brzolebsi saxelgantqmuli bagrationta gvirgvinosnebieparchy-batumi.ge/dokuments/bagratovnni.pdf ·...

brZolebSi

saxelganTqmuli

bagrationTa gvirgvinosnebi

Tbilisi

2006

ibeWdeba

baTumisa da sxalTis

mTavarepiskopos dimitris (SiolaSvili)

locva-kurTxeviT

qarTvel mefeTa Sesaxeb masalebis avtorebi:

dekanozi aleqsandre (bolqvaZe) _ giorgi III

Tea paiWaZe _ Tamar mefe, vaxtang III, giorgi VII,

luarsab I, Teimuraz II, erekle II

nino taryaSvili _ bagrat III, daviT aRmaSenebeli,

demetre Tavdadebuli, giorgi brwyinvale, svimon I,

luarsab II, solomon I

mxatvrebi: mariam CxaiZe, nino mkervaliZe

gamomcemeli: asociacia `kviriake~

Sinaarsi

Sesavali ................................................................................... 5

aSot didi kurapalati ...................................................... 8

bagrat III ................................................................................. 13

daviT aRmaSenebeli............................................................. 17

giorgi III ................................................................................ 26

Tamar mefe ............................................................................. 33

demetre Tavdadebuli ...................................................... 39

vaxtang III ...............................................................................45

giorgi brwyinvale ............................................................ 50

giorgi VII .............................................................................. 55

luarsab I ............................................................................... 59

svimon I ................................................................................... 66

luarsab II .............................................................................. 72

Teimuraz II ............................................................................ 78

solomon I .............................................................................. 84

erekle II .................................................................................. 91

epilogis magier ................................................................. 100

`maSin hrqua samovel ersa mas: aha esera, mevismine Tqueni, romeli miTxarT me da davadgineTquen zeda mefe, viTarca-igi Tquen iTxoveT.

...da aw, aha egera, ars Saravandosani igi Tqueni,romel gamoirCieT da moiTxoveT, romel mogcaTquen ufalman Tquenman.

ukueTu geSinodis uflisa, da msaxurebdeT mas dadaemorCilneT brZanebasa missa da ara mxdomadaRudgeT sityuaTa uflisaTa, da iyvneT Tquen damefe Tqueni morCil mcnebaTa uflisaTa, da iyos igimxsnel Tquenda!

ukueTu ara isminoT brZaneba uflisa Tquenisa damxdomad aRudgeT mcnebaTa misTa, iyos xeli uflisaTquen zeda da mefeTa TquenTa zeda.

...xolo Tquen geSinodesve uflisa da monebdeTmas WeSmaritebiTa, yovliTa guliTa TqueniTa,rameTu gixilavs, viTar ganadida ufalman yofa misiCuen Tana.

ukueTu borotsa iqmodiT Tquen da SaravandosaniTqueni, warswymdeT~.

1 mefeTa, 12,1;13-14,24-25

5

Sesavali

bagrationTa sagvareulo gerbs `kvarTian-davi-

Tiani~ ewodeba. kvarTi uflisa, romelic sveticx-

ovelSia davanebuli, simboloa qristes eklesiis er-

Tianobisa, xolo daviTis qnari da Surduli bagra-

tionTa saxelovani winapris, bibliuri daviTis

fsalmunTgalobasa da goliaTis damarcxebas

mogvagonebs.

RmrTis saidumlo gangebulebiT daviTis STamo-

mavlebi, romlebic amave dros RmrTismSoblis xor-

cieli naTesavebi iyvnen, saqarTveloSi damkvidrd-

nen da qveynis xelmwifebac maT CabardaT. albaT sim-

boluria is faqti, rom daviTis Stodan gamovida

macxovari Cveni ufali ieso qriste da daviTis

Stodan miecaT qarTvelebs xelmwife.

saswaulebrivi Zala hqonda Rirsi mamis, grigol

xanZTelis locvas, romelmac aSot kurapalati,

mefe saqarTvelosi, bagrationTa dinastiis fuZem-

debeli, ase daloca:

`daviT winaYswarmetyuelisa da uflisa mier cx-

ebulisa Svilad wodebulo xelmwifeo!... ara moak-

6

ldes mTavrobaY SvilTa SenTa da naTesavTa maTTa

queyanaTa amaT ukunisamde JamTa, aramed iyvnen igi-

ni mtkiced ufroYs kldeTa myarTa da mTaTa sauku-

neTa da didebul iyvnen ukunisamde!~

da marTlac, am droidan moyolebuli, saqarTve-

los taxti monarqiis gauqmebamde bagrationebs

epyraT uwyvetad TiTqmis aTi saukunis ganmavloba-

Si. kacobriobis istoriaSi arc erT dinastias ar

umefia imden xans, ramdenic imefes bagrationebma.

brZolis velze samSoblos dacvis dros RmrTis-

moyvare mefeTa da maT qveSevrdomTa ganwyoba gad-

mocemulia bizantiis imperatoris, mociqulTaswor

konstantines mier agarianebisadmi migebul pasux-

Si:

`qristem _ RmerTma Cvenma, romelmac gvibrZana

keTili vuyoT Cvens maWirveblebs da vilocoT maT-

Tvis, isic gviTxra, rom amqveyniur cxovrebaSi verv-

in aRemateba siyvaruliT im adamians, vinc suls ar

daiSurebs Tavisi moyvasisaTvis; amdenad Cven did-

sulovnad viTmenT Cvendami, rogorc kerZo pirebi-

sadmi moyenebul wyenas, magram sazogadoebaSi

vicavT erTmaneTs sakuTari sicocxlis fasad, raTa

Tqven Cveni uZluri Tanamemamuleebis datyvevebiT

7

da RmrTis sawinaaRmdego saqmeTa ZaldatanebiT,

sxeulTan erTad maTi sulebic ar daatyvevoT. Cve-

ni qristesmoyvare mxedroba iaraRiT xelSi icavs

wmida eklesias, romelSic qveynis mxsneli, kacobri-

obis macxovari myofobs uxilavad. isini icaven sam-

Soblos, romlis dacemasTan erTad daecema erovnu-

li xelisufleba da Seiryeva saxarebiseuli rwmena.

ai, umTavresi sawindari, risTvisac sisxlis uka-

nasknel wveTamde unda ibrZolon meomrebma^~.

8

1 aq da SemdgomSi miTitebulia mefobis wlebi.

aSot didi kurapalati

(813-826)1

xseneba 29 ianvars (11 Tebervals ax. st.)

mravalgzis mosca RmerTman

aSot kurapalatsa Zleva da

didi dideba brZolasa Sina.

tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa dinastiis mamamTavari

aSoti IX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde moRvaweobda

rogorc qarTlis erismTavari.

erismTavrad dadginebis dRidanve daiwyo aSotma

brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisTvis, isargebla

arabTa dauZlurebiT da Tbilisidan gandevna agari-

9

anni. `tfiliss aravin darCa sarkinozTagani, TKni-

er ali Suabis Zisa~. qarTlis Semomtkicebis Semdeg

aSotma bardavic qarTls SemouerTa da sami wlis

manZilze mis `saxlad iyo tfilisi da bardavi~.

amasobaSi xalifas taxtze axali mbrZanebeli avi-

da, ̀ ganZlierda xelmwifeba agarianTa da iwyes Zie-

ba aSotisa da ver uZlo winaaRmdgomad maTda aSot

da ivltoda maTgan~. Tbilisi kvlav arabebma

Caigdes xelSi. aSoti iZulebuli gaxda qarTls gan-

rideboda da saberZneTSi wasuliyo col-SvilTan

da mcirericxovan spasTan erTad. javaxeTs miwevnu-

li ltolvilebi faravnis tbasTan SeCerdnen dasas-

veneblad. mZinareebs sarkinozTa laSqari daesxaT

Tavs. mcirericxovani spa sasikvdilod iyo ganwir-

uli, magram `Seewia RmerTi aSot kurapalatsa da

kninsa laSqarsa missa, mosca Zleva maT zeda da mos-

rnes simravleni uricxuni~. erismTavarma am gamar-

jvebaSi RmrTis niSani ganWvrita, saberZneTSi was-

vla gadaifiqra da SavSeT-klarjeTSi darCena gada-

wyvita.

am dros samxreT saqarTvelo sacodav mdgomare-

obaSi imyofeboda. usjuloTagan darbeuli xalxis

gaWirvebas qoleris epidemiac daerTo da ̀ mciredRa

daSTes kacni adgil-adgil~.

10

sasomixdilma da ubedurebisagan qancgawyvetil-

ma mosaxleobam sixaruliTa da siyvaruliT miiRo

aSot kurapalati. igi Seudga dangreuli qveynis

aRdginebas, `romelnime sofelni moiyidna safaso-

Ti, zogni oPerni aRaSenna da ganamravla soflebi

aSot kurapalatman qveyanaTa maT Sina~.

aSot kurapalatma aRadgina wmida keTilmsaxuri

mefis, vaxtang gorgaslis mier aSenebuli artanujis

cixe, romelic murvan-yrus mier iyo aoxrebuli, mis

maxloblad qalaqi gaaSena da klarjel bagration-

Ta sabrZanebelad gamoacxada igi, aago wmida petre

da pavle mociqulebis saxelobis eklesia. `mraval-

gzis mosca RmerTman aSot kurapalatsa Zleva da

didi dideba brZolasa Sina~.

aSot bagrationma Seqmna vrceli da Zlieri

samTavro, romelsac did angariSs uwevdnen mezo-

beli qveynebi.

RmrTisa da qveynis moyvaruli mefe mTeli qarT-

lis dabrunebisTvis emzadeboda, magram ̀ movida xa-

lil iazidis Ze arabi da daipyra somxiTi, qarTli

da hereTi~.

aSoti sabrZolvelad moemzada, malemsrbolni

gagzavna laSqris Sesakrebad, magram sanam jari

11

Seikribeboda, `daesxnen sarkinozni ucnaurad da

aotes igi~. xelmwifem nigalis xevs mimarTa da

`iwyo Zebnad erisa, raYTamca viTa ganimravla

laSqari TKsi~. saubedurod, wveulTa Soris moR-

alateni aRmoCndnen. mefe Zalian gvian mixvda

Ralats. man Tavi taZars Seafara, magram iudas cod-

viT damZimebulebma iqac SeaRwies da mokles mefe

`maxKliTa sakurTxevelsa zeda~, `dakles igi mun

viTarca cxovari aRsavalsa sakurTxevlisasa da

sisxli igi misi daTxeuli dResaca saCinod saxilv-

el ars~, _ wers sumbat daviTis Ze Tavis wignSi ̀ cx-

ovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~.

xolo wmida sakurTxevelze mefis zvarakad

SewirviT, TiTqos kidev erTxel ikurTxa bagration-

Ta samefo dinastia.

gulwrfeli cremlebiT dastiroda saqarTvelo

Tavis imeds, gulwrfeli sityvebiT daitira miron-

cxebuli mefe Rirsma grigol xanZTelma: ̀ hoY, mefeo

Cemo, Zliero da didebulo, simtkiceo eklesiaTao

da zRudeo qristeaneTao, sadaYT-me mogelodi, aR-

mosavaliT-me anu dasavaliT, CrdiloYT-me, anu

samxriT? rameTu yovelTa zeda naTesavTa mflobel

iyav, romelica wyobiT PelmwifeTa daimorCilebd,

12

sakKrveli ege didebuli, RmrTis-msaxuri Pelmwife.

aw viTar-me mieci Pelsa Seuracxsa uSjuloTa da

undoTa kacTasa, romelni-igi iudaYs msgavsad Sen,

uflisa TKsisa mklvel iqmnnes mosakudinebelad

Cuen, glaxakTa mlocvelTa SenTa, ukunisamde?~

aSot pirvelis mravalricxovan STamomavlobaSi

gamoiyofa ori mTavari Sto: `klarjni xelmwife-

ni~ da `mefeni taosi~. am ukanasknelSi IX saukunis

dasasruls mkvidrdeba qarTvelTa mefoba.

13

bagrat III

(975-1014)

Semdgomad didisa vaxtang

gorgaslisa aravin gamoCinebul

ars sxua msgavsi misi didebiTa da

ZaliTa da yovliTa gonebiTa.

me-10 saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis samTavroebad

daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos gaerTianeba arcTu ad-

vilad mosagvarebeli problema iyo. magram moiRo

mowyaleba RmerTma qarTvelTaTvis da ise moawyo

garemoebaTa rigi, rom RmrTis madliT, TiTqmis umt-

kivneulod gadaiWra igi: gardaicvala mefe bagrati,

romelmac taxtze dasva Tavisi Ze sumbati. uZeod

gadaego sumbati, xolo sumbatis Zmas gurgens afxaz-

Ta mefis asulisagan SeeZina Ze bagrati, romelic amave

14

dros iSvila daviT kurapalatma. gardaicvala dav-

iT kurapalatic uZeod da dautova taxti bagrat

III-s, romelic gamefda jer qarTlSi, Semdeg afx-

azeTSi da daiwyo moRvaweoba saqarTvelos sruli

gaerTianebisaTvis.

Tumca qarTvelTa gaerTianebis aucileblobas

yvela gagebiT rodi ekideboda. qarTlis aznaureb-

ma kargad icodnen, rom didi xnis winaT gauqmebu-

li mefis xelisuflebis aRdgena aznaurebis mier

mitacebuli samefo mamulebis dakargvas moaswaveb-

da da maT TavianTi politikuri uflebebis

SezRudva afiqrebdaT. amis gamo, rodesac bagrat

mefem saqmeebis mosawesrigeblad afxazeTidan aRmo-

savleT saqarTveloSi gadmosvla moindoma, mas

qarTlis sazRvarze dauxvdnen didgvarovani aznau-

rebi qavTar tbelis meTaurobiT da omi autexes.

bagrati SeebrZola didgvarovan aznaurebs, daama-

rcxa, Semdgom qarTlSi gadmovida, ufliscixeSi

dabanakda da qveynis marTva-ganmgeblobas Seudga.

damarcxebul aznaurTagan zogi gadaixvewa, sxve-

bi damorCildnen bagrats. urCobas mxolod Tria-

leTis patroni rati baRvaSi ganagrZobda. Tumca

bagratma masac amosdo lagami. rodesac gardaicva-

15

la bagratis mama, gurgen mefe da mis uSualo gan-

mgeblobaSi myofi SavSeT-klarjeTi, samcxe da jav-

axeTic bagrat III-is sabrZanebels SemouerTda, axla

Tbilisis saamiro da kaxeT-hereTiRa warmoad-

gendnen calke erTeulebs. bagrati kaxeTSi gadavi-

da, misi mefe Seipyro da kaxeT-hereTi SemoierTa.

imJamad ranSi, mis sataxto qalaq ganZaSi Zlieri

da kadnieri xelmwife amira fadloni ijda, romel-

ic JamiTi Jamamde SemoiWreboda xolme aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi da mekobreobda. fadloni amasTan

aviwroebda somexTa mefe gagiksac. bagratma isarge-

bla am garemoebiT, SeikavSira somexTa mefe da

qarTvelTa da somexTa jarebi ranSi SeiWrnen. mekav-

Sireebma fadlonis winaaRmdegoba advilad gatex-

es, daxarkes Tavneba fadloni da gamarjvebulni

gamobrundnen ukan.

mogvianebiT ki bagrat mesamem kavkasionis gadaR-

ma `jiqeTidan vidre gurganamde~ (kaspiis zRvamde)

mdebare qveynebic daimorCila.

bagrat mesame, saqarTvelos ZlierebisaTvis brZ-

olis velze mopovebul gamarjvebebs, eris sulieri

erTobis simboloTa _ taZarTa agebiTa da gamS-

16

venebiT srulyofda, rasac bagrat III-is mefobis

dros agebuli eklesia-monastrebic cxadyofs.

swored am madlianma mefem aaSena mowameTa, sa-

dac daviT da konstantine mxeiZeebis uxrwneli naw-

ilebi asvenia. aSenda bediisa da bagratis brwyin-

vale taZrebi quTaisSi, nikorwminda raWaSi. ase ga-

namSvena bagratma RmrTis sadideblad aRmarTuli

brwyinvale taZrebiT saqarTvelo.

