 100 90 80 10 15 20 1) 83 2) 87 3) 91 4) 95 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 15. 2012___________________________________ (15) (Polymer) (Monomer) 1. 2. : PVC, PS, PE, PP : : 3. (Condensation Polymerization Reaction) : 1 6, 6 16. (16) __________________________________ 2012 NnH2 62 )(CH 2NH + nHO C O 42 )(CH C O OH NH 62 )(CH NH C O 42 )(CH C O n 6, 6 + O2nH2 NH C n + O2nH22CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH NH O C 2CH 2CH 2CH 2CH O 6C 6C (Addition Polymerization Reaction) : CHClCH2 C H H C Cl H n 4. (Homopolymer) : () (Copolymer) : 6, 6 () 17. 2012___________________________________ (17) 5. : 2 - (Thermoplastic) - (Thermosetting Plastic) : - (Natural Fiber) - (Semi-Synthetic Fiber) - (Synthetic Fiber) () : - (Isoprene) 1500 15000 2CH CC CH3 2CH H n (-) 18. (18) __________________________________ 2012 C5H8 CH3 CC 2CH H CH2 3 CC 2CH H2CH CH3 n (-) CH2CH C 2CH 3CH n CH2CH C 2CH 3CH n + 8S CH2CH C 3CH CH S CHCH2CH C 3CH + Sx)H(8 2- n - x = S - - ( CH2 CH CH CH2 )n nCH2 CH CH2 ( CH2 CH CH CH2 )n Butadiene Polybutadiene 19. 2012___________________________________ (19) C2CH CH 2CH n Cl - - - nCH2 CH CH CH2 + n CH CH2 ( CH2 CH CH CH2 CH CH2 )n 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) - 12. A A B B 1) H3C CH CH CH3 2) 32 CHCHCHCH 3CH 3) H2C CH CH CH2 4) 22 CHCCHCH Cl 20. (20) __________________________________ 2012 13. . 22 CHCCHCH Cl . 2CHCH Cl . RCH(NH2)COOH . CH2 CHCH3 1) ., . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 14. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 15. . . . . 1) . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., ., . . 21. 2012___________________________________ (21) R1(s) + R2(l) P1(g) + P2(aq) R P (s) = solid (l) = liquid (g) = gas (aq) = aqueous X C X C X mm(Hg) X UV UV ))) X (cat) X 2 1. (Endothermic Reaction) - : A + B + C + D - 2. (Exothermic Reacton) - : A + B C + D + - ( Collision Theory ) (Activation Energy) (Effective Collision) 22. (22) __________________________________ 2012 1 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 P = c(RT) 2.3 2.4 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 aA + bB cC + dD = - t [A] a 1 = - t [B] b 1 = t [C] c 1 = t [D] d 1 23. 2012___________________________________ (23) 16-18 2H2O2(aq) + B(s) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + B(s) / mol dm-3 H2O2 B O2 mol dm-3 s-1 1 2 3 2 10-3 4 10-3 2 10-3 1 10-3 1 10-3 0 0.24 10-3 0.48 10-3 1.00 10-6 16. 1) H2O2 2) H2O2 B 3) O2 4) 17. H2O2 1 1) 0.12 10-3 mol dm-3 s-1 2) 0.48 10-3 mol dm-3 s-1 3) 0.24 10-3 mol dm-3 s-1 4) 0.96 10-3 mol dm-3 s-1 18. B 1) O2 B 2) B 3) B 4) B H2O2 24. (24) __________________________________ 2012 19. NH2C(O)NH2(aq) + H2O(l) 2NH3(g) + 2CO2(g) . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 25. 2012___________________________________ (25) Dalton Rutherford Bohr (Niel Bohr) X = Z = (Atomic Number) (p) A = (Mass Number) (p) + (n) n = (Charge) (p) - (e) nA Z X 26. (26) __________________________________ 2012 1 2e- s 1 2e- p 3 6e- d 5 10e- f 7 14e- 1. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 2. [Ne] 3s2, 3p6, 3. 4. 2, 8, 18, 18, ... ( n ) 1s 2s 2p 27. 2012___________________________________ (27) 1. 2. (Valence) 8 3. 2, 8, 18 32 Li 3 B 5 Mg 12 K 19 As 33 () Sn 50 Cs 55 Rn 86 (Isotope) () () p n (= - p) e- C12 6 C13 6 C14 6 (Isotone) ( ) p n e- O18 8 F19 9 28. (28) __________________________________ 2012 (Isobar) () p n e- P30 15 Si30 14 (Isoelectronic) p n e- N14 7 + O16 8 1A-8A 29. 2012___________________________________ (29) 20. U235 92 1) 92 2) 235 3) 143 4) 143 21. 1) Aa x , Aa y 2) Aa x , Ab x 3) Aa x , Bb y 4) Aa x , Ba y 22. 1) -222 10 A 2) -320 11B 3) -235 15C 4) -429 12D 23. 28A 17B 53C 39D 56E 1) E, A B C, D 2) A B, C D, E 3) E B, C A, D 4) E, A B, C D 30. (30) __________________________________ 2012 H He 1 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uuo 87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 118 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 1. : () 2. : / = Fr = He 31. 2012___________________________________ (31) - - ( 3A-7A) - - ( + ) m.p. + b.p. ( ) ( + ) m.p. + b.p. () Li F Li+ F- 32. (32) __________________________________ 2012 ( + ) Bond 1 m.p. + b.p. ( ) C (Graphite, Diamond), SiO2 (, ) () T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T 7T 12.5 25.0 50.0 100.0 T t1/2 = F F2 33. 2012___________________________________ (33) Uuo-294 Ag-110 Fr-223 At-210 Cu-64 Hg-197 1.29 10-3 24 22 8.3 12.8 65 s s m h h h I-131 Ag-111 Zn-65 C-14 U-238 Th-232 3 7.5 245 5700 4.5 109 1.4 1010 d d d y y y s = m = h = d = y = C-14 5700 () 0 () 8.00 C-14 8 5 ______ ______ 1. 1.1 - 1 - + 4NH - - 3NO - - 3ClO - - 4ClO - CH3COO- - 7 Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+ 1.2 - OH-, O2-, S2- 1, 2 (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) - OH-, 2-, 3- CuSO4, CdSO4 - 2 -2 3CO , -2 4SO , -3 4PO MgSO4 34. (34) __________________________________ 2012 1.3 - - - Be, 3, - CCl4, NCl3 - - BeO, Al2O3 - SiO2 - - - 2. 2.1 CxHy + (x + 4 y ) O2 xCO2 + 4 y H2O 2.2 MgCO3 MgO + CO2 CaCO3 CaO + CO2 2.3 + (H+) H2(g) 2.4 -2 3CO - 3HCO + (H+) CO2(g) 2.5 + + 3. () Na - Ba - Cu - Sr - Ca - K - Cu+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Cr2+ Cr3+ Cr6+ Mn2+ Mn3+ Mn6+ Mn7+ F2 - () Cl2 - () Br2 - I2 - H2 - Ne - Hg - 35. 2012___________________________________ (35) 24. X 8 X 1) 17A 2) 56B 3) 13C 4) 20D 25. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., ., . . 26. A ACl2 A(OH)2 A 1) 3 IIA 2) 3 IIIA 3) 4 IB 4) 4 IIIB 27. X Y XO2 Y2O 0C 1000C X Y 1) C Cl 2) C Na 3) S Cl 4) S Be 28. 20.0 28 1.25 1) 28 2) 20 3) 12 4) 7 36. (36) __________________________________ 2012 . .. 2541 () .. 2545 (Dr.rer.nat.), Eberhard Karls Universitt Tbingen, 10/2548- 01/2552-12/2553 Marie Curie International Incoming Research Fellowship, Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 04/2545-07/2548 Postdoc (Postdoctoral researcher) Prof. Jonathan S. Lindsey, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 04/2542-02/2545 ( German Academic Exchange Service DAAD) Institute of Organic Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universitt Tbingen, Tbingen, 05/2540-07/2541 , 03/2540-05/2540 , ( () ) 37. 2012___________________________________ (37) Chemistry for Engineering, International School of Engineering, , , I, 4: Brand Summer Camp 2550 .. 2540 (.) .. 2541 .. 2542-.. 2545 German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) .. 