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Brief History of Evolutionary Theory Before Darwin Robert J. Richards Course: Darwin’s Origin of Species and Descent of Man

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Page 1: Brief History of Evolutionary Theory Before Darwindarwin-chicago.uchicago.edu/Slides/Brief history of evolution prior... · Brief History of Evolutionary Theory Before Darwin . Robert

Brief History of Evolutionary Theory Before

Darwin

Robert J. Richards

Course: Darwin’s Origin of Species and Descent of Man

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1. Theories of geological change.

2. Theories of heredity.

3. And theories of ontogenesis, that is, of individual development–embryology.

Theories of Species Change Prior to Darwin Entangled with:

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Notions of Species in the Classical Period of Greece

Plato:  the essence or form of an organism is eternal and unchanging; embodiment only the appearance of that form.

Aristotle:  the essence or form of an organism is incorporated in the physical body; the only kind of eternity enjoyed is through continued reproduction.

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Theories of Species Change in the Early Modern Period

Descartes:  gradual evolution of physical system according to fix laws (Discourse on Method, 1628).

Buffon (1707‐88) and Linnaeus (1707‐78): God created a limited number of species, but through hybridization and impact of environment, new species appear.

Kant:  evolutionary development from earth possible only if earth already construed as purposive; species change possible but no evidence (Critique of Judgment, 1790).

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Adam’s Mammoth, found in Siberia in 18th century; St. Petersburg Natural History Museum

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Cuvier’s illustration of the Siberian mammoth; he identified it as an extinct species of elephant 

(1796).

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Cuvier’s illustration of the “Ohio Animal,” which he named “mastodon.”

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Megatherium (i.e., “large animal”), discovered in South America, described by Cuvier as an extinct creature similar to the modern sloth.  Remains 

also found by Darwin during his work in Argentina.

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Cuvier’s drawing of the fossil remains of a mammal he called Anoplotherium commune.

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Illustrations of Ichthyosaurus (fish‐like reptile) and Plesiosaurus (almost reptile), from Daniel Coynbeare (1787‐1857) paper for the Transactions of the Geological Society of 

London (1824).

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Thomas Henry De La Beche (1796‐1855), sketch of life in ancient Dorset, 1830.

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De La Beche’s lampoon of Lyell (1830).  Professor Ichthyosaurus is lecturing:  “You will at once perceive,” continued  Professor Ichthyosaurus, “that the skull before us belonged to some of the lower order of animals:  the teeth are very insignificant; the power of the jaws trifling; and altogether it seems 

wonderful how the creature could have procured food.”

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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s (1632‐1723) observation of small animals, animaculae, in the sperm of different animals; from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal 

Society (1679).

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Illustration  little man in male sperm by Nicolas Hartsoeker ( 1656‐1725), in his Éssai de dioptrique, 1694.

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Charles Bonnet (1720‐1793), illustration of the Great Chain of Being.

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Erasmus Darwin (1732‐1802)

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Jean‐Baptiste de Lamarck (1744‐1829)

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Rununculus aquatis: a) grown in water, with leaves below underwater and leaves above in air; b) grown in the ground.  From C. D. Cook, “On the Determination of Leaf Form in Ranunculus Aquatilis, New Phytologist 68 

(1969): 469‐80.

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Flounder, a flatfish with eyes on the same side of body; when a fry, eyes are on either side and the fish swims 

vertically.