b;sydih - edupub.gov.lk · lafia;%j, ys>% Èhqkqj;a iuÕ j;auka isiq ore oeßhka yuqfõ kj...

i

11 fY%a‚h

b;sydih

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ii

ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚

m<uqjk uqøKh 2015

fojk uqøKh 2016

f;jk uqøKh 2017

isõjk uqøKh 2018

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

fydrK" ñfo,a,uq,fyak" ;,a.yú, mdr" wxl 65C ys msyssá

iS$i lreKdr;ak iy mq;%fhda ^mqoa.,sl& iud.fuys

uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È'

iii

Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/`os w;s fidanudk ,xld

OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd

wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d

ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd

kfuda kfuda ud;d


Tn fõ wm úoHd

Tn u h wm i;Hd

Tn fõ wm Yla;s

wm yo ;=< Nla;s

Tn wm wdf,dafla

wmf.a wkqm%dfKa

Tn wm Ôjk fõ

wm uqla;sh Tn fõ

kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d

{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd

tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd

huq huq ù fkdmud

fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d


iv

From the government, I received this as a giftI’ll read it, light up my knowledge and practise thriftOn my country’s own behalf, I’ll protect the national resourcesAnd offer this book to another one as a fresh garland of roses

;s<sKh f,iska rcfhka fï fmd; ,Èñ

lshjd thska keK .=K t<s lr .ksñ

uf. rg fjkqfjka u oE iïm;a rlsñ

fï fmd; tk jifr fjk flkl=g mqoñ

Aµ]ß öÁS©v¯õ´ ¡¼uøÚ¨ ö£Ø÷Óß

AÔÄ ö£¸Qh÷Á ¡¼uøÚU PØ÷£ß

uõ´ |õmiß ÁÍö©ÚÄ® ¡¼uøÚU Põ¨÷£ß

£» ©õnÁ¸® £°ßÔh÷Á ¡¼øu÷¯ AÎ¨÷£ß

v

.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a m‚jqvh

f.ù .sh oYl follg wdikak ld,h f,dal b;sydih ;=< iqúfYaIS jQ ;dlaI‚l

fjkialï /ila isÿjQ ld,hls' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ikaksfõokh m%uqL lr.;a fiiq

lafIa;%j, YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ j;auka isiq ore oeßhka yuqfõ kj wNsfhda. /ila ks¾udKh ù

;sfí' wo iudcfha mj;sk /lshdj, iajNdjh kqÿre wkd.;fha § iqúfYaIS fjkialï /ilg

,la jkq we;' tjka jgmsgdjla ;=< kj ;dlaI‚l oekqu iy nqoaêh flakaø lr.;a iudchl

fjkia wdldrfha /lshd wjia:d o ,laI .Kkska ks¾udKh jkq we;' ta wkd.; wNsfhda.

ch.ekSu fjkqfjka" Tn iún, .ekaùu wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i uf.a;a" wm rcfha;a m%uqL

wruqKhs'

ksoyia wOHdmkfha udyeÕs m%;s,dNhla f,i fkdñf,a Tn w;g m;a jk fuu fmd;

ukdj mßYS,kh lsÍu;a" bka wjYH oekqu Wlyd .ekSu;a Tfí taldhk wruqK úh hq;= h'

tfuka u Tfí ujqmshka we;=¿ jeäysáhkaf.a Y%ufha iy lemlsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i rch úiska

fkdñf,a mdi,a fm<fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lrkq ,nk nj o Tn jgyd .; hq;= h'

f,dalh fõ.fhka fjkia jk jgmsgdjl" kj m%jK;dj,g .e<fmk whqßka kj úIh

ud,d ilia lsÍug;a" wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< ;SrKd;aul fjkialï isÿ lsÍu i|yd;a rchla

f,i wm lghq;= lrkafka rgl wkd.;h wOHdmkh u;ska isÿ jk nj wm fyd¢ka u wjfndaO

lrf.k isák neúks' ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, N=la;s ú¢ñka" rgg muKla fkdj

f,djg u jevodhS Y%S ,dxlsl mqrjeishl= f,i keÕS isákakg Tn o wÈgka lr.; hq;= jkafka

tneúks' ta i|yd fï fmd; mßYS,kh lsÍfuka Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a

úYajdihhs'

rch Tfí wOHdmkh fjkqfjka úhoï lrk w;súYd, OkialkaOhg jákdlula tla

lsÍu o Tfí hq;=lula jk w;r" mdi,a wOHdmkh yryd Tn ,nd .kakd oekqu yd l=i,;d Tfí

wkd.;h ;SrKh lrk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' Tn iudcfha l=uk

;rd;srul isáh o ish¨ ndOd ì| ouñka iudcfha by< u ia;rhlg .uka lsÍfï yelshdj

wOHdmkh yryd Tng ysñ jk nj o Tn fyd¢ka wjOdrKh lr .; hq;= h'

tneúka ksoyia wOHdmkfha Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd" f.!rjkSh mqrjeishl= f,i fyg f,dj

Èkkakg;a foaY foaYdka;rj, mjd Y%S ,dxflah kduh nn<jkakg;a Tng yels fõjdæ hs wOHdmk

wud;Hjrhd f,i uu Y=N m%d¾:kh lrñ'

wls, úrdÊ ldßhjiï

wOHdmk wud;H

—w¨;a fjñka" fjkia fjñka" ksje/È oekqfuka

rgg jf. u uq¿ f,djg u fjkak keK myka






wruqKhs'




Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a

úYajdihhs'










wOHdmk wud;H



vv




lafIa;%j, YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ j;auka isiq ore oeßhka yuqfõ kj wNsfhda. /ila ks¾udKh ù

;sfí' wo iudcfha mj;sk /lshdj, iajNdjh kqÿre wkd.;fha § iqúfYaIS fjkialï /ilg

,la jkq we;' tjka jgmsgdjla ;=< kj ;dlaI‚l oekqu iy nqoaêh flakaø lr.;a iudchl



wruqKhs'

ksoyia wOHdmkfha udyeÕs m%;s,dNhla f,i fkdñf,a Tn w;g m;a jk fuu fmd;

ukdj mßYS,kh lsÍu;a" bka wjYH oekqu Wlyd .ekSu;a Tfí taldhk wruqK úh hq;= h'

tfuka u Tfí ujqmshka we;=¿ jeäysáhkaf.a Y%ufha iy lemlsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i rch úiska


f,dalh fõ.fhka fjkia jk jgmsgdjl" kj m%jK;dj,g .e<fmk whqßka kj úIh

ud,d ilia lsÍug;a" wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=< ;SrKd;aul fjkialï isÿ lsÍu i|yd;a rchla



f,djg u jevodhS Y%S ,dxlsl mqrjeishl= f,i keÕS isákakg Tn o wÈgka lr.; hq;= jkafka

tneúks' ta i|yd fï fmd; mßYS,kh lsÍfuka Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a

úYajdihhs'










wOHdmk wud;H








wruqKhs'




Tn ,nk oekqu o bjy,a jkq we;s nj uf.a

úYajdihhs'










wOHdmk wud;H



vivi

fmrjok

f,dalfha wd¾Ól" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd ;dlaI‚l ixj¾Okh;a iu.

wOHdmk wruqKq jvd ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ñksia w;a±lSï" ;dlaI‚l

fjkiaùï" ufkdaúoHd;aul m¾fhaIK iy wOHdmkh ms<sn| kj o¾Yl weiqfrka

bf.kSfï yd b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh o kùlrKh fjñka mj;s' tfia jqj o YsIH

wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk f,i bf.kqï w;a±lSï ixúOdkh lrñka b.ekaùï

l%shdj,sh mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd úIh ks¾foaYfha ±lafjk wruqKqj,g wkql+,j"

úIhdkqnoaO lreKq we;=<;aj fm<fmd; iïmdokh ùu wjYH h' fm<fmd;

YsIHhdg bf.kSfï WmlrKhla muKla fkdj bf.kqï w;a±lSï ,nd.ekSug"

wNsfhda.;d j¾Okhg" p¾hduh yd wdl,am j¾Okhla jk mßÈ by< wOHdmkhla

,eîug bjy,a jk wdYS¾jdohls'

rgg jevodhSs" mQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì" hym;a mqrjeishl= ùfï mßph ,nd

.ekSug fuu fm<fmd; Tng WmldÍ fj;ehs uu wfmalaId lrñ'

fuu fm<fmd;a iïmdokhg Þhl jQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav,

idudðl uy;au uy;aókag;a wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h

uKav,hg;a udf.a ia;=;sh m< lr isáñ'

ví,sõ' ã' moañKS kd,sld

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

biqremdh"

n;a;ruq,a,'

2018'05'07

vii

kshdukh yd wëlaIKh

ví,sõ' ã' moañKs kd,sld wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a


fufyhùu (

ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&


iïnkaëlrKh

tA' tï' wd¾' fla' wêldß iyldr flduidßia


ixialdrl uKav,h

uydpd¾h m;auisß lkakka.r b;sydi yd mqrdúoHd wOHhk wxYh

Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

wdpd¾h wkQId fiakdêrdcd b;sydi wOHhk wxYh

w.aks È. úYajúoHd,h

pkaÈud ksYdks O¾umd, fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

f,aLl uKav,h

wdpd¾h frdays; oikdhl fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h

fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,h

fÊ' tï' iqo¾udj;S fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h

le,‚h úYajúoHd,h

ví,sõ' tA' iuka;s Ysfrdaud,d .=Kj¾Ok lÓldpd¾h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

viii

tï' ã' ;s,l,;d .=re fiajh

iS' ví' ví' lkakka.r u'ú

fnd/,a,

k,Ska nKavdr .=re fiajh

l=reúg uOH uy úoHd,h

l=reúg

fïß fvdfkagd lkHd fidhqßh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s

hQ' t,a' tï' niS¾ úY%dñl .=re WmfoaYl

hQ' t,a' tia' ußlald,a .=re WmfoaYl

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h

j;af;a.u

NdId ixialdrl

tï' tA' tï' ouhka;s kj wdo¾Y m%d:ñl mdi,a ixj¾Ok

jHdmD;sh"

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

msg ljr ks¾udKh

ví,sõ. biqß uOqIdks mß.Kl wxYh


mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh iy msgq ieliSu

ví,sõ. biqß uOqIdks mß.Kl wxYh


ix

1' ld¾ñl úma,jh

2' Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu

3' Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl mqkreoh

4' ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ

foaYmd,k fjkiaùï

5' ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ

iudc mßj¾;kh

mgqk

6' Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu

7' f,dalfha lemS fmfkk úma,j

8' f,dal uyd ix.%du yd iïuq;Ska

1 ¡ 18

19 ¡ 42

43 ¡ 52

53 ¡ 66

67 ¡ 81

82 ¡ 109

110 ¡131

132 ¡158

1fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

ñksid ish oEf;a iúfhka NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu fjkqjg hka;% iQ;%

fhdÞ f.k NdKav ksIamdokh lrñka oYl yhl muK ld,hla ;=< ld¾ñl yd

;dlaI‚l lafIa;%fha we;s l< mq`M,a fjki ld¾ñl úma,jh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

18 jk ishji w. Nd.fha § ì%;dkHfha ld¾ñl úma,jh wdrïN úh' t;eka

isg wv ishjila muK hk;=re ld¾ñl úma,jh ì%;dkHhg iSud ù ;snq‚' tfy;aa

19 jk ishji jk úg hqfrdamfha fiiq rgj,g yd f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,g o

ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu me;sre‚'

ld¾ñl úma,jh hqfrdamfha wdrïN ùug n,mE m%Odk fya;=j fjf<|du hs'

18 jk Y;j¾Ih jk úg hqfrdamfha ;;a;ajh úuid ne¨jfyd;a ì%;dkHh yereKq

úg m%xYh" mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h jeks rgj,a o hg;a úð; msysgqjdf.k nyq,

jYfhka fjf<| lghq;=j, ksr; jQ nj fmfka' tfia ;sìh § ld¾ñl úma,jh

ì%;dkHfha wdrïN jQfha ljr fya;= ksid o hkak úuid ne,Su jeo.;a fõ'

� ld¾ñl úma,jh ì%;dkHfha wdrïN ùug fya;=

16 jk ishjfia isg hqfrdamfha fjf<| yd jd‚cH lghq;= ÈhqKq jQ w;r

18 jk Y;j¾Ih muK jk úg hqfrdamd rgj,a w;=ßka mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h"

´,kaoh yd m%xYh jeks rgj,aj,g jvd tx.,ka;h bÈßhg meñK ;sì‚' fï ksid

l¾udka; i|yd uqo,a wdfhdackh l< yels Okj;=ka msßila trg ìys úh' fï w;r

18 jk ishji jk úg ì%;dkHfha ck.yk j¾Okh wêl ùu ksid NdKav i|yd

jQ b,a¨u jeä jQ w;r Bg m%udKj;a f,i NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu wNsfhda.hlaj

mej;=Ks' th ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjla we;s ùug n,mEfõ h' tfia u 14 jk

yd 15 jk ishjiaj, § hqfrdamfha we;s jQ mqkreoh ksid úoHd;aul ±kqfï mq`M,a

ùula ±lsh yels h' hka;% iQ;% ksmoùu i|yd tu ±kqu fhdÞ .ekSug yelshdj

,enq‚' tfia u hka;% iQ;% ;ekùug wjYH hlv yd jdfka jeks Lksc iïm;a o

ì%;dkHh i;=j ;snq‚' tmuKla fkdj n,Yla;sh i|yd wjYH .,a wÕ=-re wdÈh

imhd .ekSu;a trgg myiq úh'

ld¾ñl úma,jh01

ye¢kaùu

1'1 ld¾ñl úma,jfha wdrïNh yd j¾Okh


iuld,Skj m%xYh jeks rgj, o úYd, ck.ykhla isá kuq;a ì%;dkHhg

idfmalaIj tu rgj, fjf<| ÈhqKqj iSñ; ù ;snq‚' tfy;a ì%;dkHh úúO

jd‚c kS;s u`.ska ish hg;a úð;j,g ndysr rgj,a iuÕ fjf<| in|;d mj;ajd

.ekSug ;snQ bvlv fndfyda ÿrg wyqrd ;snq‚' fï ksid ì%;dkHh hg;a úð;j,g

wjYH NdKav ì%;dkHfhka wdkhkh lsÍug isÿ ùfuka trg NdKavj,g hg;a

úð;j,ska fyd| b,aüla we;s úh' ì%;dkHfha fjf<|m<j,ska jeä b,aüla we;s

jQ we;eï NdKav hka;%dkqidrfhka ksIamdokh lsÍug fhda.H jQ tAjd úh' ì%;dkH

lmq frÈj,g hg;a úð;j,ska by< b,aüla mej;s kuq;a tf;la mej;s ksIamdok

l%u wkqj flá ld,Skj frÈms<s ksIamdokh by< ±óug yelshdjla fkd ;sìK'

fufia ì%;dkH ksIamdokj,g mej;s wêl b,aü ksid flá ld,Skj ksIamdokh

jeä lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;= úh' trg ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha YS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s jQfha

fuu wNsfhda.hg úi÷ï jYfhks'

iuld,Skj ì%;dkHfhaa lDIsld¾ñl lafIa;%fha o fjkiaùï .Kkdjla isÿ

úh' tys § bvï ysñhka úiska iq`M f.dúhka i;=j ;snQ l=vd bvï len,s tl;= lr

úYd, f.dúm<j,a ilia lr .kakd ,È' fuh bvï fldgq lsÍfï jHdmdrh kñka

ye¢kafõ' fï ksid bvï wysñ jQ .ïno f.dùyq /lshd fidhd k.rj,g ixl%uKh

jQy' fï ksid ìys jQ w;sßla; Y%uh" ld¾ñl ÈhqKqjg fhdÞ .; yels úh'

fiiq rgj, fuka fkdj ì%;dkHfha iudc ;rd;sru l=ula jqj;a yelshdj

we;s mqoa.,hkag Okh Wmhd.; yels miqìula ;snq‚' wdl,amuh jYfhka trg

mej;s fun÷ ksoyia iudc miqìu kj woyia m%p,s; ùug fya;= jQ w;r th ld¾ñl

lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjg o ys;lr úh' tfia u wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha isÿ jk j¾Okhg

idfmalaIj l¾udka; yd jHdmdr i|yd m%d.aOkh imhk nexl= yd uQ,H wdh;k

ìysùulaa olakg ,eì‚'

ì%;dkHfha mej;s foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh o ld¾ñl úma,jh i|yd Wmldß

úh' wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd jHdmdßl lghq;=j, fh§ug ksoyi" Wmldrh yd nÿ

iyk wdÈh md¾,sfïka;=j u.ska ,eì‚'

hqfrdamfha wfkla rgj,a yd ii|k úg ì%;dkHh ;=< ld¾ñl úma,jh

i|yd iqÿiq miqìula meje;sKs' l=vd Èjhskla ùu" wNHka;r jYfhka rgmqrd úysÿKq

fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<la f.dvk.d .ekSug yels ùu" ksIamdok NdKav i|yd by<

ñ,la ,nd .; yels ùu yd ,kavka k.rh wuqøjH" m%d.aOkh" ksIamdok øjH fnÞ

yßk uOHia:dkhla ùu hk idOl /ila o ì%;dkHfha mej;Su ksid fiiq rgj,g

jvd ld¾ñl ksIamdok lafIa;%fha bÈßhg meñŒug ì%;dkHhg yels úh'


1'2 ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%fndaOh

ì%;dkHfhaa ld¾ñl úma,jh my; ±lafjk mßÈ m%Odk l¾udka; ;=kla

weiqßka isÿ úh'

¾ fmaI l¾udka;h

¾ hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;h

¾ .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h

fuu lafIa;%j, we;s jQ j¾Okh l%ufhka m%jdyk" ikaksfõok yd lDIsl¾uh

wdÈ fjk;a lafIa;%j, ÈhqKqjg o fya;= ù we;'

fmaI l¾udka;h

ì%;dkH frÈms<sj,g hg;a úð;j,ska by< b,a¨ula mej;s neúka frÈms<s

ksIamdokh YS>%fhka j¾Okh lsÍfï wNsfhda.hg trg frÈms<s ksIamdolfhda uqyqK

ÿkay' 1733 j¾Ifha § fcdaka fla úiska ÿjk kvdj ^flying Shuttle& ksmojkq ,eîu

ksid frÈ úùu ;rula

fõ.j;a úh' tfy;a frÈ

úùug wjYH kQ,a ieliSu

fõ.j;a fkdùu ;jÿrg;a

.eg¨jlaj mej;sK' tjlg

mej;s ;;a;ajh wkqj kQ,a

lákakka yh fofkl=

úiska Èklg imhk ,o

kQ,a m%udKj;a jQfha tla

frÈ úhkafkl=g tla

Èklg mu‚' fï ksid kQ,a

leàu fõ.j;a lsÍu .ek

ì%;dkHhka ;=< Wkkaÿjla

we;s úh' tu Wkkaÿfõ

m%;sM,hla jYfhka fÊïia

yd.%Sõia keue;a;d úiska

1764 j¾Ifha § lmq leàu

i|yd fckS keue;s hka;%hla

ksmojk ,È' fuu hka;%h w;ska l%shd lrjkakla úh' miqj 1769 § ßpâ wd¾larhsÜ

c, n,fhka l%shd lrk" Bg jvd ld¾hlaIu kQ,a lák hka;%hla ksmoù h' th c,

rduqj f,i y÷kajk ,È' Bg fmr lmq leàu i|yd fhdÞ .;a hka;% foi n,k úg

wd¾larhsÜf.a fidhd.ekSu jeo.;a tlls' tfy;a tu hka;%h úYd, jQ neúka ksfjia

;=< Ndú;h ÿIalr úh' tfia u th l%shd;aul lrùug fõ.j;a c, oyrdjla wjYH

jQ neúka th Ndú; l< yels jQfha c, myiqlï iys; ia:dkj, mu‚'

rEmh 1'1 - 1764 j¾Ifha § lmq leàu i|yd fÊïia yd.%Sõia

ksmojQ fckS hka;%h


fckS hka;%h yd c, rduqj

hk hka;% foflys u uQ,O¾u

m%fhdackhg .;a ieuqfj,a

fl%dïmagka 1779 j¾Ifha § ñhq,a

hka;%h kñka kj hka;%hla ksmoù

h' tu.ska jvd;a ishqï yd Yla;su;a

f,i kQ,a ilid .; yels úh'

wk;=rej 1785 j¾Ifha § muK

tâukaâ ld¾ÜrhsÜ keue;a;d

úiska ñhq,a hka;%h jdIam n,fhka

l%shd;aul lrùfï l%uhla fidhd

.kakd ,È' fï wkqj jir 30l

muK ld,hla ;=< § lmq leàu b;d

ld¾hlaIu lr .ekSu i|yd w¨;a

hka;% iQ;% fuka u kj ;dlaI‚l

l%u o fidhd .; yels úh' fï

ksid frÈ úùfï l¾udka;h flá

ld,hla ;=< úYd, úm¾hdihlg ,la úh'

l%shdldrlu 1

1' fmaI l¾udka;hg wÞ< fldgiska flá m%Yak ilia lrkak'

2' fmaI l¾udka;fha we;s jQ ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj my; ud;Dld wkqj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- fmaI l¾udka;fha ld¾ólrKhla we;s ùug fya;=

- fmaI l¾udka;fha kj ksuehqï yd bka isÿ jQ fiajh

hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;

ì%;dkHh hmia ksê nyq, rgls' ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr isg u wú wdhqO"

.Dy WmlrK yd lDIs WmlrK iE§ug ì%;dkHfhda hlv yd jdfka ksmojQy' fï

i|yd hmia WKq lrk ,oafoa or Ndú;fhks' tfy;a ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu`. uyd

mßudKfhka hka;% iQ;% iE§ug hlv yd jdfka wjYH jQ fyhska or Ndú;fhka

wjYH m%udKh ksmoùug fkdyels úh'

rEmh 1'2 - ßpâ wd¾larhsÜ úiska ksmojk ,o

c, n,fhka l%shd lrk kQ,a lák hka;%h


rEmh 1'3 - fykaß fniu¾f.a jdfka ksmoùfï Wÿk

fï ksid ta i|yd fjk;a

úl,am ud¾.hla f,i tan%yï

v¾ì úiska .,a wÕ=re fhdod

hmia WKq lsÍfï l%uh fidhd

.kakd ,È' fuu`.ska jd;a;=

l< hlv ksmoùug yels úh'

1784 j¾Ifha § fykaß fldaÜ

frda,¾ hka;%h ksmoùu ksid

;e<sh yels hlv fyj;a moï

l< hlv ksmoùug wjia:dj

,eìKs' 1856 j¾Ifha § fykaß

fniu¾ úiska hlvj, we;s

wmøjH bj;a lr jdfka

ksmoúh yels kj l%uhla

fidhd .kakd ,È' fuu l%uh

;j;a j¾Okh lr 1860

j¾Ifha § újD; Wÿka l%uh fidhd .ekSfuka Wiia ;;a;ajfha jdfka ksmoùug

yelshdj ,enq‚' fï l%ufhka ,dNodhS f,i fuka u blaukska o jdfka ksmoùug

yels úh' hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjg fya;= jQ ;j;a lreKla jQfha ú,shï

iSukaia hmia WKq lsÍug úÿ,s Wÿkla ilia lsÍu h' fuu kj ksmoùï u.ska hlv

yd jdfka l¾udka;fha YS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'

l%shdldrlu 2

1' hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;hg wÞ< fldgiska flá m%Yak ilia lrkak'

2' hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha we;s jQ ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj my; ud;Dld wkqj

meyeÈ,s lrkak'

- hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha ÈhqKqjla we;s ùug fya;=

- hlv yd jdfka l¾udka;fha kj ksuejqï yd bka isÿ jQ fiajh

.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h

ì%;dkHh .,a w`.=re wdldrj,ska o nyq, rgls' ol=Kq fõ,aia" fhdalaIh¾ yd ,ekaleIh¾ .,a w`.=re wdlr iys; m%foaY lsysmhls' hmia WKq lsÍu" hka;% iQ;% ls%hd lrùu yd f.a fodr Ndú;h i`oyd ,dNodhs yd ld¾hlaIu n,Yla;shla f,i .,a w`.=re ckm%sh úh' ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. .,a w`.=re i|yd b,a¨u jeä jqj;a .,a wÕ=re leKSu myiq fkdù h'


leŒfï § wdlrj, tl;= jk c,h bj;a lsÍu" .eUqrg leŒfï § wdlr

m;=f,a úI jdhq ;sîu" wdlr m;=f,a WIaK;ajh jeä ùu" wdlr ;=<g wdf,dalh

iemhSu jeks .eg¨ i|yd úi÷ï fiùug kj ksmoùï lSmhla u fidhd .eksKs'

f;dauia ksõflduka úiska wdlrj, c,h k, u.ska bj;a lsÍug yd jd;h

lD;%S%u f,i isis,a lsÍug jdIam tkaðula fidhd .kakd ,È' tfy;a ksõfldukaf.a

jdIam tkaðu M,Þhs;dfjka wvq tlla jQ w;r th .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;hg ;rï j;a

fiiq l¾udka;j,g fhdÞ .ekSu wmyiq úh' fï ksid fÊïia fjdÜ ksõfldukaf.a

jdIam tkaðu jeä ÈhqKq fldg jvd úêu;a jdIam tkaðula ksmoù h' th ish¨

l¾udka;j,g fhdÞ .; yels ld¾hlaIu tkaðula úh'

rEmh 1'4 - f;dauia ksõflduka úiska ksmojk ,o

jdIam n,fhka l%shd lrk hka;%h ±lafjk is;=jularEmh 1'5 - fÊïia fjdÜ úiska ksmojk ,o

jdIam tkacsu

yïm%s fâú úiska wdrlaIl ,dïmqj ksmoùu ksid wdlrj,g wdf,dalh ,nd

.ekSu yd iïnkaOj meje;s .eg¨j o ksrdlrKh úh' fuf;la l,a ;U lïì

fhdod .ksñka .eyekqka yd <uqka ,jd ÿIalr wkaoñka wdlrj,ska .,a w`.=re msg;g

f.k tafï l%uh fjkqjg 1839 j¾Ifha § hlv flan,a lïì u`.ska wdlrj,ska .,a

w`.=re msg;g f.k tafï l%uhla fidhd .eksKsss'

rEmh 1'6 - wdlrj,ska .,a wÕ=re msg;g .ekSu'

fï i|yd <ud Y%uh Ndú; l< wkaou


.,a w`.=re l¾udka;fha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj ksid tu`.ska w;=re

m%;s,dN /ila ysñ úh' .,a w`.=re ms<siaiSfuka ,efnk .,a ;dr

uydud¾. bÈlsÍu i|yd fhdod .eksKs' .,a w`.=re u`.ska frÈms<s

idhï lsÍug wjYH idhï j¾. ksIamdokh lsÍug o yels úh'

T!IO" iqj| ú,jqka" f;,a yd fmdfydr ksmoùug o .,a w`.=re

fhdod .eksKs'

l%shdldrlu 3

ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;sh

ì%;dkHfhaa fmaI l¾udka;h" hlv l¾udka;h yd .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;h

wdY%s;j we;s jQ ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj flá ld,hla ;=< § u fjk;a wxY lrd o jHdma;

jQ nj fmfka' tlS jHdma;sfha iajNdjh msßlaik úg ld¾ñl úma,jh fjk;a

lafIa;%j,g yd fjk;a rgj,a lrd jHdma; ùu jYfhka lafIa;% folla Tiafia ú.%y

l< yels h'

1 fjk;a lafIa;% lrd jHdma; ùu

ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid ld¾ñl yd ;dlaI‚l lafIa;% wdY%s;j ìys jQ kj ±kqu

l¾udka; yd ksIamdok lghq;=j,g muKla iSud fkdù h' th ;j;a lafIa;% lrd o

me;sÍ .sfha h' m%jdykh" ikaksfõokh yd lDIsl¾udka;h hk lafIa;%flfrys we;s

jQ ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEï fya;=fldgf.k tAjdfha YS>% ÈhqKqjla isÿ úh'

m%jdyk lafIa;%fha jHdma;sh

ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEï ksid m%jdyk lafIa;%fha fjkialï /ila

isÿ úh' l¾udka; lafIa;%fha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj;a iu. l¾udka; Yd,dj,g wjYH

wuqøjH m%jdykh yd ksñøjH fjf<|m<j,a lrd f.k hdu i|yd ud¾. myiqlï

jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;= úh' tA wkqj 1811 j¾Ifha § fcdaka uelvï

rEmh 1'7 - yïm%Sfâúf.a

wdrlaIl ,dïmqj

.,a wÕ=re l¾udka;fha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj my; ud;Dld

hgf;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

1' .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;fha ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj we;s ùug fya;='

2' kj ksmehqï u.ska .,a wÕ=re l¾udka;hg bgq jQ fiajh'


uyd ud¾. bÈ lsÍu i|yd kj l%uhla fidhd .;af;a h' th uelvï l%uh kñka

ye¢kafõ'

uelvï l%uh

f,dl= .,a yd mia w;=rd lrk ,o Yla;su;a w;a;sjdrula u; l=vd

l`M .,a len,s w;=rd" ;,d uÜgï fldg uyd ud¾. ;ekùfï

l%uh" uelvï l%uh kï úh'

fuu l%uh Ndú;fhka bÈ l< uyd ud¾.j, NdKav iy u.Ska úYd,

ixLHdjla f.k hk jdyk jqj o fõ.fhka yd myiqfjka Odjkh l< yels úh' tA

wkqj tn÷ ud¾. ie;mqï ish .Kkla ì%;dkHfhaa yd iafldÜ,ka;fha flá l,la

;=< bÈ flß‚'

fufia uyd ud¾. jeä ÈhqKq ùu;a iuÕ m%jdykh i|yd fhdÞ .ekqKq hka;%

iQ;%j, o ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' 1814 j¾Ifha § fcda¾Ê iaàjkaika jdIam n,fhka l%shd

lrk ÿïßh tkaðu ksmoùu ld¾ñl úma,jfha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls' tA wkqj

.,a wÕ=re yd fiiq NdKav m%jdykh i|yd ÿïßh fhdÞ .ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚'

ksIamdÈ; NdKav l¾udka; Yd,dj, isg fjf<|fmd< olajd ÿïßh u`.ska m%jdykh

lsÍu fya;= fldgf.k tA i|yd .; jQ ld,h wvq jQ w;r úYd, f;d. jYfhka

NdKav m%jdykh ksid m%jdyk úhou o wvq úh' ÿïßh tkaðu fidhd .ksñka

m%jdyk lafIa;%fha úma,jhla l< fcda¾Ê iaàjkaika jhi wjqreÿ 17 jk f;la u

wl=re lshùug j;a fkdo;a wfhl= hehs o u;hla mj;S'

rEmh 1'8 - fcda¾Ê iaàjkaika rEmh 1'9 - fcda¾Ê iaàjkaikaf.a ÿïßh tkaðu

ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid f.dvìï m%jdykfha we;s jQ ÈhqKqj;a iu`. kdúl yd

c, m%jdyk lafIa;%j, o ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'


1807 j¾Ifha § wefußlka cd;sl frdnÜ mQ,agka ÿï fndaÜgqj ksmoù h'

u.Sska f.k hdu i|yd 1811 j¾Ifha § fykaß fn,a ÿï kej ksmoù h' ÿï kejg

bkaOk jYfhka wdrïNfha § or;a miqj .,a wÕ=re;a fhdÞ .eks‚' 1885 j¾Ifha

§ c¾uksfha fvï,¾ úiska fudag¾ r:h o 1903 § wefußldfõ rhsÜ ifydaorhka

úiska .=jka hdkh o ksmojkq ,eîu m%jdyk lafIa;%fha m%n, fjkila we;s lsÍug

iu;a úh' fufia ld¾ñl úma,jfha jHdma;sh ksid flá ld,hla ;=< f.dvìfuka"

c,fhka yd .=jkska flfrk m%jdyk lghq;=j, uy;a fmr<shla we;s úh'

rEmh 1'10 - fvï,¾f.a fudag¾ r:h rEmh 1'11 - rhsÜ ifydaorhka ksmojQ

.=jka hdkh

ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha jHdma;sh

m%jdyk lghq;=j, ÈhqKqjg iu.dój ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha o fõ.j;a

ÈhqKqjla werô‚' fuf;la ì%;dkHfhaa mej;sfha wêl úhoï iys; ;eme,a

l%uhls' jHdmdßl lghq;=j, § flá ld,hla ;=< § wvq úhoulska ,sms yqjudre

lr .ekSfï wjYH;dj u;= úh'

fï i|yd 1840 § —fmkS ;eme,a fiajh˜ kñka kj ;eme,a fiajhla

tx.,ka;fha wdrïN flß‚' fï u.ska rfÜ ´kE u ;eklg mekaihla f.jd

,smshla heùug yels úh'

ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha yd m%jdyk lafIa;%fha we;s jQ YS>% ÈhqKqj;a iu.