2552-.. 2553 Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship .. 2552 (Young Chemist Award) 42nd IUPAC Congress Young Observer 45th IUPAC General Assembly Glasgow 38. (38) __________________________________ 2012 NaCl Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- 6 Cl- Na+ 6 Na+ Cl- 1 : 1 CaF2 Ca2+ F- 8 F- Ca2+ 4 Ca2+ F- 1 : 2 IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Li+ H+ H- N3- O2- F- Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ P3- S2- Cl- K+ Ca2+ Ga3+ As3- Se2- Br- Rb+ Sr2+ In3+ Sn2+ Sn4+ Sb3- Te2- l- Cs+ Ba2+ 1 Cr2+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Mn3+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Co2+ Co3+ Cu+ Cu2+ Tl3+ Pb2+ Pb4+ Bi3+ 39. 2012___________________________________ (39) (-) kJ496H3 = kJ411NaCl(s)H ][f = 1 kJ107H1 =(g)Cl2 1Na(s) 2+ kJ122H2 =(g)Cl2 1Na(g) 2+ Na(g) + Cl(g) 3 - eCl(g)(g)Na ++ + kJ349H4 =4 (g)Cl(g)Na - + + kJ787H5 =5 NaCl(s) 2 + + + - - - 1 1 CaBr2 Ca(s) + Br2(l) CaBr2(s) . Br2(l) 2Br(g) . Ca2+(g) + 2Br-(g) CaBr2(s) . Ca(g) + Br2(g) Ca(g) + Br2(g) . Ca(g) + 2Br(g) Ca2+(g) + 2Br(g) + 2e- 1) . . 2) . . *3) . . 4) . 2 Ca(s) + 2 1 O2(g) CaO(s) 1) 2) Ca *3) 4) 40. (40) __________________________________ 2012 3 Na(s) + 2 1 X2(g) NaX(s) X = 17Cl 35Br 53I 1) NaCl < NaBr < NaI 2) X 53I *3) NaX Na+(g) X-(g) 4) 1 Na+(g) + X-(g) NaX(s) + 4 *1) 2) 3) 4) 5 X XO2 1s2 2s2 2p5 1) X 2) X 2 *3) X 88 4) X 6 NaNO3(s) 1) NaNO3(s) Na+(g) + - 3NO (g) 2) Na+(g) Na+(aq) 3) - 3NO (g) - 3NO (aq) *4) NaNO3(g) Na+(g) + - 3NO (g) 41. 2012___________________________________ (41) 7 I II 1) NaCl AgNO3 Kl Na2CO3 2) Ca(OH)2 Pb(NO3)2 Li2SO4 MgCl2 3) BaCl2 Na2SO4 NH4CN Na2HPO4 *4) AgNO3 KBr Mg HCl 8 A, B C AgNO3, Na2SO4, Na2CO3 Na2HPO4 Cl2 CCl4 Br2 CCl4 AgNO3 Na2SO4 Na2CO3 Na2HPO4 Cl2 CCl4 Br2 CCl4 A B C A, B C A B C 1) MgBr2 CaO SrCl2 2) NH4Cl BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 3) MgCl2 Sr(NO3)2 (NH4)2S *4) MgI2 CaBr2 Ba(NO3)2 2 8 42. (42) __________________________________ 2012 74 pm* (kJ/mol) H (pm) H HH 436kJ/mol 9 1) ClF + F2 ClF3 2) PF3 + F2 PF5 3) SF2 + F2 SF4 *4) SiF4 + F2 SiF6 10 ( Ca = 20, N = 7, H = 1, O = 8, C = 6, Ba = 56, S = 16) *1) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) 2) NH3(g) + H2O(l) + 4NH (aq) + OH-(aq) 3) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) 4) Ba(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H+(aq) + - 32NO (aq) 11 X VA Y VIIA X2(g) Y2(g) 960 240 kJ/mol X2(g) Y2(g) XY3 X2Y4 () () () () X2(g) + Y2(g) XY3(g) () X2(g) + Y2(g) X2Y4(g) () () 1 mol 600 1540 kJ X - X X - Y kJ/mol X - X (kJ/mol) X - Y (kJ/mol) 1) 320 665 2) 340 600 *3) 1060 480 4) 1460 380 43. 2012___________________________________ (43) AB2 2 2 0 Linear HgCl2, BeCl2(g), CO2, HCN AB3 3 3 0 Trigonal planar BF3, BCl3, BH3, SO3 AB2 3 2 1 Bent SnCl2, SO2, - 2NO AB4 4 4 0 Tetrahedral CH4, SiCl4, POCl3 AB3 4 3 1 Trigonal pyramidal NH3, PF3 AB2 4 2 2 Bent H2O, + 2ICl , OF2, BrO2, SCl2 AB5 5 5 0 Trigonal bipyramidal PF5, PCl5, SbF5, - 23FIO AB4 5 4 1 Distorted tetrahedral SF4, + 4IF AB3 5 3 2 T-shape CIF3, BrF3 AB2 5 2 3 Linear - 3I , - 2ICl , XeF2 44. (44) __________________________________ 2012 AB6 6 6 0 Octahedral SF6, - 6PF AB5 6 5 1 Square pyramidal IF5, BrF5, XeOF4 AB4 6 4 2 Square planar XeF4, - 4BrF 12 C H H C H N C O c b a HH H OH a, b c () a b c 1) 106 109 90 *2) 106 109 120 3) 120 90 90 4) 120 90 120 180 120 109.5 109.5 13 O C C O H O H H c d CH a b 1) a 2) b 3) c *4) d 45. 2012___________________________________ (45) 14 ( Be = 4, F = 9, C = 6, O = 8, H = 1, S = 16, Cl = 17, Xe = 54) 1) BeF2, CO2 *2) H2F+, BeCl2 3) BeH2, O3 4) SO2, XeF2 15 1) - 3I 2) SCN- *3) XeO2 4) XeF2 16 1) CCl4 + 4NH XeF4 2) BF3 NH3 PCl3 3) BrF5 PCl5 IF5 *4) H2O SO2 O3 17 ( Be = 4, Br = 35, H = 1, O = 8, C = 6, Cl = 17, S = 16, N = 7) 1) BeBr2 H2O *2) CCl4 -2 4SO 3) + 4NH CH3Cl 4) CO2 H2S 18 *1) NF3 2) SO3 3) - 3NO 4) B(C6F5)3 19 A, D, E, G, J, X, Y Z 2-5 2 A X Y 3 D 4 E G J Z 5 1) E, G J 2) X Y Y Z 3) AY DZ *4) X Z Y Z 5 7 1 6 7 2 46. (46) __________________________________ 2012 20 *1) NH3 H2O 2) CO CO2 3) C2H2 C2H4 4) CCl4 CBr4 N HH H O H H C O O C O C CH H C CH H H H 1. (Non-polar covalent bond) - 2. (Polar covalent bond) - + ( ) + - H - Cl (Covalent molecule) 1. (Non-polar molecule) N2, BeCl2, SiH4, PCl5, SF6 2. (Polar molecule) H2O, PCl3 Boiling point (C) Boiling point (C) -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 SH2 TeH2 SeH2 OH2 20 40 60 80100 120 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 4CH 3AsH 4SiH 20 40 60 80100 120 HF 3PH HCl 3NH 3SbH HI 4SnH 4GeH HBr Molecular weight Molecular weight IV A VII A 47. 2012___________________________________ (47) 21 1) CHCl3 H2O CS2 *2) CCl4 CO2 BF3 3) PCl5 SO2 BeCl2 4) NH3 HCl CO2 22 77C 1) 2) 3) *4) 23 (a) AaFb (b) BcFd (c) CeFf (d) DgFh A = 1, B = 7, C = 8, D = 15, F = 9 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h *1) (a) > (d) > (b) > (c) 2) (a) > (d) > (c) > (b) 3) (d) > (b) > (a) > (c) 4) (d) > (c) > (b) > (a) H2O HF NH3 24 1) SiCl4 XeF4 + 4NH HF 2) KBr Cl2O PH3 H2S 3) SF6 PCl5 SO2 H2O *4) MgO BF3 O3 NH3 25 . . . . . ZnS . (SiO2) *1) ., . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 48. (48) __________________________________ 2012 26-29 3 FF Xe F F Xe 1 1 S O 1 3 26 1) O C O *2) H H N H H + 3) 4) 27 *1) Cl Be Cl 2) Cl Cl Cl B 3) Cl ClCl Cl C 4) Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl P Cl Cl Cl O S H H O 49. 2012___________________________________ (49) 28 XeF4 2 1) 1 2) 2 *3) 4 4) 8 29 *1) F F S F F F F S 2) F F F FF F S F F S 3) F F F F S F F F F F F S 4) 1. 2. 3. 4. 30 . . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . *4) ., . . 50. (50) __________________________________ 2012 31 *1) 2) 3) 4) 32 (CH4) ( ) 1) C H H H H 2) HH C HH *3) H HH H C 4) C H H HH 51. 2012___________________________________ (51) C-12 12 6.02 1023 1 = 22.4 dm3 STP = () = 22.4 STP)(dm 3 = 23106.02 1 - Y 3 4 -12 - X 2 14X 15X - 14X = 14.00 = 99.6 15X = 15.00 XY 6.02 1023 1 = 12 1 C-12 1 Y 3 = 3 Y 12 1 C-12 1 3 Y 12 1 = 4 Y = 16 X = 100 15(0.4)14(99.6) + = 100 61394.4 + = 14.004 XY = 14 + 16 = 30 gXY = 2 106.02 23 XY XY106.02 gXY30 23 = 15 g 2 B-10 1 *1) 1.66 10-23 2) 6.02 10-23 3) 1.66 10-24 4) 6.02 10-24 52. (52) __________________________________ 2012 3 6.02 1020 STP (N = 14, O = 16) *1) 0.046 0.022 2) 0.092 0.045 3) 0.460 0.224 4) 0.920 0.448 4 Mg3(PO4)2 P a (Mg = 24, P = 31, O = 16) *1) 2.18 10-22 a 2) 4.36 10-22 a 3) 131 a 4) 293 a Mg3(PO4)2 = 262 P 2 Mg3(PO4)2 1 P 2 6.02 1023 Mg3(PO4)2 262 P a Mg3(PO4)2 23106.022 a262 1. 