`matiane qarTlisa~ aRniSnavs: `ese bagrat afx-

azTa da qarTvelTa mefe waremata yovelTa xelm-

wifeTa yovliTa gangebiTa. amisda Sempovned da amis-

da moajed Seiqmnes yovelni xelmwifeni, maxlobelni

da moTaulni mamulisa da samefosa misisani, molaS-

qred, viTarca Tvisni didebulni da misandobelni.

da daumorCilna RmerTman yovelni mterni da

winaaRmdgomni misni, momadla dReTa misTa mSvido-

ba da didi dawynareba qveynisa~. qarTuli saisto-

rio wyaroebi mas vaxtang gorgasals adareben:

`vsTqu eseca, romel Semdgomad didisa vaxtang gor-

gaslisa aravin gamoCinebul ars sxua msgavsi misi

didebiTa da ZaliTa da yovliTa gonebiTa~.

17

daviT aRmaSenebeli

(1089-1125)

xseneba 26 ianvars (8 Tebervals ax. st.)

vervin ZuelTa da axalTamefeTa emsgavsa.

Cvens samSoblos _ saqarTvelos, Tavisi mraval-

saukunovani istoriis manZilze araerTi saxel-

ganTqmuli mefe hyolia. am didebul mefeTa Sorisac

aRmatebuli siyvaruliT imoseba saxeli daviT aR-

maSeneblisa, romlis Sesaxebac, jer kidev XI saukune-

Sive samarTlianad SeniSna mematianem: `vervin Zuel-

18

Ta da axalTa mefeTa emsgavsao~. arc manamde da arc

mas Semdeg! _ mxolod es SegviZlia davumatoT me-

matianis sityvebs didi mwuxarebiT. ubadlo me-

brZoli, mTavarsardali da mwignobari, da rac

umTavresia: mtkice marTlmadidebeli qristiani da

eris moWirnaxule _ ai, mokle daxasiaTeba mefe dav-

iTisa, romelic erma ufro frTianad erT sityvaSi

Catia `aRmaSeneblis~ zedwodebiT.

gamefda 16 wlis mamaci da gambedavi Wabuki. ime-

fa 36 weliwadi _ gonierebiTa da ZlevamosilebiT.

Tanabrad kargad uWrida Wkuac da xmalic. sadac

saWiro iyo, gonebas moikrebda _ sibrZniT gansji-

da. roca saWiro iyo, xmaldaxmal miuxdeboda mters.

daviTis gamefebis Jams saqarTveloSi Turqebi da-

TareSobdnen. cocxlad gadarCenili mosaxleoba mi-

uval mTian adgilebSi iyo gaxiznuli da Turqebis

SiSiT barSi Camosvlas ver bedavda. isev mematianis

sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT: `ara iyo maT JamTa Sina

Tesva da mka: mooxrda qveyana da tyed gadaiqca da

nacvlad kacTa mxecni da nadirni daemkvidrnes mas

Sina~. amas Tan daerTo saSineli miwisZvrac da es

yovelive aRsrulda imis gamo, rom didmac da pat-

aramac Sescoda RmrTis winaSe. Tumca amdeni Wiris

Semdeg qarTvelobas ufalma nugeSad didebuli mefe

19

daviT aRmaSenebeli mouvlina. Wabuki mefe rodi

SeuSinda qveynis savalalo mdgomareobas. RmrTis

SemweobiTa da Tavisi aRmzrdeli mRvdelmTavris _

giorgi Wyondidelis daxmarebiT mohkida xeli qvey-

nis marTva-ganmgeblobas. daviTma pirvelad mTaSi

gaxiznul mosaxleobas SeuZaxa da daabruna TavianT

adgilebSi. Semdgom moiwvia ruis-urbnisis kreba,

romelmac gankveTa uRirsi episkoposni da warmoaCi-

na zneobrivni: amiT `wmidani eklesiani, saxlni Rm-

rTisani~, romelnic `quab avazakTa qmnil iyvnes~,

_ avazakebisgan gawminda. daviTi Seecada Seeqmna

pirobebi mosaxleobis mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebi-

saTvis. es ki, rasakvirvelia, mosaxerxebeli iyo mx-

olod maSin, Tu mas TurqTa TareSis aRsakveTad

kargad gawvrTnili mebrZoli jaric aubamda mxars.

daviT aRmaSeneblis gamefebisas qarTvelTa

laSqari warmoadgenda `tyveobaTa da... WirTagan

damcrobil mcire gunds mxedrobisas~. amasTan, mo-

mxdur mters Tavisi ZaladobebiT masSi Zlieri SiSi

daeTesa. ucxeno da uiaraRo qarTuli mxedroba

brZolis ucodinarobiTac iCagreboda.

axalgazrda mefem `ganamravlna spani~, aRWurva

iaraRiTa da cxenebiT da maT wvrTnas Seudga. ̀ uwy-

inoTa laSqrobiTa~ da mcired-mcired brZoliTa

20

STaunergavda mefe mebrZolebs gamarjvebis rwmenas.

aswavlida brZolis strategiasa da taqtikas da mo-

agonebda qarTvelTa saxelovan gamarjvebebs. mefe

umkacresi yofila jabanTa mimarT, romelTac

STaacvamda xolme diacT tansacmels da kicxviT aa-

tar-Caatarebda molaSqreebSi. am gziT ganufantav-

da molaSqreebs SiSis grZnobas. daviTma akrZala

jarSi bilwsityvaoba, ugvani simRerebi da saocari

wesrigi daamyara. laSqris wvrTnaSic bevri siaxle

Seitana qarTvelTa mefem: qveiTi jari cxenosani

razmebiT Secvala. gamoiyena bizantiuri, romis

saomari dawyoba jarisa _ e.w. mwkrivebrivi taqti-

ka, rac gulisxmobda Semdegs: ramdenime razmi

mwkrivebad erTiandeboda. oRond daviTis jaris

razmebi, sayovelTaod miRebuli 2-is nacvlad 3

mwkrivad erTiandebodnen. pirveli _ winamZRoli

jari iyo, meore _ yolbi jari, mesame _ maSveli

jari. rogorc istorikosebi varaudoben, daviTma am

principebiT mkveTrad gazarda moulodnel darty-

maTa ricxvi. laSqris swrafi moZraobis uzrunvel-

sayofad gauval mdinareebze aago xidebi da `sawyi-

nod savalni~ gzebic qva-fenil hyvna. daviTis dros

Seiqmna ZvalTa da rkinaTa mkveTeli xmali `daviT-

feruli~

21

daviT aRmaSenebelma saqarTvelos gaerTianebi-

saTvis mzadeba Sinauri mtrebis alagmviTa da kax-

eT-hereTis SemoerTebiT daiwyo. RmrTis wyalobas

mindobili misi laSqari erwuxTan uSiSrad Seeba

TurqTa uzarmazar mxedrobas. jaris gasamxneveblad

daviTi `viTa lomi Seuzaxebda PmiTa maRliTa da

viTa grigali mi-da-mo iqceoda; da TviT goliaTe-

br mimarTebda da mklaviTa ZlieriTa daamxobda ax-

ovanTa~. am omSi sami cxeni moukles mefes. meoTx-

eze amxedrebulma daamTavra brZola. mematianis

TqmiT, am dRes daviTs imdeni mteri exoca, rom xm-

lidan nawveT sisxls misi ube welamdis gaevso da

es sacnaur iqmna mxolod maSin, rodesac daviTma

sartyeli Seixsna da sisxlma miwaze gadmosCqefa.

amis Semdgom TurqTa sulTanma muhamedma 100 aTa-

siani laSqari daZra saqarTvelosken. daviTi am

dros naWarmagevs imyofeboda. miuxedavad didTov-

lobisa, ar SeuSinda gadmoelaxa rikoTis uReltex-

ili. daviTma elvis siswrafiT gamoaqrola mcire

mxedroba TrialeTisken da ganTiadisas ekveTa mters.

`SewevniTa RmrTisaTa iZlia banaki TurqTa~. mteri

iseTi kisristexiT garboda, rom sakuTari karvebis

moxsna da saqonlis garekvac ki ver moaswro. mt-

kvris xeoba sruliad SeuerTda qveyanas.

22

aseTi Cveulebac hqonda mefes _ igi Turq-sel-

CukTa Tvalis asaxvevad dasavleT saqarTveloSi

gadadioda. am dros selCukebi egebodnen ankesze da

qarTls Semoeseodnen xolme. daviTi ki moulod-

nelad gamoCndeboda Tavis sardlebTan erTad,

romelTac winaswar uTanxmdeboda da erTianad

musrs avlebda mters. erTxel, zamTarSi Turqebi

didZali mxedrobiT taos Camodgnen. daviTma am

dros `moiPelovna~ _ qarTlis laSqars mzadyof-

nis saidumlo brZaneba misca, TviTon ki quTaisSi

wavida. amiT moaduna mtris yuradReba. TebervalSi

mefis brZanebiT qarTlelTa da mesxTa laSqari

klarjeTs Seiyara. TviTonac SidaspiT SeuerTda maT

mefe da erTianad mosra guldamSvidebiT myofni

selCukni.

miuxedavad brwyinvale gamarjvebebisa, daviT aR-

maSenebelma droulad igrZno, rom mcirericxovan

qarTul mxedrobas saqarTvelos qalaqebisa da cix-

eebis usafrTxoebis dacva da imavdroulad mudmiv-

moqmed armiaSi yofna gauWirdeboda. saWiro iyo

mudmivi laSqris Seqmna. mefem gadawyvita yivCaRTa-

gan Seeqmna aseTi armia. igi kargad icnobda am xalx-

is zneCveulebebs. misi meuRle _ guranduxt dedo-

falic xom yivCaRTa mTavris _ aTraqa SaraRanis Zis

23

asuli iyo... daviTma yivCaRTagan Camoayaliba 40

aTasiani armia, romelsac 5 aTasi qarTveli meomar-

ic daemata da amrigad nebismier dros SeeZlo 45

aTasiani jaris gamoyvana.

daviTis gamarjvebebma friad SeaSfoTa mahmadia-

nuri samyaro. `eseviTar WirTagan Seiwrebuli

Turqmanni~ sulTan mahmuds eaxlnen baRdadSi.

glovisa da SeWirvebis niSnad Savad saxeSeRebilebma

auwyes amierkavkasiaSi mimdinare ambebi. daviTis

dasamxobad sulTanma mouwoda Turqebis amirebs,

aTabagebs da spasalarebs. mahmadianTa am gaerTianeb-

uli laSqris sardloba eboZa gulad amira elRazs,

romelic 1121 wlis agvistoSi Semovida saqarTvelo-

Si da misma laSqarma daikava manglisi da didgori.

daviTi ar SeSinebia mters. mSvidad da uSiSrad

moiyvana jari sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi da gadawyvi-

ta didgoris mTebze viwro xeobaSi Sebmoda momx-

durs. daviTi ar moerida mtris simravles, man ise

ganalaga Tavisi meomrebi, rom am uTanasworo brZo-

laSi uvneblad daecva isini.

pirvelive SetakebisTanave aiSala muslimTa

laSqari da gaiqca daviTisgan Zleuli, `rameTu

xeli maRlisa Seeweoda da Zali zegardmo farvida

mas da wmida mowame giorgi gancxadebulad da

24

yovelTa saxilvelad wina uZRoda mas da mklaviTa

TvisiTa mosrvida zedamowevnulTa maT urjuloTa

warmarTTa. romel TviT igi urjuloni da umecar-

ni moRmarT aRiarebdes da mogviTxrobdes saswaulsa

amas mTavarmowamisa giorgissa~.

didgorTan damarcxebam mteri welSi gawyvita.

amitomac ar gasWirvebia daviTs momdevno wels ga-

eTavisuflebina Tbilisic 400 wlovani tyveobisgan.

1123 wels ki dmanisi SemouerTda dedasaqarTvelos,

riTac gamTlianda misi sxeuli.

Tavmdabal daviTs sakuTari Tavi `uswavlel~,

`mxedrobaTa Sina aRzrdil~ kacad miaCnda, Tumca

mematianes cnobiT, daviTi Rrmad ganswavluli da

uebro mWevrmetyveli yofila, rac cxadad gamoCn-

da misi sefe-sityviT qarTvelTa da somexTa saRmr-

Tismetyvelo kamaTis dros. wmida mefe kamaTSi Cae-

rTo da `ese mwvalebelni (monofiziti somxebi) es-

oden zarganxdil yvna da yovlad uRono, romelTa

aRiares cxadad Zleuleba Tvisi amisTa oden

metyvelTa, viTarmed: Cven, mefeo, mowafe gvegone

amaT moZRvarTa TqvenTa, garna viTar vxedavT, Sen

same xar moZRvari moZRvarTa^~.

RmrTis moyvarul mefes yoveli borotisagan

TviT ufali icavda. erTxel karvis piras mdgomi,

25

misTvis nasroli isrisagan ixsna mTavarangelozis

xatma, romelic gulze ekida.

daviTma sakuTar saZvaled gelaTis monasteri

isurva. anderZis mixedviT daviTs unebebia yovel

mokvdavs fexi daebijebina mis saflavze... saflavis

qvaze amokveTilia mefis ukanaskneli survili: `ese

ars gansasvenebeli Cemi ukuniTi ukunisamde. ese mT-

navs: aqa davemkvidro me~.

amqveyniuri warmavali didebulebis uaryofis

ubadlo nimuSi, sada da ubraloa daviT mefis

saflavi...

saqarTvelos eklesiam wmindanad Seracxa RmrTis

mcnebebiT mcxovrebi da qristianobis dacvisaTvis

`mesiis maxvilad~ wodebuli, gapartaxebuli qveynis

kvlav aRmSenebeli mefe daviTi.