,sms yqjudrejg jvd blaukska ia:dk folla w;r m‚jqv yqjudre lr .ekSfï

wjYH;djla u;= úh' fï i|yd isÿ flreKq w;ayÞ ne,Sïj, m%;sM, jYfhka 1844

j¾Ifha § ieuqfj,a fudaia úÿ,s m‚úv l%uh (Telegraph) fidhd .kakd ,È' tA

hgf;a ia:dk folla w;r úÿ,s lïìhla fhdÞ f.k ixfla; Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka

m‚úv yqjudrej werô‚'


1895 § .=.a,s ud¾fldaks .=jka úÿ,s ;rx. u.ska mKsjqv heùfï l%uh fidhd

.ekSu;a miqj fcdaka f,.S fnhd¾â rEmjdysksh fidhd .ekSu;a ksid ikaksfõok

lafIa;%fha úYd, mßj¾;khla we;s úh' .=jkaúÿ,sh yd rEmjdysksh fidhd .ekSu

ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha Wkak;shg muKla fkdj fjf<|du" jd‚cH lghq;= yd

fjk;a wd¾Ól lghq;=j, m%.;shg o fya;= úh'

rEmh 1'13 - ud¾fldaksf.a .=jkaúÿ,s hka;%h

lDIsl¾udka;fha jHdma;sh

ld¾ñl úma,jhg iu.dój lDIs lafIa;%fhys o úYd, j¾Okhla we;s úh'

fï i|yd n,mE m%Odk idOl lsysmhlA y÷kd.; yels h'

� uyd mßudK f.dúìï wdrïN lsÍu

� YIH udre l%uh

rEmh 1'12 - 19 jk ishjfia uq, isg u úoHq;a l%u Ndú; lrñka ¥ria: ia:dk ikaksfõok

lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍu .ek úúO m¾fhaIK isÿ flre‚' tys m%;sM, jYfhka 1876 j¾Ih jk úg

ÿßka msysá ia:dk folla w;r flan,a u.ska lgyçka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug fhdÞ .;

yels WmlrKhla ksmojkq ,eî h' th ¥rl:kh kñka ye`Èkafõ' ¥rl:kh fidhd .kakd

,oafoa wef,laiekav¾ .%eyeïfn,a úisks'

rEmh 1'14 - fcdaka f,.S fnhdâ iy

Tyq ksmojQ rEmjdysksh


� i;a;aj md,k lghq;= ioyd kj ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu

� kj lDIsld¾ñl l%u yd WmlrK Ndú;h

ld¾ólrKh;a iuÕ úYd, f,i l¾udka; Yd,d wdrïN ùu fya;= fldgf.k

ck;dj úYd, jYfhka k.r lrd we§ tAu ksid Tjqkaf.a bv lvïj, j.d lsÍug

fkdyels úh' tfuka u .ïno b;sßj isá iq¿ mßudK bvï ysñhkq;a úúO fya;=

u; ;u f.dúìï w;yer ouk ;;a;ajhla Wod úh' fï wkqj w;yer oeuQ tfuka

u f.dùkaf.ka mjrd.;a l=vd m%udKfha f.dúìï úYd, m%udKhla tl;= lrñka

uyd mßudK f.dúìï wdrïN flß‚' bvï fldgq lsÍfï jHdmdrhg wh;a jQ fuu

bvïj, uyd mßudKfhka j.d lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,i lDIsld¾ñl ÈhqKqjla we;s

úh'

rEmh 1'15 YIH udre l%uhg wkqj f.dú;eka lsÍu

j.d lghq;= ioyd YIH udre l%uh y÷kajd §u f,v frda. jHdma;sh wju

lsÍug;a M,odhs;dj jeä lsÍug;a fya;= úh' fcka frdag,a úiska wYajhka n¢k ,o

k.=,aj,ska fma<shg jemsÍfï l%uh y÷kajdfok ,È' tu.ska jemsÍug wjYH îc

m%udKh wvq lr .ekSug yd jeä M,odhs;djla ,nd .ekSug yels úh'

tfuka u i;a;aj md,k lghq;= i|yd fhdod.;a ;dlaIKsl l%u fya;=fldg

f.k i;a;aj ksIamdok by< .sfha h' frdnÜ nelafj,a úiska neg¨ j¾. wNsckk

wdY%s; fidhd.ekSï lsÍu WodyrKhla f,i fmkajd Èh yels h'


ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. jvd;a ld¾hlaIu WmlrK ìysùu" lDIs lafIa;%fha

úYd, fmr<shla we;s lsÍug fya;= úh' le,E t<sfmfy<s lsÍug" ìï ieliSug"

îc j¾. ksIamdokhg hka;% iq;% ksmojkq ,eî h' tfuka u lDIs lafIa;%fhys jeä

t,odjla ,nd .ekSu ioyd fmdfydr j¾. ksmoùu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh yels h' fï iïnkaOj lrk ,o w;ayod ne,sïj, m%;sM,hla

f,i l%s' j' 1800 muK jk úg .=jdfkda fmdfydr kï fmdfydr úfYaIhla uq,ska

u ol=Kq wm%sldfõ ksIamdokh flß‚' bka miq wefursldfõ o fuu fmdfydr

ksIamdokh flß‚' ridhksl fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk ksIamdokh o miq lf,l

isÿ flß‚'

ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. j¾Okh jQ kùk m%jdyk udOHhka yd .nvd

myiqlï ksid lDIsld¾ñl yd i;a;aj ksIamdok wvq msßjehla hgf;a ksmoúh yelss

jQ fyhska tajd ,dnodhS ñ,g wf,ú lsÍug yels úh' fï ksid lDIs ksIamdok i|yd

úYd, b,aüla we;s úh'

2 fjk;a rgj,a lrd jHdma;sh

ì%;dkHfhka wdrïN jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh b;d flá l,lska hqfrdamd uyoaùmfha

rgj, jHdma; úh' wk;=rej wdishd" wefußld" wm%sld uyoaùmj,;a th me;sßK'

19 jk ishjfia § fjk;a rgj,g ld¾ólrKh jHdma;ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhls'

• f,dj mqrd ck.ykh YS>%fhka j¾Oh ùu ksid NdKavj,g ;snQ b,aü by<

hdu

• hqfrdamh ;=< .ukd.uk yd m%jdyk lghq;=j, j¾Okh

• m%xYh yd c¾uksh .,a w`.=re fidhd .ekSu

fï wkqj f,dalfha fiiq rgj,a o tx.,ka;h fuka hka;% iQ;% Ndú; lrñka

;u ksIamdok fõ.j;a lsÍug Wkkaÿ úh' m%xYh yd c¾uksh hk rgj, wuqøjH

nyq,j meje;s fjf<òfmd<j,g ióm jQ m%foaYj, ld¾ñl uOHia:dk ìys úh'

ld¾ñl w;ska úfYaI ÈhqKqjla w;alr.;a c¾uksh m<uq f,dal hqoaOh wdrïNl

wjêfha § n,jf;l=f.a ;;a;ajhg m;aj isáfha h' fuf,i m%xYh" fn,aðhu"

Tiaaá%hdj" yxf.aßhdj" m%Ishdj wd§ hqfrdamfha fiiq rgj,g;a ld¾ñl úma,jh

me;sßKs' Tiaá%hdkq wêrdcH ie;mqï 30" 000l ÿr ud¾. bÈ l< w;r ta ld,h ;=<

fn,aðhfï ud¾. moaO;sh o fo.=Khlska mq¿,a flßKs' wk;=rej iEu rgl u

ÿïßh ud¾. bÈùu olakg ,enqKs' ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla jYfhka meje;s weußlka

ckmoj,g o ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu we;s úh' ksoyi Èkd .ekSfuka miqj trg

ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha YS>% ÈhqKqjla ie,iqKs'


19 jk ishji w.Nd.h yd 20 jk ishji uq,a oil lSmh ;=< ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha w;súYd, m%.;shla Wod lr.;a wdishd;sl rgla jQfha cmdkh hs' ngysr l%u yd wdlD;s wkq.ukh lrñka úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl lafIa;%j, buy;a m%.;shla w;alr.;a rgj,a iu. ;r.ldÍj isák rgla njg cmdkh m;aj ;sfí'

úisjk ishji jk úg Ökh" bkaÈhdj" ,xldj we;=¿ wdishdfõ fndfyda rgj,g o ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu ;Èka me;sßKs' fufia ld¾ñl úma,jh f,dj fiiq rgj,a lrd jHdma; ùu;a m%jdyk yd mKsúv yqjudre lafIa;%fha tu`.ska we;s jQ YS>% ÈhqKqj;a ksid f,dalh tl u .ïudkhla njg m;aùug u. ie,iqKs'

ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,

f,dj mqrd we;s jQ ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid" tu rgj, foaYmd,k" iudc yd wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha mq¿,a fjkialï we;s úh' fuu m%;sM, hym;a fuka u whym;a ,laIKj,ska o iukaú; úh'

foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha we;s l< fjkialï

ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid Wmßu ,dn ,eîu wruqKq fldgf.k uqo,a wdfhdackh l< Okm;s mka;shla yd Y%uh úl=Kd cSj;a jk ks¾Ok mka;shla ìys úh' Okysñfhda ks¾Ok mka;sfha Y%uh wvq ñ,g ,nd f.k" ish jHdmdßl lghq;=j, fhdojd tu`.ska úYd, ,dn ,enQy' tfy;a l¾udka;Yd,dj, fiajh l< lïlrejkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh b;d u my;a uÜgul mej;=‚' Tjqkg wh;aj ;snQ fuu msvdldÍ jd;djrKh ksid u Okm;Ska yd lïlrejka w;r .egqï" jD;a;Sh ix.ï ìysùu" fiajl jevj¾ck" whs;sjdislï i|yd igka wdosh wdrïN úh' fuu

;;a;ajh ,snr,ajdoh" iudcjdoh jeks foaYmd,k o¾Ykj, jHdma;shg fya;= úh'

rEmh 1'16 lïlrejka ;u whs;sjdislï b,a,d Woaf>daIKhl


wevïiañ;a keue;a;d Okjdoh ú.%y lrñka rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh kï ixl,amh

bÈßm;a lf<a h' rfÜ wd¾Ól lghq;=j, § fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iyNd.s;ajh Èßu;a

lsÍu yd rcfha ueÈy;a ùu wju lsÍu rdcH ks¾ndOjdoh f,i ie,lsh yels h'

tfuka u ld¾ólrKh hqfrdamh mqrd me;sr hdu;a iu. wuqøjH wvqñ,g ,nd

.ekSfï;a ksIamdÈ; NdKav jeä ñ,g úl=Kd .ekSfï;a wjYH;dj m%n, f,i u;=

úh' fï fya;=j ksid hqfrdamd rgj,g ;u hg;a úð; mQ¾K jYfhka foaYmd,ksl

wdêm;Hhlg k;= lr .ekSfï ;r.hl ksr; ùug isÿ úh' fï wkqj 1850 j¾Ihg

miqj we;s jQ fuu wêrdcHjdoh kj wêrdcHjdoh f,iska ye¢kafõ' fufia ;u

hg;a úð; mq¿,a lr .ekSug hqfrdamd rgj,a ;r.hl ksr;ùu ksid th m<uq f,dal

uyd ix.%duh we;s ùug mjd uq,a jQ fya;= idOlhla úh'

wd¾:sl lafIa;%fha we;s l< fjkiaùï

ld¾ñl ksIamdok mq¿,aùu yd fjf<`o yd jdKsc lghq;=" wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha

fmruqK .ekSu ld¾ñl úma,jfha § jQ jeo.;a fmr<shls' ta wkqj lïy,a ysñ

Okm;s mka;shla yd fjf<| mka;shla l%ufhka j¾Okh úh' iq¿ bvïj, f.dùkag

;u lghq;= lr.; fkdyelsj lïy,Aj, Y%ñlhka fia k.rhg taug isÿ úh' fï

ksid iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól l%uh ì|jeà jegqm u; fiajh lrk lïlre msßila ìys

úh' fï wkqj idïm%odhsl lDIs wd¾Ól rgdj mfilg ;,a¨ ù" wdkhk wmkhk

fjf<| wd¾Ólh bÈßhg wdfõ h' lDIs ksIamdok lghq;= o ld¾ólrKh ù" wdydr

øjH úYd, jYfhka fjf<|fmd<g iemhs‚' fï ksid hqfrdamd rgj, yd Tjqkaf.a

hg;a úð; njg m;a jQ wdishd" wm%sld" ,;ska weußld m%foaYj, o foaYSh fuka u

úfoaYSh fjf<|du o ÈhqKq úh' tfuka u OkjdÈ wd¾Ól rgdj fõ.fhka f,dj mqrd

jHdma; úh'

mq¿,a jQ fuu fjf<| lghq;= ioyd uqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍu fm!oa.,sl

jHjidhlhkag ;ks ;ksj l< fkd yels úh' ta ksid jHjidhlhka lsysm fofkl=

tl;= ù noao jHdmdr iud.ï ìys lr .eksKs' fuu iud.ï úiska ;u wruqKq bgq

lr .ekSu i|yd tu rgj, rdcH wkq.%yh o we;sj wdishd" wm%sld" ,;ska weußldkq

m%foaYj, ;u jd‚c lghq;= jHdma; lrk ,È'

uqq, § fun÷ fjf<| iud.ï foaYSh jHdmdßlhkaf.ka muKla iukaú;

úh' tfy;a oykj jk ishji uq,a Nd.h jk úg fïjd nyqcd;sl iud.ï njg

m;a úh' NdKav ksIamdokfha yd wf,ú lsÍfï lghq;=j, ksr; jQ tu iud.ï thg

iu.dój uqo,a yd nexl= lghq;=j, o fhÿ‚' tu.ska jHdmdßlhkag Kh myiqlï

ie,iSu fuka u .kq fokq lghq;= myiqùu o isÿ úh'


iudc lafIa;%fha we;s l< n,mEu

ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;=fldgf.k

iudÔh lafIa;%hg hym;a yd whym;a

f,i n,mEï we;s úh' ld¾ólrKh

iu. úYd, jYfhka k.r ìys jQ

w;r tajdfha jdih l< ck;djf.a

Ôú;j, o mq¿,a fjkila we;s úh'

l¾udka;Yd,dj, úYd, m%udKhlska

ksIamdokh l< ld¾ñl NdKav ck;djg

oeßh yels ñ,lg ,nd.; yels úh'

tfuka u l¾udka;Yd,d ksid úYd,

jYfhka /lshd wjia:d ìys úh' tu ksid

ñksiqkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh jeä ÈhqKq úh'

ld¾ólrKh ksid hqfrdamd rgj, k.r ixLHdj o" k.rj, úYd,;ajh o

YS>%fhka j¾Okh úh' fuys wksjd¾h m%;sM,h jQfha tajd Tfrd;a;= fkdfok ;rug

ckdlS¾K ùu hs' tfy;a tajdfha uQ,sl myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq jQfha b;d wvq fõ.hlsks'

ksoiqkla f,i--------- úhdkd k.rfha 1847g fmr jir 20la we;=<; ck ixLHdj 20]l

fõ.fhka j¾Okh jqj;a ksjdi bÈlsÍu j¾Okh jQfha 11'5]lska muKls'

l¾udka;Yd,d jHdma; ùu fya;= fldg f.k f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,

ld¾ñl k.r ìys jQ w;r .%dóh ck;dj tu k.r lrd we§ tAug mgka .;ay'

uyd mßudK l¾udka; ksid k.rj, /lshd iq,Nùu kd.ÍlrKh fõ.j;a ùug

fya;=jla úh'

mka;s iys; iudchla ìysùu ld¾ólrKfha m%Odk iudc m%;sM,hls' 20 jk

ishji jk úg hqfrdamfha iEu rgl u mdfya wd¾Ól lghq;= fufyhjkq ,enqfõ

l¾udka; ysñ Okm;s mka;sh úisks' fuu Okm;s mka;sh m%Odk fldgia follska

hq;= úh'

� bvï ysñ Okj;=ka

� uOHu mka;s-l jHdmdr ysñhka¡l¾udka; ysñhka" nexl=lrejka" fldka;%d;alrejka"

bxðfkarejka" kSs;s{hka wdÈkaf.ka ieÿï,;a msßi'

rEmh 1'17 ld¾ñl úma,jfhka ìys jQ l¾udka;

Yd,dj, fiajh l< <ud Y%ñlhka msßila


l¾udka; ysñhka wvq jegqma f.jd lïlrejka fiajfha fhojQ w;r tu`.ska

wêl ,dn Wmhd .;ay' jvd fyd| Ôjk ;;a;ajhla f.dvk.d .;a Okm;s mdka;slfhda

idfmalaIj jvd iemj;a yd úfkdaoldó Ôú; .; l<y'

tfy;a jev lrk ck;djf.a fN!;sl Ôjk ;;a;ajh fnfyúka wi;=gqodhl

úh' Ôj;a ùu ioyd mjq,l iajdñhd yd ìß| hk fofokdg u /lshdj, ksr; ùug

isÿ jQ w;r we;eï wjia:dj, ish orejka mjd fiajfhaa fhoùug o Tjqkag isÿ úh'

Èklg meh 12--14 olajd §¾> ld,hla /£ isàug isÿ jQ Tjqkaf.a fiajd ia:dkj, /lshd

o fnfyúka mSvdldÍ úh' ia;S%kag yd <uqkag fiajh lsÍug isÿ jQfha myiqlïj,ska

f;dr wkdrlaIs; l¾udka; Yd,dj, h' lïlrejka ld¾ñl k.rj, l¾udka;

Yd,d wjg wksjd¾hfhka mÈxÑ úh hq;= úh' uqvqlal= fyda fma<s ksjdi Tjqkaf.a

jdiia:dk jQ w;r wju uÜgfï ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï j;a tajdfha fkd ;sì‚' tu

ksjdij, tla ldurhla ;=<g fldgq ù mjqf,a idudðlhka ish¨ fokd u Ôj;a jQy'

fï wkqj iudcfha nyq;rh jQ ks¾Ok mka;shg Wreu jQfha fndfyda úg ÿmam;alu"

wvqfõ;k" my;a Ôjk uÜgu wdÈh hs' fuu mSvdldÍ ;;a;ajhka uOHfha îu;alu

yd úúO udÈ,sfha wmpdr we;s ùu fkd je<elaúh yels úh'

18 jk yd 19 jk ishjia jk úg fun÷ iudc úIu;dj,g ms<shï fh§u

i`oyd fndfyda rgj, wjOdkh fhduq úh' tfia u fï ld,fha § lïlrejka jegqma

jeä lr .ekSu" jev lrk meh .Kk wvq lr .ekSu" ikSmdrlaIl yd fjk;a

myiqlï j¾Okh lsÍu wdÈ b,a,Sï ,nd .ekSu i|yd Woaf>daIKh lsÍug;a jD;a;Sh

ix.ï f,i ixúOdkh ùug;a fm< .eiqKq nj fmfka' ta wkqj ks¾Ok mka;sfha

iudc - wd¾Ól Y=NidOkh i|yd rch ueÈy;a ù kS;s Í;s mekùu iEu rgl u

mdfya isÿ úh'

remh 1'18 l¾udka; Yd,djlska úI ÿï mßirhg msg jk whqre


ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;= fldgf.k isÿ jQ ;j;a whym;a m%;sM,hla jQfha

mßir ¥IKh hs' l¾udka; Yd,dj,ska neyer l< wmøjH .x.d we<fod<g uqiq

ùfuka c, uQ,dY% wmsßisÿ jQ w;r lïy,aj,ska msg jk ÿï fi!LHhg b;d wys;lr

úh' tfuka u úI jdhq j¾. jdhqf.da,fha ;ekam;a ùu udkj ixy;sfha §¾.ld,Sk

meje;aug m%n, ;¾ckhla t,a, lrkakla o úh'

l%shdldrlu

1' ld¾ñl úma,jfhka we;s jQ hym;a yd whym;a m%;sM, ms<sn|j

újdohla mj;ajkak'

2' my; ±lafjk m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re imhkak'

ld¾ñl úma,jh ksid"

i' foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fjkialï ;=kla ,shkak'

ii' wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fjkiaùï ;=kla ,shkak'

iii' iudc lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fjkiaùï ;=kla ,shkak'

1'3 ld¾ñl úma,jh Y%S ,xldj flfrys n,mEu

ì%;dkHhka werô ld¾ñl úma,jh flá l,la ;=< f,dj mqrd jHdma; jQ

wdldrh by; úia;r fldg we;' ì%;dkHfha yd wfkl=;a hqfrdamd rgj, isÿ jQ

wkaofï ld¾ólrKhla YS% ,xldj ;=< 19 jk ishjfia isÿ fkdjQ kuq;a ld¾ñl

úma,jfha n,mEu Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka o y÷kd.; yels h' ì%;dkHfhaa ld¾ñl

úma,jh wdrïN jQ wjêfha Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla f,i meje;Su fï

ioyd fya;= jQ m%Odk idOlhla úh' ì%;dkHfhda furgg meñK uyd mßudKfhka

j;= j.dj wdrïN l<y' fufia wdrïN l< f;a" rn¾" fmd,a jeks fnda. wdY%s;j

úúO l¾udka; weröu isÿ jQ w;r tajd i`oyd hka;% iQ;% ì%;dkHfhka f.kaù h'

fï hq.fha § isÿ jQ jeo.;a isÿùï (

� l%s' j' 1804 f*âßla fkda¾;a wdKavqldrhd fldams flàug fuda,la weröu

� f;a úh<Sfï isg j¾. lsÍu yd wmkhkh olajd fndfyda ld¾hhka" hka;% iQ;%

u.ska isÿ lsÍu

� rn¾ msgrg heùu i|yd iqodkï lsÍug hka;% iQ;% Ndú;h

� uyd ud¾. ;ekSfï uelvï l%uh 1885 j¾Ifha § ,xldjg y÷kajd §u

j;=j, yd l¾udka; Yd,dj, jev lsÍug Y%ñlhka wjYH jQ w;r tajdfha

jegqmg jev l< Y%ñlhkaf.ka lïlre mka;sh ìys úh' j;= ysñhka yd l¾udka;Yd,d

ysñhka Okj;=ka njg m;a jQ w;r Tjqyq W.;a Okj;a uOHu mka;shla f,i

fjku u ixúOdkh jQy' Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh ,xldfõ o j¾Okh jQ w;r wdkhk


wmkhk fjf<|du m%uqL;ajhla .;af;a h' fuu fjf<| lghq;=j, § uqo,a msgrgg

heùu" furgg f.kajd .ekSu wd§ ld¾hhka ksid nexl= l%uhl wjYH;dj we;s úh'

ta wkqj ,xldfõ nexl= wdrïN ùu isÿ úh'

j;= ksIamdok fld<U k.rfha fjf<| uOHia:dkj,g /f.k taug yd

jrdhg f.k hdug;a j;=lrfha wjYH;d iemhSug;a m%jdykh ÈhqKq l< hq;=j

;snq‚' fuf;la NdKav m%jdykh isÿ flrefKa lr;a; u`.sks' th id¾:l l%uhla

fkdjQ ksid uydud¾. yd ÿïßh ud¾. bÈ flß‚' tâjâ ndkaia wdKavqldrhdf.a

ld,fha § fld<U uykqjr uyd ud¾.h bÈ flß‚' bka miqj l=reKE., isg

uykqjr olajd;a oUq,af,a isg uykqjr olajd;a ud¾. bÈ úh' miqj .,a yd ;dr

fhdod uydud¾. bÈlsÍfï l%uh o werôKs' tfuka u c, ud¾. yryd ,S md,ï

fjkqjg hlv Ndú; lr md,ï ;ekSu werô‚' ÿïßh ud¾. bÈlsÍu ioyd fykaß

fjdaâ wdKavqldrhd úiska mshjr .kakd ,È' ta wkqj 1858 j¾Ifha § fld<T isg

uykqjr olajd ÿïßh ud¾.h bÈ lsÍfï lghq;= wdrïN lrk ,È' tu ud¾.h ksu

lsÍfuka miq 1867 wf.daia;= udifha § m%:u j;djg fld<T isg uykqjr olajd

ÿïßhla Odjkh flßKs' bka miqj fmardfo‚fha isg kdj,msáh olajd 1871 §;a"

nKavdrfj, olajd 1899 §;a ÿïßh ud¾. §¾> flß‚'

ud¾. yd m%jdyk lghq;=j, j¾Okh;a iu. fjf<| uOHia:dk;a tajd

mq¿,a lrf.k k.r;a ìys úh' .ïfmd<" nÿ,a," ud;f,a" r;akmqr fï wjêfha

ckdlS¾K jQ fld<ôka msg k.r lsysmhls' fuf;la furg m‚úv yqjudrej isÿ

flrefKa m%Odk fldg u mqoa.,fhl= w; m‚jqv heùu u.sks' 1815 jk úg §

fld<U" ;%sl=Kdu,h" .d,a," hdmkh wd§ k.r iïnkaO lr.ksñka rdcldÍ ;eme,a

fiajhla wdrïN fldg ;snq‚' fld<T kqjr ud¾.h ;ekSfuka miqj wdishdfõ m%:u

jrg wYaj lr;a; Odjkh u`.ska ;eme,a fiajdjla werô‚' Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u ;eme,a

uqoaorh 1857 § ksl=;a flß‚' 1903 j¾Ifha § rfÜ úúO ia:dkj, ;eme,a ld¾hd,

340la msysgqjd ;snq‚' m‚úv heùfï ;j;a l%uhla jQ fg,s.%dma fiajh 1858 j¾Ifha

§ wdrïN úh'

l%shdldrlu

Y%S ,xldj flfrys ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu ms<sn|j my; ud;Dld

wdjrKh jk mßÈ ,smshla ilia lrkak'

j;= j.dfõ jHdma;sh yd uyd mßudK l¾udka;Yd,d'

j;= ysñ Okm;Ska yd lïlre mka;sh'

;eme,a fiajh'

uyd ud¾. bÈùu'


ye¢kaùu

mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñ‚ wdldrh;a mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka ,xldfõ

uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h msysgqjdf.k isá wdldrh;a ms<sn|j oyjk fY%a‚fha § Tng

bf.kSug ,enq‚' fuu cd;Ska folg miqj ,xldj flfrys m%n, n,mEula t,a,

l< hqfrdamd cd;sh ì%;dkHhka fõ' bx.%Sis NdIdj l;d l< Tjqka fmdÿfõ bx.%SiSyq

f,i o ye¢kafj;s' ì%;dkHhka furg n,h msysgqjd .ekSu yd 19 jk ishjfia uq,a

Nd.h ;=< Tjqkag tfrysj mej;s igka ms<sn|j fuu mdvfuka úia;r flf¾'

mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka wdishdfõ fjf<| lghq;=j,ska úYd, jYfhka

,dN ,nk nj ÿgq bx.%SiSyq o wdishdj flfrys ;u wjOdkh fhduq l<y' bx.S%is

jHdmdßlhka msßila úiska msysgqjk ,o fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<`o iud.ug ì%;dkHfha

m<uqjk t,sin;a /csk úiska wdishdfõ fjf<`o lghq;=j, fh§ug wjir fok

rdclSh n,m;%hla 1600 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ ui m%odkh lrk ,È' tu fjf<|

iud.fï m<uqjk keõ lKavdhu iqud;%d ¥m;a m%foaYhg f.dia tys fjf<| lghq;=

wdrïN lr we;' óg miq ú,shï fydalskaia hgf;a ;j;a keõ lKavdhula bkaÈhdjg

meñK tjlg bkaÈhdfõ uQ.,a wêrdchd jQ cyka.S¾ iu. fjf<| lghq;= ms<sn|j

idlÉPd meje;aù h'

bx.%SiSyq wdishdjg meñ‚ uq,a ld,fha w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl m%foaY iu. ;u

fjf<| in|;d ;r lr .ekSug W;aidy lf<da h'

17 jk ishjfia uq,a oYl fol ;=< w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ fjf<| n,h

f.dvk.d .ekSug mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka w;r .egqï we;s ù ;snq‚' fuys §

bx.%SiSka we;eï wjia:dj, mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj ,kafoaiSka iu. iyfhda.fhka

l%shd lr we;' mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug ,kafoaiSka bx.%Siskaf.a iyh

,nd .;a;;a w.aksÈ. wdishdfõ l=`M nvq nyq,j jefjk ¥m;aj, bx.%Sis n,hla

f.dvkef.kq ±lSu ,kafoaiSkaf.a wfmalaIdj fkd ù h' fï ksid 1623 j¾Ifha §

l=¿nvq Èjhskaj,g wh;a weïfndhskd ¥mf;a n,fldgqjlg myr ÿka ,kafoaiSyq tys

isá bx.%SiSka msßila >d;kh l<y' Bg tfrysj ,kafoaiSkag m%;sm%ydrhla §ug ;rï

Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu

02

2'1 ì%;dkHhka wdishdjg meñŒu


tu m%foaYfha bx.%Sis n,h Yla;su;a fkdjQ fyhska w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl m%foaYj,ska

bx.%SiSyq bj;a jQy' wk;=rej Tjqka bkaÈhdj flfrys ish mQ¾K wjOdkh fhduq l<

nj fmfka'

bx.%SiSka 1607 j¾Ifha isg bkaÈhdj iu. fjf<| in|;d f.dvk.d .ekSug

W;aidy l< kuq;a id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug jir oyhlg jeä ld,hla .; úh'

bkaÈhdfõ § bx.%SiSka b;d WmdhYS,Sj lghq;= l< ksid 17 jk ishjfia w. Nd.h

jk úg uÿrdish" fndïndh yd l,algdj we;=`M m%foaY lsysmhl fjf<| uOHia:dk

wdrïN lsÍug Tjqyq iu;a jQy' tfy;a 1664 j¾Ifha isg m%xYjreka o bkaÈhdjg

meñK fmdkaäfÉß" lßld,a yd pkaøk.¾ jeks ia:dkj, fjf<| uOHia:dk

msysgqùu;a iu. ,kafoaiSkag wu;rj m%xYjreka iu.;a fjf<| ;r.hl ksh<Sug

bx.%SiSkag isÿ úh' 18 jk Y;j¾Ih jk úg bkaÈhdfõ iajlSh n,h f.dvke.Su

iïnkaOfhka bx.%SiSka yd m%xYjreka w;r foaYmd,k .egqula werôK'

bx.%SiSka bkaÈhdjg meñK Y;j¾Ihlg jeä ld,hla .; jk f;la Y%S

,xldj flfrys Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq fkd jQ nj fmfka' fï ld,fha § bx.%SiSka

bkaÈhdfõ Yla;su;a n,hla f.dvk.df.k fkd ;sîu;a mD;=.SiSka yd Bg miq

,kafoaiSka Èjhsfka uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, Yla;su;a n,fldgq moaO;shla mj;ajdf.k

hEu;a Bg fya;= úKehs ie,lsh yels h' tfy;a 18 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha §

bkaÈhdfõ uQ.,a wêrdcHh mßydkshg hEu;a iuÕ tf;la fjf<|dfuka muKla

;Dma;su;a jQ bx.%SiSyq bkaÈhdfõ foaYmd,k n,h me;srùu weröu ksid ,xldj

flfrys o Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh' tA i|yd m%Odk fya;= folla n,mE nj

fmfka' 1' Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu

2' Y%S ,xldfjka l=re÷ we;=`M jákd fjf<| øjH ,nd .ekSu

Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj wdikakfha msysgd ;sîu;a" fnx.d, fndlal we;=`M

bkaÈhdj wjg uqyqÿ l,dmfha kdúl yd fjf<| lghq;= md,khg ,xldj fyd|

uOHia:dkhla ùu;a bx.%SiSkag b;d jeo.;a úh' bx.%SiSka yd m%xYjreka w;r fnx.d,

fndlal wdY%s; m%foaYj, igka we;s jQ wjia:dj, i;=re m%ydr ksid wn,ka jQ

keõ w¨;ajeähd lsÍug iqÿiq jrdhl wjYH;dj bx.%SiSkag ;Èka ±kq‚' fuys §

Y%S ,xldfõ ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh flfrys bx.%SiSkaf.a wjOdkh ks;e;ska u fhduq úh'