100 (pph), (ppm), (ppb) A = A () () 100 A = A () () 100 / A = A () () 100 2. , , = (m) = (kg) (mol) = (M) = L)(dm (mol) 3 A = (mol) (mol)A A = A 100 53. 2012___________________________________ (53) 1. mol = 1000 MV = mol 2. M1V1 = M2V2 5 1) 50 *2) 100 3) 3 4) (Volumetric pipette) 25 6 Graduated pipette ( 0.1 ) 10 5 1) 5 *2) 10 5 3) 5 4) 5 7 (HNO3) 0.12 50 63% 1.20 / (H = 1, N = 14, O = 16) *1) 0.5 2) 5 3) 10 4) 12 8 100 10 / TiSO4 (O = 16, S = 32, Ti = 48) 1) 3 10-1 2) 3 10-2 *3) 3 10-3 4) 3 10-4 9 H2SO4 0.9 250 H2SO4 98 H2SO4 1.80 / (H = 1, O = 16, S = 32) 1) 6.3 *2) 12.5 3) 18.0 4) 25.0 54. (54) __________________________________ 2012 10 NaBr a b g/cm3 50.0 cm3 250.0 cm3 (Na = 23, Br = 80) 1) 103 ba M 2) 103 ba m *3) 103 ba2 M 4) 103 ba2 m M1V1 = M2V2 103 ba10 50 = M2 250 M2 = 103 ba2 mol/dm3 11 HCl 0.40 500 HCl 0.10 500 HCl 0.20 500 1) HCl 0.40 200 HCl 0.10 300 2) HCl 0.40 300 HCl 0.10 200 *3) HCl 0.40 200 HCl 0.10 200 100 4) HCl 0.40 200 HCl 0.10 100 200 MV = M1V1 + M2V2 0.2 500 = (0.4 200) + (0.1 200) 12 1) 2) *3) 4) 55. 2012___________________________________ (55) 1. 2. 3. (mol/kg) 4. (mol/kg) Tb = Kbm = Kb 2 1 WMw 1000W Tf = Kfm = Kf 2 1 WMw 1000W Tb = Tf = m = Kb = Kf = W1 = () W2 = () Mw = 56. (56) __________________________________ 2012 13 A 1.5 B 100 cm3 5.021C B = 0.9 g/cm3 = 5.533 C Kf = 5.12 C/m A = 300 B = 250 *1) 1.00 2) 1.25 3) 2.00 4) 2.50 B x mol A = 300 1.5 = 0.005 mol B = 250 x Tf = Kf 2 1 WMw 1000W 5.533 - 5.021 = 5.12 + 250 x0.005 0.9100 1000 B = 1 14 4 0.001 1 kg 1) NaCl *2) CaCl2 3) C6H12O6 4) CH3COOH 15 (mol/kg) (C) A - 80.0 B - 75.5 X A 0.5 81.5 Y B 1.5 78.5 X B 2 mol/kg Y A 1 mol/kg (3.5C) 16 80.6C (XmYn) 0.51 10.2 78.9C XmYn ( Kf = 6.80C kg/mol X = 100, Y = 50) 1) XY *2) XY2 3) X2Y 4) XY3 57. 2012___________________________________ (57) Tf = Kf 2 1 WMw 1000W 80.6 - 78.9 = 6.8 10.2Mw 10000.51 A = 100A 17 Na2XH20O14 1.5 X 15.2 X (Na = 23, H = 1, O = 16) 1) 45.0 *2) 52.0 3) 59.1 4) 62.6 X = 100X 15.2 = 14(16)20(1)X2(23) 100X +++ X = 51.98 18 hexachlorophene Cl 6 Cl a hexachlorophene (Cl = 35.5) *1) a 100635.5 2) a 1006106.0235.5 23 3) 100 a635.5 4) 100 a6106.0235.5 23 - 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 58. (58) __________________________________ 2012 O2 NO O2 NO O2 : NO = 1 : 2 - 19 O2 20 300 SO2 4 ( = 0.082 atm L mol-1 K-1) 1) 0.154 2) 0.769 3) 76.875 *4) 153.750 = 100 20 NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(g) () NH3 a O2 a NO (N = 14, H = 1, O = 16) *1) 0.75 a 2) a 3) 1.25 a 4) 1.76 a 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) O2 2Omol NOmol = 5 4 mol NO = 5 4 mol O2 NO = 5 4 mol O2 30 59. 2012___________________________________ (59) 21 Ag2CO3 (Ag = 108) Ag2CO3(s) Ag(s) + CO2(g) + O2(g) ... () Ag2CO3 3.36 dm3 STP 1) 16.2 *2) 21.6 3) 32.4 4) 41.1 2Ag2CO3(s) 4Ag(s) + 2CO2(g) + O2(g) mol Agmol = 3 4 mol Ag = 3 4 mol Ag = 3 4 mol 108 22 1 O2 O2 (Na = 23, Mg = 24, K = 39, Ca = 40) 1) Na *2) Mg 3) K 4) Ca Na2O, MgO, K2O CaO = 62, 40, 94, 56 23 1.0 (NH4)2C2O4 CaC2O4 2.56 1) 20 2) 40 3) 60 *4) 80 CaC2O4 = 128 CaC2O4 128 g Ca 40 g CaC2O4 2.56 g Ca 128 2.5640 = 0.8 g 1.0 0.8 100 = 80 24 10 Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O BaSO4 BaS 3.38 Ba (Ba = 137, S = 32, O = 16) 1) 2.7 2) 13.7 *3) 27.4 4) 34.2 BaS = 137 + 32 = 169 BaS 3.38 Ba 169 137 3.38 = 2.74 Ba 10 2.74 100 = 27.4 444 3444 21 mol3 60. (60) __________________________________ 2012 25 Zn(OH)2 HBr 0.550 mol/dm3 400 cm3 NaOH 0.500 mol/dm3 NaOH a cm3 Zn(OH)2 (Zn = 65, O = 16, H = 1) 1) 10.89 - a 0.025 *2) 10.89 - 0.025 a 3) 21.78 - a 0.050 4) 21.78 - 0.050 a Zn(OH)2 + 2HBr ZnBr2 + 2H2O ...(1) HBr + NaOH NaBr + H2O ...(2) 2 ; mol HBr = mol NaOH = 1000 a0.5 1 ; mol HBr = 1000 4000.55 - 1000 0.5a mol Zn(OH)2 = 1000 0.5a 1000 4000.55 2 1 - Zn(OH)2 = mol 26 MgCO3(s) MgO(s) CO2 (g) MgCO3(s) MgO(s) 16.00 11.60 MgCO3(s) (Mg = 24, C = 12, O = 16) 1) 4.4 2) 5.9 3) 7.6 *4) 8.4 27 0.620 HCl H3PO4 Mg2+ + 4NH MgNH4PO4 6H2O Mg2P2O7 0.222 (Mg = 24, P = 31, O = 16) 1) 5 *2) 10 3) 15 4) 20 Mg2P2O7 = 222 28 Zn2+ 0.4 Zn 13 HCl Zn HCl (Zn = 65) 1) 0.4 500 2) 0.8 1000 *3) 1.2 500 4) 61. 2012___________________________________ (61) 29 AX2 A () AX2 + O2 AO3 + XO2 AO3 + H2 A + H2O AX2 1600 g 560 g 120 g A ( X = 32, A = 96) 480 g 30 2 N2 3 3 O2 5 1.2 1) NO2 2) NO3 3) N2O4 *4) N2O5 31 (C9H8O4) (C7H6O3) (C4H6O3) 2 C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 2 C9H8O4 + H2O 1.02 (H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) 1) 0.69 0.90 2) 1.38 1.80 *3) 2.76 3.60 4) 2.76 7.20 (C4H6O3) = 102 (C7H6O3) = 138 (C9H8O4) = 180 = 102 1.02 = 0.01 = (2 0.01) 138 = 2.76 g = (2 0.01) 180 = 3.60 g 32 A 18 X Y X Ca(OH)2 80.0 Y 50.0 68.0 A ( Ca = 40, C = 12, H = 1, O = 16) 1) C2H5O2 *2) C4H10O2 3) C6H15O4 4) C8H20O2 62. (62) __________________________________ 2012 33 P4 + Cl2(g) D(g) + E(g) 2 E 4.17 D 8.25 -100C 6.00 P4 ( P = 31, Cl = 35.5) *1) 2.48 2) 4.96 3) 7.44 4) 9.92 34 H2SO4 NaCl 1.000 dm3 20.00 cm3 Na2CO3 4.000 10-2 M Na2CO3 25.00 cm3 NaCl ( Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, H = 1, S = 32, O = 16) 1) 2.925 *2) 5.850 3) 8.775 4) 11.70 35 0.3375 KOH 1.400 mol/dm3 25.00 cm3 H2SO4 9.000 mol/dm3 10.00 cm3 KOH 20% (KAl(SO4)2 12H2O) H = 1, O = 16, Al = 27, S = 32, K = 39 1) 2.580 2) 3.225 *3) 4.740 4) 5.925 63. 2012___________________________________ (63) 36-37 X+(aq) + Cl-(aq) XCl(aq) 2X+(aq) + O2-(aq) X2O(s) Y2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) YCl2(s) Y2+(aq) + O2-(aq) YO(s) Z3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq) ZCl3(aq) 2Z3+(aq) + 3O2-(aq) Z2O3(s) 36 Cl- X+, Y2+ / Z3+ O2- 1) X+ *2) Y2+ 3) Z3+ 4) X+ Y2+ 37 1) O2- 1 30 Z3+ 20 Z3+ 1 2) Z3+ *3) Y2+ 4) 2) 3) 64. (64) __________________________________ 2012 = = 2A + 3B 4C = - 2 1 t [A] = - 3 1 t [B] = 4 1 t [C] 1 2A(aq) B(aq) A (t) [A] = 4 - t 4 *1) 0.125 2) 0.250 3) 0.375 4) 0.500 2 A(aq) 2B(aq) A (t) [A] = 4 - t2 B 1 1) 1 2) 2 *3) 4 4) 8 65. 2012___________________________________ (65) 3 N2O4 N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) (atm) (s) N2O4 NO2 0.0 0.050 0.000 20.0 0.033 A 40.0 B 0.050 60.0 0.020 C A, B C A B C 1) 0.025 0.028 0.075 *2) 0.034 0.025 0.060 3) 0.040 0.026 0.060 4) 0.045 0.030 0.075 1. Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s) -2 32OS (aq) + 2H+(aq) H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s) = 2. 3. E 12 TT > 1T 2T 66. (66) __________________________________ 2012 4. (II) H2O2 4 1) *2) 3) 4) 5 R(s) P(s) 2 ( A B) R (t) B A *1) A B 2) A B 3) B 4) R B 67. 