26

giorgi III

(1156-1184)

kacTa Zalisagan es ambavi

SeuZlebeli ariso.

daviT aRmaSeneblis gardacvalebis Semdgom mefed

ekurTxa Ze misi demetre, didebuli himnis `Sen xar

venaxis~ avtori. iyo igi mimsgavsebuli mamisa da si-

bereSi aRikveca berad da dasva mefed Ze Tvisi daviT

(V) da aman imefa erTi Tve da mokvda. Semdgomad misa

dajda Zma daviT mefisa giorgi (III), rameTu daviTis

Ze demetre mcirewlovani iyo mefobisaTvis. mematiane

ase agviwers: `dajda mefed giorgi, umaRlesi yovel-

Ta mefeTasa, mZle da morWmuli mterTa da Secode-

27

bulTaTvis; keTilis-msaxuri RmrTisa; saydarTa

episkoposTa, meudabnoeTa, mRvdelTaTvis keTilis-

myofeli, da ukadri Secodebisa didTa da cotaTa-

gan, glaxakTa da qvrivTaTvis mowyale da erTgul-

TaTvis uxvi da mboZebeli~. daviT aRmaSeneblisa da

demetres gardacvalebis Semdeg mteri nel-nela

gaTamamda, sazRvarTan axlos mdebare qalaqebisa da

soflebis mitaceba scada da droebiT SesZlo kidec.

magram mefeT-mefe giorgim uceb daibruna qalaqi

anisi da sxva mitacebuli qalaqni da sofelni. qalaq

anisis dakargva mahmadianebma Zalian axlos miitanes

gulTan: qedmaRalma da ficxelma sulTanma sparse-

Tis fadiSahebTan erTad Sehyara uricxvi laSqari

da moadga aniss. laSqarSi monawileobda mTeli

siriis, mesopotamiis (sparseTi, erayi), diarbeqiris,

ermianis Turqoba. mowinaaRmdegis Tavdasxmis ambavi

giorgi mesames Tavis dasasvenebel agarakze, naWar-

magevs moaxsenes. man maSinve ixmo laSqari. sruliad

saqarTvelos jaris Sekrebas didi dro undoda,

anisSi ki qarTvelebs uWirdaT. mefe aRar daeloda

didi laSqris Seyras da anisisken gaemarTa, viTarca

lomi. mefeT-mefem gulmxurvaled iloca, Semdgom

cxenze Sejda da mxedrobas mimarTa: `kacno Zmano,

28

erTsulno da erTsjulno! Tqven iciT, Tu ra kar-

gia sikvdili saRmrTo sjulisa da qristes saxare-

bisaTvis, Cven samaradisod SevnatriT maT, vinc mis-

devda qristes kvals da aResrula misTvis. xedavT,

raoden sasaxeloa vaJkacurad sikvdili vidre avad-

myofobiT gaxdoma da ganleva, radganac saxe da sax-

eli keTilisa saukuno gzad gagyveba... axla ki Cemo

frTiano lomebo! xeli dastaceT xmlebsa da

CvenTvis ganlaxvrulis saxeliT eZgereT urwmu-

noebs!~ Semdgom miubrunda qarTvel didebulebs:

liparit sumbatis Ze orbels, beqa suramels, qir-

qiS abuleTis Zes da RimiliT uTxra maT: modiT

Cvens Soris yvelaze kargi vaJkaci is iyos, romel-

ic pirveli mieWreba mtris medroSes da ise dah-

kravs, rom Zirs dascemso. esa Tqva da daiZra da

gafrinda lomTa jari. pirveli mefeT-mefe gaiWra,

gaapo razmi mtrisa, miiWra mowinaaRmdegis

medroSesTan da dasca igi. mterma rom Tavisi dro-

Sa Zirs ganrTxmuli naxa, piri ibruna da gaiqca. da

mosres qarTvelebma uricxvi mteri da mzis Casvlis

dros Sewyvites devna da omi. gaxarebuli gamarjve-

buli qarTvelni RmerTs madlobas wiravdnen,

mefeT-mefe giorgi simdabliT davarda winaSe

29

uflisa da cremliT aRuvlina samadlobeli. amis

Semdgom, mogviTxrobs mematiane, giorgi mefem

Sekriba jari da ukidures samxreTiT aiRo qalaqi

dvini, romelic araratis mTis Ziras mdebareobda.

muslimebi dafrTxnen qarTvelTa TavdasxmiTa da win

wamoweviT. mTeli muslimuri samyaro Seikra da sa-

magieros gadaxdisaTvis iwyes mzadeba. Sehyares gaer-

Tianebuli laSqari da saqarTvelosaken daiZrnen.

es rom mefe giorgim Seityo, Sekriba sruliad

qarTvelTa jari, gamoiyvana didZali osni da sulT-

nis winaaRmdeg gaemarTa. da Seiyarnen pirispir cixe

gagis midamoebTan: iqeT jari sruliad muslimTa _

siriisa, arabeTisa, erayisa, sparseTisa da azer-

baijanisa, TurqeTisa, TurqmeneTisa, xolo aqeT, me-

ore mxares _ jari qarTvelTa, mefeT-mefe giorgi

mesamisa, lomTa-lomisa... qarTvelTa laSqari rom

ixiles, ̀ sultanman, aTabagman da yovelTa falavan-

Ta da didebulTa maTTa Tqves, viTarmed: ara ars

kaci dRes pirispir Sembmeli giorgisi da misTa

laSqarTa qveyanasa zeda. mivridoT Tavi da vefar-

oT!~ hoi, saswaulo RmrTisa, hoi, wyalobav RmrTisa

mowyalisa. qarTvelni SiSis zars scemdnen mTels

muslimur msoflios. marTlac, dahyares muslimeb-

30

ma yovelgvari naalafari da mdinare ekelecis gad-

alaxva iwyes. am dros qarTvelTa laSqaric miiWra

da iwyes musrva maTi. magram hereTis erismTavarma

vardan kolonkelis Zem mefes brZolis gagrZeleba

aRar urCia da hkadra mefesa: `sultani mosvliTa

SeniTa ivltis, arRara jer-ars devna Sengan, rameTu

zvaoba ars winaSe RmrTisa~.

mahmadianebs SiSis zars scemda giorgi mefis

Serkinebis Taviseburi meTodi. igi xmalaRmarTuli

pirveli Tavad Seebmoda xolme mters, Cexda wina

rigebs da ise mxned da Tavisuflad miiwevda mowi-

naaRmdegis mefisken da mxedarTmTavrisaken, TiTqos

xmals ki ar iqnevda, aramed zRvaSi niCbebs usmevda;

amitom mis danaxvaze mtris didebulebi SiSiT Zr-

wodnen da kankalebdnen. mefis aseTi SemarTeba ise

aSinebda sulTans, rom sul erideboda masTan pir-

ispir Seyras da mudam garboda brZolis velidan.

...saqarTveloSi mSvidoba idga. mefe gamarjvebe-

biT gaxarebuli mcired Svebas mieca. erTxel mcire

razmiT dmanisisa da lores Soris mTebSi iyo sana-

dirod. sulTanma mzveravi gagzavna, romelmac naxa,

mefe mcire razmiT saqarTvelos sazRvarTan nad-

irobda. mswrafl acnoba sulTans: ̀ ai Cveni SurisZ-

31

iebis Jami dgas, Tu axla ar daesxmiT Tavs, sxva aseT

xelsayrel dros veRar gamoZebniTo~. da erT Rames,

ganTiadisas, roca mefes Rrmad eZina, mteri mar-

Tlac gamoCnda. es ise moulodnelad moxda, rom

mefem Zlivs moaswro iaraRis asxma da cxenze amxe-

dreba, da rogorc sCveoda, mewinave medroSisaken

gaiwia.

radgan sanadirod gasul qarTvelTa ricxvi

mcire iyo, Setakeba SeiZleboda mefis sikvdiliT an

datyvevebiT damTavrebuliyo, amitom ivane amirs-

pasalarma da sxva didebulebma ZaliT ganarides

mefe da moeridnen brZolas. am ambavs, anu ̀ damarcx-

ebas~ mefe friad daumwuxrebia. igi ver egueboda

damarcxebas, radgan sul mudam gamarjvebuli iyo;

Tumca am SemTxvevaSi mters arc gaumarjvnia; mas

veragulad undoda mZinare mefis mokvla an

datyveveba, mteri qarTvelebs arc ki dasdevnebia,

radgan eSinoda pirispir Setakebisa. mZinare mefes

Tu gaubedavdnen rames, Torem velze gaWril gior-

gis vin daedevneboda? mwuxarebaSi Cavardnil gior-

gis ki didebulni ase amxnevebdnen: `mefeT-mefeo,

yvelafers Tavisi dro aqvs, omsac da ukan daxevasac.

32

odesRac aleqsandre makedoneli, samsoni da so-

lomon brZenic ki damarcxdnen, Tanac qalebTano~...

aseTi Seudrekeli meomari iyo mefe giorgi. erTx-

el darubands ibrZoda da auRebeli cixeni milew-

molewa, daamarcxa lekni da yivCaRni, xolo Semdeg

ukiduresi CrdiloeT wertilidan ukidures

samxreT wertilamde ̀ mswrafl ifrina~, da axla iq,

loreSi gamarTa ficxeli omi. imdenad Zneli war-

mosadgeni iyo kacTa gonebisaTvis es yovelive, rom

ara marto Cveni mematiane, aramed mteric ki acxa-

debda: `kacTa Zalisagan es ambavi SeuZlebeli ari-

so~.

33

Tamar mefe

(1184-1213)

xseneba 1 (14 ax. st.) maiss da menelsacxeblededaTa kviriakes

mindobilni RmrTisani da

Tamaris cremlTani.

Tamaris mefobis Jams saocari warmatebani hqonda

qarTul jars. mcire laSqriT da mcire msxverpliT

sakmaod Zlier mowinaaRmdeges swrafad amarcxebda.

vin aRwers Tamaris dros Catarebul laSqrobebs!

yovel dRes sami-oTxi maxarobeli modioda mefesTan.

34

ise danavardobda qarTuli jari sulTnis samflo-

beloSi, TiTqos mwyrebze sanadirod yofiliyo

gasuli atexil WalebSi.

marTalia Tamari fizikurad Tavad ar monawile-

obda am omebSi, magram arcerTi brZola ar war-

marTula masTan moTaTbirebis gareSe, xolo misi

locva Seudrekeli vaJkacis moqneul xmalze ufro

Zlier Seeweoda qarTvel meomarT.

SamqorTan brZolis win, rodesac xalifam Sehyara

sparseTis laSqari, gasca uamravi oqro da indo-

eTidan samaryandamde da darubandamde wamoSala

yvela, visac ki iaraRis tareba SeeZlo, Tamarma Wy-

ondidels ubrZana: Seekriba mxedroba, monastrebsa

da eklesiebSi daewyoT ganuwyveteli RamisTevis

locvebi da litaniobani, xolo glaxakTaTvis mow-

yaleba gaecaT, raTa yvelas edidebina RmerTi.

Seikriba qarTuli jari da ramdenime dRe maTac

locvaSi gaatares. Tamarma gaamxneva isini, dalo-

ca, Seavedra RmerTs, waumZRvara Zeli cxovrebisa _

wmida jvari da gaayola maT Wyondideli, Tavad ki

fexSiSveli avida metexis taZarSi da iq manamde

loculobda cremliT wmida xatis winaSe, sanam

ufalma saTxovari ar Seusrula.

35

rodesac qarTvelebma ixiles Samqorsa da ganZas

Soris kaliasaviT modebuli xalifas laSqari, ̀ myis

gardaxdes cxeniTgan yovelni, Tayvani sces RmerT-

sa, wmidasa jvarsa evedrnes cremliTa~. Semdeg ki

vefxvebiviT ekveTnen mters da aq moxda RmrTis

saswauli, _ aRsrulda daviT mefsalmunis sityve-

bi: `mun SeeSina SiSi, sada ara iyo SiSi, rameTu

RmerTi ars TeslTa Soris marTalTasa~. saocari

SiSi mouvlina ufalma ricxobrivad gacilebiT up-

irates xalifas laSqars, SiSi da Tanac iseTi, rom

qarTvelebma pirvelive SetakebisTanave gafantes

mteri.

xocavdnen TagvebiviT da iWerdnen qaTmebiviT:

baRdadelebs da erayelebs, afrikelebs da adar-

baganelebs, sparselebs da sxva mravalT. da aSkara

iyo saocari Sewevna RmrTisa, radgan mowinaaRmde-

ges TviTon mohqonda Tavisi avladideba, mohyavda

aqlemebi da jorebi da mteri faqtiurad TavisiT

Cabarda Tamaris mebrZolT.

Tamaris mefobis dros kidev erTi didi da sax-

elovani omi gadaixades qarTvelebma. rumis sulTani

ruqnadini 400000-iani laSqriT moadga saqarTve-

los, raTa Suri eZia qristian mefeze muslimebi-

36

sTvis xarkis dadebisaTvis. brdRvinavda ruqnadini,

yuranze gazrdils acofebda qalis mefobac. `yove-

li diaci regvenia da Sen gibrZanebia qarTvelTad

aRebad xmalTa da RmrTisagan sayvarelsa islemTa

erisa daxocad... da aw me moval, _ iqadneboda sul-

Tani, _ raTa gangwvarTo Sen da eri ege Seni

araodes kadrebad xrmlisa~.

basianis omis win Tamari varZiis RmrTismSoblis

taZrisken gaemarTa, raTa cremliT Seevedrebina mis-

Tvis daviT soslani da spa-laSqari qarTvelTa.

varZiisken Tamari fexSiSveli miuZRoda laSqars.

brZolis win kvlav muxlmodrekiT cremliT

mlocvelma Seavedra qarTuli jari ufals. mere

moixmo warCinebulebi da erisTavebi da ubrZana,

raTa TiToeuli maTgani miaxleboda wmida jvars da

Tayvani eca. didebulebi jvris Tayvanissacemad

saTiTaod midiodnen, tiriliTa da vedrebiT emTx-

veodnen jer jvars, Semdeg ki mefis xels, radgan

jvari erTi xeliT Tavad Tamars epyra, xolo meore

mxridan _ jvarismtvirTvels _ ezosmoZRvar basi-

lis.

ase gaemarTnen qarTveli mebrZolebi basianisken,

sadac didebuli gamarjveba elodaT.

37

xolo Tamari samRvdeloebasa da ber-monazvnebT-

an erTad gaemarTa samcxes, sadac oZrxeSi iwyes

marxva, RamisTeva da litanioba.

sastiki omi gaimarTa basianTan. imdenad didi iyo

sulTnis laSqari, rom banakSi darajic ki ar daey-

enebinaT. miuxedavad simcirisa, Tamaris mxedrobam

ficxlad miitana ieriSi da aq mematianeebi gad-

mogvcemen erT metad saintereso faqts: mxned mo-

mavali qarTvelebis danaxvisas sulTnis molaSqreeb-

ma `daagdes sadgomi maTi da simagreebs mimarTes,

rameTu moavlina maT zeda RmerTman SiSi didi~.

pirvelive SetakebisTanave `moxeda wyaloba au-

racxelman RmerTman mosavTa jvarisaTa da ganadi-

da dideba daviTisa da Tamarisi varZiis RmrTism-

Sobelman~.

ise daifanta auracxeli mteri, rom sadac gaixe-

davdiT `tyveTa msgavsi laSqari ixilveboda

ltolvilad~. mainc risi SeeSinda sulTnis

laSqars?! mxned momavali qarTvelebis danaxva ra-

tom unda gakvirvebodaT, an miTumetes, ratom unda

dafeTebuliyvnen ise, rom daviwyebodaT TavianTi

simravle da TavSesafris Zebna daewyoT?!

38

uamravi tyve da simdidre igdes xelT

qarTvelebma. sulTnis erT-erTi didebuli, romel-

ic miiyvanes Tamar mefesTan, uecrad daeca Zirs ena

Cavardnili da `iRvlarWnoda gueliviT~. gaiyvanes

gareT, moasulieres da hkiTxes, ra dagemarTao,

xolo man Tqva: `romeli ars Tavsa zeda Tamarisasa,

man hyo Zleva ese Cven zeda da axlac SevSindi mis

danaxvazeo~, xolo Jamsa mas xati mTavarangeloz

miqaelisa ekida Tamaris taxtis zemoT.