;%sl=Kdu, jrdh flfrys bx.%SiSkaf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq ùug n,mE lreKq lsysmhla

fufia h'

� ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh fnx.d, fndlalg uqyK ,d msysgd ;sîu

� bkaÈhdfõ kef.kysr fjrf<a bx.%SiS kdúl n,h /l .ekSug

tu jrdfha msysàu jeo.;a ùu

� Bidk È. fudaiï iq<x ld,fha keõ wdrlaId lr .ekSug

;%sl=Kdu, jrdh fhdÞ .; yels ùu

2'2 Y%S ,xldj flfrys ì%;dkHhkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq ùu


is;shu 2'1 Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu yd ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh

bkaÈhdfõ wdrlaIdjg fuka u bkaÈhdkq id.rfha kdúl lghq;=

fufyhùug;a fyd| uOHia:dkhla jQ ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh m%xYjreka w;g m;a jqjfyd;a

th ;ukag b;d wjdisÞhl nj bx.%SiSyq ±k isáhy' fï ksid ,xldfõ N+f.da,Sh

msysàfï jeo.;alu yd ;%sl=Kdu, jrdfha úfYaI jeo.;alu bx.%SiSkaf.a wjOdkh

furg flfrys fhduq ùug ;=vq ÿka m%Odk fya;=jla úh'

Y%S ,xldj tA jk úg;a l=re÷ we;=`M l=`Mnvqj,g m%isoaO rgla úh' hqfrdamSh

fjf<|fmdf<a by< b,a¨ula ;snQ bia;rï j¾.fha l=re÷ furg ksIamdokh flrk

nj;a l=re÷ fjf<|dfuka ,kafoaiSka úYd, ,dNhla ,nk nj;a bx.%SiSyq ±k isáhy'

fï ksid l=re÷ fjf<|dfï tAldêldrh ;uka w;g .ekSug bx.%SiSkag wjYH ù

;snq‚' l=re÷j,g wu;rj furg .ïñßia" tkid,a" lrdnq keá" uq;=" ue‚la yd

we;a o;a wdÈh o by< ñ,lg wf,ú l< yels fjf<| øjH úh' fun÷ lreKq

ksid bx.%SiSka Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k n,h msysgqùu flfrys fhduq jQ nj fmfka'

bkaÈhka

id.rh

bkaÈhdj

;s%l=Kdu, jrdh


l%shdldrlu

ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug n,mE fya;=

my; i|yka ud;Dld hgf;a idlÉPd lrkak'

• Y%S ,xldfõ msysàu

• l=re÷ we;=¿ jákd l=¿nvq ,nd.; yels ùu

bx.%SiSka yd Wvrg rdcH w;r ¥; in|;d

mD;=.SiSka furáka m,jd yeÍug ,kafoaiskaf.a iyh ,nd .;a fihska u

,kafoaiSka Èjhsfkka m,jd yeÍu i|yd fjk;a úfoaY cd;shl iydh ,nd .ekSug

Wvrg rcjre l,amkd l<y' fï wkqj lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud úiska bkaÈhdfõ

isá bx.%SiSka fj; fuka u m%xYjreka fj; o ¥;hka hjk ,È' bx.%Sis ¥;hka Wvrgg

meñŒug miqìu ieliqfKa tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' bx.%SiSka furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY

w;am;a lr .ekSug fmr Tjqkaf.a ¥;hka ;sfofkl= jßka jr Wvrgg meñK ;sfí'

� 1762 § fcdaka mhsnia Wvrgg meñŒu

� 1782 § yshq fndhsâ Wvrgg meñŒu

� 1795 § frdnÜ wekavDDia Wvrgg meñŒu

fcdaka mhsnia Wvrgg meñfKk úg lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq Wvrg md,lhd

úh' fiiq bx.%Sis ¥; .uka fol isÿ jQfha rdcdêrdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § h' fcdaka

mhsnia yd yshqfndhsâf.a .ukaj, § bx.%SiSkag wjYH jQfha ,xldj iu. fjf<|

in|;d we;s lr .ekSu hs' tu ¥; .uka isÿ jQ ld,fha ,kafoaiska yd bx.%SiSka

.egqïj,ska je<lS wjYH wjia:dj, ;%sl=Kdu, jrdh Ndú; lsÍug bx.Ss%iSkag

wjir mjd ,ndÿka w;r fï ksid ,kafoaiSkag tfrysj Wvrgg wdOdr §ug bx.%SiSyq

bÈßm;a fkd jQy' ;ukaf.a foaYmd,k wruqK jQ ,kafoaiSka m<jd yeÍug iydh

fkd ,efnk cd;shla iuÕ fjf<| in|;d we;s lr .ekSug Wvrg rcjre Wkkaÿ

fkd jQy' fï ksid uq,a ¥; .uka foflka id¾:l m%;sM, fkd ,enq‚'

1795 j¾Ifha wf.daia;= udifha bx.%Sis yuqÞj ,kafoaiSka i;=j ;snQ ;%sl=Kdu,

jrdh w,a,d .ekSfuka wk;=rej frdnÜ wekavDDia Wvrgg f.dia rdcdêrdcisxy rcq

uqK .eiq‚' ,xldfõ fiiq ,kafoaiS n,fldgq bx.%SiSka hg;g .ekSug igka isÿ

jk úg Wvrg rcqf.a iydh bx.%SiSkag ,nd .ekSu .ek idlÉPd lsÍu wekavDDiaf.a


¥; .ufka uQ,sl wruqK úh' tys § bx.%SiSkag wdOdr ,nd §ug rcq tlÕ úh' tfy;a

,kafoaiSka iu. furg § isÿ l< igk ;ukaa wfmalaId l< ;rï ÿIalr fkd jk

nj ,kafoais n,fldgq hg;a lsÍfuka miq bx.%SiSkag meyeÈ,s úh' fï ksid Èjhsfka

,kafoaiSka i;= m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSfuka ;uka ,nk jdish Wvrg rcq iuÕ

fnÞ yÞ .ekSug bx.%SiSka ;=< leue;a;la fkd ;snq‚' tys m%;sM, jYfhka Wvrg

rcqf.a fldkafoais ms<sf.k rcq iuÕ §¾> ld,Sk ñ;%;ajhla we;s lr .ekSug wjYH

idlÉPd meje;aùug bx.%SiSyq bÈßm;a fkd jQy'

l%shdldrlu 1

1' bx.%SiSkaf.a Wvrg ¥; .uka weiqßka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

j¾Ih ¥;hdf.a ku .ufka wruqK m%;sM,h

2'3 ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu

Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lr .ekSfï § ±lsh yels jQ lemS

fmfkk wjia:d ;=kla y÷kd.; yels h'

� 1796 j¾Ifha § bx.%Sis fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<| iud.u Èjhsfka uqyqÿnv

m%foaYj, n,h msysgqùu

� 1802 j¾Ifha § tf;la bx.%Sis fmrÈ. bkaÈhd fjf<| iud.u hgf;a md,kh

jQ furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY ì%;dkH lsÍgfha hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lsÍu

� 1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%SiSka hg;a lr .ekSu

Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu

1789 j¾Ifha § m%xY úma,jh we;s ùfuka miqj hqfrdamfha Woa.; jQ kj

foaYmd,k jd;djrKh hqfrdamShhkaf.a wdishd;sl hg;a úð; lghq;= flfrys o

n,mEfõ h' úma,jfhka miqj m%xYfha ìys jQ kj wdKavqfõ yuqÞfjda 1794 j¾Ifha

§ ´,kaoh wdl%uKh l<y' fuys § ´,kaofha md,lhd fyj;a iageâfyda,av¾jrhd


miajk ú,shï rcq ì%;dkHhg m,d .sfha h' ,kafoaiSkaf.a rg jQ ,kaoh m%xY n,hg

hg;a úh' fï ksid ,kafoaiSka hgf;a mej;s furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY m%xYjreka hg;g

m;a ùfï wjodkula u;= úh' Y%S ,xldfõ jeo.;alu .ek ukd wjfndaOhlska miq

jQ bx.%SiSyq fuu wjia:dj Èjhsfka ;u n,h msysgqùug fhdÞ .;ay' m%xY wdl%uKh

ksid ,kao md,lhd jQ iageâkafyda,av¾jrhd ì%;dkHfha /ljrK ,nd isá fyhska

;ukag jdisÞhl ,smshla Tyq ,jd furg ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd fj; tùug

bx.%SiSyq lghq;= ie,eia jqy'

rEmh 2'1 ´,kao md,l miajk ú,shï

iageâfyda,aâ¾jrhd tx.,ka;fha lsõ

ud,s.fha isg tjQ neúka th lsõ ,smsh

jYfhka o ye¢kafõ' ,xldfõ ,kafoaiSka

i;= m%foaY m%xYjreka w;g m;a ùu

j,lajd .ekSu ms‚i tu m%foaYj,g

bx.%Sis yuqÞj we;=`M lr .; hq;= hehs

tu ,smsfha i|yka úh' 1795 j¾Ifha

fmnrjdß ui furg ,kafoais wdKavqldr

*ka tx.,afnla fj; tlS ,smsh ,enq‚'

tfy;a ,smsfha i|yka mßÈ ;u n,fldgq

;=<g bx.%Sis yuqÞj we;=`M lr .ekSug

fuu ,kafoais wdKavqldrjrhd ue,s úh'

fï ksid 1795 wf.daia;= udifha § bx.%Siska

úiska ,kafoaiska i;= jQ ;%sl=Kdu,hg

myr fok ,È' bx.%Sis m%ydr yuqfõ

,kafoaiSyq fldkafoais úrys;j hg;a jQy'

rEmh 2'2 tx.,ka;fha lsõ ud,s.dj


;%sl=Kdu,h bx.%Siska w;g m;a ùfuka miqj tjlg ,kafoaiSka i;=j ;snQ

uvl,mqj" uq,;sõ" fmaÿre;=vqj" hdmkh" ukakdru we;=M n,fldgq /ila u flá

ld,hlska bx.%SiSkag hg;a úh' 1796 fmnrjdß udih jk úg fld<U yd .d,a,

n,fldgq o bx.%SiSkag hg;a jQ fyhska ,xldfõ ,kafoaiSka i;= m%foaY ish,a, bx.%SiSka

hg;g m;a úh' ,kafoaiSkag idOdrK fldkafoais u; iduldój furáka bj;aj

hdug u. ie,fik .súiqula ta j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 16 Èk w;aika flre‚' fï

iuÕ ,kafoaiSka i;= jQ furg uqyqÿnv m<d;a bx.%Sis fmrÈ. bkaÈhd iud.fï

md,khg k;= úh'

bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.u hgf;a uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, md,kh

mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,kh l< ld,fha yels

;rï ÿrg iajfoaYSh ks,Odßka fhdÞ f.k mßmd,k lghq;= ixúOdkh lr ;snq‚'

tfy;a bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.ug tA ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkd ;snq‚' fï ksid bx.%SiSyq

;uka hg;g m;a jQ m%foaY bkaÈhdfõ uÿrdis wdKavqj hgf;a jQ uÿrdis ks,Odßka

fhdÞ f.k md,kh l<y' 1796 j¾Ifha isg 1798 olajd tu md,kh mej;=‚'

uÿrdis md,kh hgf;a ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,khg frisvkaÜjrfhl=

m;a flß‚' Tyq hgf;a wdÞhï tl;= lsÍfï iyldr mÍlaIljreka msßila m;a l<

w;r Tjqyq lf,lag¾jreka f,i ye¢kajQy' lf,lag¾jrekaf.a fiajd uOHia:dkh

lÉfÉßh f,i kï flßK' furg lÉfÉß l%ufha wdrïNh isÿ jQfha tfia h'

lf,lag¾jrekag iydh i|yd ;j;a ks,Odßka msßila m;a lr isá w;r Tjqka

wjqñ,aÞ¾jreka f,i y÷kajd we;' wjqñ,aÞ¾jrekaaf.a iydhg o ;j;a ks,OdÍka m;a

lr isá w;r fuu ish¨ ks,OdÍyq lf,lag¾jrekaf.a wëlaIKh hgf;a wdÞhï

tl;= lsÍfï lghq;=j, ksr; jQy'

bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.fï md,kh hgf;a uqo,sjreka jeks iajfoaYSh ks,Odßka

fkd i,ld yer ;snq‚' by; lS w¨;a ;k;=rej,g wjYH msßi uÿrdisfhka

furgg f.kajd .;a w;r tfia meñ‚ ks,OdÍkag furg iïm%Þhka" ixialD;sh

fyda iajfoaYSh NdIdjka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkd ;snq‚' tn÷ ks,Odß msßilg isú,a

mßmd,kh" wêlrK lghq;= yd wdÞhï bmhSfï lghq;= mjrd ;sîu ksid md,k

wêldßh yd uyck;dj w;r in|;dj ÿria úh'

Èjhsfka uqyqÿnv m%foaY ;uka hg;g .ekSug lghq;= lsÍfï § bx.%Sis fjf<|

iud.ug úYd, uqo,la jeh ù ;snq‚' tlS uqo,a blaukska mshjd .ekSfï yd yels

;rï ,dN ,nd .ekSfï wruqfKka md,k lghq;= fufyhùu fuu md,kfha ;j;a

lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' fï ksid iud.u úiska uqyqÿnv m%foaYj,g w¨;a nÿ j¾.

/ila mkjk ,È' tu nÿ" uqo,a jYfhka f.ùug isÿ ùfuka uyck;dj wmyiq;djg

,la úh' w¨f;ka y÷kajdÿka fmd,a.ia noao thg WÞyrKhls' fï wkqj fmd,a .ia

oyhlg jeä bvïj,ska tla fmd,a.ila fjkqfjka ß§ mkula ne.ska nÿ f.ùug

kshu flßK' fmd,a .fika ,efnk M,Þfõ m%udKh fkd i,ld nÿ wh lsÍu;a


tu nÿ" uqof,ka f.ùug kshu lsÍu;a .ek fjr<nv m%foaYj, fkdikaiqka;djla

we;s úh' kj md,kh flf¾ mej;s uyck wm%idoh ksid flá ld,hlska u th

le/,a,la njg m;a úh' 1797 j¾Ifha § bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.ug tfrysj we;s jQ

tu le/,a, uqyqÿnv m%foaY /il me;=re‚' uy;a fjfyila f.k bx.%SiSka úiska

le/,a, uev mj;ajk ,È' furg ì%;dkH md,kh wdrïNfha § u uyck;djf.a

úfrdaOhla mej;s nj fuu le/,af,ka meyeÈ,s úh' fï ksid uqyqÿnv m%foaYj,

;;a;ajh fidhd n,d wjYH m%;sixialrK ks¾foaY lsÍug fldñiula m;a flßK'

\ì%f.aäh¾ fckrd,a ã ñhqrkaf.aZ iNdm;s;ajfhka m;a l< tlS fldñiu ñhqrka

fldñiu f,i ye¢kafõ'

ñhqrka fldñifï ks¾foaY lsysmhla"

� nÿ tl;= lsÍug fhdojd isá uÿrdis ks,OdÍka wdmiq hjd tA i|yd foaYSh

ks,Odßka fhdojd .ekSu

� fmd,a .ia noao we;=`M w¨;a nÿ j¾. bj;a lsÍu

� wdÞhï tl;= lsÍu yd wêlrK lghq;= i|yd fjk fjk u ks,Odßka

m;a lsÍu

� ,kafoais Widú l%uh kej; msysgqùu

1798 j¾Ifha Tlaf;dan¾ udifha isg furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, bx.%Sis md,kfha

lsishï fjkila we;s úh' tA wkqj mßmd,k yd foaYmd,k lghq;= fufyhùu i|yd

ì%;dkH wdKavqj úiska wdKavqldrjrfhl= m;a lrk ,È' tA hgf;a fmâßla fkda¾;a

wdKavqldrjrhd Èjhskg meñ‚fha h' uqyqÿnv m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSfï § bx.%Sis

fjf<| iud.ug jeh jQ uqo,a mshjd .ekSu i|yd wdÞhï tl;= lr .ekSu ;j

ÿrg;a fjf<| iud.u hg;g m;a flßK' wdKAvqldrjrhd ì%;dkH lsÍghg j.lsj

hq;= jQ w;r fjf<| iud.fï wOHlaI uKav,fha Wmfoia o ms<smeÈh hq;= úh'

fuu md,k l%uh oaú;aj md,kh jYfhka ye¢kafõ' 1798 j¾Ifha isg 1802

olajd tu md,k l%uh mej;=‚' oaú;aj md,kh hgf;a fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdg

fjf<| iud.fï furg ks,Odßkaf.ka o fyd| iydhla fkd,enq‚' oaú;aj

md,kfha mej;s fun÷ wid¾:lùï ksid 1802 j¾Ifha § tu l%uh wjika fldg

furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY ì%;dkH lsÍgfha hg;a úð;hla njg m;a flß‚' t;eka isg

ì%;dkHhka i;= furg m%foaYj, md,k lghq;= uq`Mukska u ì%;dkH wdKavqj hg;g

m;a úh'


l%shdldrlu

1' ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY hg;a lr.ekSu hk ud;Dldj

hgf;a flá m%Yak iy ms<s;=re ilia lrkak'

bx.%SiSka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a lsÍu

rEmh 2'3 - iajdNdúl wdrlaIs; ia:dkhla jQ uykqjr k.rh

1798 j¾Ifha § rdcdêrdcisxy rcqf.a wNdjh isÿ jk úg Wvrg

isxydikhg Wreulï ;snQ kdhlal¾ l=udrjreka fofofkl= isá nj fmfka'

tla wfhl= lkakidñ kï jQ w;r wfkla ;eke;a;d uq;a;=idñ úh' tjlg

Wvrg rdcHfha uydêldrï jQ ms<su;,õfõf.a fufyhùu hgf;a lkakidñ

l=urd Y%S úl%u rdcisxy kñka rc lug m;a flß‚' uq;a;=idñ l=urd wdrlaIdj

m;d bx.%SiSka fj;g m<d .sfha h'


bx.%SiSyq furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h

msysgqùfuka miqj jeä l,a fkd f.dia u Wvrg

rdcH flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq l<y' fmâßla

fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a m%;sm;a;sh fuys §

úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka' fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhd

uq,a ld,fha § ;ukag jdis Þhl .súiqulg

Wvrg rcq tlÕ lrjd .ekSug W;aidy lf<a

h' tA wkqj 1800 j¾Ifha ud¾;= ui fikam;s

uelafvdaj,af.a kdhl;ajfhka Wvrgg ¥; msßi-

la heùug fkda¾;a lghq;= fh§ h' yuqÞ Nghka

1164la yd ld, ;=jlal= 8la o iys; fuu ¥;

.ufka wruqK jQfha bx.%SiSkaf.a hqoaO Yla;sh

fmkajd ;ukag jdis Þhl .súiqulg rcq leu;s

lrjd .ekSu h' tfy;a úYd, yuqÞjla Wvrgg

we;=`M lr .ekSu fuka u ld, ;=jlal= /f.k

tAug;a Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.ka wjir fkd ,enq‚' fï ksid yuqÞfjka úYd,

msßila ld,;=jlal= iu. w;ru. kj;d ¥; msßfika fldgilg muKla rcq yuq

ùug isÿ úh' uelafvdaj,a Wvrgg f.dia rcq yd m%N+ msßi iu. idlÉPd meje;ajQj;a

bx.%SiSkaf.a fldkafoais ms<s.ekSug rcq lsisfia;a leu;s fkd ùh' tu ¥; .ufkka

lsisÿ id¾:l m%;sM,hla fkd ,enq‚'

Wvrg rcq ;ukag wjk; lr.; fkdyels ùu .ek fkda¾;a lkiai,af,ka

miq úh' Wvrg iajdëk rdcHhla mej;Su uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, bx.%Sis md,khg ndOdjla

f,i ie,lsK' fï ksid fjr<nv m%foaY wdrlaId lsÍug yuqÞ fhoùug wu;rj

wNHka;r foaY iSud wdrlaIdjg o ;u yuqÞ fhoúh hq;= jQ fyhska úYd, úhoula

±Íug bx.%SiSkag isÿ úh' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, jeishka mjd Wvrg rcq ;u rcq f,i

ie,lSu;a tu m%foaYj, ler,s we;s jQ úg Wvrg rcq ler,slrejkag wdOdr §u;a

bx.%SiSkag mej;s ;j;a .eg¨jls' Wvrg rdcH lsishï úfgl ;u i;=rka jQ m%xY

cd;Skaf.ka wdOdr b,a,d isáhfyd;a th ;u md,khg ;¾ckhla jk nj o bx.%SiSyq

±k isáhy' tfia u fld<U md,k uOHia:dkfha isg ;u m%Odk kdúl uOHia:dkh

jQ ;%sl=Kdu,h iu. f.dvìfuka in|;d meje;aùug;a bx.%SiSkag wjYH úh' fuu

ia:dk fol w;r f.dvìï in|;d meje;aùfï § Wvrg rdcHfha n, m%foaYh yryd

.uka l< hq;= j ;snq‚' fï i|yd ud¾.hla bÈ lr .ekSug;a bx.%SiSkag wjYH úh'

fun÷ lreKq ksid Wvrg rdcH ;ukag wjk; lr .ekSu fyda hg;a lr .ekSu

flfrys bx.%SiSyq wjOdkh fhduq l<y'

1803 Wvrg wdl%uKh

uelafvdaj,af.a ¥; .ufkka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, fkd ,enqKq miq fkda¾;a

wdKavqldrhd Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug ;srKh lf<a h' tA wkqj 1803 j¾Ifha ckjdß

yd fmnrjdß udij, fld<U yd ;%sl=Kdu,fha isg yuqÞ lKavdhï folla Wvrgg

rEmh 2'4 Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud


heùug fkda¾;a lghq;= fh§ h' uelafvdaj,af.a kdhl;ajfhka flreKq fuu

wdl%uKfha § fmnrjdß 21 Èk bx.%Sis yuqÞfjda uykqjr k.rhg we;=`M jQy' Y%S úl%u

rdcisxy rcq yd k.r jeisfhda wdrlaIl Wmdhla jYfhka k.rh w;yer f.dia

ixúOdkh jkakg jQy' bx.%SiSka úiska Wvrgg le|jdf.k f.dia isá uq;a;=idñ

l=urd rcq yeáhg m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È' tfy;a uq;a;=idñg lsis÷ iydhla ,nd fkd

ÿka Wv/áfhda Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq jgd tl;= fjñka igkg iQÞkï jQy'

jeis iuh wdrïN ùu;a bx.%Sis yuqÞj w;r f,v frda. me;sr hdu;a my;rg

isg Wvrgg ;snQ iemhqï ud¾. Wv/áhka wjysr lr ;sîu;a ksid wdydrmdk ysÕ

ùfuka yd fld<U iu. m‚úv yqjudrej ÿIalr ùfuka bx.%SiSyq wkfmalaIs;

;;a;ajhlg uqyqK ÿkay' fï w;r l,a h,a n,ñka Wv/áhka t,a, l< m%ydr ksid

bx.%Sis yuqÞjg uy;a mrdchla w;a úh' ;u rElv md,lhd jQ uq;a;=idñ l-=urd Wv/

áhkag mdjd§ug isÿ ùfuka u bx.%SiSka ,enQ mrdcfha ;ru meyeÈ,s fõ'

fuu wdl%uKhg fmr fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdg Wvrg ms<sn|j ksjerÈ

wjfndaOhla fkd ;sì‚' tfy;a ;u wdl%uKh mrdcfhka fl<jr ùu;a iu.

Wvrg rdcH Yla;su;a nj;a fun÷ wdl%uKj,ska th ch .; fkd yels nj;a

fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdg meyeÈ,s úh' fï ksid 1803 wdl%uKfhka miqj Wvrg

iïnkaOfhka b;d WmdhYS,S m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍug bx.%SiSyq fm<UqKy'

1815 Wvrg wdl%uKh

1805 j¾Ifha § fkda¾;a wdKavqldrjrhdf.a md,k ld,h ksu ùfuka miq

f;dauia fuÜ,kaâ furg bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jYfhka m;a úh' fkda¾;a fuka

Wvrg wdl%uKh lsÍug fkd .sh fyf;u wkd.; wdl%uKhlg wjYH miqìu

f.dvke.Sfï WmdhYS,S m%;sm;a;shla Èh;a lf<a h' tA i|yd Tyq fcdaka fvdhs,s kï

ld¾h Y+r isú,a fiajlhd fhdÞ .;af;a h'

fcdaka fvdhs,s

fcdaka fvdhs,s flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fha WmdêOdßfhls' ,xldjg meñ‚ Tyq fiiq

wh fuka foaYSh ixialD;sh fy<d fkd ±l th wjfndaO lr .ekSug W.;af;a

h' Tyq mQcH lrf;dg O¾udrdu" ysñ hgf;a isxy, NdIdj bf.kSfï lghq;=j,

kshe¿fKa h' fvdhs,s .cuka fkdakd iu. o ;r.hg lú ,sùug mjd iu;a jQ

njg ckm%jdo .; f;dr;=re ;sfí' foaYSh isß;a úß;a ms<sn| ukd ±kqula ,nd

;snQ fvdhs,s nq,;a iemhSug mjd mqreÿ úh' fï ksid ck;dj w;r muKla fkdj

Wvrg ro, m%OdkSkaf.a o m%idoh Èkd .ekSug Tyq iu;a úh' ;u yelshdj,ska

m%fhdack .;a fvdhs,s ;SlaIK nqoaêhlska hq;=j ;udg mejreKq rdcldß fiajh

id¾:lj ksu lf<a h'


rEmh 2'5 fcdaka fvdhs,s Wvrg m%N+ka iu.

fcdaka fvdhs,s Wvrg ro, m%N+ka iu. ryis.; in|;d mj;ajd .ksñka

Tjqka bx.%SiSkag mlaImd;S lr .ekSug lem ùfuka lghq;= lf<a h' tfia u

fjf<kaoka yd idia;rlrejka jeks úúO fjia.;a prmqreIhka Wvrgg hjñka

rdcOdksfha wNHka;r lghq;= .ek ish¨ f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug Tyq lghq;= lr

we;' fï ksid Wvrg rdcOdksfha wNHka;r wdrlaIl lghq;= ms<sn| fjk;a lsis ÿ

hqfrdamShfhl= fkdo;a f;dr;=re /ila wkdjrKh lr .ekSug fvdhs,sg yelshdj

,enq‚' fïÜ,kaâ yd fvdhs,s úiska f.dvk.k ,o jdisÞhl ;;a;ajh m%fhdackhg

f.k Wvrg hg;a lsÍfï bÈß mshjr ;nk ,oafoa fïÜ,kaâg miq wdKavqldr

;k;=rg m;aj wd frdnÜ n%jqkaß.a úisks'

Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%SiSkag hg;a ùug fya;= jQfha bx.%SiSkaf.a WmdhYSS,S

lghq;= muKla fkd fõ' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § tu rdcOdksfha

mßydksh blauka flfrk lreKq /ila ks¾udKh ù ;snq‚' w;a±lSï wvq ;reK

wfhl= jQ rcq kdhlal¾ ×;Skaf.a nig wjk; ù ;SrK .ekSug fm<UqKq nj

fmfka' Wvrg wjidk uydêldrïjreka fofokd u rcq iu. u; fNao we;s lr

f.k ;snq‚' rcq n,hg m;a l< ms<su;,õfõ uydêldrï yd rcq w;r .egqï we;s

ù tys m%;sM, jYfhka uydêldrï urŒh oKavkhg ,la flre‚' wk;=rej tu

;k;=rg m;a jQ weyef<afmd< wêldrï yd Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;r o .egqula

ks¾udKh úh'

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k ld,fha § Wvrg m%N+ mka;sh ;=< fNao

W;aikak úh' fï ksid nyq;r ro, msßila rcqg tfrysj lghq;= lrk ;;a;ajhla

mej;=‚' óg fmr hqfrdamShhka Wvrg wdl%uKh l< wjia:dj, uyck;dj


ixúOdkh lrñka rdcOdksh yd rcq /l .ekSfï igfka kdhlhka f,i lghq;=

lf<a o fulS ro, msßi fõ'

rcqf.a md,k ld,h ;=< NslaIq >d;k lsysmhla isÿùu ksid NslaIQka jykafia,d

yd rcq w;r in|;dj o .s,syS ;snq‚' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq wjika jir lsysmfha .kq