2012___________________________________ (67) (E) Ea2 Ea1 Ea Ea+c Ea > Ea+c Ea (E) Ea (E) Ea Ea1 = Ea2 = Ea = Ea+c = 68. (68) __________________________________ 2012 6 A + B C + D *1) 2) 3) x + y 4) y 7 A + B X C + D I II 1) I II 2) *3) II 4) X A B (E) A + B C+D [A +B C+D]* y x 69. 2012___________________________________ (69) 8-9 (t) (E) D C A B 8 *1) B 2) 3) 2 B + D 4) 2 A - C 9 1) A 2) C 3) A - (B + C) *4) A - (B + D) 10 Zn 1.3 HCl 0.5 40 H2 2.24 STP HCl 1) 2 10-4 2) 2 10-3 *3) 5 10-3 4) 5 10-2 11 A B A + 2B 3C + 4D A 1 B 2 1 10 C 3 1) A 10 0.1 *2) B 10 2.0 3) C 10 0.3 4) C 1 B 0.67 70. (70) __________________________________ 2012 12 HCl 0.1 mol/dm3 100 cm3 - x 4 3 HCl x . HCl 0.1 mol/dm3 100 cm3 . HCl 0.1 mol/dm3 50 cm3 . HCl 0.2 mol/dm3 50 cm3 ., . . *1) 1, 5 2 2) 2, 5 1 3) 2, 1 3 4) 1, 3 2 13 A + B E; H = -700 kJ 3 1 A + B 2C; H = -500 kJ, Ea = 1,000 kJ 2 2C D; H = X kJ, Ea = 500 kJ 3 D E; H = Y kJ, Ea = 600 kJ A B = 1,000 kJ D = 700 kJ X Y 1) 200 400 2) -200 -400 3) -200 400 *4) 200 -400 14 A2(g) + 2B2(g) 2AB2(g) 1 B2 A2 2 1 B2 . A2 . B2 2 . A2 . B2 1) . . *2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 1 2 3 4 5 0 71. 2012___________________________________ (71) 15 A B C 1 A + 2B 2C () A () B () C ( 1 ) 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.20 0.04 0.20 0.20 0.08 B 1.00 1 A A 1) 0.50 2) 2.50 *3) 5.00 4) 10.00 16-17 () [A] (M) [B] (M) [C] (M) [D] (M) 1 2 0 2 4 0 2 4 10 8 6 20 16 12 10 7 4 20 14 8 0 2 4 0 4 8 0 4 8 0 8 16 16 1) A + B C + D *2) 2A + 3B 2C + 4D 3) 3A + 2B 2C + 4D 4) 3A + 2B 4C + 2D 17 [A]t=0 = [B]t=0 = 40 M [C]t=0 = [D]t=0 = 10 M [C] = 34 M 1) 2 2) 4 *3) 6 4) 10 72. (72) __________________________________ 2012 - , HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4 H2SO4 LiOH, NaOH, KOH Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 1 1) *2) 3) 4) , - 1. - HCl OH2 H+ + Cl- NaOH OH2 Na+ + OH- 2. -- 3. - - HA(aq) + B(aq) (aq)A(aq)HB -+ + 1 2 2 1 73. 2012___________________________________ (73) aK C > 103 [H3O+] = CKa % = C Ka 100 bK C > 103 [OH-] = CKb % = C Kb 100 2 ( C ) *1) C 1 2) Ka 3) C 1 H+ 4) pH pKa 3 1) HClO > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4 *2) HlO4 > HlO3 > HBrO3 > HClO3 3) H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te 4) 4 Ka - 4HSO 1.2 10-2 HNO2 4.5 10-4 CH3COOH 1.8 10-5 + 4NH 6.0 10-10 1) -2 4SO > - 2NO > CH3COO- > NH3 *2) NH3 > CH3COO- > - 2NO > -2 4SO 3) H2SO4 > - 2NO > CH3COO- > +2 5NH 4) +2 5NH > CH3COO- > - 2NO > H2SO4 5 4 A, B, C D H3O+ 1.5 10-3, 6.5 10-4, 4.0 10-5 5.5 10-6 pKa 1) A > B > C > D A 2) A > B > C > D D 3) D > C > B > A A *4) D > C > B > A D 74. (74) __________________________________ 2012 Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 10-14 25C pH pH = -log [H3O+] [H3O+] = A 10-B mol/dm3 pH = B - log A pH + pOH = 14 25C 6 HCl 0.10 1.10 / 100 pH (H = 1, Cl = 35.5, log 3 = 0.4771) *1) 1.52 2) 2.48 3) 2.52 4) 3.48 mol/dm3 = M dx10 [H3O+] = 36.5 0.11.110 = 0.03 = 3 10-2 mol/dm3 pH = 2 - log 3 7 HA 0.1 pH 3.0 HA 100 900 pH 1) 2.5 *2) 3.5 3) 4.0 4) 4.5 pH HA = 3 [H3O+] = 10-3 mol/dm3 [H3O+] = CKa C = a 2 3 K ]O[H + M1V1 = M2V2 a 23 K ][10- 100 = a 2 3 K ]O[H + (100 + 900) 75. 2012___________________________________ (75) 8 H2A 0.10 pH 4.5 A2- 10-12 Ka1 Ka2 1) 100,000 *2) 10,000 3) 1,000 4) 100 9 HA 0.1 pH 5.0 x Ka 10 Ka HA x 0.01 pH 1) 3 2) 4 *3) 5 4) 6 10 HCl pH = 4 400 cm3 HNO3 pH = 2 100 cm3 pH ( log 2 = 0.301 log 3 = 0.477) 1) 2.3 *2) 2.7 3) 3.0 4) 3.3 [HCl] = 1 10-4 mol/dm3 [HNO3] = 1 10-2 mol/dm3 MV = M1V1 + M2V2 M 500 = (1 10-4 400) + (1 10-2 100) 11 pH 1) OH- 0.002 200 cm3 pH 12 *2) (HA) Ka = 1.0 10-7 0.001 mol/dm3 1000 cm3 pH 6.5 3) HCl pH 2.0 100 cm3 900 cm3 pH 3.0 4) HNO3 0.63 100 cm3 pH HCl 0.1 mol/dm3 500 cm3 [H3O+] = CKa = 37 10101 -- = 10-5 mol/dm3 pH = -log [H3O+] 12 1) - 3HSO -2 3SO - 3HSO H2SO3 2) H3PO4 > - 42POH > -2 4HPO *3) CH3NH2 (Kb = 4 10-4) C6H5NH2 (Kb = 4 10-10) 4) NaHCO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + NaOH + H2O NaHCO3 Kw = Ka Kb HA 76. (76) __________________________________ 2012 - HIn(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + In-(aq) 13 (Cresol red) NH3 0.20 - pH 7.2-8.8 NH3 Kb = 2.0 10-5, log 5 = 0.699 1) 2) *3) 4) [OH-] = CKb = 0.2102.0 5 - = 2 10-3 mol/dm3 [H3O+] = 5 10-12 mol/dm3 pH = 12 - log 5 14 HIn HIn pH 4.0 20 cm3 NaOH 0.01 mol/dm3 40 cm3 pH pH = (pKa - 1) (pKa + 1) - pH 5.0 ( log 2 = 0.3) 1) *2) 3) 4) 15 X pH X - - - - - 3.1-4.4 4.4-6.2 5.0-8.0 6.0-7.6 6.8-8.4 X pH 1) 4.4-6.2 *2) 4.4-5.0 3) 5.0-6.0 4) 6.8-7.6 77. 2012___________________________________ (77) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) 2H2O(l) H3O+ OH- + - + NaClO4 KNO3 + NH4Cl NH4NO3 + NaHCO3 K2CO3 + NH4NO2 NH4Cl CH3COONH4 NH4CN (NH4)2CO3 Ka > Kb Ka = Kb Ka < Kb 16 *1) CH3COONa NaCN KNO2 2) NaCl NaCN KNO2 3) NH4Cl CH3COONa CH3COONH4 4) NaCN NH4Cl KNO2 17 - 1) NaH + H2O NaOH + H2 2) Na + H2O NaOH + H2 3) Co2+ + H2O [Co(H2O)6]2+ *4) 1 18 1) 0.10 M NaOH + 0.10 M HCl *2) 0.10 M KCN + 0.10 M HCl 3) 0.10 M NaOH + 0.10 M HCN 4) 0.10 M KCN + 0.10 M NH4OH 19 1) 0.50 HCN 200 + 0.50 NH3 200 2) 0.20 HCl 200 + 0.10 NaOH 400 *3) 0.40 HNO3 100 + 0.10 NH3 400 4) 0.10 CH3COOH 200 + 0.20 NaOH 100 78. (78) __________________________________ 2012 20 CO2 1) H2CO3 2) NaHCO3 3) HCl + CaCO3 *4) Na2CO3 + CaCl2 - 1. H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 2. HCl + NaOH 21 - 1) 2) *3) 4) 22 - 1 1) *2) 3) 50 20 4) 23 20.00 0.500 2 19.95 19.80 1) 2 *2) 3 3) 4 4) 5 79. 2012___________________________________ (79) 24-26 Na2S2O3 1. KIO3 0.015 25 2. H2SO4 KI 1 3. Na2S2O3 2 - 3I 1 - 3IO + I- - 3I 2 -2 32OS + - 3I -2 64OS + I- () () 1 0.20 12.65 2 12.70 25.25 24 1) 50 *2) 100 3) 250 4) 500 25 Na2S2O3 1) 9.65 *2) 9.75 3) 10.25 4) 10.35 26 Na2S2O3 1) 0.030 2) 0.060 *3) 0.180 4) 0.240 10.0 80. (80) __________________________________ 2012 27-28 KMnO4 KMnO4 KMnO4 () 0.05 0.200 0.15 0.225 0.25 0.375 0.40 0.600 0.50 0.750 0.75 0.850 1.00 0.900 KMnO4 3 KMnO4 A 0.300 B 0.630 C 0.825 27 B KMnO4 *1) 0.42 2) 0.45 3) 0.48 4) 0.58 28 1) A 2) B *3) C 4) A C 29 (HA) a Ka b *1) pH -log (ab) 2) H3O+ a 4ab)(bb 2 ++- 3) OH- a 101.0 14- 4) 25.00 cm3 NaOH 0.20 NaOH 250 a cm3 81. 