39

demetre Tavdadebuli

(1271-1289)

xseneba 12 (25 ax. st.) marts

sicocxle sicocxlis wil...

amboben, gansacdeli codvis wil miegeba qveyanaso

da meores mxriv, gansacdeliT wvrTnis ufali Tavis

rCeulT. saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis Jams

gansacdels vin gamoulevda momaval gvirgvinosans da

rogorc ki moevlina am qveyanas ufliswuli demetre

(IV), maTac niaRvariviT iwyes dena.

jer kidev Cvili iyo demetre, deda _ usaTnoesi

gvanca dedofali rom moukles monRolebma. 10 wl-

isa mamas _ daviT ulus gamoemSvidoba samudamod.

oboli bagratovani qarTvelma didebulebma abaRa

yaens mihgvares urdoSi da sTxoves, saqarTvelos mefed

40

daemtkicebina. pirveli qorwineba politikuri

garemoebebiT iyo nakarnaxevi _ 15 wlis ymawvils

trapizonis mefis asuli SerTes colad.

sadRa daSTeniliyo Tamaris oqros xanis saxeli

da dideba?! Tamaris saqarTvelo samad iyo gay-

ofili. dasavleTSi daviT narini mefobda, samcxe _

yaens emorCileboda, mxolodRa qarTl-kaxeTi da

somxeTis nawili darCenoda mefes.

demetres mcirewlovanebis gamo, qveyanas faqto-

brivad yaenis mona _ sadun mankaberdeli ganageb-

da. xolo `viTarca aRizarda mefe dimitri~,

JamTaaRmwerlis gadmocemiT Seiqmna: ̀ taniTa axovan,

feriTa haerovan, Sesaxedavad turfa, TmiTa da

wueriTa mwyazar da Suenier, TvaliTa greman, beW-

brtyel da Sewyobil samPedroTa wesiTa, sruli

cxenosani da mSvildosani rCeuli, uxK, mowyale da

mdabali, glaxakTa, qurivTa da davrdomilTa mowy-

ale, romel ara smenil ars naTesavi mefeTa, gina

sxuaTa kacTa~.

sulieri saTnoebiT Semkuli mefe dRisiT cdi-

lobda ganeaxlebina eklesia-monastrebi, gaemagre-

bina cixeebi (wmida mefe vaxtang gorgaslis mier

agebuli da Semdgom darRveuli Tbilisis metexis

41

RmrTismSoblis taZaric demetres brZanebiT aRud-

geniaT), RamiT ki `aqunda Cveuleba~, aiRebda

safules da moivlida qalaqs, raTa Tavisi xeliT

gaeca mowyaleba glaxakTaTvis. obol-qvrivTa da

maTxovarTac RamiT iwyes siaruli _ egeba sadme

gadaveyaroTo mowyale mefes.

meti ki ver dascalda _ yaeni iwvevda laSqrobeb-

Si qarTvelTa mxedrobas. sxvaTa brZolebSi wyde-

bodnen saukeTeso qarTveli vaJkacebi. monRolebi

gamagrebuli cixe-qalaqebis asaRebad pirvelad

qarTvelebs agzavnidnen, mere ki TviTon Seutevdnen

moqancul mowinaaRmdeges.

roca brZolis dros monRolebi ukan ixevdnen,

qarTvelebi xSirad siamayiT ambobdnen: Cven ukan

daxeva ara gvCveviao da Tavisi mter-maoxreblebi-

saTvis ixocebodnen. marto mesopotamiaSi demetre

mefis sardlobiT mebrZoli sami aTasi qarTveli

TiTqmis erTianad Seakvda egviptelebs. xolo egvip-

teSi erT-erTi warumatebeli brZolisas 4000-ze

meti qarTveli moisra.

mefe demetres am omSi 5 aTasi qarTveli hyavda

wamoyvanili. qarTvelebma aqac moindomes pirvelebs

daewyoT brZola. monRolebsac meti ra undodaT?

42

mefe demetrem 200 rCeuli qarTveliT egviptelTa

rigebi gaapo da sasulTno droSis xelSi Casagde-

bad gaemarTa. 12 aTasma egviptelma sulTnis brZa-

nebiT alya Semoartya maT. moulodnelad sulTnis

sardalma SubiT cxeni moukla demetres. mefe un-

agiridan Camoxta da fexdafex ganagrZo brZola,

magram cviliviT dadna qarTvelTa mxedroba. `Cemi

sikvdili araferia, oRond Sen icocxle mefeo!~ _

SesZaxa abaS siqanalis Zem da mefes cxeni moarTva.

Tavganwiruli qarTveli mtris SubiT gangmiruli

daeca. mefem ki moaswro amxedreba da am dros

qarTvelTa maSvelma jarmac mouswro. 4800-ma

qarTvelma mtris rkali gaarRvia da mefes irgvliv

Semoertya. monRolebs ki am dros brZola ukve mi-

etovebinaT. egviptelTa da qarTvelTa Serkineba

SuaRamemde gagrZelda. demetre mefe 800 qarTvel-

iTRa dabrunda samSobloSi. amasiis ucxo miwaze 4

aTasi qarTveli vaJkacis cxedari iyo gaqvavebuli...

ar daufasda monRolTa samsaxuri mefes... mon-

RolebSi iSviaTad Tu romelime yaeni bunebrivi

sikvdiliT momkvdariyo. isini SeTqmulebis msxver-

plni xdebodnen. isev daixlarTa intrigebi mon-

43

RolTa yaenis karze... amjerad arRun yaenis pirve-

li vaziri buRa amxiles SeTqmulTa Tavkacad.

buRa mZaxali iyo demetresi da mis Tavzec

saavdro Rrublebi Camowva. mefe fiqrs mieca. man

kargad uwyoda, rasac niSnavda yaenis karze xmoba.

magram Tu ar eaxleboda noins, ganrisxebuli mon-

Rolebi saqarTvelosken gamoilaSqrebdnen... mefem

sakuTari Tavis msxverplad Sewirva amjobina qvey-

nis aoxrebas da urdoSi gasamgzavreblad moemzada.

`aw Tu Sen dasdeb sulsa Senisa erisaTvis, Cven

yovelni episkoposni vitvirTavT codvaTa SenTa~ _

aRar dauSliaT Rvawlis tvirTva episkoposebs. da

rogorc eloda, urdoSi sikvdiliT dasja gadauw-

yvites. qarTvelma didebulebma scades gaeparebinaT

sapyrobiledan, magram maT Tavad mefe aRemarTa naT-

lis svetad: `aw Tu warvide, ubralo eri moisras.

ra sargebel ars, ukeTu yoveli sofeli SeviZino da

suli warviwymido~ _ mSvidad miugo man.

sikvdilis win demetrem iloca, miiRo wmida

ziareba da suli ufals Seavedra. TiTqos samyarom

aRniSna Tavdadebuli gvirgvinosnis gardacvaleba

da mze dabnelda uflis brZanebiT...

44

demetres gvami farulad gamoixsnes kaTolikos-

ma da mose mRvdelma da Tbiliseli meTevzeebis dax-

marebiT saqarTveloSi Camoasvenes. mama-papaTa saZ-

valeSi _ mcxeTas damarxes 30 wlis mefis sxeuli,

romelsac erma `Tavdadebuli~ uwoda.

45

vaxtang III

(1302-1308)

xseneba 10 (23 ax. st.) dekembers

RmrTis moSiSi, sarwmunoebi-

Ta mtkice, samRvdeloTa pativ-

ismcemeli, mowyale da yovli-

TurT sruli...

mas Semdeg, rac demetre mefes, Tavdadebuls, Tavi

mohkveTes, misi Svilebi mimoifantnen. amgvarad aR-

srulda eqvTime kaTolikosis biZis, basilis

winaswarmetyveleba, romelic RmrTismSoblis gamocx-

adebiT emcno: `Tu moiSli mefeo samcolianobas, Seni

mefoba warmatebuli iqneba, Tu ara da damarcxdebi

da mimoifantebian Zeni Senni~. demetres ufrosi vaJi

46

daviTi, romelic mas hyavda trapizonis mefis

asulisagan, urdoSi Tan axlda mamas. igi Zlivs

gadaurCa sikvdils da aRizarda noin taCaris karze.

misi Zmebi vaxtangi da manueli saqarTveloSi darC-

nen, xolo naxevarZma giorgi (SemdgomSi brwyin-

valed wodebuli), dedam, Tamarma, waiyvana axalcix-

eSi, Tavis mamulSi da iq aRizarda. demetres mesame

coli, usjulo sorRali ki SvilebiT, baaduriT da

iedigariT, Tavis samSobloSi dabrunda.

ase daSordnen Zmebi _ daviTi da vaxtangi erT-

maneTs. daviTi aRizarda ucxo miwaze, usjuloTa

Soris, xolo vaxtangi saqarTveloSi _ qristianTa

garemocvaSi.

mas Semdeg yaenma saqarTvelos mefed daviTi das-

va, man igi ramdenjerme daibara TavisTan, magram am

ukanasknelma ver gabeda urdoSi Casvla da Tavis

sanacvlod Zma, vaxtangi gauSva. arada yazan yaeni

cnobili iyo, rogorc simarTlismoyvare mmarTve-

li. yaens TavisTan axlos ekida eJvnebi, maTze mib-

muli Toki ki zRudis gareT hqonda CaSvebuli.

gaWirvebulni da damaSvralni mividodnen,

darekavdnen zars da yaenic umal Cavidoda maTTan,

mousmenda da daexmareboda; yazan yaenma tkbilad

47

miiRo vaxtangi, xolo daviTs kidev ramdenjerme

SeuTvala zavi da miiwvia TavisTan. mefe hpirdebo-

da, rom eaxleboda, magram Tavis sityvas ar as-

rulebda. maSin yaenma mefoba vaxtangs uboZa.

vaxtangi dajda saqarTvelos mefed, magram ar

ewinaaRmdegeboda Tavis Zmas, daviT mefes, radgan

iyo `RmrTis moSiSi, sarwmunoebiTa mtkice, sam-

RvdeloTa pativismcemeli, mowyale da yovliTurT

sruli, mSKd da mdabal, myudro da uSfoTvel da

aravisi moSurne~. igi eZiebda sasufevelsa RmrTi-

sasa da moipova kidec saocari TavganwirviT. man

gviCvena, rom visac aqvs SiSi da siyvaruli RmrTi-

sa, mas amqveyniuri veRaraferi ver SeaSinebs.

yazan-yaenis sikvdilis Semdeg, misi Ze xarbadi

gaxda yaeni. man moisurva gilanis dapyroba da

mokavSireebad qarTvelebi moixmo. gaimarTa Zlieri

brZola. jars vaxtangi winamZRolobda. tyeSi lami-

an viwro gzaze laSqars uWirda siaruli. xarbad

yaeni Tavad xedavda, Tu rogor mxned ibrZodnen vax-

tangi da misi spa: aTidan ori Tu rCeboda cocxa-

li, magram vaxtangi ar gamoqceula da am ficxeli

Setakebis dros mxolod msubuqad daiWra barZaySi.

48

yaeni mixvda, rom gilanelebis simagres ver gatex-

da, RamiT aiyara da brZolis veli datova.

damarcxda yaeni, magram vaxtangs da mis laSqars

saarako mxneobisaTvis didi pativi sca da

saqarTvelosaken dasaCuqrebulebi gamoistumra.

yaenis damarcxebiT isargebles mahmadianebma da

da daarwmunes xarbadi: `Tu Sen ar daatevebineb

qristianebs sjuls da ar gaamahmadianeb maT, Tu ar

moaoxreb maT eklesiebs, verasodes daamarcxeb mters

da Seni xelmwifebac ar wagemarTebao~.

es Cagoneba daijera yaenma da erT-erTi noini

saqarTvelosken gamogzavna, qarTvelTaTvis sjulis

Sesacvlelad da eklesiaTa mosaoxreblad. noinma

daiwyo eklesiebis ngreva da naxWevanSi vaxtang mefes

wamoewia. rodesac mefem Seityo es ambavi, ki ar SeS-

inda, `aramed umetesad gamxnevda da ganamxnevebda

Tavis spaTa, Seaxsenebda qristes mcnebebs da

aRTqmebsa, mowameTa mxneobas da mouwodebda maT,

raTa warmdgariyvnen yaenis winaSe, iq eRiarebinaT

qriste da Tavi daedoT misTvis~. laSqarmac sixaru-

liT mousmina mefes da eaxlnen yaens.

rodesac yaenma dainaxa vaxtang mefe Tavisi

laSqriT ukan mobrunebuli, Zlier gaukvirda. ma-

49

Sin vaxtangi `winaaRudga datevebisaTvis qristesa

da mooxrebisaTvis eklesiaTa~. ganrisxebulma yaen-

ma laSqrianad Seipyro igi da qristesTvis tanjviT

mokla vaxtang mefe.

sul male RmrTisagan sasjelad boroti seni See-

yara xarbad-yaens. SeSinebulma ukan moixmo

saqarTvelos asaoxreblad gagzavnili noini, xolo

vaxtangis laSqari gaaTavisufla, Tumca Tavad ma-

leve gardaicvala.

mefis gvirgviniT Semkuli vaxtangi ̀ warmoiyvanes

da damarxes dmaniss~.

ase ixsna qristes mxne mxedarma vaxtang mefem

saqarTvelo da Tavadac caTa sasufeveli daimkvidra.

50

giorgi brwyinvale

(1299;1318_1346)

viTarca aRmaSenebelman

ganavsna da aRaSenna queyanani.

idga ̀ didi usamarTloba da mZlavrebuloba... erT-

maneTsa Ralatad dasxma, daqceva cixeTa, sikvdili,

colis wagvra da dagdeba ubralosa da mravalferni

ulusobani~. arsad `samarTali aRar iyoo~ _ amgvar-

ad gvixatavs meToTxmete saukunis gariJraJze mema-

tiane sulierad dakninebuli saqarTvelos zneobriv

saxes.

amas garda monRolur-TaTrul uRels sruliad

gaepartaxebina meurneoba. mZimed daxarkuli qarTve-

li kaci Tavs anebebda miwaTmoqmedebas da dedabudi-

anad mTaSi ixizneboda. garboda yvela, vinc ki gada-

51

rCenoda monRolTa gauTavebel omebSi sikvdils.

carieldeboda soflebi da qalaqebi. iSriteboda

eris sasicocxlo wyaro. monRolTa omebSi

sistematurad monawileobis garduvalobam qveynis

sazogadoebrivi wes-wyobilebis cvlilebac gamoi-

wvia. qarTul sazogadoebaSi privilegirebuli

mdgomareoba samxedroebma moipoves.

da ai, am dros ineba ufalma samefo taxtze

gamefebuliyo didebuli gvirgvinosani _ giorgi

mexuTe _ Ze demetre Tavdadebulisa. mamis Tavgan-

wirvis safasurad RmerTs TiTqos mis pirmSoze gad-

moefrqvia madli keTilSobilebisa, niWierebisa,

siqvelisa. `giorgi brwyinvale~ _ ase moixseniebs

mas matiane.

giorgi brwyinvalem Tavis winamorbedebTan Se-

darebiT monRolebTan urTierTobis gansxvavebuli

gza airCia. igi sayaenosTan SeiaraRebuli dapiri-

spirebis sanacvlod mSvidobiani urTierTobis dam-

yarebas Seecada. giorgim kargi urTierToba daiWira

pirvel emir CobanTan, romelic mcirewlovani yae-

nis abu-saidis dros praqtikulad mTel sayaenos

ganagebda. giorgi mexuTem ufleba miiRo Cobanisa-

52

gan, rom Tavad aekrifa xarki, rac udidesi mniS-

vnelobis movlena iyo.