,enQ we;eï mshjr ksid Tyq yd uyck;dj w;r in|;dj o ì| jeáK' fnda.ïnr

jej mq`M,a lsÍu" m;a;sßmamqj bÈ lsÍu yd uykqjr k.rfha kùlrK lghq;= wdÈhg

rdcldß fiajh i|yd meñ‚ inr.uqj" i;a flda,rh" i;r fldar,h jeks m%foaYj,

ck;djg rd;s% ld,fha w.kqjr kjd;eka .ekSu rcq ;ykï lr ;snq‚' fï ksid

tlS m%foaYj, ck;dj uy;a wmyiq;dj,g uqyqK ÿkay'

rcqg tfrysj inr.uqfõ le/,a,la we;s jQ wjia:dfõ jeä wmyiqjls;a

f;drj th u¾okh l< yels jqj;a ishhlg jeä msßila le/,a, wjidkfha uereï

lEy' fuu le/,af,ka miq weyef<afmd< w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid

uykqjr isá Tyqf.a ìß| yd orejka rcqf.a ksfhda.fhka wudkqIsl f,i >d;kh jQ

nj b;sydifha ±lafõ' ukqIH;ajfha iSud blaujQ fun÷ lghq;= ksid 1815 j¾Ih jk

úg Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq yd uyck;dj w;r úYd, mr;rhla ks¾udKh ù ;snq‚'

hqfrdamShka Wvrg wdl%uKh l< iEu wjia:djl u Wvrg m%N+ mka;sh yd

uyck;dj Èú ysñfhka rcq wdrlaId lr .ekSug bÈßm;a jQy' Wvrg rdcOdksh

wdrlaId l< tlS ñksia mjqr Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a lghq;= ksid rcqg tfrys

n,fõ.hla njg m;a úh' fï ksid ;u rdcOdksh ;=< u rcq wkdrlaIs; ;eke;af;l=

njg m;a jQ w;r th bx.%SiSkag uy;a jdishla úh' fï ;;a;ajfhka m%fhdack .;a

n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd 1815 j¾Ifha ckjdß udifha Wvrg wdl%uKh l< úg

iqmqreÿ mßÈ rcq wdrlaId lr .ekSug Wv/áfhda bÈßm;a fkd jQy' fuu wdl%uKh

Wv/áhkaf.a hym; fjkqfjka isÿ lrk nj;a Wv/áhkaf.a i;=rd bx.%SiSka fkdj

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq nj;a tA;a;= .ekafjk m%ldYk Wv/áhkag ksl=;a lsÍug o

n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd lghq;= lr we;'

bx.%SiSka Wvrg wdl%uKh lrk úg Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq uykqjr k.rh

w;yer wdrlaIs; ia:dkhlg f.dia ieÕù isáfha h' ueo uykqjr msysá tlS ia:dkh

Wv/áhka úiska u jg,k ,È' 1815 fmnrjdß 18 Èk Wv/áfhda rcq yd ìfidajreka

w,ajd bx.%SiSkag Ndr ÿkay' fufia rcq w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu ksid fjk;a lsis÷

hqfrdamSfhl= Wvrg § fkd ,;a chla ,nd .ekSug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' tfy;a rcq

w;awvx.=jg .;a mu‚ka Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a úKehs ms<s.ekSug bx.%SiSyq i;=gq

fkd jQy' rcq w;a wvx.=jg .; yels jQfha Wvrg ro< m%OdkSka bx.%SiSkag iyh ÿka

neúks' fï ksid tu msßi iu. .súiqula w;aika lsÍfuka Wvrg hg;a ùu iïmQ¾K

lr .ekSug bx.%Siska úiska lghq;= lrk ,È'


rEmh 2'6 ueo uykqjr msysá Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq w;awvx.-

=jg .;a ia:dkfha ;kjd we;s iaudrlh

Wvrg .súiqu - 1815 j¾Ih

1815 j¾Ifha ud¾;= fojk Èk uykqjr rdc iNd f.dvke.s,a, fyj;a u.=,a

uvqfõ § bx.%Sis wdKavqj fjkqfjka n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd yd Wvrg jeishka

fjkqfjka ro, m%OdkSka w;r Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;aùu iïnkaOfhka .súiqula

we;s úh' th Wvrg .súiqu f,i ye¢kafõ'

rEmh 2'7 1815 Wvrg .súiqu w;aika l< wjia:dfõ § ì%;dkHh Och ìu

fy<d mQqcH jdßhfmd< Y%S iqux., ysñhka kej; Y%S ,dxlsl fldäh tiùu


1815 j¾Ifha ud¾;= fojk Èk u.=,a uvqjg /iaj isá msßig .súiqfï j.ka;s

lshjd f;areï lr §fuka miq lsisfjl= úiska fyda .súiqu w;aika lsÍug;a fmr isxy

fldäh my;g fy<d bx.%Sis fldäh tijQ wjia:dfõ mQcH jdßhfmd< Y%S iqux.,

ysñhka bx.%Sis fldäh ìu oud isxy fldäh h<s tiù hehs u;hla ;sfí' we;eï

jd¾;dj,ska fmfkk wdldrhg n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd yd iuyr ro, m%OdkSka

.súiqug w;aika ;nd we;af;a ud¾;= 10 Èk § h'

Wvrg .súiqu hkq Wvrg rdcOdksh ì%;dkHhkag hg;a jQ nj ks, jYfhka

ms<s.;a fM;sydisl jYfhka jeo.;a f,aLkhls' fuu .súiqfï uq,a j.ka;s ;=fkka

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqg yd Tyqf.a ×;Skag Wvrg isxydikhg ;snQ ish¨ whs;sjdislï

wfydais flßK' y;rjk j.ka;sfhka Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%Sis wdKavqjg hg;a jQ nj

m%ldY flreKq w;r Wvrg idïm%Þhsl ks,Odß mka;sfha whs;sjdislï yd jrm%ido /

flk mßÈ bx.%SiSka th md,kh lrk nj ±laù h' miajk j.ka;sfhka nqoaO Ydikh

yd foajd.u lv fkdfldg mj;ajd .ksñka NslaIQka jykafia,d úydria:dk yd

foajd, wdrlaId lrk njg fmdfrdkaÿ úh' fiiq j.ka;sj,ska Wvrg rdcOdksfha

wêlrK lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh úia;r fõ'

Wvrg .súiqu w;aika lsÍu;a iu. jir fooyilg jeä ld,hla iqrlaIs;j

mej;s furg iajdëk;ajh wfydais ù ,xldj iïmQ¾Kfhka u úfoaY wdêm;Hhg

hg;a rgla njg m;a úh' .súiqfuka ,enqKq n,h m%fhdackhg .;a bx.%SiSyq Wvrg

md,kh i|yd wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ksfhdað;hd jYfhka fkajdisl ks,Odßfhl= f,i

fcdaka fvdhs,s m;a l<y' Tyqf.a ld¾hd,h uykqjr k.rfha msysgqjd Tyqf.a iydhg

;j;a ks,OdÍka msßila m;a flßK' ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a fiajh lsÍug leu;s jQ

ro,hkag bx.%Sis wdKavqj úiska ;k;=re m%odkh lrk ,È' fï wkqj Y;j¾I ;=klg

jeä ld,hla iajdëk md,khlg yqre ù isá Wvrg ck;djg úfoaYSh md,lhka

msßila úiska fufyhjk ,o md,k l%uhla hgf;a Ôj;a ùug isÿ úh'

l%shdldrlu

1' my; ud;Dld weiqßka flá m%Yak fmd;la ilia lrkak'

² ì%;dkHhka wdishdjg meñŒfï miqìu

² ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

² Y%S ,xldfõ ì%;dkH n,h msysgqùu


2'4 úfoaY wdêm;Hhg tfrys igka

1815 j¾Ifha § bx.%SiSka Wvrgg meñŒu ksid Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqf.a

oro~q md,kfhka Wv/áhka ñÿKq kuq;a wk;=rej we;s jQ md,k l%uh ms<sn|j

Tjqka ;=< m%idohla fkd ;snq‚' Y;j¾I ;=klg jeä ld,hla mD;=.SiSka" ,kafoaiSka

jeks hqfrdamSh wdl%u‚lhkag tfrysj Ôú; mß;Hd.fhka igka lrñka /l .;a

ksoyi ±ka ;ukag wysñ ù we;s nj jeä l,a fkd f.dia u Wv/áfhda f;areï

.;ay' fï ksid 1818 iy 1848 hk jirj, Wv/áfhda ;ukag yqre mqreÿ igka l%u

fhdÞ .ksñka bx.%Sis md,khg tfrysj ke.S isáhy' bx.%SiSka úiska wdKavqjg tfrys

ler,s jYfhka y÷kajk ,o fuu wr., úfoaYslhka Wvráka fkrmd yer wysñ jQ

ksoyi h<s Èkd .ekSug ±rE W;aidyhka f,i ie,lsh yels h' tneúka tAjd bx.%Sis

md,khg tfrysj mek ke.=Kq uq,a u ksoyia igka fõ' wms ±ka 1818 j¾Ifha igk

ms<sn|j i,ld n,uq'

1818 ksoyia igk

1817 j¾Ifha iema;eïn¾ ui isg 1818 Tlaf;dïn¾ udih muK olajd Wvrg

m%foaYj, mej;s bx.%Sis wdKavq úfrdaë wdhqO ikakoaO ke.Sisàu" 1818 ksoyia igk

f,i ye¢kafõ' Wvrg bx.%Sis md,kh wdrïN ù jir ;=kla .;ùug;a fmr m%N+

mka;sh yd idudkH ck;dj fun÷ igklg fhduq jQfha bx.%SiSkaf.a md,kh .ek

Tjqka ;=< ±ä l,lsÍula mej;s neú‚' fï wkqj 1818 igkg Wv/áhka fm<UjQ

fya;= /ila mej;s nj fmfka'

1818 igkg ;=vq ÿka fya;=

² ksoyi wysñùu yd rfcl= ke;sùu ms<sn| miq;eú,a,

my;rg mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais md,k mej;s iufha mjd ;ukaf.a u md,lhka

hgf;a ksoyi N=la;s ú¢ Wvrg ckhd 1815ka miqj ;ukag yqre jQ tlS md,k l%uh

wysñ ùu .ek ÿla jQjdg iel ke;'

rdcOdksh hg;a ùfuka miq ì%;dkH rc;=ud Wvrg m%foaYfha o rcq nj m%ldY

jqj;a tu rcq Wv/áhka lsis Èfkl ±l ;snQ wfhl= fkdfõ' Wv/áhkag wjYH jQfha

ie;mqï oyia .Kkla wE; rgl isák lsis osk fkd ÿgq rfcl= fkd j ;u w.kqjr

fjfik ;ukaf.a ÿla .ekú,a,la bÈßm;a fldg iykhla ,nd .; yels rfcls'

fufia ;ukag fmfkk ia:dkhl rfcl= ke;s ksid ;uka wrdðl hehs Wv/áhka

;=< yeÕSula mej;s nj fmfka' tl, Wvrg isá NslaIQka jykafia kula úiska

lshk ,±hs i|yka my; lú foflka rc flfkla ke;sùu ksid mej;s lkiai,a,

meyeÈ,s fõ'


wfka l=yqôh fka

f;dmg;a rfcla bka fka

fudloE lrka fka

wfma lrefï wmg jka fka

rfcla ,enqfKd;s ka

tÞ lsßn;a lkak ka

fmryer lrkak ka

idÿ kdfoka .s.=ï fokak ka

² wd.u yd ixialD;sfha wdrlaIdj ms<sn| .eg¨ u;= ùu

Wvrg .súiqfï 5 jk j.ka;sfhka nqoaOd.u wdrlaId lrk njg bx.%SiSka

m%;s× § ;snqK;a nqoaOd.u weoyQ rfcl=f.ka ,efnk wdrlaIdj u tu wd.u fkd weoyQ

úfoaYslhka msßilf.ka wd.ug ,efnkq we;ehs Wv/áhka úYajdi fkd l< nj

fmfka' by; i|yka lúfha zrfcla ,enqfKda;ska fmryer lrkakka" idÿ kdfoka

.s.=ï fokakkaZ wd§ jYfhka i|yka ùfuka fï ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s fõ' NslaIQka

jykafia,d igkg iydh §u fuhg ;j;a WÞyrKhls'

úfoaYslhka hgf;a ;u iïm%Þhka yd ixialD;sh úkdY fj;ehs o Wv/áhka

;=< ìhla mej;sK' idïm%Þhsl md,kh hgf;a fmr isß; wdrlaId lsÍu rfcl=f.a

m%Odk hq;=lula úh' tfia u rc ud,s.dj" rdc iNdj yd mßmd,k lghq;= wdYs%;j

iïm%Þhka /ila mej;=‚' mer‚ md,kh hgf;a tA tA ;k;=rej,g kshñ; we÷ï

me<÷ï wdÈh Ndú; jQfha o tAjdfha f.!rjh iq/flk mßoafoks' tfy;a uykqjr

k.rfha olakg ,enqKq bx.%Sis ks,OdÍka yd fyajdfhda tu ixialD;shg wkq.; jQ

msßila fkd jQy' fï ksid wd.ñl wxYfhka fuka u ixialD;sl jYfhka o bx.%SiSka

yd Wv/áhka w;r mr;rhla ks¾udKh ù ;snq‚' th Wv/áhka ;=< ksoyi ms<sn|

yeÕSï u;= lsÍug fya;= úh'

rEmh 2'8 Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=udf.a isxydikh


² Wvrg m%N+ mka;shg myr je§u

1815 .súiqug wkqj Wvrg idïm%Þhsl ;k;=re bx.%SiSka ;j ÿrg;a mj;ajdf.k

.sh;a ro,hkaf.a n,h yd iudc ;;a;ajh iqrlaIs; fkdù h' ì%;dkH fid,aÞÿjka

Wvrg § ;ukag .re ire fkd olajk njg ro,hka fvdhs,sg meñ‚,s lr ;snq‚'

ro,hkaf.a idïm%Þhsl wdÞhï ud¾.j,g o tu md,kh ksid myr jeÿ‚' bx.%SiSka

lvj;a nÿ wfydais lsÍu ksid ro,hkag tu.ska ,enqKq wdÞhu wysñ ùu óg

WÞyrKhls' ro,hkag mdrïmßlj ysñ jQ ks, ;, fjkia lsÍug o bx.%SiSkag

yelshdj ,enq‚' Wvrg m%jdyk lghq;= Ndr jQ uäf.a fudykaÈrï ;k;=rg óg

fmr iEu úg u isxy, ks,Odßfhl= m;a lsÍfï isß;la mej;=‚' tfy;a bx.%SiSyq tu

;;a;ajh fkd i,ld yÊð ußlald¾ kï uqia,sï cd;slfhl= fudykaÈrï ;k;=rg

m;a l<y' fï ksid W!j fj,a,iai m%foaYfha ro, m%OdkSka ;=< n,j;a l,lsÍula

we;s úh' fufia úúO wkaoñka ro, m%OdkSkaf.a jrm%idoj,g" ;;a;ajhg yd wdÞhï

ud¾.j,g myr je§u ksid Tjqyq igkg kdhl;ajh §ug bÈßm;a jQy'

igfka iajNdjh

bx.%Sis md,kh flfrys Wv/áhka ;=< wm%idohla mj;sk w;r;=r

isxydikhg Wreuhla we;ehs lS fÞf¾idñ keue;af;la fj,a,iai m%foaYfhka u;=

úh' fldyq l=Uqf¾ rfÜ rd< jeks m%dfoaYSh m%N+jrekaf.a iydh we;sj Tyq rdcH

Wreuh ,nd .ekSu i|yd msßia tAlrdYs lrk nj nÿ,a, tAcka; v.a,ia ú,aikag ±k

.ekSug ,enq‚' fï ksid fÞf¾idñ w;awvx.=jg .ekSug v.a,ia ú,aika úiska yÊð

uqykaÈßï we;=`M msßila msg;a lrk ,È' tfy;a igkaldóka w;ska Tyq Ôú;laIhg

m;a úh' wk;=rej v.a,ia ú,aika tA i|yd msg;aj .sh kuq;a igkalrejkaf.a B

myrlska Tyq o ñh .sfha h' fj,a,iai m%foaYfha ck;dj fÞf¾idñ jgd tAlrdYs jk

nj ÿgq wdKavqj ;;a;ajh md,kh lr .ekSu i|yd W!j Èidj Ndr lemafmáfmd<

fj,a,iai m%foaYhg msg;a lr heù h' tfy;a lemafmáfmd< ;ud iu. isá bx.%Sis

yuqÞj wdmiq hjd igkaldókag tl;= úh' fufia lemafmáfmd< igk fufyhùug

bÈßm;a ùu;a iu. Wvrg ro,jre fndfydauhla igkg tl;= jQy' Wvrg m%foaY

/il u igk jHdma; ùug o th fya;=jla úh' m%Odk fmf<a ro,hka w;=ßka igkg

tl;= fkd jQfha fud,a,sf.dv Èidj yd tlake,sf.dv mu‚'

lemafmÜáfmd<f.a fufyhùu u; igkaldóka úiska fÞf¾idñ Wvrg rcq

f,i m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' fï w;r lemafmÜáfmd< Èidj kj rcqf.a uydêldrï

;k;=rg m;a flßK' furg rdcH Wreufha ixfla;h jYfhka ie,l+ o<odj igka

lrejka w;g m;a ùu bx.%SiSka uqyqK ÿka ;j;a .eg¨jls' weyef,afmd< igkg

tl;= fkd jQj;a igkg kdhl;ajh ÿka ro,hka yd Tyq w;r ióm ×;s in|;d ;snQ

neúka Tyq bx.%SiSkaf.a ielhg Ndck úh' fï ksid bx.%SiSka úiska weyef,afmd< w;a

wvx.=jg f.k fld<Ug /f.k tk ,È'


rEmh 2'9 lemafmáfmd< Èidj

igk u¾okh lsÍfï § bx.%SiSka

wkq.ukh lf<A b;d oro~q m%;sm;a;shls'

1818 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß udifha §

wdKavqldrjrhd Wvrg m%foaYj,g hqoaO

kS;sh m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' uqyqÿnv

m%foaYj, isá bx.%Sis yuqÞj mjd Wvrgg

le|úK' igk u¾okhg bx.%SiSka

wkq.ukh lf<a ìï md`M m%;sm;a;shls'

.ïìï .sks ;eîu" jeishkaf.a iïm;a

úkdY lsÍu" yels ;rï msßila

w;a wvx.=jg f.k hqoaO kS;sh wkqj

o~qjï lsÍu tl, iq,N ,laIKhla

úh' bx.%SiSkaf.a ±ä u¾okh yuqfõ

§¾> ld,Sk igkla f.k hdug

Wv/áhkag yelshdj fkd ,enq‚'

fï ksid igfka kdhlhka /ila u

w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug bx.%SiSkag

yelshdj ,enq‚' fldínElvqj"

.,f.or fudfydÜgd," l;r.u

niakdhl ks,fï" nQgEfõ rfÜ rd<"

weyef,afmd< wêldrï jeks kdhlhka

o tfia w;a wvx.=jg m;a jQjka

lsysmfofkls'

igfka § rcq f,i bÈßm;a jQ fÞf¾idñg rdcH Wreuhla fkdue;s nj;a Tyq

jHdc mqoa.,fhl= nj;a fy<s jQ w;r bx.%SiSyq th m%pdrh l<y' fï iuÕ igfka

m%Odk kdhlhka jQ lemafmáfmd<" uvq.,a, yd ms<su;,dfj w;r u; fNao mjd

we;s úh' 1818 wf.daia;= yd iema;eïn¾ udi jk úg igk fndfyda ÿrg wvmK ù

;snq‚' Tlaf;dïn¾ udifha § lemafmáfmd< yd uvq.,af,a w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug

bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' hqoaOdêlrKhg bÈßm;a l< tu kdhlhka fofokdg u

urK o~qju kshu úh' 1818 fkdjeïn¾ 26 Èk bx.%SiSka úiska lemafmáfmd< yd

uvq.,af,a fofofkd ysi .id urKhg m;a lrk ,È'


1818 igk wid¾:l ùu yd tys m%;sM,

igk wdrïN ù uq,a udi lsysmh ;=< th YS>%fhka me;=re‚' tla fmfoil

f.a fÞr j;= msá úkdY fldg bx.%Sis yuqÞj úiska igkalrejka m,jd yßk ,o

úg ;j;a fmfoilska igk werUq‚' tfy;a bx.%SiSka wu;r yuqÞ le|jdf.k

±ä u¾okhla Èh;a lsÍu;a iuÕ u tAldnoaO igkla fufyhùug Wv/áfhda

wfmdfydi;a jQy' fud,a,sf.dv ks,fu bx.%SiSkag ys;j;aj lghq;= l< neúka

Tyqf.a md,k m%foaYh jQ i;r fldar,h yryd fld<U iuÕ in|;d mj;ajd .ekSug

yelshdj ,eîu;a bx.%SiSkag jdis Þhl úh' fufia n,k úg igk wid¾:l ùug

n,mE fya;= /ila y÷kd.; yels h' tn÷ fya;= lsysmhla ixlaIsma;j my; ±lafõ'

1818 igk wid¾:l ùug fya;= (--

� bx.%SiSka wkq.ukh l< ±ä u¾okldÍ m%;sm;a;sh

� §¾> ld,Sk igklg wjYH wú wdhqO fyda fjk;a iïm;a Wv/áhkag

fkd ;sîu'

� igfka wixúOdkd;aul iajrEmh'

� rcq yeáhg bÈßm;a jQ ;eke;a;dg rdcH Wreuhla ke;s nj;a Tyq jHdc

mqoa.,fhl= nj;a fy<s ùu'

1818 ksoyia igfka m%;sM, jYfhka weyef,fmd<" lemafmáfmd<"

uvq.,af,a jeks kdhlhkag Wvrg rdcHfha ksoyi fjkqfjka Èú ms§ug isÿ úh'

;j;a ro,hka /ilf.a foafmd< rdc ika;l flßK' igkg iydh ÿka kdhlhka

msßila rfgka msgqjy,a lrk ,È' wdKAvqjg tfrysj lghq;= l< msßig fufia úúO

o~qjï meñKjQ w;r bx.%SiSkag mlaImd;j l%shd l< fud,a,sf.dv" tlake,sf.dv

jeks ro,hkag úúO jrm%ido ,nd §ug lghq;= flßK'

1818 igk wid¾:l ùu ksid bx.%SiSkag ;jÿrg;a Wvrg n,h ia:djr lr

.ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚' n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrjrhd úiska 1818 fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èk

úfYaI m%ldYkhla ksl=;a lrñka Wvrg ;u n,h iúu;a lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,È'

j.ka;s 56lska iukaú; tlS È¾> m%ldYkfhka ro,hkaf.a n,;, lmamdÿ flßK'

tf;la ro,hka i;= jQ wêlrK n,h iSud fldg bx.%SiSkaf.a Widú l%%uh Wvrg

msysgqùug;a wjYH mshjr .eks‚' fï wkqj 1818 fkdjeïn¾ m%ldYkfhka Wvrg

bx.%Sis n,h msysgqùu iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;a jQ njla fmfka'

1848 ksoyia igk

1818 igk wid¾:l ùfuka miq jir ;syla muK .;jk úg bx.%Sis

wdKavqjg tfrysj kej; jrla igkla isÿ úh' Wv/áhkag yqre mqreÿ jQ mer‚


rdcdKavq l%uh h<s msysgqjd .ekSug fojk jrg;a W;aidy l< fuu igk furg

bx.%Sis wdêm;Hhg tfrysj we;s jQ wdhqO ikakoaO fojk ksoyia igk f,i jqj

o ye|skaúh yels h' 1848 j¾Ifha § isÿ jQ fuu igk wdrïN ùug ;=vq ÿka fya;=

/ila mj;S'

igkg ;=vq ÿka fya;=

1848 igkg ;=vq ÿka fya;= flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, n,mEu yd rcfha

kj nÿ m%;sm;a;sh hk m%Odk lreKq folla Tiafia ú.%y l< yels h'

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, n,mEu

rcfha bvï m%;sm;a;sh

1833 j¾Ifha § l%shd;aul l< flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK wkqj rch bvï

úlsŒfï m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lf<a h' fldams j.djg wjYH idrj;a bvï yd

mßirh Wvrg m%foaYj, mej;s fyhska rcfha bvï m%;sm;a;sh tu m%foaYj,

idudkH ck;djg mSvdldÍ úh' 1840 j¾Ifha mkjk ,o uqvq bvï mk; wkqj jir

;syla fkd lvjd N+la;s ú¢ njg ms<s.; yels" idlals bÈßm;a l< fkd yels jQ j.d

fkd l< bvï rdc ika;l flßK' Wvrg jeishka mdrïmßlj N+la;s ú¢ fndfyda

bvïj, whs;sh fmkaùug kS;Hkql+, ,shú,s fkd ;snq‚'

fï ksid Tjqkaf.a fyaka bvï wdÈh úYd, jYfhka rdc ika;l úh' rch

fuu bvï b;d wvq uqo,lg úfoaYslhkag ,nd ÿ‚' fufia ;ukaf.a bvï wysñ

ùu;a lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= wvd< ùu;a ksid jeisfhda rch flfrys l,lsreKy'

.ï iNdj wvmK ùu

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß Y%u l%uh wfydais

lsÍu .ï iNdfõ meje;aug wys;lr f,i n,mEfõ h' tA tA m%foaYj, jeõ wuqKq yd

we<fõ,s bÈ lsÍu kv;a;= lsÍu fndfyda úg isÿ jQfha .ï iNdj u.sks' .ï iNdjg

Y%uh ,enqKq m%Odk l%uh rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh úh' tfy;a rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh wfydais

lsÍu ksid .ï iNdjg Y%uh ,nd .ekSu ÿIalr úh' .%dóh m%foaYj, iq`M wdrjq,a

úi£fuka .ï iNdfjka jeo.;a fiajhla ie,isK' tfy;a 1833 m%;sixialrK ksid

.ï iNd i;= wêlrK n,h wysñ úh' fun÷ lreKq ksid .eñ ck;dj mSvdjg m;a

úh'


kj wêlrK l%uh

leurkaf.a wêlrK m%;sixialrK wkqj .eñhkaf.a iq`M wdrjq,lg mjd

Widú lrd hdug isÿ úh' Bg fmr fun÷ wdrjq,a .ï uÜgñka úi|d .ekSug

yelshdj ;snq‚' kj Widúj, Ndú; l< bx.%Sis NdIdj fyda kS;s Í;s .ek .eñhkag

wjfndaOhla fkd ;snq‚' fuu Widúj, msysg m;d .sh úg kS;s{ .dia;= yd uqoaor

.dia;= wdÈh uqo,ska f.ùug isÿ ùu;a Èk .Kka Widúj, ld,h .; lsÍug isÿ

ùu;a .eñhka uqyqK ÿka ;j;a .eg¨ úh' fï ksid Tjqkaf.a fyaka f.dú;eka

wdrlaId lsÍu we;=`M lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= mjd w;miq úh'

rch yd uyck;dj w;r in|;dj ÿria ùu

flda,anDDlaf.a ks¾foaY wkqj isú,a fiajd ;k;=re ixLHdj wvq lsÍu;a isú,a

fiajlhkag j;= j.d lghq;=j, fh§ug wjir ,nd §u;a m%foaYSh mßmd,k lghq;=

wld¾hlaIu ùug n,mEfõ h' fï wkqj mßmd,k ks,Odßhdf.a n, m%foaYh úYd,

jQ fyhska Tyqf.a wëlaIK lghq;= ksis mßÈ isÿ lsÍu ÿIalr úh' we;eï ks,OdÍka

j.d lghq;= .ek Wkkaÿ jQ ksid uyck wjYH;d .ek fidhd ne,Sug fh¥ ld,h

wvq úh' fun÷ fya;= ksid fmdÿ ck;djf.a .eg¨ rchg ksis f,i jd¾;d fkd jQ

w;r rch yd uyck;dj w;r in|;dj wvmK ùug o th n,mEfõ h'

rcfha kj nÿ m%;sm;a;sh

Y%S ,xldfõ bx.%Sis wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fgdßkagka idñjrhd úiska 1848 §

w¨;a nÿ j¾. /ila mkjkq ,eîu igkg n,mE wdikak u fya;=j úh' fï jk

úg rcfha wdÞhï ;;a;ajh wvq ù ;snQ fyhska ie,lsh hq;= uqo,la uyck;djf.ka

tl;= lr .ekSfï wruq‚ka wdKavqldrjrhd úiska nÿ m%;sixialrKhla we;s lrk

,È' uqoaor noao" lr;a; yd Tre mdre noao" fjf<|ie,a noao" ;=jlal= noao" weÕ noao

yd n¨ noao tlS kj nÿ j¾. fõ' fuu nÿ j¾. ish,a,g u uyck wm%idohla mej;s

w;r" ;=jlal= noao" weÕ noao yd n¨ noaog tfrys úfrdaO;d jvd;a lemS fmkqKs'

.eñ ck;dj ;=jlal= Ndú; lf<a ;u j.djka wdrlaId lr .ekSu ms‚i h'

w¨f;ka mekjQ ;=jlal= noao wkqj jirlg is,sx folyudrla f.ùug isÿ úh' fï

ksid .eñhdg rcfha ld¾hd,j,g hdug isÿ jQ w;r tA i|yd .; jQ ld,hg wu;rj

bx.%Sis NdIdfjka ieliqKq b,a¨ïm;% iïmQ¾K lsÍug ;j;a wu;r uqo,la f.ùug;a

isÿ úh' ;=jlal= fjkqfjka jeh l< uqo, tAjdfha jákdlug;a jeä wjia:d ;snq‚'

fï ksid ;=jlal= noao flfrys ck;d úfrdaOhla mej;=‚'

iEu jeäysá msßñfhl= u jirlg Èk yhla fkdñ,fha mdrj,a ;ekSfï

lghq;=j, fhÈh hq;= jQ w;r tfia fkd l< fyd;a is,sx ;=kl weÕ noaola f.ùug

kshu úh' mdrnoao kñka ye`ÈkajQ fï noao ms<sn|j o uyck úfrdaOhla mej;=‚'


n,a,ka fjkqfjka o nÿ f.ùug isÿ ùu .ek m%n, uyck úfrdaOhla mej;=‚'

kj nÿ j¾. /ila mekjQ ld,fha § u rcfha —ks,a fmd;˜ kï ixLHd

f,aLk ix.%yh i|yd wdKavqj úiska f;dr;=re iólaIKhla isÿ lrk ,È' fuh

;j;a nÿ mekùfï iQÞkula hehs uyck;dj w;r ielhla u;= úh'

1848 igfka iajNdjh

wdKavqfõ nÿ m%;sm;a;shg úfrdaOh ±laùug uyck;dj tAlrdYS ùu ;=<ska

rch yd rgjeishd w;r .egqï wdrïN úh' fld<U" .d,a," uykqjr" nÿ,a, jeks

k.rj, fuu uyck tAlrdYsùï we;s jQ w;r bx.%Sis isú,a ks,OdÍkag tfrysj

tAjdfha § úfrdaO;djla u;= úh' nÿ,a,g /ia jQ we;eï f.dùyq ;=jlal= noaog

úfrdaOh ±laùu ms‚i tAcka;jrhd bÈßfha u ;u ;=jlal= fmd<fõ .id lvd ±uQy'

ydroyil muK ck;djla uykqjr lÉfÉßh wi,g /iaj nÿj,g úfrdaOh olajd

fm<md,s hdug iQÞkï jQy' fmd,Sishg fuu msßi md,kh lsÍu ÿIalr jQfhka yuqÞj

le|ùug isÿ úh' fld<U yd uykqjr m%foaYj,ska wdrïN jQ úfrdaO;d ud;f,a"

oUq,a," jdßhfmd<" l=reKE., jeks m%foaYj,;a me;sre‚'

ud;f,a" jdßhfmd<" l=reKE., jeks m%foaYj, ck;dj wdhqO w;g f.k

ixúOdkh fjñka rcfha f.dvke.s,s yd Widú wdÈhg myr §ug;a bÈßm;a jQy'

rcfha nÿ m%;sm;a;sfhka idudkH ck;dj jvd;a mSvkhg m;aj isá fyhska tu

ck;dj w;=ßka u;= jQ f.dx.df,f.dv nKavd" mqrka wmamq" äx.srd< iy §ksia jeks

kdhlfhda igka fufyhùug bÈßm;a jQy' igkaldóyq msßila oUq¨ úydrhg /iaj

tys kdhl iajdókajykafiaf.a iydh we;sj f.dx.df,f.dv nKavd rcq jYfhka

wNsfIal l<y'