2012___________________________________ (81) [H3O+] = CKa = (ab) pH = -log [H3O+] = -log (ab) 30 H2SO4 NaOH H2SO4 H2SO4 NaOH NaOH 0.1 mol/dm3 H2SO4 mol/dm3 *1) 0.05 2) 0.1 3) 0.2 4) 0.4 31 Ba(OH)2 25.00 HCl 0.10 () 1 1.00 40.95 2 2.00 42.05 Ba(OH)2 *1) 0.08 2) 0.13 3) 0.16 4) 0.25 32 20 NaOH 1.0 5.0 NaOH H2CO3 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + 2H2O 1) 0.78 2) 1.55 *3) 7.75 4) 15.50 0 )(cmSOH 3 42 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 )NaOH(cm3 82. (82) __________________________________ 2012 33 2.00 0.1 M 6.0 *1) 18 2) 9 3) 5 4) 3 34 KOH 0.15 mol/dm3 80.00 cm3 HA 25.00 cm3 HCl 0.20 mol/dm3 HCl 22.50 cm3 HA 1) 0.15 2) 0.20 3) 0.25 *4) 0.30 KOH + HA KA + H2O KOH + HCl KCl + H2O mol KOH HA = 1000 800.15 - 1000 22.50.2 mol HA = 0.012 - 0.0045 = 0.0075 HA = 0.0075 25 1000 = 0.3 M 35 NH3 25.0 cm3 HCl 0.1 mol/dm3 40.0 cm3 HCl NaOH 0.05 mol/dm3 20.0 cm3 NH3 1) 0.08 *2) 0.12 3) 0.26 4) 0.35 36 2 H2SO4 0.1 60 HCl 0.2 50 NaOH 0.4 1) 40 2) 45 3) 50 *4) 55 37 0.1 mol/dm3 200 cm3 0.20 mol/dm3 250 cm3 pH = 12 ( 2.55 dm3) 38 10-6 0.02 NaOH pK1 1) 6 2) 8 *3) 9 4) 10 39 H2SO4 CaCO3 CO2 1.0 dm3 CO2 1.1 g/dm3 pH (Ka H2CO3 = 4.0 10-7, H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) 1) 3.0 *2) 4.0 3) 5.0 4) 6.0 83. 2012___________________________________ (83) 40 (KC8H5O4) 2.04 100.00 cm3 25.00 cm3 NaOH NaOH 20.00 cm3 NaOH 25.00 cm3 NaOH 20.00 cm3 pH NaOH cm3 pH 4.263 ( 1 , pKa = 4.74, H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, K = 39, log2 = 0.301, log3 = 0.477) *1) 5.000 2) 10.00 3) 15.00 4) 20.00 pH 1. CH3COOH + CH3COONa, H3PO4 + NaH2PO4 pH = pKa - log [] [] 2. NH3 + NH4Cl pOH = pKb - log [] [] 3. + (-) NaH2PO4 + Na2HPO4, NaHCO3 + Na2CO3 41 - 1) *2) 3) 4) 42 HCl 0.30 NH3 0.20 4 () HCl 0.30 NH3 0.20 1) 200 300 2) 200 100 3) 200 200 *4) 100 200 84. (84) __________________________________ 2012 43 HCN Ka = 5.0 10-10 HCN 0.005 500 HCN(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + CN-(aq) KCN 0.005 pH 1) 6.8 2) 7.2 3) 8.5 *4) 9.3 44 (CH3COOH) 0.2 15.00 NaOH 0.1 20.00 ( Ka CH3COOH 25C = 1.8 10-5, log 0.5 = -0.301, log 1.5 = 0.176, log 1.8 = 0.255) 1) pH 3.150 2) pH 4.921 *3) pH 5.046 4) pH 8.751 85. 2012___________________________________ (85) CuSO4 Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) 1 1) 2K2CrO4 + 2HCl K2Cr2O7 + 2KCl + H2O *2) 2CuSO4 + 4KCN Cu2(CN)2 + 2K2SO4 + (CN)2 3) [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 + BaCl2 [Co(NH3)5Br]Cl2 + BaSO4 4) Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 8NaOH 2Na2ZnO2 + Na4[Fe(CN)6] + 4H2O 2 a CaCr2O7 + b H3PO4 + c AlBr3 d Ca3(PO4)2 + e CrPO4 + f AlPO4 + g H2O + h Br2 a = 3 h 1) 3 2) 5 3) 7 *4) 9 3 a b a Fe2+(aq) + b - 4MnO (aq) + H+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + H2O(l) + Mn2+(aq) 1) 1 5 2) 2 5 *3) 5 1 4) 5 2 1. 2. 3. 86. (86) __________________________________ 2012 - O H2O - H H+ - OH- - O H2O 4 X Y X Y - 4aXO (aq) + -2 3bYO (aq) 2cXO (s) + -2 4dYO (aq) 1) a + b = 5 2) OH- 3) - 4XO -2 3YO *4) 5 -2 3YO + 2OH- -2 4YO + H2O + 2e- - 4XO + 2H2O + 3e- XO2 + 4OH- - 42XO + -2 33YO + H2O 22XO (s) + -2 43YO + 2OH- ZnSO4 1 mol/dm3 Zn(s) Pt(s) H2(1 atm) HCl 1 mol/dm3 0.76 V e- e- Zn(s)|Zn2+(aq, 1 mol/dm3)||H+(aq, 1 mol/dm3)|H2(g, 1 atm)|Pt(s) Mg(s)|Mg2+(aq, 1 M)||Fe3+(aq, 1 M), Fe2+(aq, 1 M)|Pt(s) o E o E o E = o E - o E 87. 2012___________________________________ (87) 5 Ni(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Ni2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) 1) Ni(s) | Ag+(aq) || Ni2+(aq) | Ag(s) 2) Ag(s)| Ag+(aq) || Ni2+(aq) | Ni(s) 3) Ag(s) Ni2+(aq) *4) Ag(s) Ni(s)| Ni2+(aq)|| Ag+(aq)| Ag(s) 6 E A B C D H E (V) 1 C2+ + 2D2+ C + 2D3+ -0.91 2 C2+ + B C + B2+ -0.48 3 3B2+ + 2A 3B + 2A3+ 2.82 4 2A + 6H+ 2A3+ + 3H2 2.48 A/A3+//D3+, D2+/Pt E 1) 1.57 2) 1.91 *3) 3.25 4) 3.73 1. E E 2. 3. 88. (88) __________________________________ 2012 7 E 298 K E(V) A+(aq) + e- A(s) +0.80 B3+(aq) + e- B2+(aq) +0.77 C2(s) + 2e- 2C-(aq) +0.54 D3+(aq) + 3e- D(s) -0.04 E2+(aq) + 2e- E(s) -0.13 1) o E A(s) / A+(aq, 1 mol/dm3) // E2+(aq, 1 mol/dm3) / E(s) 2) Pt(s) / B2+(aq, 1 mol/dm3), B3+(aq, 1 mol/dm3) // E2+(aq, 1 mol/dm3) / E(s) *3) D3+ E 4) D3+ C- C2 8-9 J2+(aq) + 2e- J(s) E = +0.20 V K+(aq) + e- K(s) E = -0.30 V 2L+(aq) + 2e- L2(g) E = -0.20 V M3+(aq) + e- M2+(aq) E = +0.10 V 8 1) K < L2 < M2+ < J *2) J < M2+ < L2 < K 3) J2+ < M3+ < L+ < K+ 4) 9 K M3+ J2+ 1) J K 2) J K M2+ *3) J K M2+ 4) 10 +0.80 V Pt|H2 (1 atm)|H+(1 M)||Ag+(1 M)|Ag 1) H2 0.80 V 2) Pt -0.80 V *3) Ag+ 0.80 V 4) Ag -0.80 V 89. 2012___________________________________ (89) 11 Cu2+ + 2e- Cu E = +0.34 Sn4+ + 2e- Sn2+ E = +0.15 Fe3+ + 3e- Fe E = -0.04 Pb2+ + 2e- Pb E = -0.13 Sn2+ + 2e- Sn E = -0.14 Fe2+ + 2e- Fe E = -0.44 1) Fe3+ *2) Fe2+ 3) Pb2+ 4) Cu2+ 12 2HClO + 2H+ + 2e Cl2 + 2H2O E = +1.63 V Pt2+ + 2e- Pt E = +1.20 V PbSO4 + 2e- Pb + -2 4SO E = -0.31 V 1) 2HClO + Pt + 2H+ Cl2 + Pt2+ + 2H2O 2) 2HClO + Pb + -2 4SO + 2H+ Cl2 + PbSO4 + 2H2O *3) PbSO4 + Pt Pb + Pt2+ + -2 4SO 4) 13 Ni2+(aq) + 2e- Ni(s) E = -0.25 V O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2O2(s) E = +0.68 V Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s) E = +0.80 V H2O2 O2 1) Ag 2) Ni *3) Ag+ 4) Ni2+ 14 Fe3+(aq) + 3e- Fe(s) E = -0.44 V Sn2+(aq) + 2e- Sn(s) E = -0.14 V Fe2+(aq) + 2e- Fe(s) E = -0.04 V Sn4+(aq) + 2e- Sn2+(aq) E = +0.15 V 1) Fe Sn2+ 2) Fe Sn4+ 3) Sn Fe2+ *4) Sn Fe3+ E E 90. (90) __________________________________ 2012 15 Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) E = -0.76 V Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) E = +0.34 V Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s) E = +0.80 V 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) E = 0.00 V . HCl 1 . HCl 1 . CuSO4 1 . AgNO3 1 1) ., . . *2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 16 Pb2+ + 2e- Pb E = -0.13 V Zn2+ + 2e- Zn E = -0.76 V +2Pb Pb +2Zn +2Pb +2Zn PbZn Zn V 3mol/dm1.0 3mol/dm1.0 3mol/dm1.0 3mol/dm1.0 1) 0.63 2) 0.89 *3) 1.26 4) 1.53 17 36 12 HCl 0.96 (H = 1, Mg = 24, Al = 27, Cl = 35.5) Cu2+ + 2e- Cu ................... E = 0.34 V 2H+ + 2e- H2 ................... E = 0.00 V Al3+ + 3e- Al ................... E = -1.68 V Mg2+ + 2e- Mg ................... E = -2.36 V 1) 33.75 *2) 45 3) 64 4) 67.5 91. 