1329 wels gardaicvala dasavleT saqarTvelos

mefe miqeli _ daviT narinis Ze. amiT isargebla

giorgim, gadavida dasavleT saqarTveloSi da aiRo

quTaisi. saqarTvelos mTavrebma da erisTavebma mor-

Cileba gamoucxades mefes.

samcxis mTavris sargis II jayelis gardacvalebis

Semdeg mefem es mxarec SemoierTa da aTabagoba sar-

gisis Zes _ yvaryvares uboZa. is iyo giorgi samcxi-

dan Tbiliss mobrunda, rom moaxsenes mefes: `erT-

erTma noinTaganma monRol-TaTarTa mxedrobiT

adarbagani daipyro, ran-movakani moarbia, ganZamdec

moaRwia da saqarTvelos Suagulisken moemarTebao~.

giorgi ficxlad gaemarTa mterTan Sesaxvedrad.

ganZis dasavleTiT Seibnen qarTvelni da TaTarni da

`iqmna brZola Zlieri~, iZlivnen TaTarni. gamoenT-

nen `spani mefisani maxviliTa da Semoiqcnen gamar-

jvebulni~. Semdegi brZola Turq-osmalTa mamamTa-

var, sulTan irxanTan gadaixada giorgim. klarje-

Tis sazRvarze gamarTuli uTanasworo brZola isev

giorgis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: brZolaSi `mosw-

ydnen uricxvni Turqni da iltodnen sultni-

53

TurT~... amis Semdgom giorgi brwyinvalem Semoier-

Ta somxeTi, rani, movakani, daRestani da daxarka

Sirvani.

mefis ZlevamosilebiT isev aRdga qarTvelTa

mmarTveloba trapizon-pontos saxelmwifoSi.

mTels msoflioSi gavrcelda legendebi qarTvel

mbrZanebelze, radgan monRolTa uRels damorCile-

bul xalxTagan qarTvelebi iyvnen pirvelni,

romelTac gadaigdes igi.

mefe mniSvnelovani brZolebis Tanadroulad,

aucilebeli sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli saqmiano-

bis gaRvivebasac uwyobda xels. giorgi brwyinvales

saxels ukavSirdeba elCoba egviptis sulTanTan,

romlis Sedegadac qarTvelebs daubrundaT manamde

meCeTad qceuli jvris monasteri da gadmoecaT

`kliteni ierusalimisani~.

monRolebisagan gandevnili Zveli tradiciuli

wesrigisa da wes-Cveulebebis aRsadgenad mefis mi-

TiTebiT Seiqmna axali samarTlis wigni `Zeglis

dadeba~, romelsac mefem saxelmwifoebriv-poli-

tikuri kanonmdebloba `xelmwifis karis garigeba~

moadevna.

54

giorgi brwyinvalem yazan yaenis saxelobaze moW-

rili ̀ yazanuri TeTri~, Tavis saxelze moWrili ax-

ali moneta `giorgauli TeTriT~ Secvala da amiT

kidev erTxel gausva xazi erovnul TviTmyofadobas.

giorgi brwyinvalem aRadgina da ganavrco dip-

lomatiuri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva qveynebTan.

saqarTvelos samefos did saerTaSoriso av-

toritetze is faqtic miuTiTebs, rom egviptis

sulTanma ufleba misca qarTvelebs aeSenebinaT ax-

ali taZari iurusalimSi, maSin, rodesac meCeTis

mSeneblobis ufleba ar misces oqros urdos yaens.

giorgi brwyinvales marTlac rom Seefereboda

vaxuSti batoniSvilis saqebari sityvebi: `viTarca

aRmaSenebelman ganavsna da aRaSenna queyanani, sju-

li da samoqalaqo wesni ganabrwyinva, eklesiani

darRveulni da mooxrebulni aRaSenna, ganaaxlna da

gananaTlna... sZlo yovelTa, sada jer iyo brZoli-

Ta da ZlierebiTa da sada xamda sibrZne, goniere-

biTa da mecnierebiTa TvisiTa daamSvidna~.

1346 wels SeCerda saxelovani mefis gulis Zgera.

misi cxedari madlierma STamomavlobam gelaTis

brwyinvale taZars miabara...

55

giorgi VII

(1393-1407)

iyo Wiri didi giorgi mefis-

gan yovelTa garemoTa mahmadi-

anTa zeda.

bagrat mexuTis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamefda Ze

misi giorgi. am dros saqarTvelos mtrobda mrisxane

da Zlieri mxedarTmTavari Temur-lengi. rodesac man

Seityo, rom giorgi misi nebarTvis gareSe gamefda,

ganrisxda da SeuTvala: `me davipyar aRmosavleTi da

mefeni misni da var mefeca Senzeda. aw moved da mor-

Cil-meqmen, moganiWeb niWsa didsa da qveyanasaca Sen-

sa uvnod. ukueTu ara hyo, movsrna yovelni mkvidrni

qveyanisa Senisani da tyue vhyo SeniTurT~.

56

mefe giorgim upasuxa: `ukeTu xar mefe, garna

warmavali, dRes myofi da xvale arRara, da me var

mkvidri, amisTvis pativ-gcem, mogcem xarksa, raTa

davicva queyana mSvidobiT da me ara movide winaSe

Sensa. gnebavs ese ars, ukeTu ara, hyav, raY ZalgiZs

da gnebavs~.

amis gagonebaze ganrisxda Temur-lengi da

laSqriT Sida qarTlSi Semovida. giorgi mefe dar-

ialidan gadmoyvanili osTa da kavkasielTa laSqriT

dauxvda da gaimarTa sastiki brZola. qarTvelebma

sZlies mters da gandevnes. amis danaxvaze Temur-

lengma Tavis laSqars SesZaxa: ̀ ai, dadga Cemi sikvdi-

lis dReo~ da rogorc grigali, Tavs daatyda

pirveli brZolis Semdeg daRlil qarTvelebs.

qarTvelebma veRar gauZles. Ramis sibnelec Tan

daerTo da cixe-simagreebSi miimalnen. Temur-len-

gi gamobrunda, daipyro Tbilisi da mravali Rone

ixmara, raTa giorgi mefe Caegdo xelSi, magram

amaod daSvra.

giorgi mefem ki kvlav Sekriba osni, kavkasni da

ZurZukni da daeca alijanis cixes, Semusra, gamoiy-

vana Temur-lengis mier datyvevebuli Tir-jalaTis

sulTani, moswyvita da moaoxra mahmadianebi, aiRo

57

didi alafi da gamobrunda ukan gamarjvebuli. Te-

mur-lengi saSinlad ganarisxa alijanis cixis

aRebam. moaoxra samcxe, qarTli da gaemarTa mTiu-

leTisaken.

ar cxreboda Temur-lengi. surda sruliad

saqarTvelo gaemahmadianebina, magram ver aisrula

wadili.

Temur-lengma mTeli aRmosavleTi daipyro. sul-

Tani baiezi rkinis galiaSi Caamwyvdia da ase daa-

tarebda, sadac wavidoda.

magram uwia usjulo sardals sikvdilma. CineT-

Si galaSqrebis win samaryandSi Casuli mokvda.

xolo giorgi mefem daimorCila imereTi da ise

ganago saqmeebi, rogorc giorgi brwyinvales dros

iyo. aRadgina dangreuli eklesiebi, qalaqebi da

cixeebi. eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi mSvidoba sufevda

qveyanaSi. `xolo viTar iyo Wiri didi giorgi me-

fisagan yovelTa garemoTa mahmadianTa zeda, vidre

raxsisa kidemde mosrviTa da alafobiTa~. amitom

Turqebma Seyares didi laSqari da gamoemarTnen

qarTlisaken. mravalgzis gamarjvebebiT gamxnevebu-

li mefe giorgi aRar daeloda didi laSqris Sekre-

bas da medgrad SeebrZola mters. Seiqna Zlieri da

58

sastiki brZola. mravali Turqi mosres, magram uTa-

nasworo brZolaSi Turqebma mokles mefe giorgi da

gawyvites laSqari sruliad. Tumca Turqebma verc

ki Seityves mefis sikvdili. moarbies qarTli, magram

maleve gabrundnen ukan, radgan iseTi Zlieri brZo-

la gadaxdaT qarTvelebis am mcire laSqarTan, rom

SeeSindaT, mefis ufro didi laSqari ar wamosweo-

daT.

mefe giorgis neSti misma Zmam, konstantinem, mcx-

eTaSi dakrZala.

59

luarsab I

(1527-1556)

lomebr Zlieri da sardali

keTili.

luarsab pirveli im dros gamefda qarTlSi, rode-

sac saqarTvelo sam samefod da xuT samTavrod iyo

dayofili, xolo ori uZlieresi saxelmwifo, sparse-

Ti da osmaleTi, misi dapyrobisaTvis Zalas ar zogav-

da. marTalia, qarTveli mefeebi da mTavrebi erTad

ibrZodnen sastiki mtris winaaRmdeg, magram, samwux-

arod, xdeboda isec, rom Zalauflebis wyurvilis

gamo iviwyebdnen ufals da erTmaneTs Ralatobdnen.

mxolod RmrTismoyvareni rCebodnen bolomde erT-

gulni saqarTvelosi da swored maT eniWebodaT Rmr-

Tisagan warmatebebi.

60

erT-erTi aseTi mefe iyo luarsab pirveli. mefe

_ `mxne, axovani, brZeni da gonieri, uSiSi, morw-

mune sjulierad, RmrTismoyvare, Ruawl-mravali,

lomebr Zlieri da sardali keTili. brZoda Zli-

erad da amoswyvetda mciriTa kaciTa friadsa jar-

sa TaTarTasa~. misi mxneoba da RmrTis Sewevna brZo-

laSi gamoCnda jer kidev misi mamis, daviT X-is me-

fobis dros. rodesac Sah-ismailma daviTi ver

daimorCila da sarwmunoeba ver Seacvlevina, didi

jariT daiZra qarTlisaken da radgan `didi ridi

aqvnda qarTvelTa simxnisa~, amitom elias begi waiy-

ola, jars Tavisi spaspet yarafili waumZRvara,

Tavad ki ukan gahyva.

qarTvel-yizilbaSTa Serkineba TeleTis sanaxeb-

Si moxda da `iqmna brZola uZlieres-usastikesi da

ficxeli~. rodesac daviT mefis Zem, luarsabma, yiz-

ilbaSTa Zliereba ixila, Tavisi laSqriT Semouara,

marcxena mxridan ekveTa mters da `ZaliTa juari-

saTa ganxeTqa razmi maTi, Sevlo da mowyvidna

mravalni~. yizilbaSTa laSqari uwesrigod gaiqca,

xolo luarsabi misdevda kvaldakval, xocavda da

arbevda.

61

am dros Sah-ismaili ReleSi iyo Camaluli da

rodesac ixila misi jari otebuli da damarcxebu-

li, damwuxrda. yara-yoinluss ubrZana, zurgidan

dasxmoda qarTvelebs. moulodneli aRmoCnda

qarTvelebisTvis dasvenebul yizilbaSTa laSqris

Tavdasxma. daRlilni kidev ufro ficxlad ekveT-

nen mters, magram daviTis laSqari damarcxda da

qarTlisken gabrunda. luarsabma ki gadalaxa mtk-

vari da yaraiis bolos SemovliT Cavida mamasTan.

Sah-ismailma daipyro Tbilisi, gaZarcva sionis Rm-

rTismSoblis xati da mtkvarSi gadaagdo; moswyvi-

ta qalaqi da aaSena meCeTi xidis TavSi (es meCeTi

ramdenime saukunis Semdeg aafeTqes bolSevikebma).

rodesac Sah-ismails `ewia risxva RmrTisa ulxine-

beli da boroti igi borotad warwymda~, daviTma

daibruna Tbilisi. Semdeg berad aRikveca Tbilisis

monasterSi da taxti Tavis Zmas, giorgi IX_s gada-

sca, romelic aseve mxne meomari iyo. bolos igic

berad aRikveca da taxti Zmiswuls, daviT mefis vaJs,

luarsab pirvels gadasca. luarsabi TbilisSi

akurTxes mefed. am droisaTvis wamoizarda Sah-is-

mailis Ze Sah Tamazi, romelic mamis sikvdilis Sem-

deg aTi wlisa daesvaT iranis taxtze.

62

da ai, Sah-Tamazi didi laSqriT yarabaRSi da-

banakda. axla man daiwyo saqarTvelos rbeva. Sahis

winaSe Tavi moidrikes levan kaxT batonma da sam-

cxis aTabagma yvaryvarem, xolo imerTa mefe bagra-

ti da dadiani Sahma ZaliT daimorCila.

magram sul sxva iyo luarsab pirveli _ qarTlis

mefe, igi verc nebiT da verc ZaliT ver daimona. Sah

Tamazma gadawyvita luarsabis Sepyroba. Sekriba

Tormeti aTasi saukeTeso mxedari da RamiT faru-

lad daeca Tbiliss. cixisTavma uRalata

qarTvelebs. Sahma Tbilisi gadawva da miuxedavad

TbiliselTa vaJkacuri winaaRmdegobisa, mravali

daxoca. magram luarsab mefe ufalma am gansacdels

ganarida `mizeziTa ZisaTa~. im saRamos mefes

gardaecvala mcirewlovani Ze. mefem da dedofalma

igi mcxeTaSi waasvenes dasakrZalavad, swored am

dros, ganTiadisas luarsabis mosaklavad moparviT

Seesia Sah Tamazi Tbiliss, magram mefe qalaqSi ar

dauxvda.

rodesac Sah Tamazi SirvanSi wavida, luarsabma

kvlav daibruna Tbilisi.

xuTjer Semoesia Sah Tamazi saqarTvelos, magram

luarsab mefe xelSi ver Caigdo. erT-erTi Semose-

63

vis dros man daarbia varZia. Sahs adreve smenoda

varZiis qeba, amitom Tavisi fexiT mivida sanaxavad

da gaognebuli darCa misi silamaziT. Sahma moaoxra

taZari, xatebs Zvirfasi qvebi da oqro daacala,

omoforebi, Sesamoselni, wignebi, kandelebi Sekri-

ba; taZars zari Camoxsnes da daamtvries da yve-

laferi es Tavis xazinaSi waiRo. monastridan oci

beri da mRvdeli gamoiyvanes da daxoces.

qarTlis mefe martodmarto ibrZoda daundobe-

li mtris winaaRmdeg. xSirad Ralatobdnen

qarTvelni, magram is mainc ar Cerdeboda da Tumca

aravin Seeweoda mas gaZlierebisaTvis, luarsabs

mainc umZimda saqarTvelos tyveoba, Semcireba, cdi-

lobda, win aRdgomoda saqarTvelos gamahmadianebas.

mefe ar asvenebda yizilbaSebs. mcire laSqriT

mravals amarcxebda, xan viwroebSi daxvdeboda da

xan ukan aedevneboda, wamoeweoda da xocavda; igi

iyo `brZolasa Sina mxne da axovani da mbrZoli.

lomebr Zlieri da sardali keTili~. arc luars-

abis momxre qarTvelebi Camouvardebodnen mefes;

mematianem erTi aseTi cnobac Semogvinaxa: samcxidan

wamosulma Sahma qarTlze TareSiT gaiara, sadac

64

luarsab mefis momxre naxa, mokla; qarTvelTac, sa-

dac ki moixelTes yizilbaSi _ mokles.

madlierma STamomavlobam beri egnataSvilis si-

tyvebiT luarsabis Rvawli ase Seafasa: `luarsab

mefes rom amdeni ar ebrZola, axla saqarTvelo

sruliad gamahmadianebuli iqneboda da dRes Tu

saqarTvelo arsebobs, es misi xmliT aris Senar-

Cunebulio~.

vaJkacurad aResrula luarsab mefe. 1556 wels

qarTvelebi algeTSi Seerkinnen yizilbaSebs.

qarTvelTa jars mefiswuli svimoni meTaurobda,

Tavad mefe, ukve moxucebuli, episkoposTan da xan-

dazmul darbaislebTan erTad garisSi dabanakda da

iqidan adevnebda Tvalyurs brZolas. qarTvelebma

yizilbaSebi daamarcxes. brZolis velidan gamoq-

ceuli Saverdi xani SemTxveviT luarsab mefes gada-

awyda da gaqceva daapira. SeSinebuli mtris danax-

vam moxucebulT mxneoba Semata da viTarca Wabukni

gamoedevnen sparselebs. luarsab mefe Saverdi xans

Seerkina, magram xmali da Subi gadautyda. ar

Sedrka uiaraRod darCenili mefe, Tavisi cxeni

aZgera Saverdi xans da gadaqela, mere sxvisken gaaqa-

na cxeni, magram cxens fexi miwis napralSi Cauvar-

65

da da mefianad Zirs daeca. ixelTa sparsma ziraqma

dro da maxviliT sasikvdilod daWra mefe.

qarTvelebma iqve mokles mefis mkvleli, magram Ta-

vad mefe male gardaicvala. sikvdilis win anderZad

daibara: `Cems glovas daexseniT da qveyanas

gaufrTxildiTo~

qarTvelebma luarsab mefes ̀ didi~ uwodes, rad-

gan Seupovrad ibrZoda qarTvelTa gamahmadianebi-

sagan dasacavad. rogorc vaxuSti bagrationi aRni-

Snavs, luarsab mefe `Seracxili mowameTa Tana, vi-

Tarca gorgasal~. dakrZales sveticxovelSi da

dRemde qristes saxelisTvis brZoliT damaSvrali

sxeuli qristes mxne mxedrisa, luarsab mefisa, gan-

isvenebs uflis kvarTis gverdiT.