1848 igfka m%Odk uOHia:dkh jQfha ud;f,a m%foaYh hs' Bg wu;rj

uykqjr yd l=reKE., Èia;%slalj, we;eï m%foaYhkays o .egqï jHdma; úh' tfy;a

1818 igk u¾okh lsÍu ;=<ska w;a±lSï ,nd isá bx.%SiSyq jyd u fuu igk uev

meje;aùug mshjr .;ay' fgdßkagka wdKavqldrjrhd úiska hqoaO yuqÞj fhdojd

igkaldókag tla /ia ùug bv fkd ;nñka Èh;a l< u¾okh ksid igk blaukska

u ì| jeáK' fï ksid igk wdrïN ù udi folla .; jk úg tys kdhlhka

fndfyda fofkla w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' tfia w;a wvx.=jg m;a jQ

f.dx.df,f.dv nKavdg tfrysj kvq wid li myr § Tyq ráka msgqjy,a flßK'

mqrka wmamqg urŒh oKavkh kshu flreKq w;r fyf;u tä;rj tu o~qjug

uqyqK ÿkafka h' igkg iïnkaO jQ ;j;a msßilg isr o~qjï kshu flß‚' fï

w;r bx.%SiSka úiska w;a wvx.=jg .kakd ,o lvyfmd< ysñhkag tfrysj kvq wid

jeä j. úNd.hlska f;drj u miq Èk fjä ;nd urKhg m;a lsÍu .ek wdKavqjg

±ä wm%idohla t,a, úh'


igk wid¾:l ùu

1818 igk fuka fuu igk o ukdj ixúOdkh ù fkd ;sîu tys

wid¾:l;ajhg ;=vq ÿka tla lreKls' fuu igkg bÈßm;a jQ fndfyda fofkl=

idudkH ck;dj jQ w;r Tjqkag ksis hqO mqyqKqjla fyda wjYH wú wdhqO fkd

;snq‚' fï jk úg Wvrg ud¾. ms<sn|j bx.%SiSkag fyd| wjfndaOhla ;snQ w;r

Tjqkaf.a yuqÞ Yla;sh Wml%u yd wdhqO n,hg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍug igkalrejkag

yelshdjla fkd ;snq‚' fuu igk Wvrg m%foaY lsysmhlg muKla iSud ùu ksid

myiqfjka u th u¾okh lsÍug bx.%SiSkag yelshdj ,enq‚'

1848 igk isÿ jk úg furg wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fgdßkagka idñjrhdf.a

lghq;= ms<sn| fndfyda úfõpk t,a, jQfhka furg ;;a;ajh fidhd ne,Sug

tx.,ka; wdKavqj úiska úfYaI lñgqjla m;a lrk ,È' tA wkqj fgdßkagka

wdKavqldrjrhd wdmiq ì%;dkHhg le|úK' uyck úfrdaOhg ;=vq ÿka nÿ j¾.

bj;a flß‚' tA wkqj fjf<|ie,a noao yd n¨ noao uq`Mukska u wj,x.= flß‚'

fiiq nÿ j¾. iudf,dapkh fldg tAjdfha wys;lr wx. bj;a lsÍug bx.%SiSyq

mshjr .;ay' nqoaOd.u iïnkaOfhka rch tf;la lghq;= l< wdldrh .ek furg

wm%idohla mj;sk nj f;areïf.k tA .ek ie,ls,su;a ùug o lghq;= flre‚'

furg f.dú ck;djf.a .eg¨ úi£ug 1850g fmr rcfha m%uqL wjOdkhla fhduq

fkd jQj;a miqj tu m%;sm;a;sfha o lsishï fjkila we;s jQ nj fmfka'

l%shdldrlu 1

1818 yd 1848 ksoyia wr., weiqßka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

j¾Ih igkg n,mE fya;= igfka kdhlfhda igfka m%;sM,


ye`Èkaùu

1848 j¾Ifha mej;s igk ksu ùfuka miq Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkHhkaf.ka ksoyi

Èkd .ekSug lghq;= l< wjêh" wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqkreo iuh jYfhkq;a

foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK mej;s iuh jYfhkq;a m%Odk ld, mßÉfþo follg fnod

wOHhkh l< yels h'

1850 j¾Ifhka miqj 1915 muK jk f;la wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqkreo

jHdmdrfha lghq;=j,g m%uqL;ajh ,enq‚' 1915 isg 1948 olajd foaYmd,k

Woaf>daIKj,g uQ,sl;ajh ysñ úh'

1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcOdksh ì%;dkHhkag hg;a ùfuka miqj furg

idïm%Þhsl wd.ï yd ixialD;sfha meje;aug ndOd t,a, úh' fï ksid 19 jk

ishjfia w. Nd.fha § furg fn!oaO" yskaÿ yd bia,dï ck;dj ;=< wd.ñl yd

cd;sl jYfhka uy;a m%fndaOhla we;s úh' tu ;;a;ajh cd;sl mqkreoh jYfhka

fuu mdvfï § úia;r flf¾'

3'1 cd;sl mqkreofha miqìu

hqfrdamSfhda wdishdfõ hg;a lr .;a m%foaY md,kh lsÍfï § ;ukag mlaImd;s

ck;djla we;s lr .ekSu i|yd iajlSh wd.u yd ixialD;sh m;=rejd yeÍug lghq;=

l<y' mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka furg uqyqÿnv m%foaY md,kh l< iufha Wvrg

iajdëk rdcHhla mej;s fyhska wdl%u‚lhkaf.a wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl lghq;=

Tjqkaf.a md,k m%foaYj,g muKla iSud úh' tfy;a Wvrg rdcOdksh hg;a ùfuka

miqj ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a ngysr ixialD;sh rg mqrd me;sr hdug fÞrgq újr úh'

ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj, lghq;=

ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furgg meñ‚ úfoaYSh ixúOdk lsysmhla ls;=Kq

oyu rg ;=< me;srùug l%shd lf<a h' tu ixúOdk ñIkdÍ ixúOdk f,i ye¢kafõ'

l%sia;= j¾I 1804 ¡ - 1818 ld,fha furgg meñ‚ ñIkdß ixúOdk lsysmhla my;

±lafõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ

cd;sl mqkreoh03


ñIkdÍ ixúOdk Y%S ,xldjg meñ‚ j¾Ih

,kavka ñIkdÍ iud.u

nemaáiaÜ ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh

fjia,shka ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh

weußlka ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh

p¾É ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh

1804

1812

1814- ¡ 1815

1816

1818

fuu ñIkdß ixúOdkj, idudðlfhda ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, wd.u

me;srùfï lghq;=j, ksr; jQy' nemaáiaÜjre fld<U uOHia:dkh fldg f.k

l%shd;aul jQy' fjia,shkajre W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaYj, l%shd;aul jQy'

weußlka ñIkdß ixúOdkh hdmkh yd W;=re m%foaYfha ;u lghq;= fufyhúh'

p¾É ñIkdÍjre fld<U" .d,a," l,amsáh" ukakdru yd uykqjr hk m%foaYj, ;u

lghq;= fufyhjQy' ñIkdÍjre ,xldfõ ;u wd.u me;srùfï § f,aLkh" foaYkh

yd wOHdmkh hk lafIa;% ;=kla udOH jYfhka Wmfhda.S lr .;ay'

f,aLk udOH fhdÞ .ekSu

,xldjg meñ‚ ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj,g uqøKd, msysgqùug fuka u fmd;am;a

iÕrd wdÈh uqøKh lrùug wjYH wruqo,a iy ixúOdk Yla;sh ;snq‚' ;ukag

m%Odk .eg¨jla jQ foaYSh NdId ±kqu ,nd .ekSug ñIkdÍ mQcljre isxy," fou<

jeks NdId yeoErEy' wk;=rej nhsn,h isxy,hg mßj¾;kh lsÍug;a iÕrd

mqj;am;a yd fmd;a m;a uqøKh fldg fnÞ yeÍug;a Tjqyq lghq;= l<y' tfia uqøKh

l< m%ldYk lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

uqøKh l< j¾Ih m%ldYkfha ku uqøKh l< ixúOdkh

1832

1840

1842

udisl ;E.a.

,xld ksOdkh

Wr.,

p¾É ñIkdÍ ixúOdkh

wd.ñl mqia;sld ix.uh

nemaáiaÜ iud.u

foaYk udOH yd wOHdmkh

ñIkdß mQcljre mkai,a yd uyck;dj .ejfik fjk;a ia:dkj, foaYk

mj;ajd ;u wd.ñl m%pdrj, ksr; jQy' tfia u mdi,a wdrïN lsÍug yd tAjd

mj;ajdf.k hdug;a Tjqyq lemùfuka lghq;= l<y' ñIkdßka úiska mj;ajdf.k

.sh mdi,aj, wd.ï m%pdrhg uq,a;ekla ysñúh' ñIkdÍ wOHdmk lghq;=j,g rcfha

wkq.%yh ,enq‚' ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha § rcfha ;k;=re ,nd .ekSug bx.%Sis NdId

±kqu wjYH úh' fï ksid isxy, yd fou< orejkag bx.%Sis wOHdmkh ,eîu i|yd

ñIkdß mdi,aj,g hdug isÿj ;snq‚'


fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrh

ñIkdÍka f,aLk yd foaYk udOHj,ska m%;sud jkaokdj ksire fohla

f,i m%pdrh lsÍu;a" fn!oaO yd yskaÿ we;eï isß;a úß;a úfõpkh lsÍu;a ksid

tAjdg ms<s;=re §fï wjYH;djla mek ke.=‚' tfia u isxy, fou< jeks iajNdId

wOHdmkhg rcfhka m%udKj;a wkq.%yhla fkd ,eîu ksid foaYSh NdId wOHdmkh

k.d isgqùfï wjYH;djla o u;=j ;snq‚' fuu .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùfï §

fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d mqfrda.dój lghq;= l<y' mQcH j,dfka isoaOd¾: ysñhka

r;au,dfka mru OïufÉ;sh msßfjk msysgqùu fn!oaO wOHdmk lafIa;%fha jeo.;a

isÿùuls' isxy," md,s" ixialD; jeks NdId yeoErE foaYSh ixialD;sh w.h lrk .sys

meúÈ mçjre msßila tu msßfjfkka ìys jQy' tu msßig wh;a mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S

iqux., ysñfhda 1873 j¾Ifha § ud,s.d lkafoa úfoHdaoh msßfjk msysgqjQy' mQcH

r;au,dfka Oïudf,dal ysñhka úiska 1875 j¾Ifha § mE,shf.dv úoHd,xldr

msßfjk msysgqjk ,È' fufia mer‚ msßfjka wOHdmk l%uh h<s wdrïN ùu ksid

;j ;j;a W.;=ka ìysùu" fn!oaO mqkreohg wdYs¾jdohla úh'

uqøKd, msysgqùu

fn!oaOhkag tf;la wvqmdvqjlaj mej;s uqøKd,hla msysgqùug mqcH nq,;a.u

Oïud,xldr isß iquk;siai ysñfhda lghq;= l<y' fï i|yd ,xldfõ Þkm;shkaf.ka

wdOdr tl;= fldg th m%udKj;a fkd ùu ksid ishï rfÜ rc;=udf.ka o wdOdr

,nd.ekSug ta ysñhka lghq;= lr we;' tlsS ish¨ uqo,a fhdojd 1862 j¾Ifha §

.d,af,a ,xfldamldr uqøKd,h msysgqùu fn!oaO mqkreofha ;j;a jeo.;a wjia:djls'

óg miqj fn!oaOhka úiska rfÜ úúO m%foaYj, ;j;a uqøKd, /ila msysgqjk ,È'

tn÷ uqøKd, lsysmhl kï my; ±lafõ'

fn!oaOhka msysgqjQ uqøKd, lsysmhla'

³ ,xldNskj úY%e; uqøKd,h

³ ljg l;sl uqøKd,h

³ iqo¾Yk uqøKd,h

³ iriú i|/i uqøKd,h

1862 j¾Ifhka miqj uqøKd, /ila msysgqùu ksid iÕrd yd mqj;am;a rdYshla

uqøKh lsÍug fn!oaOhkag yels úh'


fn!oaOhkaf.a tn÷ m%ldYk lsysmhla fufia h'

³ ,lañ‚ myk

³ ,xldf,dalh

³ iriú i|/i

³ isxy, cd;sh

³ isxy, fn!oaOhd

m%isoaO jdo újdo meje;aùu

wd.u m%pdrh lsÍug ñIkdÍka foaYk udOH fhdÞ .;a whqßka Bg ms<s;=re

jYfhka fn!oaOhka o foaYk udOH fhdÞ .;a wdldrh m%isoaO jdo újdo u.ska

fmkakqï flf¾' ñIkdÍ mQcl;=uka,d iu. fuu jdo újdo meje;aùfï § fn!oaO

NslaIQka jykafia,d fmruqK .;ay' fuys § mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñhka

úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka' fldgfyafka §mÿ;a;drdufhys jev jdih l< tu ysñfhda

fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhg úYd, fiajhla isÿ l<y' mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao

ysñhkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka l%sia;shdks mlaIh iuÕ meje;ajQ jdo újdoj, § mQcH

yslalvqfõ iqux., ysñ" mQcH jialvqfõ iqN+;s ysñ" mQcH

fmd;=ú, bkaøfcda;s ysñ" mQcH r;au,dfka Oïudf,dal

ysñ jeks W.;a ysñjrekaf.a o iyh ,enq‚' tn÷ jdo

myla mxpuyd jdo hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

mxpuyd jdo

noafo.u jdoh 1865

jrdf.dv jdoh 1865

Wokaúg jdoh 1866

.ïfmd< jdoh 1871

mdkÿrd jdoh 1873

fuu újdo ud,dj w;=ßka mdkÿrd jdohg

cd;Hka;r m%isoaêhla ,enq‚' tu jdofha § fn!oaO

mlaIh fjkqfjka jdo l< mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a

.=Kdkkao ysñhka yd l%sia;shdks mlaIh w;r we;s

jQ l;d we;=<;a f,aLk lshùfuka meyeÿKq fykaß

iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud miqj ,xldjg meñ‚fha h'

mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ

mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ


fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu

1880 j¾Ih muK jk úg fn!oaOfhda f,aLk udOH yd foaYk udOHfhka

bÈßhg meñK isá kuq;a ñIkdÍ wOHdmk l%uhg iß,k wdldrfha bx.S%is

udOH fn!oaO mdi,a moaO;shla msysgqùug wfmdfydi;a jQy' mdi,a msysgqùug yd

mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH wruqo,a fkdue;sùu yd ixúOdk Yla;sh m%udKj;a fkd

ùu Bg fya;=j úh' fï i|yd fÞrgq újr jQfha ´,afldÜ;=ud ,xldjg meñŒfuka

miq h' úfoaYslfhl= jQ fykaß iaà,a ,afldÜ;=ud furgg meñK nqÿ oyu je<|f.k

fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùug fmruqK f.k lghq;= lf<a h'

fykaß iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud

´,afldÜ;=udf.a u. fmkaùu hgf;a 1880

j¾Ifha cqks ui § fld<U mru ú×kd¾: iud.u

msysgqúh' th .sys meúÈ fomlaIh tl u fõÈldjlg

le|jk fmdÿ ixúOdkhla úh' wk;=rej tys YdLd

.d,a," uykqjr" r;akmqr jeks m%Odk k.r lsysmhl

u msysgqúh' fuu ixúOdkfha m%Odk wruqKla jQfha

fn!oaO YsIHhka i|yd fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu hs' tA

i|yd ´,afldÜ;=udf.a u. fmkaùfuka fn!oaO mdi,a

wruqo,la msysgqjk ,È' fuu wruqo,g wdOdr tl;=

lsÍug ,afldÜ;=ud NslaIQka jykafia,d iu. .ñka .u

ixpdrh lsÍu ksid mdi,a msysgqùu ms<sn| fn!oaOhka

;=< n,j;a Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùfï jHdmdrfha § fmruqK

f.k l%shd l< .sys meúÈ msßfika lsysm fofkl=f.a kï my; ±lafõ'

fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùug l%shdldÍ jQ msßi"

� fykaß iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud

� mQcH yslalvqfõ Y%S iqux., ysñ

� mQcH r;au,dfka Y%S Oïudf,dal ysñ

� mQcH jialvqfõ Y%S iqN+;s ysñ

� mQcH ñf.Ügqj;af;a .=Kdkkao ysñ

� fÞka lfrda,sia fyajdú;drK uy;d

� wudßia o is,ajd ngqjka;=vdfõ uy;d

� fÞka iafmg¾ fiakdkdhl uy;d

� wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud

� fcrñfhia Èfhia uy;d

fykaß iaà,a ´,afldÜ;=ud


fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùfï § by; i|yka we;eï fokd uqo,ska Bg wdOdr

Wmldr l<y' fufia lemùfuka l%shd lsÍu ksid ,xldfõ m%Odk k.r lsysmhl u

fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùug yelshdj ,enq‚' tfia msysgqjQ mdi,a lsysmhl kï my;

±lafõ'

fld<U wdkkao úoHd,h

uykqjr O¾urdc úoHd,h

.d,af,a uyskao úoHd,h

ud;f,a úch úoHd,h

.ïfmd< ðkrdc úoHd,h

kdj,msáfha wkqreoaO úoHd,h

fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrh ksid uqøs; udOH

lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjla we;s jQ w;r úúO fmd;a m;a"

iÕrd yd mqj;a m;a lshùu ksid rfÜ ck;djf.a

nqoaê j¾Okhla we;s úh' wOHdmk m%fndaOh ksid

ck;djf.a idlaIr;dj by< .sfha h' bx.%Sis

wOHdmkh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj,ska

o úYd, fiajhla isÿ úh' ,afldÜ;=udf.a ueÈy;aùu

u; rch ,jd fjila fmdfydh Èkh ksjdvq Èkhla

njg m;a lr .ekSug yels ùu;a wo mjd Ndú;

jk fn!oaO fldäh ks¾udKh lr .ekSu;a fn!oaO

mqkreo iufha isÿ jQ ;j;a jeo.;a lreKls'

msßfjka yd fn!oaO mdi,a wdrïN ùu ksid foaYSh ixialD;sh w.h lrk

iuh udul ;reK mrïmrdjla ìys úh' tu ;reK msßi w;r foaYSh ixialD;sfha

Wiialu yqjd ±lajQ kj iudc iqOdrlhka msßila yd cd;sl f,aLl mrmqrla olakg

,enq‚' fï msßig wh;a wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud" j,sisxy yßYapkaø;==ud" mshodi

isrsfiak uy;d iy fcdakaa o is,ajd jeks kdhlfhda úúO udOH m%fhdackhg .ksñka

foaYSh ck;dj ;=< foaYdkqrd.h yd cd;Hd,h j¾Okh lsÍug l%shd l<y' tu ksid

20 jk ishji werfUk úg fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrh ;=<ska iajfoaYslhka ;=<

foaYdkqrd.h ±kùfï jHdmdrhla" fn!oaO mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSfï jHdmdrhla yd

wuoHm jHdmdrhla werô‚'

foaYdkqrd.h yd cd;Hd,h j¾Okh lsÍfï jHdmdrh

ì%;dkH md,k iufha rg ;=< ngysr ixialD;sh fõ.fhka jHdma; ùu ksid

ngysr isß;a úß;a wkqlrKh lsÍu me;sr .sh w;r tA fjkqjg foaYSh ixialD;sh

w.h lsÍug ck;dj Wkkaÿ lrùfuka rgg wdorh lrk ck;djla ìys lsÍu" fuu

j,sisxy yßYapkaø uy;d


jHdmdrfha wruqK úh'

wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud furg w;S;

YsIagdpdrfha jeo.;alu yd fn!oaO iyÔjkfha

jákdlu meyeÈ,s lrñka kj Ñka;khla

bÈßm;a lf<a h' t;=ud m%isoaO foaYk mj;ajñka

o isxy, fn!oaOhd" yd uydfndaê iÕrdj jeks

m%ldYkj,g ,sms imhñka o fï i|yd l%shd;aul

úh'

mshÞi isßfiak uy;d ;u kjl;d

uÕska o isxy, cd;sh jeks mqj;am;a Tiafia o

,dxlslhka úpdrhlska f;drj ngysr ixialD;sh

je<| .ekSu úfõpkh lf<a h' óg wu;rj

fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d yd .sys W.;a;= /ila o foaYSh ixialD;sfha w.h u;=

lrñka ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍug lghq;= l<y'

fn!oaO mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSfï lghq;=

rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miqj wkqrdOmqrh" fmdf<dkakrej jeks

mer‚ w.kqjrj,a wdY%s; fn!oaO iaudrl j,a ìys ù úkdY fjñka mej;s w;r 19 jk

ishji w. Nd.h jk úg tAjd m%;sixialrKh fldg w;S; Wreuhka /l .ekSu

.ek ck;dj ;=< Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' hqfrdamSh W.;=ka jQ fcda¾Ê g¾k¾" ßia fâúâ"

tÉ' iS' mS' fn,a" fykaß mdl¾ wdÈka fM;sydisl uQ,dY%h fidhd t<s oelaùug;a

mqrdúoHd .fõIK" leŒï" yd m¾fhaIK u.ska mer‚ ixialD;sfha we;eï wx.

u;= lsÍug;a mshjr .;ay' Tjqka ,shQ fmd; m;g mßjdr jYfhka foaYSh W.;=ka

fmd; m; ,Sùu;a ksid mer‚ YsIagdpdrh yd fM;sydisl Wreuhka ms<sn| fmdÿ ck

wjfndaOh mq`M,a úh' fuu mßirh ;=< j,sisxy yßiapkaø;=ud fndfyda lemlsÍï

lrñka wkqrdOmqrfha mQckSh ia:dk wdrlaId lr .ekSfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN lf<a

h' wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud nqoaO.hdj jeks bkaÈhdfõ mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSug

bÈßm;a úh' fï w;r 1870 .Kkaj, § rejkaje,s iEh kej; f.dvke.Sfï lghq;=

o wdrïN úh'

l%shdldrlu

,xldfõ fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrhla wdrïN jQ wdldrh ms<sn|j

my; lreKq weiqßka ,smshla ilia lrkak'

uqøKd, msysgqùu" jdoújdo meje;aùu" fn!oaO mdi,a msysgqùu"

foaYdkqrd.h yd cd;Hd,h j¾Okh lsÍfï jHmdrh" fn!oaO

mQckSh ia:dk /l .ekSu'

w.dßl O¾umd,;=ud


wuoHm jHdmdrh

ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a Èjhsfka uoHidr Ndú;h me;sr hdu ksid iudc

.eg¨jla ks¾udKh fjñka ;snq‚' fï ksid fn!oaO mqkreo jHdmdrfha kdhlfhda

uoHidr Ndú;hg tfrysj ck;dj ±kqïj;a l<y' fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d fuys

§ o lemS fmfkk fiajhla isÿ l< w;r wk.dßl O¾umd,;=ud mshÞi isßfiak

uy;d iy fcdaka o is,ajd uy;d jeks wh úúO udOH u.ska ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍug

bÈßm;a jQy' O¾umd,;=ud m%isoaO foaYk yd mqj;am;a ud¾.fhka fuu lghq;=j,

ksr; úh' mshÞi isßfiak uy;d ;u kjl;dj, úúO pß; ixjdohg ,la fldg

uoHidr Ndú;fha wksis úmdl meyeÈ,s lf<a h' fcdaka o is,ajd uy;d ;u kdgH

u.ska uoHidr Ndú;fhka isÿ jk úm; meyeÈ,s lf<a h' t;=ud rpkd l< isxy,

mrdNj kdgHfha iqrd ldKavh ;=<ska u;ameka mdkfha whym; fmkaù h'

yskaÿ wd.ñl mqkreoh

ñIkdÍ ixúOdkj, wd.ñl m%pdrl lghq;=j,ska t,a, jQ wNsfhda. ksid

furg yskaÿ ck;dj w;r o wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl msì§ula we;s úh' tlS yskaÿ

mqkreo jHdmdrhg kdhl;ajh imhk ,oafoa wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud úisks' ñIkdÍ

mdi,l t;=ud uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,nd ;sîu;a fuf;daÈia; iNdfõ foaj.e;sjrfhl=

hgf;a fiajh lr ;sîu;a ksid ñIkdÍ lghq;= .ek t;=udg fyd| wjfndaOhla

;snq‚' fï ksid uqøKd, msysgqùu" uqøs; m;%sld" fmd;a m;a yd m%isoaO foaYk u.ska

yskaÿ ck;dj ±kqïj;a lsÍug iy yskaÿ ck;dj fjkqfjka mdi,a msysgqùug t;=ud

lghq;= lr we;'

wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud

kdj,¾;=udf.a u.fmkaùu hgf;a

hdmkfha jkakd¾mkafkhs m%foaYfha uqøKd,hla

werUQ w;r f,aLk udOHfhka ck;dj ±kqïj;a

lsÍug tu.ska mshjr .eKq‚' zWohNdKqZ hkqfjka

mqj;am;la wdrïN lsÍug o t;=ud lghq;= lf<a h'

oñ< isiqka i|yd ldKav ;=klska hq;= fm<fmd;la

rpkd lsÍu t;=udf.a ;j;a úYsIag fiajhls' tfia

u .oH moH fmd;a lsysmhla mßj¾;kh fldg

m%ldYhg m;a flß‚' fmßh mqrdKï yd ialkao

mqrdKï hk .%ka: thg WÞyrKhls'

wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud


fou< isiqkag yskaÿ ixialD;shg .e<fmk wOHdmkhla ,nd §u i|yd

kdj,¾;=udf.a mqfrda.dó;ajfhka 1849 j¾Ifha § jkakfmdfkhs ffYj m%ldY

úoHd,h msysgqù h' miqj wdrïN l< ffYj mßmd,k iNdj iy yskaÿ wOHdmk

iNdj u.ska yskaÿ mdi,a msysgqùfï jHdmdrh ;jÿrg;a l%shd;aul lf<a h' fou<

isiqka w;r bx.%Sis wOHdmkh m%p,s; lsÍug 1872 j¾Ifha § hdmkfha Ysjka.,

úoHd,h wdrïN l< w;r miqj th hdmk yskaÿ úoHd,h njg m;a úh'

wdreuq. kdj,¾;=udf.a wNdjfhka miqj Y%Su;a fmdkakïn,ï rdukdokaa

yd fmdkakïn,ï wreKdj,ï hk kdhlfhda yskaÿ mqkreo jHdmdr ;jÿrg;a

fufyhùug lemùfuka lghq;= l<y' fuu kdhlhka fofokd furg fou<

ck;dj w;r muKla fkd j isxy, ck;djf.a o uy;a f.!rjhg m;a jQ wh fõ'

1915 j¾Ifha § wdKavqj hqoaO kS;sh mkjd fn!oaOhkag tfrysj ±ä u¾okhla Èh;a

l< wjia:fõ fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d fn!oaOhka fjkqfjka o y~ ke.S h'

fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;d isxy, kdhlhka iu. tl;= ù foaYmd,k n,;,

,dxlslhkag ,nd .ekSu ms‚i lghq;= lsÍu i|yd 1919 j¾Ifha § ,xld cd;sl

ix.uh msysgqùug uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lf<A h'

bia,dï wd.ñl mqkreoh

fn!oaO yd yskaÿ mqkreohg iu.dój furg uqia,sï ck;dj ;=< o wd.ñl

yd ixialD;sl m%fndaOhla we;s úh' wdreuq. kdj,¾;=ud yskaÿ mqkreo jHdmdrhg

kdhl;ajh ,nd ÿkakd fia u weï' iS' isoaÈf,ífn uy;d uqia,sï ck;dj ;=<

bia,dï wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug kdhl;ajh ,nd ÿkafka h'

1883 j¾Ifha § Bðma;=fõ isg ,xldjg meñ‚ bia,dï Nla;slfhl= jQ Trdì mdId

bia,dï mqkreo jHdmdrfha lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSug lem ù lghq;= lf<a h'

fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;d


isoaÈf,ífn uy;d

uqia,sï ck;dj ;=< wOHdmk m%fndaOhla we;s

lsÍu;a bx.%Sis NdIdj yd wrdì NdIdj bf.k .ekSug tu

ck;dj Wkkaÿ lrùu;a isoaÈf,ífn uy;df.a uQ,sl

wruqKla úh' t;=udf.a u. fmkaùu hgf;a 1882 j¾Ifha

§ uqia,sï fkhsika kñka mqj;a m;la wdrïN flre‚'

wk;=rej isoaÈf,ífn uy;df.a u.fmkaùu u; uqia,sï

orejka fjkqfjka fld<U iysrd úoHd,h msysgqúh' uqia,sï

ck;djf.a wOHdmk lghq;= bÈßhg f.k hdu i|yd uqia,sï

wOHdmk iñ;sh kï ixúOdkhla msysgqjk ,È' w¨f;ka

we;s jQ wOHdmk wjYH;d ksid zuoardidZ kï uqia,sï wd.ñl

mdi,a m%;sixúOdkh flre‚'

isoaÈf,ífn uy;dg miqj à' î' chd uy;d

uqia,sï ck;djf.a wOHdmk m%fndaOh bÈßhg

fufyhùug lem úh' t;=ud fld<U iysrd

úoHd,fha úÿy,am;s jYfhka m;aj tu mdi,

ÈhqKq lf<a h' ,xldfõ m%foaY lsysmhl u uqia,sï

ck;dj fjkqfjka mdi,a msysgqùug chd uy;d

uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= l< w;r foaYmd,k{hl=

jYfhka o fyf;u úYd, fiajhla isÿ lf<a h'

isoaê f,ífn uy;d

l%shdldrlu

fn!oaO" yskaÿ yd bia,dï mqkreo jHdmdrfha m%Odk kdhlhka

ms<sn| f;dr;=re f.dkqjla ilia lrkak'

à' î' chd uy;d


ye¢kaùu

1815 j¾Ifha § Wvrg rdcOdksh ì%;dkHhkag hg;a ùfuka miqj 1948 j¾Ifha

§ Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,efnk f;la jir 133l ld,hla iuia; Èjhsk u ì%;dkH

md,kh hgf;a mej;=‚' fuu ld,h ;=< ì%;dkHhka úiska jßka jr wdKavql%u

m%;sixialrK lsysmhla furgg y÷kajd fok ,È' tfy;a tu m%;sixialrKj,ska

iEySulg m;a fkd jQ ,dxlslfhda md,k lghq;=j, § iajfoaYSlhkag mjrk n,;,

m%udKh jeä lrk f,i b,a,d wLKav Woaf>daIKhl ksr; jQy' 1948 j¾Ifha §

md,k n,h ,dxlslhkag ,nd .; yels jQfha tu Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks'

ì%;dkHhka furgg y÷kajdfok ,o wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK yd ,dxlslhkaf.a

Woaf>daIK ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu mdvfuka idlÉPd flf¾'

4'1 1833 flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK

1815 j¾Ifhka miqj ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjreka ,xldfõ md,k lghq;=

f.khdfï § rcfha wdÞhug jvd úhoï mlaIh by< .sfha h' fï ksid ,xldfõ

wdKavqldrjrekag furg úhou mshjd .ekSug jßka jr ì%;dkH wdKavqfõ uqo,a

b,a,d isàug isÿ úh' hg;a úð;j, lghq;=j,g uõ wdKAvqfjka È.ska È.g u uqo,a

jeh lsÍu ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;sh fkd ù h' tneúka ,xldjg meñK furg ;;a;ajh

fidhd n,d wjYH ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu ms‚i hg;a úð; f,alï úiska ví' tï'

Ô' flda,anDDla ^ú,shï uelaìka fcda¾Ê flda,anDDla& keue;a;d m;a lr tjk ,È'