2012___________________________________ (91) 18 X+(aq) + e- X(s) E = -0.10 V Y2+(aq) + 2e- Y(s) E = +0.50 V Ecell = o cellE - n 0.060 log Q n Q Q E +0.54 V 1) Q = [X+]/[Y2+] = 10 2) Q = [X+]2/[Y2+] = 10 3) Q = [X+]/[Y2+] = 100 *4) Q = [X+]2/[Y2+] = 100 Cu(s)|Cu2+(aq, 0.1 M)||Cu2+(aq, 1 M)|Cu(s) Pt(s)|H2(g, 1 atm|H+(aq, 1 M)||H+(aq, 1 M)|H2(g, 2 atm)|Pt(s) Pt(s)|H2(g, 1 atm)|H+(aq, 0.1 M)||H+(aq, 1 M|H2(g, 1 atm)|Pt(s) () e- e- -+ H+ H2 O () e- e- CuSO4 () 2 1 -2 82OS (aq) + e- -2 4SO (aq) ; E = +2.01 V 2 1 O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2O(l) ; E = +1.23 V () Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) ; E = +0.34 V 2H2O(l) + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) ; E = -0.83 V 92. (92) __________________________________ 2012 CuSO4 H2O(l) 2 1 O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) 2Cu2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2Cu(s) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) KI 2I-(aq) I2(s) + 2e- 2H2O(l) + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) 2H2O(l) + 2I-(aq) H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) + I2(s) CaCl2 Ca2+(l) + 2e- Ca(s) 2Cl-(l) Cl2(g) + 2e- Ca2+(l) + 2Cl-(l) Ca(s) + Cl2(g) e- e- Cl-(l) Ca2+ (l) CaCl2 93. 2012___________________________________ (93) ZnSO4 e- e- 1. () 2. () 3. 4. 19 1) Zn Cu CuSO4 *2) Cu Zn CuSO4 3) Zn Cu ZnSO4 4) Cu Zn ZnSO4 20 1) Pt(s)|H2(g)||Ag+(aq)|Ag(s) *2) Zn(s)|Zn2+(aq)||Ag+(aq)|Ag(s) *3) Ag(s)|Ag+(aq)||Zn2+(aq)|Zn(s) 4) Ag(s)|Ag+(aq)||H+(aq)|H2(g)|Pt(s) 94. (94) __________________________________ 2012 1 . . . . . . . . 1) Na Fe P Zn *2) Ca Cu N Si 3) Na Cu K Fe 4) Ca Fe S Cr 2 . . ZrO2 . SO2 Ca(OH)2 . 1) . . 2) . . *3) . . 4) . . - 54-65 - 0.1-1.25 3 1) CaO PbO 2) SiO2 NaF *3) SiO2 B2O3 4) CaO Na2O Cr2O3 (SiO2) B2O3 95. 2012___________________________________ (95) 4 (SnO2) 1) CaSiO3 2) CaSnO3 3) Ca2SnO4 *4) Sn(CO3)2 5 Ta2O5 Nb2O5 Ta Nb 1) Mg, MgCl2 *2) Ca, CaCl2 3) Na, NaCl 4) Li, LiCl 6 . (CuFeS2) FeS CuS . FeO SiO2 FeSiO3 . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . *4) 7 1) 2) *3) 4) 96. (96) __________________________________ 2012 3 50 70 > > > > CO2, CO, NO2 SO2 SO2 SO2 CaSO3 2 ( ) 1-5 97. 2012___________________________________ (97) 1. 2. (LPG) C1-C4 C5-C7 C10-C19 C14-C19 C19-C35 320-385C < 30C 30-110C 250-340C 170-250C 65-170C > 350C > 500C C6-C12 C > C35 98. (98) __________________________________ 2012 (C6-C12) (C14-C19) 1. 500C C10H22 500C C8H16 + C2H6 2. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3CH CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3CH + 23H 3. 42SOH C3CH 32 CHCH + 3CH 3CH CH 3CH CH3CH 3CH C2CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 4. C3CH 32 CHCH + 2CH 3CH 3CH C3CH 3CH 2CH 3CH C 3CH 2CHC CH3 CH CH2 + CH3 CH 3CH CH CH CH3 CH3 CH 3CH CH2 CH 3CH CH CH CH3 6-12 99. 2012___________________________________ (99) 95 95 5 C3CH 3CH 2CH 3CH CH 3CH 3CH ( 100) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 ( 0) (MTBE), C3CH 3CH 3CH 3CHO (MTBE) 2 1000 / (C16H34) 100 (C11H10) 0 CH3 (CH2)14 CH3 3CH ( 100) ( 0) 99.5% 95% 100. (100) _________________________________ 2012 Transesterification 2CH O C O 1R O C O 2CH O C O 33CH OH 2CH OH OHCH 2CH OH + CH 2R 3R 3R C O 3CHO + ( 60 ) 1 2CH O C 3115HC CH O C 3115HC O O O 2CH O C 3115HC OH3CH3+ OH2CH CH OH 2CH OH C 3OCH O 3115H3C+ *1) 2) 3) 4) 1. 2. H2S CO2 H2S CO2 CO2 K2CO3 3. 101. 2012_________________________________ (101) H2 S CO2 ( : LPG) () (NGL) 2 1) (C2H2) 2) iso-octane 100 *3) (CNG) 4) 1. 2. 102. (102) _________________________________ 2012 - 103. 2012_________________________________ (103) 1. PVC 2. 6, 6 2 1. 1 nH2N (CH2)6 NH2 + nHO C O (CH2)4 C O OH NH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C O n + 2nH2O 6 6 + (PET) + (PA) ( 6, 6) - + (PC) 1, 4- + (PU) + (PF) () + (UF) + (MF) 3 H H O C 1) OH 2) O NH2 2NH 3) N N N NH2 H2N NH2 *4) Cl Cl 104. (104) _________________________________ 2012 4 O n O O HO O O OH *1) O O O O 2) Cl O Cl 3) Cl O OH 4) 2) 3) 5 (Dimethicone) -Si(CH3)2O- Si(CH3)2Cl2 H2O Si(CH3)2Cl2 : H2O 1) 1 : 100 2) 1 : 2 *3) 1 : 1 4) 100 : 1 6 2NH OH O O O O O HO HO HO HO HO HO HO 2NH2NH 1) 2) 3) pH *4) pH 7 3 O A Cl O Cl HO OH B H2 N NH2 C 1) A + B *2) A + C 3) B + C 4) A + B + C 105. 2012_________________________________ (105) 2. 1. , , , , , 6, 6 2. (LDPE) 3. (), () 8 1) acetylene 2) butadiene 3) ethylene glycol *4) hexene 9 N N N NH2 H2N NH2 H O H 1) 2) 3) *4) 10 1) nO O O O *2) O O n H H N N 3) n 4) n 106. (106) _________________________________ 2012 11 Si n 3CH O CH3 *1) (CH3)2SiCl2 H2O 2) CH3Cl SiO2 3) CH3CH2Cl SiO2 4) (CH3)2SiCl2 SiO2 1. 2. , 50 107. 2012_________________________________ (107) () Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) (II) Cu(OH)2(aq) + 4NH3 Cu(NH3)4(OH)2(aq) (II) Cu2+ () 6, 6 6, 10 ( ) - 1500 15000 C 2CH C 3CH H 2CH C 2CH C 3CH H 2CH C 2CH C 3CH H 2CH (-) 3 C 2CH C 3CH H 2CH C 3CH C 2CH H 2CH C 2CH C 3CH H 2CH 108. (108) _________________________________ 2012 ( 2CH C 2CH 3CH CH 2CH C 3CH CH CH( ( 2CH C 2CH 3CH CH 2CH C 3CH CH CH( 8S+ xS -n) -n) -n) -n) Sx)H(8 2-+ x = S 109. 2012_________________________________ (109) Dalton Thomson Rutherford Bohr 2 A Z X 1. (Atomic number, Z) 2. (Mass number, A) 110. (110) _________________________________ 2012 (Isotope) (Isobar) (Isotone) (Isoelectronic) 2 1. (Core Shell Electron Configuration) 2. (Subshell Electron Configuration) 2 1. 2. 1. = 2n2 n = n n = 1 = 2 12 = 2 n = 2 = 8 n = 3 = 18 n = 4 = 32 2. 8 () 111. 2012_________________________________ (111) 3. n = 5 n = 7 n = 6n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 4. () ( ) ( A) 5. 4 2 1 (Cr Cu) 9 18 3 1. 2. 3. 1s2 (Orbital) s 2 spectrum (sharp) p 6 spectrum (principal) d 10 spectrum (diffuse) f 14 spectrum (diffuse) g 18 spectrum (diffuse) ( 120) g-orbital h-orbital 112. (112) _________________________________ 2012 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 2p 3p 4p 5p 3d 4d 5d 4f 5f 5g : 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, ... (Orbital Diagram) 1. 2. 113. 2012_________________________________ (113) H 1s1 He 1s2 Li 2s1 Be 2s2 B 2p1 C 2p2 N 2p3 O 2p4 F 2p5 Ne 2p6 3s () 3p 4s Sc 3d1 Ti 3d2 V 3d3 Cr 3d4 Mn 3d5 Fe 3d6 Co 3d7 Ni 3d8 Cu 3d9 Zn 3d10 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 6d 7p La 4f1 Ce 4f2 Pr 4f3 Nd 4f4 Pm 4f5 Sm 4f6 Eu 4f7 Gd 4f8 Tb 4f9 Dy 4f10 Ho 4f11 Er 4f12 Tm 4f13 Yb 4f14 5f Hg Ga Cs Fr 3 () () (Reduce) (Oxidize) Be, B Al () Amphoteric 114. (114) _________________________________ 2012 5 1. 2. (Ionization Energy): IE 3. (Electron Affinity): EA 4. (Electronegativity): EN 5. 5 / /EN,EA,IE1 / /EN,EA,IE1 1. : 2. : 3. : (IE) (IE1) IE2, IE3, ... B(g) B+(g) + e- IE1 = 807 kJ/mol B+(g) B2+(g) + e- IE2 = 2433 kJ/mol IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < ... < IEn 115. 2012_________________________________ (115) ****** 2A 5A ns2 np3 2A Full-fill orbital 5A Half- fill orbital 1 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne RnAtPoBiPbTiBaCs 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5I.E.