66

svimon I

(1556-1600)

romelman qarTls xmali

Seartya

mefe svimonma memkvidreobiT dauZlurebuli qveya-

na miiRo... am dros Tbilisi yizilbaSebs ekavaT da

samefo rezidencias gori warmoadgenda. svimon pirve-

li qarqaSSi xmalCaugeblad ibrZoda qveynis dampy-

roblebis winaaRmdeg _ osmalni iyvnen isini Tu yiz-

ilbaSni...

Tavisi mamisaebr `cxenosan-cerosani~, `omSi koxta

da uSiSari~, svimoni jer kidev taxtis memkvidre iyo,

rodesac qarTvelTa laSqars garisTan brZolaSi us-

ardla.

67

igi Seecada Tbilisis yizilbaSTagan gaTavisu-

flebas, magram cixedidis brZolaSi damarcxda, ris

Semdegac svimon pirvelis Zma, daviTi, iranSi wavi-

da da gamahmadianda. Sahma is Tbilisisa da qarTlis

ganmgeblad daniSna da `daud-xanad~ wodebuli

saqarTvelosken gamoistumra. svimon mefem araerTx-

el daamarcxa moRalate daud-xani, magram Tbilisi

ver waarTva. Seiwrebulma daud-xanma isev Sahs sTx-

ova daxmareba. marTlac Sahma didZali jari gamog-

zavna svimonis winaaRmdeg. svimon mefe sofel

farcxisTan, mdinare algeTze Seegeba mters, romel-

sac win moRalate Tavadi yorRanaSvili mouZRoda.

mteri qarTvelTa jars mravalgzis aRemateboda.

svimoni win gauZRva laSqars, pirveli ekveTa yiz-

ilbaSebs. ficxel brZolaSi daSorda Tavis jars da

aRmoCnda mtris SuagulSi. aman saSualeba misca

moRalate yorRanaSvils yizilbaSebisaTvis SeeZaxa:

`eg aris svimon mefe, SeipyariTo~... mas Semdeg, rac

svimoni mterma tyved Caigdo, qarTvelTa jari air-

ia da damarcxda. svimoni iranSi mihgvares Sahs. Sahma

mas gamahmadianeba mosTxova, magram ver daiyolia,

risTvisac alamuTis cixeSi Casva. moRalate yorRa-

naSvils ki sul male mefis gamcemloba sicocxlis

68

fasad daujda. qarTvelma Tavadma saCino baraTaS-

vilma igi kldidan gadaCexa mefis RalatisTvis.

`yorRan-oRlis qarafidan,

xeli hkres da gadafrinda~_ ase gauleqsavs xalxs

es ambavi.

qarTlSi daud-xani gamefda. magram sjulis moR-

alate daudi ar uyvarda qarTvelobas. iran-Turqe-

Tis omSi, sadac moRalate daud-xanic ibrZoda ira-

nis winaaRmdeg, iranelebi damarcxdnen. Turqebma

daimorCiles samcxis mTavari yvaryvare, mere Tbili-

sic aiRes. daud xanma Tavi lores cixes Seafara.

iranelTa mdgomareoba kritikuli iyo. movlenaTa

aseTma ganviTarebam aiZula Sahi gaeTavisuflebina

svimon I da Turqebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad

qarTlSi daebrunebina. saqarTveloSi Camosv-

lisTanave igi saTaveSi Caudga qarTveli xalxis

brZolas, amjerad osmalebis winaaRmdeg. svimon

pirvelma didi brZolebiT gaaTavisufla osmalTa

mier dakavebuli lore, dmanisisa da samSvildis

cixeebi. magram momdevno wels osmalebma kvlav

daipyres lore, dmanisi da Tbilisisaken wamovidnen.

xatissofelTan dabanakebul osmalebs, romelTac

rezvan faSa sardlobda, svimoni moulodnelad Tavs

69

daesxa da didi zianic miayena, Tumca Tavisi mcire-

ricxovani jaris sruli ganadgurebisagan gadarCe-

nis mizniT, brZolis vels gaecala.

am brZolaSi svimons erTi saocari xerxiTac us-

argeblia, romelic albaT nebismieri drois did

sardals moxiblavda. svimon mefe mcire amaliT

mivida mtris banakSi da ganacxada _ me svimon me-

fis elCi var, Cvens mefes TqvenTan Serigebis sur-

vili aqvso. svimoni osmalebma ver icnes, sixaruliT

Tanxmoba ganacxades da ukan didi pativiT gamois-

tumres. mefem ki amasobaSi saguldagulod dazvera

mtris Zalebi.

naxidurTan uTanasworo brZolaSi svimon mefe

qarTvelTa mcire jariT win gadaudga Tbilisisak-

en momaval TurqTa uricxv mxedrobas. qarTvelebi

ficxlad SeiWrnen mtris rigebSi. ucabedad Tavaw-

yvetil brZolaSi ukan myofma mxedarma qarTvel

mefes cxeni aZgera da mefe svimoni cxenianad mi-

wayril ormoSi Cavarda, rac damRupveli aRmoCnda

misTvis. svimon mefe osmalebma Seipyres da tyved

mihgvares sulTans. sulTans ise gaexarda Zvirfasi

tyvis xilva, rom niSnad sixarulisa, brZana _ mTe-

70

li misi saxelmwifos qalaqebi sami dRis ganmavlo-

baSi sazeimod moerToT, euqmaT da ezeimaT.

datyvevebuli svimon mefe stambols Caiyvanes da

redikules cixeSi gamoamwyvdies. amao gamodga

giorgi mefiswulis yoveli cda gamoexsna mama

redikules cixidan. mefe svimoni xangrZlivi tyve-

obis Semdeg gardaicvala. misi cxedari qarTvelo-

bam didi safasuriT gamoisyida, saqarTveloSi Camo-

asvena da saxelovani mamis _ luarsab pirvelis

gverdiT sveticxovlis taZarSi dakrZala. `qarTls

xmali Seartyao~ _ ase Seufasebia mefe arCils svi-

mon mefis moRvaweoba.

saxelovan mefeze Txrobas erTi epizodis moSve-

liebiT davasrulebT, romelic mkafiod gad-

mogvcems, rogor uyvarda xalxs mefe svimoni:

erTxel, brZolaSi damarcxebuli svimon mefe,

Turme, martodmarto brundeboda ukan. sofel

kavTisxevSi SeCerebula da daRlils erTi glexis

ojaxSi unebebia mosveneba. diasaxliss ver ucvnia

stumari da keTili guliT gaSlil sufraze brZo-

lis ambavi ukiTxavs.

_ mefe damarcxda, magram cocxalia Tu ara, ar

vicio _ miugia `ucnob mxedars~. amis mere qals

71

Tavisi qmris ambavi ukiTxavs da stumars amazec ver

gaucia zusti pasuxi.

atirebula qali: _ oRond svimon mefe omidan

cocxali dabrundes da Cems qmars aRar vCivi, misi

Wiris sanacvlo iyoso.

svimon mefes madloba gadauxdia guliTadi

maspinZlobisaTvis da qalisTvis amjeradac araferi

uTqvams. SemdgomSi ki am ojaxisTvis aznauroba ubo-

Zebia.

WeSmaritad bednieria mefe, romelsac xalxis amg-

vari siyvaruli mosavs da is xalxic, visac aseTi mxne

mefe hyavs.

72

luarsab II

(1606-1615)

xseneba 21 ivniss (4 ivliss ax. st.)

Zvlebi mefisa dResac ucxo

miwaSi ganisveneben.

idga 1606 weli. moulodnelad gardaicvala qarT-

lis mefe giorgi meaTe. erT-erTi versiiT, igi im dros

saqarTveloSi myofma iranis Sahma moawamvlina Tavis

msaxurebs. amave wels Sah-abas pirvelma qarTlis same-

fo taxtze 14 wlis luarsabi daamtkica.

am dros mematianes TqmiT `friad glaxak da upo-

var iyo qarTli~, sadac osmalebi daTareSobdnen.

male osmalebis uReli yizilbaSuriT _ sparsuliT

Seicvala. 1609 w. osmalTa mxedroba qarTlSi Semoi-

73

Wra. es iyo osmalTa mxareze mebrZoli yirimeli

TaTrebis didi razmi (20 000 kaci), romelic

TurqeTidan yirims brundeboda da gzad

saqarTveloSi alafis aReba surda.

mteri cdilobda cxireTis cixeSi mcire amaliT

dabanakebuli luarsab meorisTvis miegno. maT gzad

Seipyres kvelTeli mRvdeli Tevdore da megzuroba

ubrZanes. mRvdelma Tevdorem ki mteri Segnebulad

sul sxva gziT atara.

osmalebi gvian mixvdnen amas da mRvdeli xmlebiT

akuwes (Tevdore kvelTeli saqarTvelos eklesiam

wmindanad Seracxa).

amasobaSi ki mefe luarsabma moaswro jaris

Sekreba da qviSxeTis bolos, taSiskarTan Causafr-

da mters. riJraJze qarTvelebi uecrad daecnen

omis molodiniT RamenaTev Turqebs da Tofebi

dauSines. Semdeg xmaldaxmal SeiWrnen TurqTa ba-

nakSi da sastiki brZola gaumarTes. medgrad omob-

da axalgazrda sardali giorgi saakaZe, romelsac

mefe luarsabma brZolis meTauroba miando. saaka-

Zem taSiskaris omSi gaTaTrebuli qarTveli ferad

faSa Seipyro da xel-fex gakoWili mihgvara mefe

luarsabs.

74

mefe luarsabis keTilgonierebiTa da giorgi

saakaZis sazrianobiT es brZola qarTvelTa gamar-

jvebiT dasrulda. TurqTa ganadgureba, bunebriv-

ia, Sah-abasis wisqvilzec asxamda wyals. 1610 wels

luarsab II swored Sah-abass eaxla iranSi, romel-

mac daakmayofila qarTlis mefis Txovna da mas

Tbilisis cixe daubruna.

1612 wels Sah-abasma luarsab II da Teimuraz I na-

dirobis sababiT mazandarans daibara, magram isini

ar eaxlnen Sahs. urCi vasalebis dasjis mizniT 1613

wels Sahi saqarTvelosken daiZra. uSiSrad dauxv-

da Sahis laSqars mefe Teimuraz pirveli, magram

iZlia mterTa simravliT. bolos Sahis jarma alya-

Si moaqcia mefe Teimurazi, saidanac saswaulebri-

vad gaiqca igi da mivida daniSnul adgilas,

muxrans, sadac mas mefe luarsabi elodeboda. maT

maSinve imereTisken gaswies, sadac imereTis mefe

giorgi mesamesTan Seafares Tavi. samagierod Sah-

abasma mTeli kaxeTi aiklo, aawioka, gaZarcva da

didi nawili iranSi gadaasaxla. cbierma Sahma bo-

los mefe luarsabic Camoityua. bevrs exvewnen lu-

arsabs mefe Teimurazi da imereTis warCinebulni _

ar xleboda Sahs. luarsabmac kargad icoda Sahis

75

veragoba, magram mefurma sindisma amgvarad gadaw-

yvita es sakiTxi: ̀ ukeTu ar wavide, amiyris qveyanasa

da moaoxrebs, ra madli ars Cemda~.

Sah-abasma liqniT da pativiT miiRo mefe, mego-

brulad moeqca, magram cota xnis Semdeg qarTlSi

axali mmarTveli daniSna da jarebic Caayena. lu-

arsabi yaraiaSi waiyvana, viTomcda sanadirod,

iqidan ki sparseTSi.

yaraiaSi yofnisas luarsabma yvela ganacvifra

Tavisi axovanebiTa da vaJkacobiT. misi mxne nadiro-

bis xilvam SuriT aRavso Sahi. luarsabis dam _

TinaTinma, romelic Sahis coli iyo, sTxova Tavis

pirmSvenier da axovan Zmas, aseT vaJkacobas nu iCen

SuriT agznebuli abasis winaSeo. magram mefem sev-

diani RimiliT upasuxa: `uwyi, rameTu arRara gan-

mitevebs, amisTvis umjobes ars sikeTisa Cueneba, vi-

dre siavisa~.

didmarxvis dros Sahis nadimze luarsabma Semo-

Tavazebuli Tevzi ar Wama. man pirdapir uTxra Sahs:

dRes TevziT ginda gavtexo marxva, xval _ xorcs

SemomTavazeb, Semdeg qristes uaryofasac momTxo-

vo. sibrazisagan gaxelebulma Sahma pirdapir sju-

lis uaryofa mosTxova mefes.

76

_ mTeli qveyana rom miboZo, mainc ver aRvas-

ruleb Sens brZanebas, radgan qristes saxeliT naTe-

li mimiRia da mxolod is mwamso! _ mxned upasuxa

luarsabma.

datyvevebuli gvirgvinosani Sirazs waiyvanes da

dilegSi Caagdes. Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovel-

dRe Sediodnen masTan cixeSi molebi, raTa ecdune-

binaT mefe _ Seibrale Seni siWabuke, Tu ara, mware

tanjva da sikvdili mogeliso. ̀ raca gnebavT yofad

Cemda, hyavT da aRasruleT brZaneba yaenisao~ _ pa-

suxobda luarsabi.

ukanasknelad, roca Sahma SeuTvala qarTvelTa

mefes, uaryav qristeo, mefem pasuxis Rirsic ar gax-

ada Sahis mier warmogzavnilni. Sahma luarsabis

wamebiT mokvdineba brZana. mefem sikvdilis win

locvis ufleba sTxova jalaTebs. luarsabma wrfe-

li guliT iloca RmrTismSoblis mimarT da Seeve-

dra: `Sen mioxe winaSe Zisa Senisa da SemrTe wmida-

Ta mowameTa Tana~.

locvis damTavrebisTanave jalaTebi dilegSi Sev-

idnen da mSvildis sabeliT Seubraleblad moaST-

ves RmrTismosavi mefe. RamiT wmida mowamis daufv-

lel neSts sakvirveli naTeli daadga da gaakvirva

77

mnaxvelni. meore dRes wmida didebuli mowamis sx-

euli cixis ezoSi dafles. saqarTvelos eklesiam

mefe luarsabi wmindanad Seracxa. qarTvelTa sava-

lalod wmida luarsabis Zvlebi dResac sparseTSi

ganisveneben.

rogorc mose janaSvili gvamcnobs Tavis

`saqarTvelos saeklesio istoriaSi~, `wmida gvami

mefisa marxia Sirazs. saflavisa misisagan exlac

sneulni miiReben kurnebasa~.