1829 j¾Ifha § flda,anDDla ,xldjg meñ‚ w;r" furg foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól

lghq;= ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su Tyqg mejÍ ;snq‚' ,xldfõ tjlg mej;s wêlrK yd

kS;suh ;;a;ajh msßlaid ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug hg;a úð; f,alï úiska pd,aia

fyaa leurka keue;a;d m;a lrk ,È' tA wkqj leurka 1830 § furgg meñ‚fha

h' flda,anDDla fldñifï ks¾foaY mokï lr.;a wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla 1833

j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka úiska furgg y÷kajd fok ,È' th flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKh

f,i ye¢kafõ' leurkaf.a ks¾foaY wkqj wêlrK l%uh o m%;sixialrKh lrk

,È'

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK hgf;a furg foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól lafIa;%fha

mq`M,a fjkialï we;s flfrk m%;sixialrK /ila y÷kajdfok ,È' tA w;r lemS

ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ

foaYmd,k fjkiaùï04

m%;sixialrKj, lemS fmfkk ,laIK


fmfkk m%;sixialrK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

� jHjia:dÞhl yd úOdhl iNd msysgqùu'

� Wvrg yd my;rg m<d;a i`oyd tAldnoaO jQ md,k l%uhla y÷kajd §u'

� Èjhsk m<d;a mylg fn§u'

� wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß l%uh wfydais lsÍu'

� rcfha fjf<| tAldêldrh wfydais lsÍu'

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska jHjia:dÞhl iNdjla yd úOdhl iNdjla

msysgqùu úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= lreKls' flda,anDDla fldñiu furgg meñ‚

wjêfha ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhdg wiSñ; n,;, mejÍ ;snq‚' th uyck ksoyig

ndOdjla f,i ie,l+ fldñiu wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, wvq lsÍu ms‚i fulS

iNd msysgqùu fhdackd lf<a h'

1833 j¾Ifha § msysgqjk ,o jHjia:dÞhl iNdjg idudðlhka 15 fofkl=

we;=<;a úh' Tjqkaf.ka 09 fofkl= ks, ,;a idudðlhka fyj;a ks, n,fhka m;a

jQfjda fj;s' b;sß 06 fokd ks, fkd ,;a idudðlfhda jQy' hqfrdamShka fjkqfjka

;sfofkla yd isxy," fou<" n¾.¾ hk ck fldgia fjkqfjka tla wfhl= ne.ska

tu 06 fokd f;dard m;a flß‚' ks, fkd ,;a idudðlhka tu iNdjg m;a lsÍfï

n,h o wdKavqldrjrhd fj; mejÍ ;snq‚'

jHjia:dÞhl iNdj

ks, fkd ,;a 06ks, ,;a 09

hqfrdamSh

03

isxy,

01

fou<

01

n¾.¾

01

jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ ks, fkd ,;a idudðlhka m;a lsÍfï § ck j¾.

wkqj ksfhdað;hka m;a lsÍu jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh f,i ie,fla' tlS jd¾.sl

ksfhdackh wkd.; jYfhka ,xldjg wys;lr m%;sM, we;s lsÍug fya;= úh'

jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ ks, fkd ,;a msßig jvd ks, ,;a msßi nyq;rh

ùu ksid uyck;dj ksfhdackh l< ks, fkd ,;a msßig tu iNdfõ n,hla

fkd ;snq‚' ks, fkd ,;a idudðlhka m;a lsÍfï n,h wdKavqldrjrhdg mejÍ ;snQ

neúka ;ukag ys;j;a msßila thg m;a lsÍug Tyqg yels úh' fï ksid jHjia:dÞhl

iNdj wdKavqldrjrhdg mlaImd;S iNdjl iajrEmh .;af;a h'


is;shu 4'1 - flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK wkqj

Y%S ,xldj m<d;a mylg fn¥ wdldrh

niakdysr m<d;

ol=Kq m<d;

uOHu m<d;

kef.kysr m<d;

W;=re m<d;

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK wkqj

Y%S ,xldj m<d;a

mylg fn¥ wdldrh

N


1833 msysgqjQ úOdhl iNdjg hg;a úð; f,alï" NdKavd.dßl" .KldêldÍ"

ñkqïm;s" fld<U f¾.= whleñ jeks msßia we;=<;a úh hq;= hehs flda,anDDla úiska

ks¾foaY lr ;snq‚' fuu iNdj msysgqùu u.ska uqo,a lghq;= ms<sn| wdKavqldrjrhdg

;snQ wiSñ; n,h iSud lsÍug wfmalaId flßK' tA wkqj wdÞhï yd úhoï ms<sn| ;SrK

.ekSfï § úOdhl iNdj iu. idlÉPd lsÍug wdKavqldrjrhdg kshu flre‚'

tu iNdfõ ;SrK ms<s.ekSug wdKavqldrjrhd ne£ fkd isáh kuq;a úOdhl iNdfõ

Wmfoia fkd ms<s.kakd úg wdKavqldrjhd hg;a úð; Ndr f,alïf.ka tA i|yd

wkque;sh ,nd .; hq;= úh'

hqfrdamSh Woaf>daIK

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj, hï hï wxY ixfYdaOkh lr .ekSfï

Woaf>daIKhla uq,a jrg wdrïN lrk ,oafoa furg isá hqfrdamSh jHdmdßlhka

úisks' ,xldfõ isá hqfrdamShka ksfhdackh lsÍug jHia:dÞhlhg ks, fkd ,;a

idudðlhka ;sfofkl= m;a lr ;snq‚' furg j;= j.d lghq;=j, ksr; jQ tlS

hqfrdamShkag wjYH jQfha j;=j.djg wjYH uydud¾." ÿïßh ud¾. yd fjk;a há;,

myiqlï ÈhqKq lr .ekSug h' tfy;a uq,a ld,fha jHjia:dÞhl iNdj ;=<ska tA i|yd

wjYH uqo,a fjka lrjd .ekSu ÿIalr úh' tfia u jHjia:dÞhlfha ks, fkd ,;a

msßi iq`M;rh ùu .ek o Tjqyq wi;=gq jQy'

ks, fkd ,;a msßi Pkao n,fhka m;a fkd lr wdKavqldrjrhd kï lsÍu

ms<sn|j;a Tjqka ;=< wi;=gla ;snqKs' fuu wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd hqfrdamSh

jHdmdßlfhda iSñ; Woaf>daIKhla wdrïN l<y' tys § jHjia:dÞhlh ;=< m%Yak

weiSu" fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu" mqj;am;aj,g ,sms iemhSu" Woaf>daIK fufyhùug

ixúOdk msysgqùu wdÈh Tjqkaf.a Woaf>daIK l%u úh' fcda¾Ê fjda,af.a kdhl;ajfhka

hq;=j 1865 j¾Ifha § ,xld ix.uh msysgqùu hqfrdamShhka msysgqjQ ixúOdkj,g

WÞyrKhls' fuu Woaf>daIK ksid 1889 j¾Ifha § jHjia:dÞhlfha ks, fkd ,;a

ixLHdj 08la olajd jeä flßK' uqia,sï ck;dj fjkqfjka yd Wvrg isxy,hka

fjkqfjka kj ksfhdað;hka fofokd f;dard .ekq‚' hqfrdamShkaf.a Woaf>daIKj,

wruqK" md,k n,;, ,dxlslhka w;g m;a lrjd .ekSu fkd jQj;a ,dxlslhkag

wdo¾Y ,nd .ekSug tu Woaf>daIK m%fhdackj;a úh'

4'2 1910 m%;sixialrK yd miqìu

,dxlsl uOHu mka;sfha b,a,Sï

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK ksid 19 jk ishji ;=< furg wd¾Óluh yd

idudðh jYfhka mq`M,a mßj¾;khla isÿ úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka 20 jk ishji

wdrïN jk úg mer‚ m%N+ mka;sh wNdjhg f.dia kj ,dxlsl uOHu mka;shla


ìys úh' 1833 j¾Ifha isg .; jQ jir 70l muK ld,fha § rg ;=< we;s jQ wd¾Ól

yd iudc fjkiaùïj,g idfmalaIj foaYmd,k l%ufha fjkila isÿj fkd ;snq‚'

,dxlsl uOHu mka;sh fï .ek wi;=fgka miq jQ neúka 1908 ¡ 1909 ld,fha § Tjqyq

wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla furgg wjYH njg mq¿,a f,i b,a,Sï bÈßm;a l<y'

1908 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § fÊïia mSßia uy;d úiska ,xldjg

wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla wjYH njg úêu;a fm;aiula uq,a jrg hg;a úð; Ndr

f,alï fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,È' wk;=rej ;j;a ixúOdk lsysmhla fun÷ fm;aiï

bÈßm;a lr we;' my; rg ksIamdok ix.uh" y,dj; ix.uh yd hdmk ix.uh

tn÷ ix.ïj,g WÞyrK fõ' tu fm;aiï u.ska Y%S ,dxlslhka b,a,d isá m%Odk

b,a,Sï lsysmhla fufia h'

rEmh 4'1 -¡ fÊïia mSßia uy;d

� jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ ks, fkd,;a idudðl

msßi by< ±óu'

� jd¾.sl ksfhdack l%uh wfydais lsÍu'

� m<d;a no ksfhdack l%uh wkqj tA tA m<d;a

fjkqfjka Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka f;dard

.ekSug bv ie,iSu'

� jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ n,;, jeä lsÍu'

tjlg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fykaß uel,ï ,dxlslhkaf.a b,a,Sïj,g

úreoaO úh' fm;aiï bÈßm;a l< mqoa.,hka yd ixúOdk fmdÿ ck;dj ksfhdackh

fkd lrk njg Tyq ;¾l lf<a h' tfy;a wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla wjYH njg

u;= fjñka mej;s ;¾ldkql+, woyia fkd i,ld yeÍug hg;a úð; ld¾hd,hg

yelshdjla fkd ;snq‚' flda,anDDla wdKavql%uh fï jk úg jir 75lg jeä l,la

wdhq f.jd ;snQ neúka kj m%;sixialrKhla wjYH nj hg;a úð; ks,Odßka mjd

ms<s.;a nj fmfka' fï wkqj 1910 j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ ui § kj m%;sixialrKhla

,nd fok nj hg;a úð; f,alï úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' tjlg furg

wdKavqldrjrhd jQ fykaß uel,ïf.a ks¾foaY mokï lrf.k hg;a úð; f,alï

lDDõ idñjrhd ie,iqï l< tu wdKavql%uh lDDõ -¡ uel,ï wdKavql%uh f,i

ye¢kafõ'

lDDõ ¡ uel,ï wdKavql%uh 1910

1912 isg l%shd;aul jQ fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ


idudðl ixLHdj 21 olajd jeä lr ;snq‚' ks, ,;a 11 fofkl= yd ks, fkd ,;a

10 fofkl= thg we;=<;a úh' ks, fkd ,;a 10 fofkdf.ka 06 fofkla jd¾.sl

ksfhdackh wkqj kdulrKfhka m;a flß‚' b;sß 04 fokd hqfrdamShka fjkqfjka

fofofkl=" n¾.¾ wh fjkqfjka tla wfhl= yd W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka tla

wfhl= jYfhka iSñ; Pkao n,fhka f;dard m;a flßK'

1910 m%;sixialrKh

jHjia:dÞhl iNdj

ks, ,;a

11

ks, fkd ,;a

10

Pkao n,fhka

04

kdulrKfhka

06

hqfrdamSh

02

n¾.¾

01

W.;a ,dxlsl

01

lDDõ uel,ï m%;sixialrKfha lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'

� jHjia:dÞhl iNdjg m%:u jrg Pkao n,fhka ksfhdað;hka m;a lsÍug

bv ,eîu'

� W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka tla ksfhdað;fhl= tu iNdjg m;a ùu'

� ;jÿrg;a ks, ,;a msßi jHjia:dÞhlfha nyq;rh ùu'

fuu m%;sixialrKh hgf;a jHjia:dÞhlhg ksfhdað;hka m;a lsÍfï §

Pkao n,h y÷kajd §u jeo.;a mshjrls' tfy;a Pkao Þhlfhl= ùug úfYaI iqÿiqlï

wjYH jQ neúka Pkao n,h ysñ msßi iSñ; úh' W.;a ,dxlsl uka;%Sjrhd f;dard

.ekSug 1912 mej;s ue;sjrKfhka fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d jHjia:dÞhlhg

f;aÍ m;a úh'

wuoHm jHdmdrh 1912 - 1915

1910 wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKfhka ,dxlslhkaf.a b,a,Sï bgq ù fkd ;sì‚'

tA ms<sn| uOHu mka;slhka ;=< wm%idohla mej;=‚' tfukaa u 1912 jif¾ § rch


rd ;enEreï msysgqùug wjir foñka kj iqrdnÿ mk;la mekùu ksid wuoHm

Woaf>daIKhla wdrïN úh'

ì%;dkH md,k iufha rg ;=< uoHidr Ndú;h by< hdu ksid wd.ñl

mqkreo jHdmdrh ;=<ska wuoHm jHdmdrhl=;a wdrïN jQ wdldrh ;=kajk mdvfï §

úia;r flßKs' wd.ñl mqkreoh yd ne¢ wuoHm lghq;=j, wruqK jQfha uoHidr

Ndú;fha wksis úmdl ck;djg meyeÈ,s lr § Tjqka bka uqojd .ekSu hs' tfy;a

1912 wuoHm Woaf>daIKh rcfha iqrdnÿ m%;sm;a;shg tfrysj mek ke.=‚' tys

§ uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lf<a 1910 m%;sixialrKfhka ;u b,a,Sï fkd ,eîu

ksid wi;=gq jQ uOHu mdka;slhka h' fï ksid 1912 wuoHm Woaf>daIKh jvd;a

foaYmd,k keUqrejla iys; jHdmdrhla njg m;a úh' tu wuoHm Woaf>daIKfha

lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

� rcfha iqrdnÿ m%;sm;a;shg tfrysj uyck u;hla we;s lsÍug W;aidy ±Íu'

� uOHu mka;sl bx.%Sis W.;=ka yd wd.ñl mqkreofha l%shdldßlhka hk

fofldgi u tl wruqKlska lghq;= lsÍu'

� fld<U uOHu wuoHm iNdjla msysgqjd rg mqrd YdLd wdrïN lr wuoHm

iñ;s cd,hla f.dv ke.Su'

� wuoHm fõÈldfõ § wdKavqfõ lghq;= úfõpkh ùu'

1912 wuoHm Woaf>daIK ksid we;eï m%foaYj, iqrd ie,a jeiS .sh w;r

w¨f;ka iqrd ie,a msysgqùug ia:dk ,nd .ekSug;a ÿIalr jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' fufia

wuoHm jHdmdrfha lghq;= id¾:l ùu;a" wuoHm iñ;s yryd ck;dj ixúOdkh

ùu;a wuoHm fõÈldfõ § wdKavqj úfõpkh ùu;a ksid tu jHdmdrh wvmK lr

oeóug wdKavqj wjia:djla fidhñka isáfha h' fï w;r 1915 § uykqjr m%foaYfha

isxy, yd uqia,sï ck;dj w;r .egqula we;s úh' th isxy, ¡ uqia,sï flda,dy,h

f,i ye¢kafõ' .egqu jHdma; ùug bvyeß rch th wjia:djla lrf.k wuoHm

jHdmdrh u¾okh lsÍug fhduq úh' tys § rch wuoHm kdhlhka /ila w;a wvx.=jg

f.k isxy, mqj;a m;a lsysmhla o ;ykï lf<a h' fuu u¾okh yuqfõ wuoHm

jHdmdrfha lghq;= wvmK úh' tfy;a wuoHm lghq;= yryd foaYmd,khg meñKs

t*a' wd¾' fiakdkdhl" ã' tia' fiakdkdhl yd i¾ ã' î ch;s,l jeks kdhlfhda

miqj cd;sl kdhlhka jYfhka kula Èkd .;ay'

bkaÈhdkq cd;sl jHdmdrfha wdNdIh

19 jk ishji wjidkh jk úg ,xldj fuka u bkaÈhdj ;=<;a ì%;dkH

n,h jHdma; ù ;snq‚' fufia ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg m;aj ;snQ bkaÈhdj ;=<

20 jk ishji wdrïN jk úg m%n, cd;sl jHdmdrhla wdrïN úh' 1885 j¾Ifha isg

bkaÈhdkq kdhlfhda Yla;su;a Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhla Èh;a l<y' fuu Woaf>daIK


ksid 1918 jk úg ,xldjg jvd bÈßhg .sh wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK bkaÈhdjg

,nd §ug ì%;dkH md,lfhda lghq;= l<y' iqf¾kaøkd;a nek¾ð" nd,a .x.dOd¾"

;s,la" uy;aud .dkaê" cjy¾,d,a fkare jeks kdhlfhda ì%;dkHhkag úreoaO

Woaf>daIKj,g bkaÈhdkq ck;dj iyNd.s lrjd .ksñka —iajrdcH˜ fyj;a ksoyi

Èkd .ekSfï m%n, igkla l%shd;aul l<y' uy;aud .dkaê" cjy,a,d,a fkare jeks

kdhlfhda ,xldjg meñK furg ck;dj o weu;+y' uy;aud .dkaê;=ud 1927 §

,xldjg meñK Èk lsysmhla u furg /£ isáfha h'

rEmh 4'2 ¡ uy;aud .dkaê;=ud

bkaÈhdkq ksoyia igfka wdNdih ,xldjg;a

,enqKs' ì%;dkHhg fm;aiï bÈßm;a lsÍu yd

hg;a úð; Ndr f,alï iu. idlÉPd lsÍu jeks

l%shdud¾. jeo.;a foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK

Èkd .ekSug m%udKj;a fkd jk nj fï

ksid furg kdhlfhda f;areï .;ay' tA wkqj

1915ka miqj jvd ixúOdkd;aulj Woaf>daIK

fufyhùug furg kdhlhka lghq;= l< nj

fmfka'

,xld cd;sl ix.uh

rEmh 4'3 ¡ ã' î' ch;s,l uy;d

1915 j¾Ifha isxy, uqia,sï flda,dy,h

wjia:dfõ hqO kS;sh mekùu u.ska wdKavqj ck;dj

u¾okh lsÍu ksid md,k lghq;=j, § ,dxlslhkag

jeä n,;, ,nd .ekSfï wjYH;dj ;Èka u;= úh'

tfy;a 1919 jk úg;a furg foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK

fufyhùug fmdÿ ixúOdkhla ìysj fkd ;snqKs' fï

jk úg l=vd l=vd ixúOdk /ila ;snqKq kuq;a tu.ska

m%n, y~la ke.sh fkd yels úh' fï ksid tA jk úg

mej;s ixúOdk ish,a, tl;= fldg 1919 foieïn¾

ui ,xld cd;sl ix.uh msysgqjkq ,eî h' 1915ka

miqj furg foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK jHdmdrfha lemS

fmkqKq kdhlfhl= jQ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï

uy;d ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha m%:u iNdm;sjrhd

jYfhka m;a úh' fï jk úg foaYmd,k lghq;= ms<sn| Wkkaÿ jQ ish¨ ixúOdk

cd;sl ix.uh hgf;a tAldnoaO ù foaYmd,k n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,nd .ekSug

Yla;su;a Woaf>daIKhla fufyhùu cd;sl ix.uh msysgqùfï m%Odk wruqKla úh'

fmdÿ wruqKla fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu i|yd isxy," fou<" uqia,sï jeks úúO

ck fldgia ksfhdackh l< ixúOdk /ila ,xld cd;sl ix.uh f,i tl u

ixúOdkhla ;=<g tlai;a ùu furg b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djls'


ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh ^1920&

lDDõ uel,ï wdKavql%uh .ek iEySug m;a fkd ù ,dxlslhka úiska È.ska

È.g u fufyhjk ,o Woaf>daIK ksid 1920 § ,enqK fï m%;sixialrKh wkqj

jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ idudðl ixLHdj 37 olajd jeä flßKs' tu msßfika 14

fofkla ks, ,;a wh jQ w;r 23 fofkla ks, fkd ,;a ksfhdað;fhda jQy' ks,

fkd ,;a msßfika 7 fofkl= wdKavqldrjrhd úiska kdulrKfhka m;a lrk

,È' b;sß 16 fokd m<d;ano ksfhdack l%uh wkqj iSñ; Pkao n,fhka f;dard

.;ay' ks, fkd ,;a msßi jHjia:dÞhlfha nyq;rh jqj;a ;SrKd;aul wjia:djl

§ wdKavqldrjrhd kï l< 7 fokd o ks, ,;a 14 fokd iu. tl;= ùfï miqìula

mej;s fyhska jHjia:dÞhlfha wdKavqldrjrhdg mlaImd; nyq;r Pkaohla ;snqKs'

1920 m%;sixialrKh

ks, ,;a 14

kdulrKfhka 07 Pkao n,fhka 16

ks, fkd ,;a 23

jHjia:dÞhlh 37

1920 wdKavql%ufha lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

� jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ uq,ajrg ks, fkd ,;a nyq;rhla we;s ùu'

� m<d;ano ksfhdack l%uh y÷kajd §u'

� jd¾.sl ksfhdackh ;jÿrg;a l%shd;aul ùu'

fuu m%;sixialrKfhka jqj o wdKavqldrjrhdg mejreKq n,;, wvq fkd

ù h' ,xld cd;sl ix.ufha b,a,Sï o fkd i,ld yer ;snqKs' fï ksid ,dxlsl

kdhlfhda ;jÿrg;a Woaf>daIKj, ksr; jQy' ,xld cd;sl ix.uh uq, § fuu

m%;sixialrKh m%;slafIam lsÍug mjd ieriqKs' fï ksid flá ld,hlska ;j;a

wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla ,nd fok njg ú,shï ueksx wdKavqldrjrhd fmdfrdkaÿ

úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka 1924 § ;j;a wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla ,enqKs' th ueksx

fvfjdkaIh¾ m%;sixialrKh f,i o ye¢kafõ'


l%shdldrlu

,xld cd;sl ix.uh ìys ùug n,mE fya;= meyeÈ,s lrkak'

1924 wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh

fuu m%;sixialrKfhka jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ idudðl msßi 49 olajd jeä

flßKs' tu msßi ks, ,;a 12la yd ks, fkd ,;a 37la jYfhka m;a lsÍug lghq;=

flß‚' ks, fkd,;a 37ka 8 fofkl= wdKavqldrjrhdf.a kdulrKfhka m;a l<

w;r 29 fofkl= Pkao n,fhka m;a lsÍu jeo.;a lreKls' ks, fkd ,;a 12

fokd yd wdKavqldrjrhd m;a l< 8 fokd tl;= jqj o Pkao n,fhka m;a jQ

29 fofkl= isá neúka uyck Pkaofhka m;a jQ msßi tu iNdfõ nyq;rh ùu

fuu m%;sixialrKfha b;d jeo.;a ,laIKhls' wdKavqj mj;ajdf.k hdfï j.lSu

;jÿrg;a wdKavqldrjrhd fj; mejÍ ;snqK o jHjia:dÞhl iNdfõ mlaImd;

;SrKd;aul nyq;r Pkaohla Tyqg fkd ;sîu ksid tys n,h uyck ksfhdað;hkag

mejÍ ;snqKs' fï ksid fuu wdKavql%uh n,h yd j.lSu fjka l< wdKavql%uhla

njg m;a jQ w;r wdKavqj mj;ajdf.k hdfï § o ÿIalr;d u;= úh' ú,shï ueksxg

miqj furg wdKavqldr Oqrhg m;aj wd yshq la,sm¾â wdKavqldrjrhd fuu ;;a;ajh

hg;a úð; ld¾hd,hg ±kajQ fyhska ,xldjg meñK furg ;;a;ajh fidhd n,d

m%;sixialrK ks¾foaY lsÍu i|yd fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu m;a flßKs'

4'3 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh 1931

fvdkfuda¾ idñjrhdf.a m%Odk;ajfhka hq;= fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu 1927

j¾Ifha § furgg meñK ,dxlslhkaf.a idlals úuid n,d ks¾foaY l< wdKavql%uh

1931 isg l%shd;aul úh' th fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh f,i ye¢kafõ' fuf;la mej;s

úúO wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK w;r ,dxlslhkag ie,lsh hq;= foaYmd,k j.lSula

mejrE m%;sixialrKhla f,i fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ' th

ksoyi Èkd .ekSug .uka l< udjf;a jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla f,i o ie,lsh yels

h'

fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufha lemS fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla fláfhka i,ld

n,uq'


fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a idudðlhka 61 fofkl=f.ka hq;= jHjia:dÞhl

iNdjla msysgqúh' th rdcH uka;%K iNdj f,i ye¢kafõ' thg ksfhdað;hka f;dard

.;a wdldrh my; igyfkka ±lafõ'

rdcH uka;%K iNdj

m<d;a no Pkao

fldÜGdij,ska

50

rdcH ks,Odßka 03 wdKavqldrjrhd kï l<

08

rdcH uka;%K iNdj 61

rdcH f,alï

uqo,a f,alï

kS;s f,alï

rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uQ,dikh fydnjk ,oafoa tys idudðlhkaf.a

leu;af;ka f;dard .;a l:dkdhljrfhl= úisks'

i¾jck Pkao n,h

1912 j¾Ifha isg jHjia:dÞhlhg ksfhdað;hka f;aÍfï § Pkao n,h

l%shd;aul jqj;a Pkao ysñ ixLHdj b;d iSñ; úh' tA wkqj Pkao Þhlfhl= ùug

lsishï wdOHdmksl yd foam< iqÿiqlula wjYH úh' fï ksid ÿmam;a ck;djg Pkao

n,h ysñj fkd ;snqKs' 1924 j¾Ih jk úg;a furg Pkao Þhlhka ixLHdj 4]la

;rï iq`M m%;sY;hla ùfuka tu ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s fõ' tfia u ia;%Skag Pkao n,h

ysñj fkd ;sìKs' fufia ck.ykfhka wOHdmkh yd j;a fmdfydi;alï we;s

whg muKla Pkao n,h ysñ ùu ksid wvq wdÞhï ,nk ck;djf.a .eg¨ flfrys

foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh wju ù we;s nj fvdkfuda¾ fldñifï woyi úh'

tfia u rfÜ fmdÿ ck;djg Pkao n,h fkd ,eîu ksid foaYmd,k lghq;= flfrys

Tjqkaf.a Wkkaÿj wvq ù we;ehs o flduidßiajre fmkajd ÿkay' fï ksid wOHdmk

fyda j;a fmdfydi;alu ms<sn| iqÿiqlïj,ska f;drj jhi wjq 21g jeä ia;%S mqreI

ish¨ mqrjeishkag Pkao n,h ,nd Èh hq;= hehs flduidßiajre ks¾foaY l<y' 1931

j¾Ifha § ,dxlslhkag i¾jck Pkao n,h ,enqfKa tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' th

fmdÿ ck;dj ,enQ úYd, ch.%yKhla f,i ie,lsh yels h'

úOdhl ldrl iNd l%uh

fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrKj,g fmr jHjia:dÞhlh yd úOdhlh w;r

in|;dj wju ù ;snqKs' tfy;a fuu m%;sixialrK u.ska jHjia:dÞhl fuka u

úOdhl lghq;= ms<sn| n,hla o rdcH uka;%K iNdjg ,enqKs' ue;sjrKhlska miqj


rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ idudðlhka ldrl iNd 7lg fnÿKs' tu ldrl iNdj,g

wh;a úIh lafIa;% fufia h'

¾ iajfoaY lghq;=

¾ lDIsl¾uh iy bvï

¾ m<d;a md,kh

¾ fi!LH

¾ wOHdmkh

¾ .ukd.ukh yd fmdÿ jev

¾ lïlre l¾udka; yd fjf<|du

tla tla ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhd tA tA úIh lafIa;%h Ndr weu;sjrhd njg

m;a úh' fï ksid fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a ,dxlsl weu;sjre 7 fofkla ìys

jQy' tu.ska ,dxlslhkaf.a wjYH;d mßÈ tA tA wud;HdxY fufyhùug weu;sjrekag

yelshdj ,enqKs' rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § f.dú ckmo jHdmdrh" ksoyia

wOHdmkh jeks fmdÿ ck;djg n,mdk jeo.;a fhdackd /ila l%shd;aul lsÍug o

weu;s uKav,hg yelshdj ,eì‚'

wdKavqldrjrhd yd rdcH ks,OdÍka

óg fmr mej;s wdKavql%u yd ii|k úg fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a

wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,h fndfyda ÿrg wvq ù ;snqKs' wdKavqldrjrhd rdcH uka;%K

iNdj yd weu;s uKav,h iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l< hq;= úh' tfy;a rdcH

wdrlaIdj" uqo,a lghq;= yd kS;s lghq;= jeks b;d jeo.;a wxY ;jÿrg;a rdcH

ks,Odßka ;sfokd hg;g m;a lr ;sîu fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufha mej;s ÿ¾j,;djla

úh'

fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a ,dxlslhkag hï n,hla mejÍ ;snqK;a

wdKavqldrjrhd yd rdcH ks,Odßkag ;jÿrg;a rdcH md,kfha jeo.;a wxY /il

n,;, mejÍ ;snqKs' fï ksid 1931 isg u wdKavqldrjrhdf.a n,;, iSud lsÍu yd

rdcH ks,Odßkag mjrd ;snQ wud;HdxY ,dxlsl weu;sjrekag mejÍu wjYH njg

Woaf>daIKhla wdrïN úh' tys § rdcH uka;%K iNdj yd weu;sjre b,a,Sï bÈßm;a

lsÍfï § fmruqK f.k lghq;= l<y'

iQßh u,a jHdmdrh

fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh ixfYdaOkh lrjd md,k n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,nd

.ekSug weu;s uKav,h" rdcH uka;%K iNdj yd ,xld cd;sl ix.uh wdÈh f.k

4'4 ksoyi i|yd Woaf>daIK


.sh Woaf>daIKj,g wu;rj furg jdudxYslhka úiska o ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï

Woaf>daIKhla Èh;a lrk ,È' 1935 j¾Ifha § ,xld iuiudc mlaIh msysgqjd.;a

wdpd¾h weka' weï' fmf¾rd" wdpd¾h fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajd" jeks jdudxYsl

kdhlfhda ksoyi b,a,d f.k .sh Woaf>daIKj, m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd iQßhu,a

jHdmdrh fhdÞ .;ay'

rEmh 4'3 ¡ wdpd¾h fld,aúka

wd¾ o is,ajd uy;d

rEmh 4'4 ¡ wdpd¾h tka' tï'

fmf¾rd uy;d

iQßhu,a jHdmdrh wdrïN jQfha fmdms u,a jHdmdrhg

m%;súreoaO jYfhks' m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufhka wdndê;