(MJ/mole) (EA) 1 Cl(g) + e- Cl-(g) EA = -349 kJ/mol EA ( ) EA ****** 1 (EN) EN EN (F) EN 116. (116) _________________________________ 2012 () () () 8A ( ) Ar40 18 +345 21Sc 1) 2) 3) 4) 4) . 19K 10 . Fe3+ 3d3 4s2 . A 38 B 17 AB2 . NCl3 N2O3 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) ., ., . . 1) . . Fe(II) (Z =26) 1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4 2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d6 3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 4s2 3d5 2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d6 117. 2012_________________________________ (117) 103 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Y 1) EN 2) EA 3) IE1 4) IE2 4) IE2 X XO2 1s2 2s2 2p5 1) X 2) X 2 3) X 88 4) X 3) X 88 118. (118) _________________________________ 2012 1 () 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Z N Z = N 1s 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 s1020 1/2T N = Z = () T1/2 = ( ) 1. ( 83) () 2. n/p () 3. n/p () 4. () 119. 2012_________________________________ (119) 1. p H1 1 - 2. n n1 0 - 3. - e0 1- 4. + e0 1+ 5. He4 2 6. 0 0 83 93 (Nuclear Equation) Th232 90 Pb208 82 + 6 He4 2 + 4 e0 1- U235 92 + n1 0 Ba141 56 + Kr92 36 + 2 n1 0 2 1. Nuclear Fission () 2-3 (Critical Mass) 120. (120) _________________________________ 2012 Kr-92 U-235 U-235 U-235 Ba-141 Ba-141 Ba-141 Kr-92 Kr-92 n n n n n n n n n 2. Nuclear Fusion () (Critical Ignition) E + + D D Proton Neutron He3 N. (Half Life) t1/2 222Ra 40 40 Ra 1 Ra 0.5 Nt = N0/2n n = T/t1/2 121. 2012_________________________________ (121) Nt = T = N0 = t1/2 = n = Co-60 5.3 26.5 Co-60 1) 1/5 2) 1/8 3) 1/16 4) 1/32 4) 1/32 Th232 90 6 4 1) W204 74 2) W208 74 3) Pb204 82 4) Pb208 82 4) Pb208 82 Pb-210 20 .. 2500 . Pb-210 400 Bq/kg . 6.25 Bq/kg . .. 1) 2600 2) 2601 3) 2620 4) 2621 3) 2620 122. (122) _________________________________ 2012 3 / (Solid) 1. 2. () 3. 4. 5. 6. 123. 2012_________________________________ (123) 2 1. (Crystalline Solid) (Unit Cell) 1. 2. 1. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124. (124) _________________________________ 2012 2. (Amorphous) 2 1 atm () () () () 125. 2012_________________________________ (125) (Liquid) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (Tension Force) (Surface Tension) 1 J/m2 N/m 1 126. (126) _________________________________ 2012 () (Viscosity) (Evaporation) () (Vapour Pressure) 1 2 () (Boiling) 127. 2012_________________________________ (127) (Boiling Point) 1 () 2 1. (Real Gas) 2. (Ideal Gas) 1. 2. () 3. ( ) 4. 5. () 128. (128) _________________________________ 2012 - (n) - (V) - (P) - (T) P V 1 V T P V V n PV = nRT ( R) R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1 P = (atm) n = (mol) V = (L) T = (K) 129. 2012_________________________________ (129) D = RT PM D = (g/L) M = C = RT P C = (mol/L) PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... PV = P1V1 + P2V2 + P3V3 + ... 2 1 r r = 1 2 d d = 1 2 M M r = d = M = 130. (130) _________________________________ 2012 1) 2) 3) 4) 4) (C2H5OC2H5) 1 1000 80C 38.0 mmHg 3 500 80C 1) 0.05 2) 0.15 3) 0.30 4) 0.45 3) 0.30 O2 20 300 SO2 4 ( = 0.082 atm L mol-1 K-1) 1) 0.154 2) 0.769 3) 76.875 4) 153.750 4) 153.750 X 30.0 2.0 Y 216 8.0 X 10 1.34 10-21 Y 1) 14 2) 25 3) 44 4) 260 2) 25 131. 2012_________________________________ (131) 1. (I2) I2(s) I2(g) 2. C12H22O11(s) C12H22O11(aq) 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 132. (132) _________________________________ 2012 aA + bB cC + dD Kc = ba dc [B][A] [D][C] *** K K K (Kp ) Kp = b B a A d D c C PP PP Kp Kc PV = nRT ; P = (n/V)RT n/V PA = [A]RT PB = [B]RT PC = [C]RT PD = [D]RT Kp Kp = Kc(RT)n AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-] 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 133. 2012_________________________________ (133) (Le Chateliers Principle) ( ) pH pH Mg(OH)2 Mg(OH)2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) OH- ( pH ) Mg(OH)2 H+ ( pH ) Mg(OH)2 A + B C + D A A A A B B A C D 1. 2. 2 1 : ( -H) A + B C + D + energy A + B C + D ; H = -34.2 kJ 134. (134) _________________________________ 2012 ) () (A B ) (C D ) ) () A B C D 2 : ( H) 1 A + B + energy C + D A + B C + D ; H = 57.1 kJ ) () (C D ) (A B ) ) () A B C D *** *** 135. 2012_________________________________ (135) ( ) 3 1 : 2 : PV = nRT n P n P 3 : 2 () 136. (136) _________________________________ 2012 N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) + 92 kJ NH3 1) 2) H2(g) 3) NH3(g) 4) 4) = , = , NH3 = = HgS Ksp 2 10-49 Hg2+ 2 10-20 S2- 1 10-29 1) HgS 2) HgS 3) HgS 4) 2) HgS A + B C () (M) [A] [B] [C] 1 2 3 10.00 10.00 15.00 10.00 22.50 10.00 10.00 15.00 15.00 3 A = 25.00 M B = 40.00 M C 1) 20.00 M 2) 50.00 M 3) 100.0 M 4) 250.0 M 2) 50.00 M 137. 2012_________________________________ (137) 1. , , C60 2. (Metal Carbide) Ca2C, Mg2C 3. CO, CO2 4. (Carbonic Acid, Bicarbonate Salt, Carbonate Salt) H2CO3, NaHCO3, CaCO3 5. Cyanide, Cyanate Thiocyanate KCN, NaOCN, NH4SCN C H (hetero atom) residue group XC CH C C H H H H H H H H functional group Residue group : C H Functional group : 138. (138) _________________________________ 2012 functional group 1. Hydrocarbon 1.1. Alkane R H - 1.2 Alkene R R - 1.3 Alkyne R R - 1.4 Benzene R C6H5 aryl group 2. Alcohol R OH hydroxyl group 3. Ether R O R oxy group 4. Amine R NH2 amino group 5. Carboxylic acid R COOH carboxylic group 6. Ester R COO R oxycarbonyl group 7. Amide R CONH2 amide group 8. Aldehyde R CHO formyl group 9. Ketone R CO R carbonyl group 10. Alkyl Halides R X ( X F, Cl, Br, I) Isomerism (Isomerism) (Isomer) Enantiomer (Chiral/Achiral) Diastereomer Functional Isomer Positional Isomer Skeleton Isomer Geometry Isomer (Cis/Trans) Isomer Stereoisomer Constitutional Isomer (Structural Isomer) 139. 2012_________________________________ (139) 1. 2. Constitutional Isomer C5H12O Functional isomer : functional group OH O Positional isomer : functional group OH OH Skeleton isomer : residue group OH OH Double Bond Equivalent (DBE) degree of unsatturation DBE = C - 2 H - 2 X + 2 N + 1 C = H = X = ( 7A 17) N = O () DBE O DBE H -H 0 H + DIFFERENT = () ISOMER = () SAME = () 140. (140) _________________________________ 2012 -H 1 1. + 1 2. 1 -H 2 1. + 1 2. + 2 3. 2 4. 1 + 1 1 DBE 1 1 ****** !!! 2 3 1. : amide > carboxylic > alcohol > amine 2. : ketone > aldehyde > ester > ether 3. : alkyne > alkane > alkene amide > carboxylic acid > alcohol > ketone > amine > aldehyde > ester > alkyne > ether > alkane > alkene 1 2 141. 