78

Teimuraz II

(1744-1762)

omSi ar damarcxdeboda _

sarwmunoeba hqonda mtkice da

goliaToba Seuryeveli.

Teimuraz meore iyo Ze erekle pirvelisa da ana

dedoflisa. mas memkvidreobad ergo politikurad

metad awewili qveyana: mefeebsa da kaTolikos-patri-

arqebs iranis Sahi amtkicebda, ris gamoc qarTvel

ufliswulebs xSirad Sahis karze gzavnidnen aR-

sazrdelad. samwuxarod, arc Tu iSviaTad qarTveli

79

mefeebi sjuls Ralatobdnen... or mtacebels _ os-

maleTsa da sparseTs Soris moqceuli qveyana, aw-

iokebuli lekTagan da Sinaomebisagan, iSviaTad Tu

mSviddeboda da maSinac axali gansacdeli _

gancxroma da siZva-mruSoba atydeboda Tavs.

qarTveli sazogadoeba TandaTan gulgrili xdebo-

da sarwmunoebis mimarT.

Teimurazs Tavisi qveynis mmarTveloba adreul

asakSi daawva mxrebze. jer kidev 9 wlisa iyo, rode-

sac mamam, erekle pirvelma kaxeTis mmarTvelad da-

tova da igic dedis daxmarebiT gauZRva am urTules

saqmes.

imJamad lekebi daesxnen TianeTs. `amaT warmoud-

ga Teimuraz kaxiTurT~; lekebi gamagrdnen da mo-

mxdurebis xocva daiwyes. mokles xarWaSneli fil-

ipe ColoyaSvili. bolos Seucvivdnen kaxni, `Se-

musres simagre, mosrnes da moswyvidnes lekni~, mx-

olod mciredi maTgani gadarCa. kaxelebma wamoiRes

alafi da dabrundnen gamarjvebulni.

SemdgomSi viTareba ise warimarTa, rom kaxeTisa

da qarTlis taxtis mflobelTagan zogi ruseTSi

gadaixvewa, zogic muslimTa xeliT moikla. Tbiliss

osmalebi daepatronnen, kaxeTSi lekebi TareSobd-

80

nen. fSavSi gaxiznulma axalgazrda Teimurazma

ruseTSi wasvla gadawyvita, magram kaxelebma ar

daanebes da isev TelavSi Camoiyvanes.

amis Semdeg mravali brZola gadaxda mefe Teimu-

razs. Tavisi vaJkacobiTa da gonierebiT man ise mox-

ibla Sah-nadiri, rom kaxelebs xarki Seumcira da

bolos sjulis Seucvlelad qarTlis taxtze Te-

imuraz II dasva, xolo kaxeTis taxtze _ Ze misi erek-

le II.

erekle 15 wliT umcrosi iyo mamaze. Teimurazi

laSqrobebSi wvrTnida mas da sakuTari magaliTiT

aswavlida Seupovrobasa da vaJkacobas. auracxeli

omi gadaixada mama-Svilma erTad. gmirobiT mamas ar

Camouvardeboda erekle, amitomac siyvaruliT

qarTvelma xalxma `patara kaxi~ Searqva. es saxeli

mas siberemde SerCa.

saocrad uyvarda Teimurazs Ze Tvisi. ̀ arvin myavs

misi dario~ _ ambobda. rodesac ganrisxebulma na-

dir Sahma erekle dasasjelad daibara, Tavad gae-

marTa Svilis magivrad.

sikvdili ver aSinebda marTlmorwmune mefes. uki-

duresi gansacdelis Jams RmrTis imeds ar kargav-

da. aki werda kidec:

81

`soflisa gansacdelebi

me bevri mamvlenia _ da

qristesa gamovuxsnivar,

Wirebi mamlxenia _ da~

erTxel aseTi ram SeemTxva mefes. martyofSi yiz-

ilbaSTagan gamoqceul lekTa laSqars unda Casa-

freboda Teimurazi. kaxeTidan erekle modioda

dasaxmareblad, qarTlidan sparseTis xanebi, magram

SuadRisas lekTa jari moulodnelad Tavs wamoad-

ga. `ubrZana batonma jars^ Seutives, TviTon ba-

toni viTa lomi egre miesiva. batons jari cota

hyvanda TavisTan, rom aqa-iq gzebi Seakvrevina jari-

saTvis, magram araodes aras omSi ar damarcxdebo-

da, sarwmunoeba hqonda mtkice da goliaToba Seu-

ryeveli. sZliva lekTa, gaemarjvaT, amowyvita, erTi

Samxlis kaci cocxali daiWires~. roca damxmare

razmi movida, Teimurazs brZola ukve mogebuli

hqonda.

Teimuraz meorisa da erekle meoris mefobis

dros qarTl-kaxeTi ise moZlierda, rom lekebi mx-

olod wvril-wvril TavdasxmebsRa Tu bedavdnen.

mama-Svil xelmwifeT emorCilebodnen: Tavrizi,

akulisi, ardebili, mTeli naxiWevanis provincia,

82

erevnisa da ganjis xanebi. Sirvani ki maTi mokavSire

gaxda. qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs, romlebmac yizil-

baSebisagan gaaTavisufles aRmosavleT saqarTvelo,

ukve imereTis mefe _ solomonic imediT Sescqero-

da. saqarTvelos Tavisi warmatebebis SesanarCune-

blad mudmivi jari esaWiroeboda, am mizniT Teimu-

raz II peterburgSi ruseTis imperatricas, elisa-

beds eaxla da qarTvelTa jaris gaZlierebaSi dax-

mareba sTxova, sanacvlod ki iranis taxtze ruse-

TisaTvis sasurveli kandidatis dasma SesTavaza. es

ki litoni sityvebi rodi iyo. im periodisTvis

qarTvelebs didi gavlena hqondaT iranSi, sadac

dacarielebuli Sahis taxtis xelSi Casagdebad

atexili brZolis gamo, qveyanaSi didi areuloba

sufevda.

magram moxda gauTvaliswinebeli ram. 1761 wlis

15 dekembers, 53 wlis asakSi moulodnelad garda-

icvala imperatrica elisabedi. misi gar-

dacvalebidan 14 dRis Semdeg aseve moulodnelad

gardaicvala mefe Teimuraz II, 62 wlis asakSi.

sikvdilis win Teimurazma RmrTismSoblis xati

moasvenebina da Sestira ̀ wmidisa da marTlis crem-

liTa, rom me xom gamovesalme es aris im qveyanaso,

83

imaTis siyvarulisaTvis Tavi davdeo, rom es dide-

buli xelmwife Seewios, da mteri daumdablos, ma-

gram axla Cem sulsac gavedrebo da Cemi erekle

SenTvis momibarebiao! im saqarTvelos ers Seni

wilxvdomileba gauaxleo da ixseno imdenis Sewux-

ebisaganao!~

mefe anderZisamebr wamoasvenes saqarTveloSi, ma-

gram Sori gzis gamo dakrZales q. astraxanSi, Rmr-

TismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis eklesiaSi.

1973 wlis 17 Tebervals, rodesac rusma da

qarTvelma mecnierebma gaxsnes Teimuraz meoris ak-

ldama q. astraxanSi, maT ixiles mefis uxrwneli

cxedari, TeTr, oqromkediT moqargul samefo

tansacmelSi Semosili. am didebul sanaxaobasTan

erTad sasiamovno surnelic SeigrZnoboda.

84

solomon I

(1752-1784)

lomebr myefe _ mterT

sisxl mCqefe

imereTis mefe solomonma memkvidreobad dau-

Zlurebuli, saTavadoebad dayofili samefo miiRo.

TurqTa uRlis qveS gminavda qveyana. borotad aSlil-

iyvnen qveynis Sinauri mtrebic, romlebic itacebd-

nen saukeTeso gogo-biWebs da uwyalod hyiddnen

TurqeTis tyveTa bazarze... gayidul bavSvebs TurqeT-

Si, iransa Tu egvipteSi zrdidnen meomrebad da xSir-

ad maT sakuTari qveynis winaaRmdegac uwevdaT gamo-

laSqreba. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi veravin SeZlo

aRekveTa es umsgavsoba.

85

`mona RmrTisa, yma xonTqrisa~ _ es damamcirebe-

li titulatura imereTis bagrationebisa, Sesabam-

isad asaxavda maT uniaTo srbolas saxelmwifoebriv

sarbielze.

irgvliv upiroba, ficis gatexva da Ralati

gamefebuliyo.

aseT pirobebSi Caibara samefos marTva-ganmge-

bloba mefe solomonma, romelic ar SeuSinda mware

realobas da miznad daisaxa mtkice samefo xelisu-

flebis Seqmna _ dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTiane-

ba. mefem Semoiriga dadiani, Tavisi adgili miuCina

mamia guriels, gars Semoikriba didi Tavadebisagan

Seviwroebuli wereTlebi, wulukiZeebi, jafariZee-

bi, iaSvilebi. daubruna eklesias feodalTagan mi-

tacebuli miwebi. Semdgom ki, strategiuli mniS-

vnelobis cixeebis dabrunebis mizniT, gadawyvita

Seeqmna sruliad axali, mefis xelisuflebis gan-

mamtkicebeli instituti _ e.w. `ficis kacni~,

romelnic yoveli wlis 15 maiss gansazRvrul adg-

ilas ikribebodnen da fics debdnen mefis erTgule-

baze. Tavad Seficulebi politikuri privilegiebiT

sargeblobdnen.

86

mefe solomonma sastikad akrZala tyveTa gayid-

va, rac aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgenda

TurqTa uRlisagan qveynis gasaTavisufleblad.

mefem saeklesio da saero pirTagan Semdgari sagange-

bo kreba moiwvia, saquTaTlo aRadgina da mimobneu-

li mrevli daabruna. Semdgom es RmrTis saTno saqme

kidev ufro gabeduli nabijiT dagvirgvinda _ ax-

alcixis faSas mefisTvis SemoeTvala: `tyves Tu ar

gayidiT, ar iqnebao~. qarTvelTa krebam ki upasuxa:

`sanamdis suli gvidgas, es saqme Cvengan ar iqnes~.

tyveTa syidvis akrZalvas, cxadia, osmalTa sasax-

lis karze uxmaurod ar Cauvlia, da daemuqra

xonTqari solomons: _ tyvis syidvac aRadgine da

saosmalo gadasaxadebic moukleblad momarTvio.

solomoni mixvda, rom TurqeTTan brZola

gardauvali iyo da saidumlo mzadebas Seudga. 1757

wlis dekembris dasawyisSi man Caketa foTidan,

guriidan da axalcixidan momavali gzebi, saidanac

xresilze mdgari Turqebis damxmare jaris Semosv-

la iyo mosalodneli. mefis mowodebaze daniSnul

adgilas laSqrebiTurT movidnen kacia dadiani,

mamia gurieli da xutunia ServaSiZe.

idga 1757 wlis 14 dekemberi.

87

mefe `esreT mxne iyo, viTarca lomi~. wina dRiT

TurqTa laSqari dazveres qarTvelma sardlebma.

laSqris marcxena mxares mebrZolTa meti simravle

iqna aRnusxuli. amitom am mxaris pirispir meomari

laSqris meTauroba Tavad mefe solomonma ikisra.

gamTeniisas iloca imerTa mefem: RmerTs Seavedra

qarTvelTa laSqari, wmida giorgis uxmo laSqris

zeciur winambrZolad da Tavad 22 wlis gvirgvi-

nosanma mxned mouwoda saomrad gamzadebul

qarTvelobas: `Zmebo, qarTvelebo! mjera ar Seg-

akrTobT mterTa simravle. aki yovelTvis ase gvWir-

da qarTvelTa: mudam mcireni amarcxebdnen Cveni

winaparni aTgzis umravles mosisxleebs. dResac

martoni rodi vibrZviT, aramed CvenTan ars Zali

ieso macxovrisa da misi TanadgomiT dRes unda vix-

snaT Cveni samSoblo da qristes sarwmunoeba. maS,

daviZraT gulmxned da vaJkacurad, Cemo Svilebo!~

qarTvelTa laSqari mtrisken daiZra. Turqebic Se-

marTulni Semoegebnen qarTvelTa mxedrobas. mefe

uSiSrad SeiWra mtris rigebSi. uceb daeca qarTve-

li medroSe. Turqebma xelT ipyres qarTuli alami.

mefe solomonma Tavisi cxeni umal im mxares gaaWe-

na, sadac qarTuli droSa xelT epyraT Turqebs.

88

qarTveli mxedarnic mas mihyvnen da droSa ukan gam-

oitaces. Semdeg solomoni xmaldaxmal miuxda da

mamaci ali-beg-faSa TavmokveTili Camoagdo un-

agiridan. usardlod darCenili TurqTa jari

gasaqcevad moemzada. mxolodRa moRalate levan

abaSiZis SeZaxilma moabruna isini brZolis velisak-

en. ar SerCa Ralati abaSiZes: sul male gegela Tev-

doraZis gasrolam gamoasalma sicocxles. marcxs

Serigebuli Turqebi ukve Tavis saSvelad garbod-

nen. didi raodenoba osmalTa mxedrobisa usulod

eyara qarTul miwaze. ufro meti tyved Cauvarda

qarTvelobas: `kacsa erTsa mohyavda aTi osmali~.

RmrTis SemweobiT, am omSi iseTi gamarjveba ize-

ima qarTvelobam, rom mteri ver warmoidgenda.

TurqeTi darwmunda, rom imereTis taxtze Rirseu-

li bagratovani ijda! SemTxveviT rodi amSvenebda

solomon pirvelis beWeds mravlismTqmeli warwera:

`daviTis norCi jvriT mters movrCi~ (SuaSi

asomTavruliT _ `solomon~).

solomonma icoda: osmaleTi upasuxod ar da-

tovebda mis am gamosvlas da amitom 1758 wels mefe

Teimuraz meoresa da erekle meoresTan gorSi urT-

ierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba dado.

89

1759 wels mefe solomonma saeklesio da saero

feodalebis sagangebo krebac moiwvia, sadac

sikvdiliT dasja gadauwyvita tyveebiT movaWreebs

da miiRo saxelmwifoebrivi saWiroebidan gamom-

dinare sxva umniSvnelovanesi dadgenilebebic. 1760

wels, roca osmalTa faSam oficialurad mosTxova

solomons tyveTa syidvis daSveba, igi ar SeSinebia

osmalTa SurisZiebas, raTa mkacri uari moexsenebina

maTTvis. marTlac male imereTSi osmalTa ociaTas

kaciani damsjeli razmi SemoiWra, romelsac Rmr-

Tis SewevniT sZlia solomonma.

1784 wlis 23 aprils sruliad axalgazrda, 49

wlis asakSi miicvala `qristianTa naTeli mefe so-

lomon~, romelmac Tavisi vaJkacur-qarTveluri Se-

marTebiT samudamod moaSora imereTis mefeebs sa-

marcxvino wodeba: `mona RmrTisa, yma xonTqrisa~.

qarTul matianeSi daculi cnoba srulad axasi-

aTebs am Rirseuli mefis pirovnebas: `mefe didi

solomon, romelman samefoYT TvisiT gandevna mrav-

liT JamiTgan mkvidrni bilwni maxmedianni da iwva-

da xrmali misi Zlieri zurgTa maT zeda da SeReba

miwa saZagiTa sisxliTa maTiTa da gardaagdo tyvis

syidva imereTs samaradisod, gananaTla samefo Tvi-

90

si keTilad, ganamSvena samRvdeloni, aRayvava ekle-

siani yovelni~.

qarTvelobam gelaTis RmrTismSoblis taZars mi-

abara Rvawlmosili mefis neSti. solomon pirvelis

mosagonrad madlieri STamomavloba albaT ara

erTxel siamayiT gaixsenebs mefis beWedze amotvi-

frul warweras:

`lomebr myefe, mterT sisxl mCqefe,

imereTis mefe solomon~.

91

erekle II

(1744-1798)

`Rerkules uZleveli~ _

xalxSi siyvaruliT `patara

kaxad~ saxeldebuli.

mefe erekle ubadlo meomari da evropasa da aziaSi

saxelganTqmuli mxedarTmTavari iyo. masze prusiis

mefe fridrixi werda: `evropaSi me varo da aziaSi

Rerkules uZleveli, saqarTvelos giorgianT mefeo~.

mefe ereklem xerTvisis dampyrobelisa da aspinZis

mtris sisxlSi gamowrTobili xmliT xvanTqars

sparseTis xelmwifesTan, qarimxanTan, saCivari daawe-

rina _ `mefe erekle saraTis qveynebs marTmevs da Sen

dauSaleo~. qarimxanma, romelic gulSi mainc os-

malebs eqiSpeboda, amis gagonebaze ganacxada: `mefe

92

erekle aseTi ram brZandeba, rom xonTqari CemTan

saCivlelad daamuxlao~ da maSinve uZlevelobis ni-

Snad erekles saxelmwifo xmali moarTva.

jer kidev axalgazrda erekle nadir Sahma indo-

eTis laSqrobaSi Tan gaiyola. misi cxovrebis am pe-

riodidan cnobilia mxolod is, rom nadirSahi

saocrad moixibla axalgazrda ufliswuliT,

romelic gulgrilad uyurebda im simdidresa da

pativs, indoelebi rom miagebdnen; xolo mis go-

nierebas TviT nadir-Sahi ugdebda yurs da gadamw-

yvet saomar moqmedebebSi mis rCevas ujerebda.

kmayofilma Sahma 23 wlis erekle mis mamasTan,

Teimuraz meoresTan indoeTidan didi ZRveniT avse-

buli daabruna da Tan lekebisagan saqarTvelos

dacvaSi daxmareba aRuTqva.

saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli erekle Teimurazs

amoudga mxarSi da mama-Svilma araerTi saxelovani

brZola gadaixada. saocari Semweoba hqondaT Rmr-

Tisagan. 1750 wels daRestnelebi, omis gamoucxade-

blad moulodnelad Tavs daesxnen saqarTvelos

morCilebaSi myof TaTrebs, gaitaces mravali tyve

da waasxes maTi saqoneli. Seityves es ambavi mefeeb-

ma, gamoedevnen da daewivnen iorisa da alaznis

93

SesarTavTan, nawili moswyvites, nawili alazanma

imsxverpla, darCenilebma ki gadalaxes mdinare da

mTis Ziras gamagrdnen. sanam qarTvelebi wamoeweod-

nen moxerxebulad Casafrebul mters, ucbad mowy-

da mTa da Tan moiyolia daRestnelebi. mefeebi mix-

vdnen, rom es Tavad ufalma dasaja maTi mteri, mo-

brundnen TbilisSi da samadlobeli paraklisi aRu-

vlines ufals.

azat-xanma daipyro erevani. erevnelebma qarTl-

kaxeTis mefeebs mimarTes, Txoves Svela, sanacvlod

xarki da morCileba aRuTqves.

mefeebma moiTaTbires da Teimurazis gadaw-

yvetilebiT erekle Tavisi laSqriT erevnis gasaTa-

visufleblad gaemarTa. SeSinebulma musaxanma da-

tova erevnis cixe da yovelive amcno azat-xans.

ereklem xelSi Cagdebuli sursaT-sanovage dauriga

gaWirvebulT, Tavad gamovida erevnis cixidan da

Soriaxlos dabanakda.

ganrisxebuli azat-xani 50 000 kaciT wamovida

Suris saZieblad (aqedan 12 000 Subosani mxedriT,

12 000 _ aRWurvili saartilerio iaraRiT, 200

zamburakiT _ aqlemze dakidebuli Tof-zarba-

znebiT).

94

erekle moeTaTbira Tavadebs. zogierTma ukan dab-

runeba urCia. mefem ganacxada: `axla gvianaa dab-

runeba. rogorc ki mteri SegvamCnevs gaubedaobas,

aucileblad gamogvedevneba, dagveweva da deda-bu-

dianad gagvJlitavs. magram esec rom ar moxdes,

icodeT, me azat-xanis Seubmeli ar davdgebio.

sikvdilma ar unda SegvaSinos. sul erTia, yvelani

mokvdavni varT. unamusod sikvdils namusiani

sikvdili gverCivnoso~.

meore dRes ereklem Tavisi 3000 kacidan 500 ba-

nakSi datova, 2500 kaciT ki azat-xanisaken gaemar-

Ta. rodesac mefem ixila sparseTis ganmgebeli

uricxvi, kargad aRWurvili jariT misken momavali,

SeCerda, CamoqveiTda cxenidan da cremliT Seevedra

ufals Semweobas, Semdeg omaxianad SesZaxa laSqars:

`Zmebo, ar SedrkeT, ar SegaSinoT mtris ricxvma,

rac ufro meti iqneba is, ufro meti iqneba dama-

rcxebuli...~ Semdeg jari gaafrTxila, rom sanam

niSans ar miscemda maT, araferi moemoqmedaT.

`rogorc ki me gavisvri Tofs, maSinve yvelam das-

cxeT. RmerTi iyos Cveni mfarveli!~ am sityvebiT

erekle moaxta cxens. cal xelSi Tofi moimarjva,

meoreTi cxenis aRviri eWira. jaric mis magaliTs

95

mihyva, mxolod 500 TaTari SeSinda, gamoeyo erek-

les laSqars da ganze gadga, raTa Semdeg imaT

mimxrobodnen, vis mxaresac iqneboda gamarjveba.

erT-erTi maTgani, erevneli TaTari, airumis sul-

Tani, saxelad alaverdi, mefesTan darCa. rodesac

mefe ereklem dainaxa, rom misi isedac mcirericxo-

vani laSqari kidev ufro Semcirda, gardamoxda

cxenidan, daiCoqa jvris winaSe da kidev erTxel

cremliT iloca.

am dros TaTari sulTani alaverdi miuaxlovda

jvars da mimarTa: `jvaro, Tu SenSia Zala, dRes me

vixilav saswauls~ da dadga jvris gverdiT. amis

Semdeg mefe erekle qveiTad waruZRva jars. nel-

nela miiwevda win da rodesac miuaxlovda mowi-

naaRmdeges, ganrisxebulma azat-xanma laSqars ubr-

Zana alyaSi moeqciaT qarTvelebi. sparselebi

daiZrnen mtrisken. qarTvelebi gaunZrevlad idgnen.

maSin erT-erTma mamacma xanma nebarTva aiRo azat-

xanisagan, erekles me Sevipyrobo. miuaxlovda

qarTvelTa laSqars da xmamaRla Sehyvira: ̀ ani irak-

li xan?~ (sadaa erekle mefeo). erekle maSinve gae-

marTa misken da sparsuladve upasuxa: `Tu Sen erek-

les eZeb, Sexede mas, is Sens winaSe dgas~. xanma Se-

96

marTa Subi, raTa TavSi eZgerebina ereklesTvis, ma-

gram mefem Sehyvira: `ai Sen, mag borotebisTvis~ da

tyvia daaxala ferdSi. xani usulod gadmovarda

cxenidan. mefis vaJkacobiT gamxnevebulma qarTvel-

Ta laSqarma moulodnelad gaxsna cecxli da bevri

sparsi moicela pirvelive gasroliT. erekle moax-

ta cxens da `viTa lomi dauSromeli egre ibrZoda

TviTca da jarsaca abrZolebda~. sparselTa jari

male ukuiqca. didxans devna isini ereklem. gamar-

jvebul qarTvelebs darCaT: 12 zarbazani, 200 zam-

buraki, yvela droSa, 100 aqlemi, 2500 karavi, mrava-

li iaraRi, cxeni da jorcxeni, aranaklebi raode-

nobis tyve.

mTeli brZolis ganmavlobaSi TaTari alaverdi

fexdafex mihyveboda mefe erekles da Tavadac mama-

curad ibrZoda. jvris ZalmosilebiT gaognebuli

ganuwyvetliv SesZaxebda xolme: `haC man xana gur-

banilim~ (anu: jvaro, me Sen Segewirebi) da ambob-

da, rom qarTvelebma gaimarjves ara mxolod saku-

Tari gmirobiT, aramed Zlevamosili jvris SewevniT.

mefe ereklem saxelovani gamarjveba moipova

azat-xanze. man dideba aRuvlina ufals. TbilisSi

Teimurazs acnobes. `ganixara friad da uboZa sab-

oZvari maxarebelTa~.

97

erevnidan qarTlSi wamobrZanda mefe erekle.

somxiTs daxvda win lekis jari, didi tyve da alafi

mohyavdaT. ereklem lekebic daamarcxa. ase orgzis

gamarjvebuli mefe erekle mobrZanda Tbiliss. gae-

geba qalaqis maxloblad mama Tvisi, cxebuli mefe

Teimuraz da didebulni.

erekles saxelovan gamarjvebaTa nusxaSia gamar-

jvebebi daRestnelTa winaaRmdeg, romelTac koxta

beladi meTaurobda. jer 4000-iani, 2 wlis Semdeg

8000-iani laSqari orgzis moadga saqarTvelos _

Seesivnen qarTls da liaxvis xeoba daarbies.

qarTvelebma aotes koxta beladi da marbielebi sam-

SobloSi gadarekes.

1773 wels TbilisSi Wirianoba gaCnda, xolo 1795

wlis 11 seqtembers mrisxane aRa-mahmad xani Semoi-

Wra. sastiki brZola gaimarTa. pirvel dRes aRa-mah-

mad-xanis mewinave jari qarTvelebma daamarcxes,

meore dResac samjer daamarcxes mtris laSqari,

magram ucnauri ram moxda _ gadamwyvet momentSi

Ralati, qarTvelTa laSqris ricxovnobis Semcire-

ba, brZolis dros mcire Secdoma da sparselTa

sasargeblod amindis cvlileba. aSkara iyo, rom

RmrTis amoucnobi gangebulebiT qarTvelTa dama-

rcxeba gardauvali iyo. Tavad aRa-mahmad-xani am

98

brZolas amgvarad afasebda: ̀ me vidre ormocdaaTa-

mdis gamimarjvnia, magram yvelaze didi es ariso~.

damarcxda didi mTavarsardali. ̀ sixarulis saxli~

tirilisa da SeSfoTebis savaned iqca. qalaqSi Se-

mosvlisas aRa-mahmad xans seidabadis karebTan dax-

vedrian moqalaqeTa warmomadgenlebi, romelTac

mcxovrebTa uvnebloba uTxoviaT misTvis, magram

saWurisma xanma ase ganucxada maT: `iseT gasa-

marTlebas unda moelodeT, rogorc RmrTis sam-

sjavroSi xdeba sakuTari codvebisaTviso~.

`...avlabris xidze Seagdo cxeni gamarjvebas

Cveulma da aw damarcxebulma sardalma. is 150 kaci,

romelic axla mas miacilebda, TiTqmis yvela

daWrili iyo. wamiT Sedga erekle da ukan moixeda.

sparselebi misi TanamebrZolebis gvamebze gada-

diodnen da qalaqs edebodnen. Tbilisis arnaxuli

tragedia iwyeboda. gulamRvreuli gmiri mefe isev

gaiWra saomrad garRveuli frontisaken, sadac mas

ueWveli sikvdili moeloda, magram mxleblebma gza

gadauRobes da ZaliT gadaiyvanes metexis xidis ga-

daRma, marcxena napirze. swored iq, kldovan na-

pirze gamosaxuli jvaris win Camoxda mefe, daiCo-

qa da qristianobisTvis wamebul abo Tbilels Seave-

99

dra ̀ qristes jvrisaTvis jvarcmuli eri~... ̀ Tu ara

Cemi codvao, Torem risgan aris! _ ambobda erekle.

_ visic moyvroba movindomeo, mtrad gardameqcao,

Tu gamarjvebuls gzazed davdgeTo da imedi david-

eo swored dajerebiT, es aris gamarjvebao, iq dami-

marcxdeba da gavTavdebio?~

saocaria, magram aTi dRis Semdeg aRa-mahmad xani

Tbiliss gaecala ise, rom arc ucdia misi Senar-

Cuneba...

100

epilogis magier

moaxloebuli iyo bagrationTa mefobis mwuxri.

saqarTveloSi iWreboda RmrTismbrZolobis suli,

mzaddeboda saidumlo SeTqmuleba monarqiis

winaaRmdeg. am SeTqmulebaSi Tavad monarqTa ax-

loblebsac iTrevdnen. afrTxilebda saqarTvelos

ukanaskneli mefe, RmrTismoyvare giorgi meTormete

Tavis memkvidres, daviT batoniSvils: `Svilo dav-

iT, Turme eklesias Teatrs eZaxi, ciskars saTamaSos

da wirvas warmodgenas; nu Svebi amisTana RmrTis-

gareSe saqmes, moiqec da iwame~; magram amaod, vol-

teris ideebi ufro itacebda qarTvel ufliswuls,

vidre qristes mcnebebiT cxovreba da sul male

aRsrulda giorgi mefis wuxili _ ar aRirsebso

ufali mefobas RmrTismgmobels... daviTma samefo

taxti daukarga saqarTvelos! mizezi _ Tavad iyo

CaTreuli monarqiis mterTa banakSi. dakarga

saqarTvelom mefe da sul male, ruseTSi gawveuli

saqarTvelos ukanaskneli kaTolikosi, erekle mefis

Svili _ anton II mcxeTaSi Cadis, sveticxovelSi

uflis kvarTTan aRasrulebs parakliss da crem-

101

lebiT Seavedrebs ufals saqarTvelos eklesiis

mfarvelobas, radgan uwyis, rom mas saqarTveloSi

aRar daabruneben... saqarTvelo mefis taxtTan er-

Tad eklesiis avtokefaliasac kargavs^

102

wigni gamosacemad momzadda

gamomcemloba `xarebaSi~

105

wmida daviT winaswarmetyveli

106

wmida mefe aSot kurapalatiopiza, IX s.

107

wmida mefe daviT aRmaSenebeligelaTi, XVI s.

108

wmida Tamar mefe

varZia, XII s.

109

wmida mefe luarsab II

minitura, XVIII s.

110

mefe Teimuraz II

111

imereTis mefe solomon I

112

mefe erekle II

brzolebsi saxelgantqmuli bagrationta gvirgvinosnebieparchy-batumi.ge/dokuments/bagratovnni.pdf ·...

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