2012_________________________________ (141) 2 1. (Hydrocarbon Compounds) 2. (Organic Compounds) 1. (Hydrocarbon Compounds) 1.1 2 Residue group 1.2 1 1. (Saturated Hydrocarbons) ( C C ) (Alkanes) (Cycloalkanes) 2. (Unsaturated Hydrocarbons) ( C C ) (Alkenes) (Cycloalkenes) (Alkynes) (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) 2 (Hydrocarbon Compounds) (Aliphatic Hydrocarbon) (Aromatic Hydrocarbon) (Alkene & Cycloalkene) (Alkyne Cycloalkyne) (Alkane & Cycloalkane) 142. (142) _________________________________ 2012 Alkane CnH2n+2 C H and C C bonds -ane Cycloalkane CnH2n Alkane Cyclo--ane +H C C H H H H H 2Br +H C C Br H H H H HBr(g) Alkene CnH2n C C -ene Cycloalkene CnH2n-2 Alkene Cyclo--ene 1. C H H C H H + 2Br Br C C Br H H H H 2. KMnO4 3HC C H H C H + OHMnOK 2442 + H C C H OH H 3HC OH + 2HOHMnO22 + Alkyne CnH2n-2 C C -yne Cycloalkyne - Alkyne Cyclo--yne 1. H+H C C H 22Br H C C Br Br Br Br 2. KMnO4 MnO2 Alkene Aromatic Ar- - H H H H H H Cat. 42SOH+ H H H H H OH2+ HSO3HSO3 1 1 143. 2012_________________________________ (143) CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 xCO2 + y/2H2O (Incomplete combustion) : C CO 1. C C C C 2. O2 O2 3. O2 : C : H C : H 2. (Organic Compounds) // (Alcohols) (Hydroxyl) R OH - nol 1. 2. (Na) 2ROH + 2Na 2RO-Na+ + H2(g) (Carboxylic acid) (Carboxyl) R COOH - oic acid 1. 2. 3. Na NaHCO3 2R C OH O ++ 2Na 2R C O + NaO- (g)H2 3NaHCOR C OH O ++ R C O + NaO- (g)OC 2 + OH2 4. (Esterification) R C OH O ++ R C O OH2ROH OR + H 144. (144) _________________________________ 2012 // (Ester) (Oxycarboxyl) R COO R alkyl - oate 1. 2. R C O ++ R C O OH+ HOR ROH (Ether) (Oxy) R O R alkoxy ( C ) alkoxy ( C ) (Aldehyde) (Carboxaldehyde) R CO H alkane e - al 1. Cu2O 2. (Ketone) (Carbonyl) R CO R alkane e - one (Amine) (Amino) R NH2 alkane e - amine 1. 2. ( ) R NH2 + HCl R + 3NH Cl- 3. R C OH O ++ R C O OH22NHR NHR (Amide) (Amide) R CONRR alkane e - amide 1. 2. 3. 4. 145. 2012_________________________________ (145) HOOC(CH2)3COOH 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 3) 3 1 C7H8O 1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6 3) 5 1) NaHCO3 2) KMnO4 3) Na 4) 1 2) KMnO4 146. (146) _________________________________ 2012 C H O 4 1. 2. 3. 4. - 5. 6. (Protein) (50% ) 1. C H O N S, P, Fe, Zn Cu 2. Monomer 3. (Amino Acid) 50 (Peptide Bond) 4. 3 1. carboxyl (COOH) 2. (NH2) 3. side chain (R) CHNH2 C OH R O 147. 2012_________________________________ (147) 5. 22 2 - - 8 6. O +C C OH H 1R NH2 O C C OH H 2R NH2 O C C H 1R NH2 N C H C OH + OH2 O2RH 7. 2 1 3 2 4 3 10-50 9-49 50 49 8. 9. 1 1 4 1. (Primary Structure) (N-terminal) (C-terminal) 148. (148) _________________________________ 2012 2. (Secondary Structure) (C O) (N H) 4 (-Helix) (C O) (N H) (-Sheet) 2 (Parallel) (Anti Parallel) 3. (Tertiary Structure) 4. (Quaternary Structure) 4 3 3 (Globular Protein) (Coil) (Fibrous Protein) 6 ----- (GSGAGA) 149. 2012_________________________________ (149) 10. (Biuret) CuSO4 NaOH - 2 - O 2OH O OO OH2HN NH NHHN +2 Cu 11. Pb(NO3)2 - - - - - (Carbohydrate) 1. C H O 2. 3 (Monosaccharides) (Oligosaccharides) (Polysaccharides) 150. (150) _________________________________ 2012 (Monosaccharide) (CH2O)n 5 (C5H10O5) 6 (C6H12O6) (Aldoses) (Ketoses) 1. (Triose Sugar 3 : ) 2. (Tetrose Sugar 4 ) 3. (Pentose Sugar 5 ) 4. (Hexose Sugar 6 ) 5. (Heptose Sugar 7 : ) 6 (Aldohexose Sugar) (II) - / / O R C H + +22Cu + -5OH O R C + O2Cu2 + O3H2 - O 151. 2012_________________________________ (151) (Oligosaccharides) 2-10 C O C (Glycosidic) (Disaccharides) 2 1 (C12H22O11) + OH2 () CHOH2 CHOH2 HO HO HOOH OH HO HO OHCH2 CHOH2 HO HO OH HO HO OHCH2 OHCH2 + O O OOO (Trisaccharide) 3 (Raffinose) + + (Polysaccharides) nGlucose Polysaccharide nC6H12O6 (C6H10O5)n + nH2O 3 1. (Starch) 2 1.1 (Amylose) (Helix) O OHCH2 OH OH OH300-600 OHOH OH O OHOH OHCH2OHCH2 OOO OO Amylose 152. (152) _________________________________ 2012 1.2 (Amylopectin) OH HO HO OO O OH HO HO OO O HO HO O O OH HO O HO O Amylopectin 20% 80% O OH OH O HO Amylosehelice with the glucose-monomerunit : 2. (Glycogen) 153. 2012_________________________________ (153) O OHCH2 OH OH OHOH HO O OHOH OHCH2OHCH2 OOO OO O O 2CH OH OH OHOH O OHOH OHCH2OHCH2 OOO OO OOO O OH OH OH O OH OHCH2 OO O O OHCH2 3. (Cellulose) (Lipids) 1. C H O N P 3 1. (Simple lipid) (Fat) (Oil) (Wax) 2. (Compound lipid) 154. (154) _________________________________ 2012 3. (Miscellaneous lipid) 2. 3 () 1 (Triglyceride) OH OH OHCH2 HC CH2 + C R3 HO O CH2 HC CH2 +O C O R C O O O C R O OH3 2 R 3. (Fats) (Oils) 2 2 4. (Fatty Acid) R COOH R ( C 11 ) 2 a. Side chain ( R) CnH2n+1COOH (C17H35COOH) OH O Lauric acid 155. 2012_________________________________ (155) b. R (C17H33COOH) HO O trans-Oleic acid HO O cis-Oleic acid I. II. III. R 5. (Waxes) (C 24-36 ) 6. (Br2) () 156. (156) _________________________________ 2012 (Rancidity) (Antioxidant) Vitamin C E Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) O OH O OH BHA OH BHT 2 1. Hydrolysis Hydrolyze 2. Oxidation O2 Oxidize () Pt Ni (Soap) (Sponification) ONaOH/H3 2 heat O O O R O R R O O O 3 R ONa + O O H H O H + () + O Na O 157. 2012_________________________________ (157) 2 Side chain COO-Na+ Like Dissolve Like () (Micelle) 2 (Detergent) (Detergent) R- - 3SO Na+ Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ Mg2+ (LAS : Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate) (ABS : Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate) S O O + NaO- 158. (158) _________________________________ 2012 S O O + NaO- LAS S O O + NaO- ABS (Builder): Na5P3O10 () (Emulsifier): cellulose-OCH2 - 2CO Na+ (Bleach): NaOCl, Ca(OCl)2 (Corrosion Inhibitor): Na2Si3O7 (Nucleic acid) 2 1. (Deoxyribonucleic acid): DNA 2. (Ribonucleic acid): RNA DNA 159. 2012_________________________________ (159) DNA RNA DNA RNA (Nucleotide) 3 2CH Adenine unit Deoxyribose unit Phosphate unit OH H O HH H H OP - O - O O 2NH N N N N 1. ( RNA) ( DNA) OH OH OHHO H H O HH OH OHHO H H O HH H 2. Nitrogenous base (N-base) 2 a. (Pyrimidine base) Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U) b. (Purine base) Adenine (A), Guanine (G) 3. H3PO4 H DNA RNA N-base DNA Thymine (T) RNA Uracil (U) 160. (160) _________________________________ 2012 O 3NH+ C 3CH H C N H C H 22 )(CH -COO O C N H C2H O C N H C H -COO 42 )(CH + 3NH 1) 3 2) 3 3) 4) pH 1) 3 Cu2O 1) 2) 3) 4) 4) 1) OH O 2) OH O 3) OH O 4) OH O 3) OH O