ì%;dkH fid,aÞÿjkag yd mjq,aj,g wdOdr tl;= lr .ekSu

i|yd fmdms u,a úlsŒfï jHdmdrh wrïN lr ;snqKs'

fkdjeïn¾ 11 Èk hqoaO iduÞk Èkh f,i i,ld iEu

jirl u tÈkg fmdms u,a úlsŒu isÿ flßKs' Bg wu;rj

tÈk fm<md,s yd W;aij mj;ajd ì%;dkH wêrdcH flfrys

,xldfõ mlaImd;S;ajh fmkaùug o lghq;= flßKs'

fmdmsu,a úlsŒfuka ,efnk uqo,a ì%;dkHhg hjkq ,eî

h' 1926 j¾Ifha § ,xldfõ fiajd uqla; Ng ix.uh úiska

fmdms u,a úlsŒu isÿ l< Èk isg iQßh u,a úlsŒfï

jHdrhlaa o wdrïN lrk ,È' miqj jdudxYsl kdhlfhda

iQßhu,a jHdmdrhg iïnkaO jQy' tfia u iQßh u,a

úlsŒfuka ,efnk uqo,a furg ÿmam;a ck;djf.a Y=N

isoaêhg jeh flß‚' fmdmsu,a úlsŒfuka ,enQ uqo,a

ì%;dkHhg hejqKq neúka" tu u,a ñ, § .ekSu

wêrdcHjdohg mlaImd;s ùula njg m%pdrh l<

jdudxYslfhda iQßhu,a me<£u ksoyia igkg Þhl ùula

f,i m%pdrh l<y' fmdms u,a jy,a nfõ ,l=Kla nj;a"

iQßh u,a ksoyfia i,l=Kla njg;a f.k.sh m%pdr yryd

ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;s úfõpkh úh' fï wkqj iQßhu,a

jHdmdrh ksoyi i|yd f.k .sh Woaf>daIKj, m%pdrl

jHdmdrhla njg m;a úh'

wud;H uKav,h yd cd;sl ix.uh

1939 j¾Ifha § fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN ùu ksid hqoaO wjia:dfõ §

ì%;dkHhkag ,xldfõ iyfhda.h wjYH úh' fuys § weu;s uKav,h ì%;dkHhg

iyh §ug bÈßm;a jqj;a hqoaOh ksu jQ miqj kj wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKhla wjYH

njg Tjqyq lreKq ±lajQy' hqoaO wjia:dfõ § ,xldfõ wdrlaIl lghq;= mj;ajdf.k

hdug úfYaI wdrlaIl uKav,hla m;a l< w;r" tjlg lDIsl¾u wud;H ã' tia'

fiakdkdhl uy;d o tu uKav,hg iyNd.s úh' hqoaOh mej;s ÿIalr wjia:dfõ

§ weu;s uKav,h ,nd ÿka iyh ksid meyeÿKq furg ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd

we;=`M Wiia ks,Odßyq hqoaOh ksu jQ miqj ,dxlslhkaf.a b,a,Sï bgq jk wdKavql%u


rEmh 4'5 ¡ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d

m%;sixialrKhla ,nd fok f,i ì%;dkHhg ±kajQy'

tys m%;sM, jYfhka hï hï iSudjkag hg;aj ,xldjg

.e<fmk wdKavql%u jHjia:d flgqïm;la ms<sfh,

lsÍug furg wud;H uKav,hg n,h ,enq‚' 1944

§ weu;s uKav,h ieliQ tu flgqïm; wkqj furg

wNHka;r lghq;= ms<sn| iïmQ¾K n,h ,dxlslhkag

,efnk md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla fhdackd ù

;snq‚'

,xld cd;sl ix.uh o 1942 isg rgg ksoyi

,nd .ekSu ;u m%Odk wruqK njg m;a lrf.k

Woaf>daIKhl ksr; úh' cd;sl ix.uh fï ld,fha §

wud;H uKav,h iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lf<a h'

fida,anß wdKavql%uh

,dxlslhkaf.a b,a,Sï i,ld n,d weu;s uKav,fha jHjia:d flgqïm; o

ie,ls,a,g f.k kj wdKavql%uhla ms<sn| fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍug 1944 j¾Ifha §

fida,anß fldñiu m;a flß‚' 1945 § fida,anß fldñifï jd¾;dj m%ldYhg m;a

jQ w;r md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhla tu.ska fhdackd lr ;snq‚'

fida,anß wdKavql%uh fndfyda ÿrg wud;H uKav,h ieliQ flgqïm; yd

iudk úh' 1945 fkdjeïn¾ ui § rdcH uka;%K iNdj úiska jeä Pkao ixLHdjlska

fida,anß wdKavql%uh wkqu; lsÍu jeo.;a lreKls' fida,anß wdKavql%ufha iajNdjh

yd Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu ms<sn|j yhjk mdvfï § Tng jeämqr bf.kSug

,efí'

l%shdldrlu

my; ud;Dld ms<sn| flá igyka ,shkak'

rdcH uka;%K iNdj" úOdhl ldrl iNd" i¾jck Pkao n,h


5'1 wd¾Ól fjkiaùï

ye¢kaùu

ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lr .kakd úg È.= ld,hl

isg úldYkh fjñka wd md,k l%uhla" iudc wd¾Ól l%uh;a yd ixialD;shla

furg mej;=‚' tfy;a 1948 j¾Ifha § furg h<s ksoyi Èkd .kakd úg fï ish¨

wxYhkays m%n, fjkialï isÿj ;snq‚' Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hlaj mej;s

iufha § rg ;=< úYd, mßj¾;khla we;s jQ nj fuhska fmfka' 1815 j¾Ih jk

úg furg mej;s idïm%Þhsl rdcdKavq l%uh ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha § md¾,sfïka;=

wdKavql%uhla njg úldYkh jQ wdldrh óg by; mdvfï § meyeÈ,s flßK' tu

md,kh hgf;a Èjhsfka iudc wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl wxYhkays we;s jQ fjkialï

ms<sn|j fuu mdvfuka wjOdrKh flf¾'

Y%S ,xldfõ idïm%Þhsl wd¾Ól yd iudc l%uhg yd ixialD;shg moku ilia

jQfha wkqrdOmqr rdcH iuh ;rï wE; ld,hl § h' foajdkïmsh;siai rdcH iufha

isg nqÿ oyfï wdNdih u; f.dvke.=Kq tlS iudc wd¾Ól rgdfõ fjkialï we;s

ùu wdrïN jQfha 16 jk ishjfia mD;=.SiSkaf.a meñŒfuka miqj h' mD;=.SiSka uqyqÿnv

m%foaYj, n,h f.dvk.df.k isá ld,fha fjf<|du flfrys jeä wjOdkhla

fhduq lsÍu ksid Tjqka hgf;a mej;s m%foaYj, lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= ;rula wvmK

úh' furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ,kafoais n,h mej;s iufha ,kafoaiSyq wmkhkh

b,lal lrf.k" l=re÷" .ïñßia wdÈh j.d lsÍfï l%uhla wkq.ukh l<y' tfia

u ,kafoaiSka iq`M l¾udka; lsysmhla wdrïN l< fyhska ksu lrk jev fldgia

wkqj f.ùï lsÍu" jegqmg fiajh lrk lïlre msßila iq`M jYfhka fyda ìysùu

wdÈh o olakg ,efí' tfy;a mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka uqyqÿnv m%foaY wdY%s;j ;u

n,h f.dvk.d f.k isá iufha Èjhsfka úYd, m%foaYhl Wvrg rcOdksfha n,h

jHdma;j mej;s fyhska idïm%Þhsl iudc wd¾Ól rgdfõ mq`M,a fjkila we;s lsÍug

tlS hqfrdamShkag yelshdj fkd ,enq‚'

ì%;dkHhka Y%S ,xldj hg;a úð;hla njg m;a lr .kakd úg idïm%Þhsl

iudc wd¾Ól l%uh weiqfrka f.dvke.=Kq iudc l%uhla furg mej;=‚' tu

iudch ;=< m%N+ mka;shla isá w;r tu msßi rfÜ ck.ykfhka b;d iq`M msßils'

m%N+ mka;sh fndfyda úg rfÜ mßmd,k lghq;= fufyhjd we;' rfÜ w;snyq;r

ck;dj idudkH ckhd jQ w;r Tjqyq lDIsl¾udka;h u; hemqKy'

ì%;dkHhka hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ

iudc mßj¾;kh 05


furg idïm%Þhsl ck Ôú;h .u uQ,sl lrf.k ìysj ;snq‚' .fï ck;djg

wjYH wdydr mdk .u ;=< u ksIamdokh l< fyhska th .%dóh iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól

l%uhla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' wfkHdakH iyfhda.h yd iyÔjkh iudcfha

mej;=‚' tl, iudcfha jegqmg jev lsÍfï l%uhla olakg fkd ,eì‚' ;ukaf.a

f.dú;eka lghq;=j,g Y%uh jeh l< tla tla whf.a f.dú;eka lghq;= i|yd

wÞ< Èk .Kkaj,g iß,k fia ;u Y%uh ,nd §u fyj;a w;a;ï l%uh hgf;a

lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= isÿ úh' fï ksid iudcfha uqo,a Ndú;h wju ù ;snq‚'

.ï jeishkaf.a iq`M iq`M wdrjq,a yd iq`M meñ‚,s úNd. lrk ,oafoa .ï

iNdj úisks' .fï we< fõ,s ieliSu" jeõ wuqKq kv;a;=j" mdrj,a yd fjfyr

úydr ;ekùu jeks fmdÿ lghq;= fufyhùfï § .ï iNdjg jeo.;a ;ekla ,enq‚'

idïm%Þhsl rdcldß Y%u l%uh hgf;a .ï iNdjg wjYH Y%uh ,nd .; yels úh'

miqj .ï iNdj .fï iq`M wêlrK lghq;= úi|k wdh;khlaj mej;=‚'

1815 j¾Ihg fmr mej;s mßmd,k l%uh hgf;a rchg wjYH Y%uh ,nd

.;af;a rdcldÍ Y%u l%uh u.sks' tl, bvï N+la;s rdcldß l%uh yd wksjd¾h fiajd

rdcldß l%uh jYfhka Y%uh iemhSfï l%u folla ;snq‚'

w;S;fha rcqg wjYH fiajd imhk ks,OdÍkag hemSu i|yd bv lvï ,nd §

;sìK' fiajd mrfõ‚ bvï f,i y÷kajk ,o tlS bvï j.d l< wh rcqg wjYH

fiajh iemhQy' ks,OdÍkag ,enqKq fuu bvï j.d lsÍu idudkH ck;djg ,nd

§ ;snqKq w;r tlS bvï j.d lsÍu fjkqfjka fiajh u.ska Y%uh iemhSug tu

j.dlrejkag isÿ úh' th bvï N=la;s rdcldßh f,i ye¢kafõ'

rfÜ jeäysá msßñ ish¨ fokd u jirlg kshñ; Èk .Kkla lsisÿ f.ùulska

f;drj rcqg wjYH Y%uh iemhsh hq;= úh' .ï m%OdkSka yd .ïiNdj hgf;a tu Y%u

l%uh l%shd;aul flß‚' fndfyda úg .fï fmdÿ jevj,g wjYH Y%uh ,enqfKa

fuu wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldßh u.sks'

� flda,anDDla fldñifï wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK

bx.%SiSka furg md,kh lsÍfï § rcfha wdÞhug jvd úhou jeä ùu

flda,anDDla fldñiu tùug ;=vq ÿka m%Odk fya;=j úh' th wd¾Ól lreKla jQ

neúka bx.%SiSkaf.a wruqKqj,g .e<fmk wd¾Ól l%uhla furg ìys jk wdldrfha

m%;sixialrK /ila y÷kajd §ug flda,anDDla mshjr .;a nj fmfka' tjlg

rch uqyqK ÿka wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d uÕyrjd .ekSug kï wd¾Ól m%;s,dN w;a jk

wxY flf¾ Okh wdfhdackh l< hq;=j ;sìK' tfy;a rchg tA i|yd uqo,a fkd

;snQ neúka fm!oa.,sl jHjidhlhkag Okh wdfhdackh l< yels miqìula furg


f.dvke.Su flda,anDDla fldñifï wruqK ù ;sìK'

Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jQ idïm%odhsl bvï N+la;s l%uh fm!oa.,sl jHjidfha

ÈhqKqjg ndOdjla hehs ie,l+ neúka rch bvï úlsŒfï m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul l<

hq;= hehs flda,anDDla ks¾foaY lf<a h' fï wkqj úfoaYslhkag fuka iajfoaYlhkag o

leue;s m%%udKhla bvï ñ, § .ekSug wjia:dj ,eì‚' furg isá isú,a ks,OdÍkag

j;= j.djg wjir Èh hq;= hehs flda,anDDla ks¾foaY l< ksid rcfha bvï ñ, §

.ekSfï wjia:dj Tjqkag o ,enqKs'

bvï ñ, § .;a jHdmdßlhkag tAjd j.d lrùug Y%uh wjYH fõ' idïm%Þhslj

mej;s wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldÍ l%uh wkqj rcfha lghq;=j,g Y%uh ,nd.;af;a

uqo,a f.ùulska f;drj h' th fm!oa.,sl ksoyig ndOdjla jQjd fia u fm!oa.,sl

jHjidh l%uhg fkd .e<fmk nj o flda,anDDla ÿgqfõ h' fï ksid wksjd¾h

fiajd rdcldß Y%u l%uh wfydais lsÍug flda,anDDla fhdackd lf<a h' tA wkqj Y%uh

hkq lsishï uqo,lg ñ, § .; yels fohla njg m;a jQfhka jegqmg fiajh lrk

Y%ñlhka ìys ùug wjYH miqìu f.dvke.sK'

flda,anDDla furgg meñfKk úg mej;s wd¾Ól l%uh wkqj l=re÷ yd

¨Kq fjf<|du rcfha tAldêldrhla jYfhka mej;=‚' fufia rdcH tAldêldrhla

mj;ajdf.k hdu fm!oa.,sl jHjidh l%uh iu. fkd .e<fma' fï ksid l=re÷

yd ¨Kq tAldêldrh wfydais fldg fm!oa.,sl wxYhg;a tu lafIa;%j, jHdmdßl

lghq;=j,g fh§ug bv ie,iSug fhdackd flßK' tl, rcfha wdÞhï ud¾.

jQ ud`M noao" bvï noao" u;ameka noao wdÈh iDcq jYfhka wh l< nÿ j¾. úh'

WÞyrKhla jYfhka ±lajqjfyd;a w,a,k ,o ud`Mj,ska fldgila nÿ jYfhka

f.ùug isÿ ù ;snq‚' tA tA m%foaYfha nÿ wh lsÍfï whs;sh fjkafoais lr ;snQ

w;r fjkafoaisfhka tu whs;sh ñ, § .;a msßig ud`Mj,ska fldgila nÿ jYfhka

,nd §ug ëjrhkag isÿ úh' fufia w,a,k ,o ud¿j,ska fldgila nÿ jYfhka

,nd .ekSu fjkqjg fndaÜgqj,g n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍfuka tu noao jl%j wh lsÍug

fhdackd flß‚' bvï noao o iDcq noaola f,i mej;=‚' nÿ tl;= lsÍfï whs;sh

rch fjkafoaisfha úl=Kd ;snQ w;r tu whs;sh ñ, § .;a msßia bvïj, ksIamdok

øjHj,ska nÿ wh l<y' th wfydais fldg ish¨ bvïj,ska iudk noaola uqo,ska wh

lsÍug flda,anDDla ks¾foaY lf<a h'

Èjhsfka b;sß lsÍfï nexl=jla msysgqúh hq;= nj flda,anDDlaf.a ;j;a

fhdackdjls' j;= j.d lghq;=j,g Okh wdfhdackh lrk jHdmdßlhkag idOdrK

fmd<shlg uqo,a ,nd .ekSug bv i,id §u tys wruqK úh'


j;= j.dfõ ÈhqKqj

flda,anDDla fldñifï ks¾foaY 1833 j¾Ifha § l%shd;aul lsÍu;a iu.

furg mq`M,a wd¾Ól mßj¾;khlg u. ie,isK' fm!oa.,sl jHjidh Èßu;a lsÍu

flda,anDDlaf.a wd¾Ól m%;sixialrKj, wruqK jQj;a tA jk úg úYd, jYfhka

Okh wdfhdackh l< yels Okj;=ka msßila furg fkd isá fyhska úfoaYSh Ok

wdfhdaclhkag wlalr oyia .Kkska bvï ñ, § .ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚' fï

;;a;ajh flda,anDDla mjd ±k isáfha h'

,xldjg meñ‚ úfoaYslhka Okh wdfhdackh lf<a úfoaYSh fjf<|dfuka

,dN ,eìh yels jHdmdßl lDIsl¾udka;h flfrys h' fï ksid 19 jk ishji ;=<

j;= j.dfõ YS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'

fldams j.dj

,kafoaiSkaf.a md,k ld,fha § uqyqÿnv m%foaY lsysmhl iq`M jYfhka fldams

jeùu wdrïN jqj;a tl, l=re÷ j.djg m%uqL;ajh ,enqKq ksid fldams j.dj ÈhqKq

fkd ù h' bx.%SiSka Wvrgg meñfKk úg ia:dk lsysmhl f.j;= j.djla f,i

fldams jjd ;snq‚' fldams j.dj j;= j.djla f,i jvd;a ÈhqKq jQfha Tjqkaf.a md,k

iufha § h' 19 jk ishjfia fldams j.dfõ Wkak;shla we;s ùug ;=vq ÿka fya;=

lsysmhla mj;S'


fldams j.dj ÈhqKq ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhla

� 1833 flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miqj úfoaYslhka jeä

jeäfhka fldams j.djg Okh wdfhdackh lsÍu

� hqfrdamd fjf<|fmdf<a fldamsj,g we;s b,aü by< hdu

� fldams j.dfjka úYd, jYfhka ,dN ,eìh yels ùu'

� bkaÈhdkq Y%ñlhka f.kajd .ekSu ksid j;= j.djg ,dNÞhs

f,i Y%uh ,nd .; yels ùu'

tâjâ ndkaia wdKavqldrjrhdf.a ld,fha § fldamsj,g wh l< wmkhk noao

wvq lsÍu" j;= j.d lghq;=j,g Y%uh iemhQ lïlrejka wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldßfhka

ksoyia lsÍu wdÈh fldams j.dfõ Wkak;shg fya;= úh'

1837 ¡ -1847 j¾I w;r;=r ld,fha Wvrg m%foaYj, fldams j.dj fõ.fhka

me;sß‚' fï ld,fha § fldams j.dfjka úYd, jYfhka ,dN ,eìh yels jQ neúka

rcfha ks,OdÍyq mjd fldams j.d l<y' 1845 j¾Ih jk úg Wvrg m%foaYj, fldams j;=

500la ;rï mej;s nj jd¾;d fõ' fï ksid ÿïnr ñáhdj;" .ïfmd<" fmardfoKsh"

ud;f,a" nÿ,a, yd uOHu m<df;a fndfyda m%foaYj, id¾:lj fldams j.dj isÿ

úh' 1834 § wmkhkh l< fldams fydkavr m%udKh fuka mia .=Khla muK 1844

jirjk úg wmkhkh l< yels úh' tfy;a 1844ka miqj ì%;dkHh wkq.ukh

l< ksoyia fjf<| m%;sm;a;sh ksid ,kavka fjf<|fmdf<a furg fldamsj,g ±ä

;r.hlg uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' tfia u 1848 § muK we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól mßydksh

o furg fldams j.djg wys;lr f,i n,mEfõ h' fun`ÿ fya;= ksid fldamsj,g

we;s b,aü wvq ù 1848 muK jk úg fldams j;=j, jákdlu my< .sfha h' tfy;a

1850ka miqj ld¾hlaIu j;= md,kh ksid ksIamdok ñ, wvq lr .ekSug yels ùu;a

hqfrdamfha fldamsj,g ;snQ b,aü h<s by< hdu;a ksid tu j.dj h:d ;;a;ajhg

m;a úh' furg fldams j.dj mßydkshg m;a ùug m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha 1869 isg

fldams fld< frda.hla me;sr hdu hs' fyó,shd fjiag¾á%laia Hemilia Vestatrix& kï

tlS È,Sr frda.h YS>%fhka me;srhdu ksid fldams j.dj msßyq‚'

isxfldakd yd fldfldajd

furg fldams j.dj mßydkshg m;a fjñka mej;s iufha we;eï j.d lrefjda

isxfldakd j.djg yd fldfldajd j.djg fhduq jQy' tfy;a isxfldakd j.dj id¾:lj

l< yels jQfha jvd Wia ìïj, mu‚' isxfldakd hkq laúkska keue;s T!IOh

ksmoùug fhdÞ .;a fnfy;a me<Eáhla jQ fyhska tA i|yd mej;s b,aü o iSñ; úh'

fï ksid fldams j.djg úl,amhla jYfhka isxfldakd j.dj id¾:l fkd ù h'


fldams j.dj mßydkshg .sh wjêfha fldfldajd j.djg rcfhka wkq.%yh

,enq‚' fldfldajd id¾:lj j.d lsÍug fijK wjYH jQ ksid tA i|yd wu;r

úhoula ±Íug j.d lrejkag isÿ úh' fldfldajd jvd fyd¢ka j.d l< yels jQfha

o ud;f,a Èia;%slalfha mu‚' fldfldajd j.dj jvd;a id¾:lj mej;s ld,fha

mjd th wlalr 12000lg jeä m%foaYhl me;sr fkd ;snq‚' fï ksid fldamsj,g

úl,amhla f,i fldfldajd j.dj o id¾:l fkd jQ nj fmfka'

f;a j.dj

f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a fldams ñ, jßkajr by< my< hdu ksid Wvrg

m%foaYj, j.djg iqÿiq fjk;a fNda. ms<sn|j o w;ayÞne,Sï isÿ flre‚' f;a j.d

lsÍu ms<sn|j o tn÷ m¾fhaIK lsysmhla isÿ úh' 1867 j¾Ifha § jeú,slrejkaf.a

ix.uh j;=lrejka msßila weiEuhg hjd f;a j.dj .ek jeäÿr yeoEÍula isÿ

lr we;' fï w;r fÊïia fÜ,¾" ¨,al÷r j;af;aa wlalr lsysmhl f;a j.d lrñka

;j;a w;ayÞne,Sula isÿ lf<a h' fuu w;ayÞ ne,Sïj, m%;sM, jYfhka 1875 j¾Ih

jk úg wlalr 500l muK f;a j.dj jHdma; úh' fldams j.dfõ msßySu;a iu.

j.dlrejka fndfyda fofkla f;a j.djg fhduq jQ fyhska tu j.dj YSS>%fhka

me;=ß‚' 1894 j¾Ih muK jk úg furg f;a j.d ìï m%udKh wlalr ,laI 4la

muK ùfuka th meyeÈ,s fõ' Èjhsfka úh<s l,dmh yereKq úg wä 6000 olajd Wi

´kE u m%foaYhl f;a j.d l< yels neúka uOHu" W!j yd inr.uq m<d;a ;=< tu

j.dj me;sre‚' miqj ol=Kq yd niakdysr m<d;aj,;a f;a j.d flßK' 1930 j¾Ih

muK jk úg uOHu yd úYd, m%udKfha f;a j;= 1200la muK furg mej;s nj

jd¾;d fõ'


fufia j.dfõ jHdma;sh;a iuÕ f;a furg m%Odk wmkhk øjHhla njg

m;a úh' m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufhka miqj úYd, jYfhka f;a f;d. fjf<|fmd<g

meñŒu;a 1929 jif¾ we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól mßydksh;a jeks fya;= ksid tA tA

wjêj, f;aj,ska ,enqKq wdÞhu ;djld,slj wvq jqj;a miqj th h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a

úh'

f;a j.dfõ Wkak;shg n,mE fya;= lsysmhla:

� ,xldfõ f;a i|yd f,dal fj<|fmdf<a fyd| b,a¨ula mej;Su

� úh<s l,dmh yer fiiqq m%foaY fndfyduhl f;a j.djg WÑ;

mßirhla mej;Su

� kùk l¾udka;Yd,d yd hka;% iQ;% Ndú;fhka .=Kd;aul

Ndjfhka by< f;a ksmoùug furg iu;a ùu

� ud¾. myiqlï ÈhqKq ùu ksid m%jdyk myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq ùu'

� ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq lïlrejka f.k tAu ksid ,dnÞhs Y%uh ,nd

.; yels ùu'

fmd,a j.dj

fmd,a hkq w;S; ld,fha isg furg mej;s f.j;= j.djls' 1850 j¾Ih

muK jk úg fldams ñ, my< hdu ksid fmd,a j.dj ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla we;s úh'

hqfrdamShhkag jvd iajfoaYslhka fmd,a j.djg fhduq ùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

1880 j¾Ih muK jk úg fmd,a j;= ysñhkaf.ka 65]la muK ,dxlslfhda jQy'

fmd,a j.dj jHdma; jQfha o l÷lr m%foaYj,g jvd úYd, ;eks;,d iys;

m%foaYj, h' l=reKE.," y,dj; yd .ïmy jeks m%foaY tA w;ßka lemS fmfka' 1920

jk úg furg úfoaY úksuh bmehSïj,ska 27]la muK fmd,a ksIamdokj,ska ,enq‚'

fmd,a j.dj jHdma; jk úg ¨Kqú, fmd,a m¾fhaIKd.drhla msysgqjd j.dj ÈhqKq

lsÍug lghq;= flßK' furg fmd,a ksIamdokfhka wvla muK foAYSh mßfNdackhg

fhdÞ .;a fyhska th fjk;a j;= j.d fuka wmkhkh b,lal lr f.k isÿ l<

j.djla fkd jk nj fmfka' fldams yd f;a j.dj ksid l÷lr m%foaYj, uyd ud¾.

yd ÿïßh ud¾. ÈhqKq jQ whqßkaa fmd,a j.dj ksid tlS j.dj mej;s m%foaYj, o ud¾.

ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'


rn¾ j.dj

1877 j¾Ih muK jk úg rn¾ .i furgg y÷kajd fokq ,enQj;a tu

ld,fha jeú,slrejka f;a j.djg fhduq ùu ksid rn¾ j.dj fõ.fhka jHdma;

fkd ù h' 20 jk ishji wdrïN jk úg fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h ÈhqKq ù rn¾ ñ,

by< hdu;a Y%S ,xldjg .e<fmk rn¾ j¾. fidhd .ekSu yd ksIamdok Ys,am l%u

jeä ÈhqKq ùu;a" flá ld,Skj f;a ñ, my< hdu;a rn¾ j.dj jHdma; ùug fya;=

jQ nj fmfka' uq,a ld,fha § l`M;r Èia;%slalhg iSud jQ rn¾ j.dj miqj niakdysr"

inr.uqj" ol=K hk m<d;aj, yd uOHu m<df;a we;eï m%foaYj,;a me;sß‚' 1920

j¾Ih muK jk úg furg wmkhk wdÞhfuka 30]la muK rn¾ ksIamdokj,ska

,enq‚' miqj w.,j;a; m%foaYfha rn¾ m¾fhaIK wdh;khla msysgqjd rn¾ j.dj

ÈhqKq lsÍug wjYH mshjr .eksK'

l%shdldrlu

my; m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re imhkak'

»' flda,anDDla fldñifï wd¾Ól m%;sixialrK ;=kla ,shkak'

»»' ì%;dkHhka úiska furgg y÷kajd ÿka jd‚c fNdA. y;rla kï lrkak'

»»»' j;= j.dj furg jHdma; lsÍu i|yd .kq ,enQ mshjr folla meyeÈ,s

lrkak'

»¼' j;= j.dj ksid furg wd¾Ólhg isÿ jQ jdis yd wjdis fol ne.ska

i|yka lrkak


5'2 iudc fjkiaùï

uOHu mka;shla ìysùu

ì%;dkH md,k ld,h ;=< furg isÿ jQ iudc fjkiaùï w;r mer‚ m%N+

mka;sh wNdjhg f.dia kj uOHu mka;shla ìysùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

mer‚ m%N+ mka;sh hkq wd¾Ól

;;a;ajh" iudc ;;a;ajh yd

foaYmd,k n,h w;ska fiiq

ck;djg jvd úfYaIfhka lemS

fmkqKq msßils' ie,lsh hq;=

bvï ysñlula ;snQ Tjqyq by<

wdÞhula ,enQ w;r mj;akd

md,khg mlaImd;Sj lghq;=

lsÍfuka rcfha ks, ;, ±rE

msßila o jQy'

fï ;;a;ajh ksid

iudcuh jYfhka Tjqyq fiiq

ck;djf.a f.!rjhg yd

ie,ls,a,g ,la jQy' mdrïmßl

m%N+ mka;sh f,i ie,lsh yels

fuu msßi ro,hka jYfhka o

y÷kajkq ,efí'

flda,anDDla m%;sixialrK u.ska furg Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uhlg moku

ieliqKq neúka idïm%odhsl Ofkdamdhk ud¾. fjkqjg Okh Wmhd.; yels

w¨;a ud¾. /ila újD; úh' j;= j.dj uq,a lrf.k ìys jQ fuu wd¾Ól l%uh

yuqfõ j;=lrhg wjYH foa imhk fldka;%d;alrejka f,i lghq;= lsÍu" wrlal=

ksIamdokh yd fnÞ yeÍu fyj;a wrlal= f¾kao lghq;=" ñksrka l¾udka;h" f;d.

yd is,a,r fjf<|du" m%jdyk lghq;= yd fmd,a j.dj wd§ iajfoaYslhkag o Okh

wdfhdackh l< yels jHdmdr ìys úh' fï ksid 20 jk ishji wdrïN jk úg by;

jHdmdrj,g uqo,a fhdojd Okh Wmhd.;a iajfoaYSh Okj;a;= msßila ìys jQy' fuu

Okj;a mka;sh ;u ¥ orejkag furg § fuka u úfoaYhkays o Wiia wOHdmkhla

,nd §ug Okh jeh l<y' ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha § kS;S{ ffjoH" bxðfkare"

ñkskafodare" ,smsldr" isú,a fiajh jeks w¨;a /lshd wjia:d cks; ù ;snq‚' bx.%Sis

rcfha Èidm;sjrfhla yd Wvrg m%OdkSka

kj uOHu mka;slhka msßila


wOHdmkh u.ska fun÷ /lshdjkag we;=`M ù Wiia Ôjk ;;a;ajhla fuka u by<

iudc ms<s.ekSula o ,nd .; yels úh' fï ksid th uOHu mka;shg we;=`M ùfï

;j;a fÞrgqjla njg m;aj ;sì‚'

ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha újD; jQ w¨;a Ofkdamdhk ud¾.j,ska uqo,a Wmhd.;a

jHdmdßl msßila fuka u bx.%Sis wOHdmkfhka rcfha ;k;=re ,nd.;a W.;a;=

msßila o ìys jQy' fuu msßi wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh w;ska fiiq ck;dj w;r fjfiiska

lemS fmkqKq fldgila neúka Tjqka uOHu mka;sh jYfhka y÷kajkq ,efí' 20

jk ishji wdrïN jk úg fï uOHu mka;sh ìys ùu;a iu. mer‚ m%N+ mka;sh

wNdjhg .sfha h'

w¨f;ka ìys jQ uOHu mka;sfha isá W.;a;= foaYmd,k jYfhka o l%shdldÍ

fldgila njg m;a jQy' 20 jk ishjfia furg foaYmd,k Woaf>daIKj, fmruqK

.kakd ,oafoa Tjqka úisks' W.;a uOHu mka;sh jYfhka y÷kajk fuu msßi ngysr

wOHdmkh ;=<ska hï iudc ;;a;ajhla ,nd .;a wh fõ' tneúka Tjqyq ngysr

ixialD;sh wkq.ukh lrk Okj;a k.r jeishka msßila njg m;a jQy'

lïlre mka;shla ìys ùu

ì%;dkH md,k iuh ;=< we;s jQ wd¾Ól fjkialï ksid furg lïlre

mka;shla ìysùu o lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' furg mej;s idïm%Þhsl md,kh

hgf;a rcfha fmdÿ lghq;= i|yd wksjd¾h fiajd rdcldß l%uh wkqj Y%uh ,nd

.;a neúka jegqmg jev lrk msßila ìys fkd jq‚' tfy;a ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha

Wvrg m%foaYj, j;= j.dj wdrïN jQ fyhska j;=j, fiajh lsÍug lïlrejka wjYH

úh' fï wjêh jk úg bkaÈhdj o ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hlaj mej;s neúka b;d wju

jegqmlg ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka lïlrejka f.kajd .ekSu jvd;a ,dNÞhs úh' tneúka

j;= md,lhka úiska oyia .Kkska ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq lïlrejka furgg f.kajk

,È' fï ksid Wvrg m%foaYh wdY%s;j lïlre ck;djla ìys ùug u. ie,iq‚'

w¨f;ka we;s jQ wd¾Ól fjkialï ksid fld<U" .d,a," uykqjr jeks k.r

wdY%s;j nvq nEu" megùu" frÈ fia§u" lr;a; u.ska NdKav m%jdykh" uxudj;a yd

ÿïßh ud¾. ;ekSu jeks fiajd i|yd Y%ñlhka wjYH úh' fï ksid bkaÈhdkq j;=

lïlrejkag wu;rj kd.ßl m%foaY wdY%s;j iajfoaYSh lïlre msßila o ìys úh'

uq,a ld,fha § lïlrejkag ysñ jQfha b;d wju jegqmls' jev lrk meh .Kk

o ksYaÑ; fkd ù h' lïlre rlaIK" jkaÈ l%u fyda fjk;a Y=N idOk lghq;=

o fkd ;snq‚' fï ksid kd.ßl lïlrefjda jD;a;Sh ix.ï msysgqjd .ksñka ;u

whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSug ixúOdkh jkakg jQy' tfia u tA tA lafIa;%j, lïlrejka

w;r tluq;=lula f.dvkef.kakg jQ fyhska ;u ;;a;ajh ÈhqKq lr .ekSug


Tjqyq jevj¾ck lsÍug;a fm<UqKy' uqøK lïlre jev j¾ckh" fld<U frÈ

fidaokakkaf.a jev j¾ckh" lr;a;lrejkaf.a jev j¾ckh wdÈh 20 jk ishji

wdrïNfha we;s jQ lïlre igkaj,g WÞdyrK fõ'

20 jk ishjfia f;jk oYlh jk úg lïlrefjda jvd fyd¢ka ixúOdkh

jkakg jQy' tA' B' .=Kisxy uy;d kd.ßl lïlrejka tfia ixúOdkh lsÍug

fjfyiqKq wfhls' 1922 j¾Ifha isg 1935 muK f;la fyf;u furg lemS fmfkk

lïlre kdhlhd úh' 1922 § .=Kisxy uy;df.a mqfrda.dó;ajfhka ,xld lïlre

ix.uh msysgqùu furg jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdrfha lemS fmfkk wjia:djls'

fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh mej;s ld,fha § ,xld iuiudc mlaIfha kdhlfhda

jD;a;Sh ix.ï msysgqjñka lïlre whs;sjdislï Èkd .ekSfï igkaj,g kdhl;ajh

ÿkay' fï ld,fha § furg j;= lïlrejka w;r o jD;a;Sh ix.ï msysgqùug

kdhl;ajh imhk ,oafoa kfâi whsh¾ uy;d úisks'

ixialD;sl fjkiaùï

ì%;dkH md,k ld,h ;=< iudc fjkiaùïj,g iu.dój furg ixialD;sl

lafIa;%fha o fjkialï /ila isÿ úh' ngysr ixialD;sh rg ;=< me;srhdu tA

w;ßka lemS fmfka' flda,anDDla m%;sixialrKj,ska miqj bx.%Sis NdId wOHhkh

yd ngysr wOHdmkh fõ.fhka jHdma; úh' fndfyda úg ñIkdß mdi,a yd rcfha

wkq.%yh ,enQ mdi,aj, úIh ks¾foaY ieliqfõ yd b.ekaùï lghq;=j, ksr; jQfha

o úfoaYslhka h' fï ksid tn÷ mdi,a ;=<ska o ngysr ixialD;sh me;srhdug u.

ie,isKs' wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd úfoaY.; jQjka u.ska o ngysr ixialD;sfha we;eï

wx. furg me;sß‚'

19 jk ishji ;=< j;= j.d jHdma;sh" fjf<|du ÈhqKq ùu" .ukd.uk

lghq;= yd ikaksfõok lghq;=j, we;s jQ ÈhqKqj ksid hqfrdamShfhda jeä jeäfhka

furgg meñKshy' fï ksid Tjqkaf.a iudc Yd,d" ksjdvq ksfla;k wdÈh ìys jQ

w;r tn÷ fya;= o ngysr ixialD;sh rg ;=< me;sr hdug bjy,a úh' fufia úúO

idOlj, n,mEu ksid ngysr we÷ï me,÷ï" isß;a úß;a" wdpdr iudpdr úê" ngysr

.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh" wdydr mdk" furg ixialD;sh iu. ñY% úh'

l%shdldrlu

ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furg ixialD;shg tl;= jQ kj wx. ms<sn|

,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'


5'3 ì%;dkH md,kh ksid Wreu jQ m%fhdackj;a wx.

Y%S ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hlaj mej;s ld,fha § furg foaYmd,kh yd

wd¾Ól lghq;= uq`Mukska u yiqrejk ,oafoa wêrdcHjd§kag jdis ,nd .; yels jk

wdldrfhks' fï ksid jir 133l muK ld,hla ,xldj ì%;dkHhkaf.a iQrdlEug

,la úh' tu ld,h ;=< furáka bmehQ w;súYd, OkialkaOhla ì%;dkHhka úiska

;u rgg f.k hk ,o w;r Èjhsfka iïm;a ish,a, o Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d bgq lr

.ekSu fjkqfjka lem flßKs' tn÷ miqìula hgf;a jqj o ì%;dkH md,kh ksid

Wreu jQ hym;a wx. lssysmhla mj;sk nj o i|yka l< hq;= fõ' Bg WÞyrK

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

� cd;Hka;r NdIdjla jk bx.%Sis NdId ±kqu rg ;=< me;sÍu

� .ukd.uk lghq;= yd ikaksfõok lghq;= ÈhqKq ùu

� wmkhk jeú,s fNda. y÷kajd §u

� ld¾ñl úma,jfha n,mEu furgg ,eîu

� md¾,sfïka;= wdKavq l%uh

5'4 wys;lr n,mEï

ì%;dkH md,kh ksid m%fhdackj;a wx. lsysmhla furgg Wreu jqj;a jir

133l muK ld,hla fkd lvjd úfoaY wêrdcHhl iQrd lEug ,la jQ cd;shla

jYfhka ksoyi Èkd .kakd úg rg ;=< .eg¨ /ila Woa.;j ;snq‚' fuu ld,h

;=< foaYSh Okj;=ka iq`M msßila ìys jQj;a ksoyi Èkd .kakd úg rfÜ w;snyq;r

ck;dj ÿmam;=ka njg m;aj ;snq‚' fufia wdÞhu fn§ hdfï m%n, úIu;djla

mej;s w;r uy ck;djf.a fmdÿ fiajd yd Y+N idOk lghq;= by< kexùfï ±ä

wjYH;djla o u;=j ;sì‚' wêrdcHjd§ md,khlg hg;aj ;sîu ksid Wreu jQ

;j;a wx. lsysmhla WÞyrK jYfhka my; ±lafõ'

� ngysr ixialD;sl wx. rg ;=< me;sÍu yd idïm%Þhsl ixialD;sl ,laIKj,

hï msßySula we;s ùu'

� uoHidr Ndú;h rg mqrd jHdma; ùu

� bvï wysñ ck;djla ìys ùu

� idïm%Þhsl iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uh ì| jeàu yd foaYSh ±kqu fndfyda

fihska wNdjhg hdu

� .ï iNd jeks m%fhdackj;a wdh;k úkdY ùu'


Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu06

ye¢kaùu

1948 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîu furg b;sydifha jeo.;a

ixêia:dkhls' tA iuÕ u md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%uhla ,enqKq neúka

ksfhdað; m%cd;ka;%jdoh u.ska foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g iïnkaO ùfï wjia:dj

,dxlslhkag ysñ úh' 1972 yd 1978 hk jirj, kj wdKavql%u jHjia:d y÷kajd§u

u.ska foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha ;j;a fjkialï /ila isÿ úh' ksoyfika miqj f.jqKq

oYl lsysmh ;=< furg foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha lemS fmfkk ,laIK fuka u

wd¾Ól yd iudÔh lafIa;%j, isÿ jQ j¾Okhka ms<sn|j jeä ÿr f;dr;=re o fuu

mdvfuka wjOdkhg ,laa flf¾'

6'1 fida,anß m%;sixialrK yd ksoyi ,eîu

Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ms<sn| fidhd n,d wjYH ks¾foaY

bÈßm;a lsÍug ì%;dkH wdKavqj úiska m;a lrk ,o fida,anß fldñifï

idudðlfhda 1944 foieïn¾ ui Èjhskg meñ‚hy' 1945 j¾Ifha iema;eïn¾ ui

fida,anß fldñifï jd¾;dj m%ldYhg m;a flreKq w;r rfÜ wNHka;r lghq;=

ms<sn| mQ¾K n,;, ,dxlslhkag ,efnk wdKavql%uhla tu.ska ks¾foaY lr

;snq‚' tu jd¾;dfõ lreKq we;=<;a Oj, m;%sldj furg rdcH uka;%K iNdj

úiska ms<s.kq ,eîfuka miq fida,anß wdKavql%uh ms<sn| rdcd×j 1946 uehs udifha

§ ì%;dkH úiska ksl=;a lrk ,È' fida,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a meje;aúh hq;= m%:u

md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh 1947 jir ueo meje;aùug kshñ;j ;snqKq kuq;a ,xldjg

ksoyi ,nd §u .ek tf;la ì%;dkHfhda lsis ÿ m%ldYhla isÿ fkd l<y' fï ksid

ksoyi ,nd .ekSug ,dxlslhkag we;s whs;sh ms<sn| ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d

we;=`M furg kdhlfhda ì%;dkHhg ;¾ldkql+,j lreKq bÈßm;a l<y' tA wkqj

ue;sjrKhg udi follg fmr úfYaI m%ldYhla l< hg;a úð; Ndr f,alïjrhd

ì%;dkH fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h we;=<; ksoyia rgl ;;a;ajh ,xldjg ,nd fok

nj ksfõokh lf<a h' fï jk úg ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska tlai;a cd;sl

mlaIh msysgqjd ;snq‚' 1947 wf.daia;= ui mej;s m%:u md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfha

m%;sM,h my; ±lafõ'


1947 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,

foaYmd,k mlaIh ch.%yKh l< wdik ixLHdj

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh 42

,xld iuiudc mlaIh 10

øúv ix.uh 07

,xld bkaÈhdkq ix.uh 06

fnd,afIúla f,kska mlaIh 05

,xld fldñhqksÜia mlaIh 03

lïlre mlaIh 01

iajdëkj ;r. l< wfmalaIlhka 21

tl;=j 95

fuu ue;sjrKfhka tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh md¾,sfïka;=fõ jeä wdik

ixLHdjla Èkd .;a neúka iajdëk wfmalaIlhka /ilf.a iydh ,nd .;a ã' tia'

fiakdkdhl uy;d wdKavqjla msysgqùug lghq;= lf<a h' 1946 j¾Ifha isg u furg

wNHka;r lghq;= ms<sn| md,k j.lSu ,dxlslhkag mjrd §ug ì%;dkH wdKavqj

leu;s jqj;a úfoaY lghq;= ;jÿrg;a ;uka w; u mj;ajd .ekSfï iQÞkula Tjqkag

;snq‚' Èjhsfka N+f.da,Sh msysàu" wdrlaIl yd hqoaO lghq;= w;ska jeo.;a jQ fyhska

furg iuÕ mej;s in|;d iïmQ¾Kfhka u ì| ±óug ì%;dkH wdKavqj wlue;s

ùu thg fya;= úh' ì%;dkHfha fuu wNs,dIh f;areï .;a kj w.ue;s ã' tia'

fiakdkdhl uy;d" 1947 fkdjeïn¾ udifha § ì%;dkH wdKavqj iu. wdrlaIl yd

ndysr lghq;= ms<sn| .súiqï folla w;aika ;eîug lghq;= lf<a h'

wdrlaIl .súiqu wkqj wjYH wjia:dj, § ì%;dkHfha kdúl" .=jka yd fiiq

hqoaO lghq;=j,g furg N=ñh Ndú; lsÍug bv ,nd §ug tlÕ úh' ndysr lghq;=

ms<sn| .súiqu wkqj ksoyia rgla jYfhka ,xldj cd;Hka;r in|;d w¨f;ka

f.dvk.d .ekSfï § ì%;dkHfha iydh furgg ,nd§ug leue;a; m%ldY úh'

wk;=rej furgg ksoyi ,nd §u ms<sn| lreKq we;=<;a ,xld iajdëk;d mk;

ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lrk ,È' tu mk; l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn|

úêúOdk we;=<;a ,xld iajdëk;d rdcd×j 1947 foieïn¾ 19 Èk ksl=;a flre‚'

1948 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 04 Èk isg tlS úê úOdk l%shd;aul ùu;a iu. Y%S ,xldjg

kej; jrla ksoyi ,enq‚' tA wkqj Y%S ,xldj fjkqfjka kS;s mekùug yd furg

md,k lghq;= f.k hdug ì%;dkH wdKavqjg ;snQ n,h wjika ù tu n,;, ,xld

wdKavqjg ,enq‚' 1948 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 10 Èk kj md¾,sfïka;=j W;aijdldrfhka

újD; flreKq w;r w.ue;s ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska bx.%Sis Och my;

fy<d h<s isxy Och Tijk ,È' fï wkqj fmnrjdß 04 Èk" Y%S ,xldfõ ksoyia

Èkh njg m;a úh'


fida,anß wdKavql%uh

1931 j¾Ifha isg 1947 olajd mej;s fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%ufhka miqj fida,anß

wdKqvql%uh l%shd;aul úh' 1972 ckrc wdKavql%u jHjia:dj olajd th mej;=‚'

fida,anß wdKavql%uh hgf;a rcfha lghq;= f.k hdu i|yd w.%dKavqldr Oqrh"

w.ue;s m%Odk leìkÜ uKav,h" md¾,sfïka;=j yd wêlrKh jYfhka wdh;k

y;rla y÷kajd § ;sfí'

w.%dKavqldrjrhd

tf;la mej;s wdKavqldr ;k;=r wfydais fldg tx.,ka; lsÍgh ksfhdackh

ùu ms‚i w.%dKavqldr ;k;=r ia:dmkh flßK' kj wdKavql%uh hgf;a jqj o

ì%;dkH /ðk ;j ÿrg;a ,xldfõ kdhsldj jYfhka ms<s.;a neúka /ðkf.a furg

ksfhdað;hd jYfhka wd.%dKavqldrjrhd lghq;= lf<a h' w.%dKavqldr ;k;=r

uq`Mukska u kduud;% úOdhl ;k;=rla jQ w;r Tyq ish lghq;= fufyhùfï § yeu

úg u w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßÈ l%shd l< hq;= úh'

md¾,sfïka;=j

fida,anß wdKavql%uh wkqj jHjia:dÞhl lghq;= i|yd uyck uka;%S

uKav,h yd fifkÜ iNdjlska hq;= oaúuKav, md¾,sfïka;=jla msysgqjkq ,eì‚'

uyck uka;%S uKav,h fyj;a ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h 101 fofkl=f.ka iukaú;

úh' tu msßfika 95 fofkl= Pkao fldÜGdi moku wkqj uyck Pkaofhka

f;dard .;a w;r ksfhdackh fkdjQ iq`M cd;Ska fjkqfjka w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg

wd.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska b;sß 6 fokd m;a lrk ,È' md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld,h

jir 5la úh'

fifkÜ iNdj jYfhka ye¢kajQ W;a;r uka;S% uKav,h fyj;a fojk uka;%S

uKav,hg idudðlfhda 30 fofkla wh;a jQy' ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h úiska

15 fofkl= m;a lrk ,o w;r w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßÈ w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska

b;sß 15 fokd m;a lrk ,È'

w.ue;s m%Odk leìkÜ uKav,h

w.ue;sjrhd leìkÜ uKav,fha m%Odkshd úh' ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,fha

uka;%Skaf.a nyq;r iyfhda.h ,efnk ;eke;a;d w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska w.ue;s

;k;=rg m;a lrk ,È' fuu wdKavql%uh hgf;a úOdhl lghq;= leìkÜ uKav,hg

mejß‚' wdrlaIl yd úfoaY lghq;=" w.ue;sjrhd hgf;a mej;sh hq;= úh' weu;s

uKav,h m;a lsÍu w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßÈ w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska isÿ lrk ,È'


wêlrK weu;s ;k;=r iy ;j;a tla weu;s ;k;=rla j;a fifkÜ iNd

idudðlhkaf.ka m;a l< hq;=j ;sìK' tx.,ka; md¾,sfïka;= iïm%Þh wkqj

leìkÜ uKav,h iduQyslj md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lSug ne£ isáfha h'

wêlrK lghq;=

fida,anß wdKavql%uh wkqj fY%aIaGdêlrKh we;==`M wêlrK moaO;shla u.ska

wêlrK lghq;= meje;aúh hq;= úh' w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska w.% úksYaphldrjrhd

we;=`M fY%aIaGdêlrK úksYaphlrejka m;a lrk ,È' w.% úksYaphldrjrhd m%uqL

wêlrK fiajd fldñiu u.ska wêlrKhg iïnkaO úksYaphlrejkaf.a md,k

lghq;= fufyhúh hq;= úh'

Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh

foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh hkq md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;kak%jdoh mj;sk iEu rgl

u ±lsh yels wksjd¾h ,laIKhls' tx.,ka;h" weußldj jeks rgj, uq,a ld,fha

±lsh yels jQfha m%Odk mlaI folla mu‚' tfia m%n, foaYmd,k mlaI folla

mej;Su oaúmlaI l%uh f,i ye¢kafõ' m%xYh" c¾uksh jeks hqfrdamd rgj, fuka

u bkaÈhdj" Y%S ,xldj jeks wdishd;sl rgj, foaYmd,k mlaI /ila olakg ,efí'

tfia mlaI rdYshla mej;Su nyq mlaI l%uh f,i ye¢kafõ'

foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh ksid tA tA mlaIfha m%;sm;a;s u; ck;dj

ixúOdkh lsÍu yd mlaIfha u;h ck;dj w;rg f.khdu myiq ù we;' tfia

u md¾,sfïka;= m%cd;ka;%jdoh uyck ksfhdað;hka u.ska f.k hk md,khla

neúka foaYmd,k{hka yd Pkao Þhlhka w;r in|;dj f.dvke.Sug o mlaI l%uh

wjYH fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI msysgqùu wdrïN jQfha ì%;dkH md,k iufha

§ h' 1931 j¾Ifha § furgg i¾jck Pkao n,h ,enqKq kuq;a 1947 jk f;la u

ue;sjrKj, § mlaI l%uh ie,ls,a,g fkd .ekq‚' furg ue;sjrKhl § uq,ajrg

mlaI l%uh Ndú; jQfha 1947 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhl § h' tu ue;sjrKh jk

úg ,xld iuiudc mlaIh" tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh" ,xld fldñhqksÜia mlaIh" øúv

ix.uh jeks mlaI /ila ìysj ;snq‚'

,xld iuiudc mlaIh

,xld iuiudc mlaIh hkq furg jvd;a mer‚ u foaYmd,k mlaIhla

f,i ie,lsh yels h' ì%;dkH md,k iufha § wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd úfoaY .; jQ

wdpd¾h weka' weï' fmf¾rd" wdpd¾h fld,aúka wd¾' o is,ajd" ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok jeks

kdhlfhda úfoaYj, § jdudxYsl foaYmd,kfha wdNdih ,nd tu woyia furgg

.e<fmk fia l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd 1935 j¾Ifha § ,xld iuiudc mlaIh msysgqjd

.;ay' jdudxYsl foaYmd,k u;jdo wkqj Y%S ,xldj ;=< iudcjd§ iudchla ks¾udKh


lsÍu i|yd wjYH foaYmd,k lghq;= fufyhùu iuiudc mlaIh msysgqùfï uQ,sl

wruqKla úh' miqj tu mlaIfhka leã .sh msßila úiska fÞia;r tia' tA' úl%uisxy

uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka 1943 j¾Ifha § ,xld fldñhqksÜia mlaIh msysgqjk ,È'

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh

1946 j¾Ih jk úg jdudxYsl foaYmd,k mlaI lsysmhla yd iq`M ck mlaI

lsysmhla ìysj ;snqK;a furg uOHia: foaYmd,k{hka i|yd mlaIhla ìysj fkd

;snq‚' 1947 § m%:u md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh o meje;aùug kshñ;j ;snQ neúka

ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka 1946 j¾Ifha § tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh

msysgqù h' tjlg mej;s ,xld cd;sl ix.uh yd tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl

uy;d msysgqjd ;snQ isxy, uyd iNdfõ idudðlfhda /ila tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg

tl;= jQy' fï ksid tu mlaIh wdrïNfha isg u Yla;su;a foaYmd,k mlaIhla

njg m;aj ;snq‚' 1947 ue;sjrKhg wfmalaIlhka 95 fofkla bÈßm;a fldg wdik

42la ch .ekSug tu mlaIh iu;a úh' wk;=rej 1952 § mej;s fojk md¾,sfïka;=

ue;sjrKfha § o wdik 54la Èkd wdKavq n,h ,nd .ekSug tu mlaIhg yelshdj

,enq‚'

Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh

tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl uy;d tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfhka bj;aj

1951 § Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh msysgqù h' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg jvd idudkH

ck;djf.a wjYH;d .ek ie,ls,a,la ±lajQ fuu mlaIhg iajNdId W.;=ka" NslaIQka

jykafia,d yd foaYSh;ajh w.h l< msßiaj, iydh ,enq‚' 1952 ue;sjrKhg

bÈßm;aj md¾,sfïka;= wdik 9la Èkd.;a tu mlaIh ;j;a foaYmd,k lKavdhï

/ila tl;= lrf.k uyck tlai;a fmruqK kñka 1956 ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a

ù wdik 51la Èkd wdKavqjla msysgqùug iu;a úh' tA wkqj 1956 isg 1959 olajd

nKavdrkdhl uy;d furg w.ue;sjrhd jYfhka lghq;= lf<a h' 1959 j¾Ifha §

nKavdrkdhl uy;d >d;kh ùfuka miqj t;=udf.a ìß| isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl

ue;s‚h mlaI kdhsldj njg m;a jQjd h'

fjk;a foaYmd,k mlaI

rg mqrd u ue;sjrKj,g wfmalaIlhka bÈßm;a l< by; i|yka mlaI

yereKq úg ksoyig fmr wjêfha § mjd ;j;a iq`M mlaI lsysmhla msysgqjd ;snq‚'

tA' B' .=Kisxy uy;d msysgqjd ;snQ lïlre mlaIh" Ô' Ô' fmdkakïn,ï uy;d

msysgqjd ;snQ øúv ix.uh tn÷ mlaIj,g WÞyrK fõ' fï w;ßka 1956 ue;sjrKh

olajd øúv ix.uh tA w;r lemS fmfkk mlaIhla úh' furg fou< ck;djf.a

whs;sjdislï ms<sn| oeä Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ tu mlaIhg 1947 ue;sjrKfhka wdik


07la ,enq‚' 1949 j¾Ifha § tia' fÊ' ù fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d fmvr,a mlaIh

msysgqùu;a iuÕ øúv ix.uhg ,enqKq ck;d iydh wvq jQ nj fmfka'

,xldfõ mj;sk foaYmd,k mlaI l%uh wkqj tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh yd Y%S

,xld ksoyia mlaIh keu;s m%Odk mlaI folg wu;rj ;j;a iq`M mlaI /ila mj;sk

neúka md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKj, § tla mlaIhlg fyda nyq;r wdik ixLHdjla Èkd

.; fkd yels wjia:djka ;sfí' fï ksid mlaI lsysmhla tl;= ù ixOdk ìys lr

.ekSu yd tu.ska iNd. wdKavq msysgqùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

1956 ue;sjrK yd iudc fmr<sh

ksoyfika miqj wLKavj n,fha isá tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh mrojd 1956

j¾Ifha § tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã nKavdrkdhl uy;d hgf;a w¨;a wdKavqjla n,hg

m;a úh' kj n,fõ. /ila nKavdrkdhl uy;d jgd tAlrdYS ù ;sîu;a foaYSh

NdIdj wd.u yd ixialD;sh w.h l< m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu;a tf;la

fkd úi÷k iudc wd¾Ól .eg¨ /ilg úi÷ï §ug m%h;ak ±Íu;a jeks fya;= ksid

tu rch hgf;a iudc fmr<shla isÿ úKehs u;hla ;sfí'

1947 ue;sjrKfhka n,hg m;a w.ue;s ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d 1952

ud¾;= udifha ñh .sh fyhska Tyqf.a mq;a vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=rg

m;a úh' 1952 ue;sjrKfhka kej; jrla tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh md¾,sfïka;=fõ

jeä wdik ixLHdjla Èkd .;a fyhska vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d h<s;a w.ue;s

;k;=rg m;a úh' tfy;a iy,a yd wdydr øjHj, ñ, by< hdu fya;=fjka 1953

wf.daia;= udifha § jdudxYsl mlaI úiska fufyhjk ,o y¾;d,a jHdmdrhla ksid

vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=frka b,a,d wia úh' fuu wjia:dfõ §

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha fcHaIaG idudðlfhl= jQ fcdaka fld;,dj, uy;d w.ue;s

;k;=rg m;a úh' kshñ; md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh 1957 uehs udifha § meje;aúh

hq;= jqj;a w.ue;s fcdaka fld;,dj, uy;df.a Wmfoia mßÈ w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska

1956 fmnrjdß udifha § md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yßk ,È' fï ksid ue;sjrKhlg

wjia:dj WÞ úh'

1956 ue;sjrKfha § tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ;ks mlaIhla jYfhka ;r. l<

w;r Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh ;j;a mlaI lsysmhla iu. tl;= ù uyck tlai;a

fmruqK jYfhka ;r. lf<a h' tA wkqj Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh" ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok

uy;d kdhl;ajh ±rE úma,jldÍ iuiudc mlaIh" úchdkkao oykdhl uy;d

msysgqjd ;snQ NdId fmruqK yd whs' tï' wd¾' tA' Bßhf.d,a, uy;d we;=`M iajdëk

wfmalaIlhka msßila jYfhka mlaI lsysmhla yd iajdëk mqoa.,hka tl;= ù uyck

tlai;a fmruqK msysgqjdf.k ;snq‚' uyck tlai;a fmruqK ,xld iuiudc mlaIh

iu. ks;r. .súiqula we;s lrf.k ;sîu tu mlaI folg u jdishla úh'


1956 ue;sjrK fõÈldfõ m%Odk ud;Dldjla njg m;a jQfha isxy, NdIdj

rdcH NdIdj lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh hs' ksoyfika miqj jqj o bx.%Sis NdIdjg úfYaI

;ekla ,eîu ksid iajNdId W.;a;= fndfyda .eg¨j,g uqyqK ÿkay' fï ksid

uyck tlai;a fmruqK jgd tl;= jQ n,fõ. ue;sjrKhg fmr isg u isxy, rdcH

NdIdj úh hq;= hehs m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka ms<sf.k ;snq‚' tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh o

ue;sjrKh wdikakfha § tu m%;sm;a;shg tlÕ úh'

ue;sjrKfha § iÕ" fjo" .=re" f.dú" lïlre hk mxpuyd n,fõ.j,

jeä iydh uyck tlai;a fmruqKg ,eîu;a mlaI lsysmhla tl;= ù fmruqKla

jYfhka ;r. lsÍu;a jdudxYsl mlaI iu. ks;r. .súiqula we;s lrf.k ;sîu;a

jeks fya;= ksid uyck tlai;a fmruqKg myiq ch.%yKhla ,enq‚' by; i|yka

l< mßÈ tu fmruqKg wdik 51la ,enqKq w;r ,xld iuiudc mlaIhg wdik 14la

ysñ úh' fuys § tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg ,nd .; yels jQfha md¾,sfïka;= wdik 08la

mu‚' fmvr,a mlaIh wdik 10lska ch .ekSug iu;a úh'

uyck tlai;a fmruqfKa ch.%yKh;a iuÕ tia' ví,sõ' wd¾' ã'

nKavdrkdhl uy;d w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a úh' t;=ud w.ue;s Oqrh ±rE ld,h

furg b;sydifha lemS fmfkk wjêhls' tu ld,fha § wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s

yd y÷kajd ÿka m%;sixialrK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

rEmh 6'2 nKavdrkdhl uy;df.a leìkÜ uKav,h


� isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj njg m;a lsÍu

� ì%;dkHh iuÕ 1947 w;aika fldg ;snQ wdrlaIl yd ndysr lghq;=

ms<sn| .súiqï wfydais lsÍu

� f,dalfha n, l|jqrej,g fkd ne÷Kq uOHia: úfoaY m%;sm;a;shla

wkq.ukh lsÍu

� jrdh yd nia cki;= lsÍu m%uqL cki;= jHdmdr

� foaYSh l¾udka; yd lDIsl¾uh ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu

� Wiia wOHdmkfha Wkak;sh i|yd úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka

úYajúoHd, njg m;a lsÍu

nKavdrkdhl uy;d l%shd;aul l< ue;sjrK jHdmdrh ksid furg

idudkH ck;dj w;ßka ìys jQ kdhlhka /ilg ue;sjrKfhka ch.%yKh fldg

md¾,sfïka;=jg msúiSug wjia:dj ,enq‚' tfia u t;=udf.a md,k ld,fha §

foaYSh;ajh w.h l< m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍu;a tf;la fkd úi÷Kq fmdÿ ck

.eg¨ flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu;a lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

1972 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldj ckrchla njg m;a ùu

1948 j¾Ifha isg 1972 olajd jQ ld,fha § fida,anß wdKavql%uh furg

l%shd;aul úh' tu wdKavql%uh hgf;a ì%;dkH /ðk kdñlj furg rdcH kdhlhd

ùu;a kS;s mekùfï § md¾,sfïka;=j wkq.ukh l< hq;= hï hï iSudjka olajd

;sîu;a jeks fya;= ksid furg ,enQ ksoyi wx. iïmQ¾K ù fkd ;snq‚' fï ksid

fida,anß wdKavql%uh l%shd;aul jQ wjêfha isg u tu wdKavql%uh fjkia fldg kj

wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh l< hq;= hehs woyia u;= fjñka ;snq‚' tfy;a

fï ms<sn| M,Þhs l%shdud¾.hla wdrïN jQfha 1970 ue;sjrKh;a iu.sks'

1970 ue;sjrKhg uqyqK §ug Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh" ,xld iuiudc

mlaIh yd ,xld fldñhqksÜia mlaIh tlaj iu.s fmruqKla msysgqjdf.k ;snq‚'

tu mlaI ks;r. .súiqula hgf;a iu.s fmruqKla jYfhka ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a

úh' ue;sjrKfhka f;aÍ m;a jk uka;%Sjrekag jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hla

jYfhka /iaj kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍug iu.s fmruqK

ksl=;a l< ue;sjrK m%ldYkfhka ck jrula b,a,d ;snq‚' fuu ue;sjrKfhka

md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r wdik ixLHdjla Èkd .;a iu.s fmruqK kj wdKavqjla

msysgqùh' tA wkqj isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl ue;s‚h w.ue;s ;k;=rg m;a jQjd h'

by; lS ck jru wkqj lghq;= l< tu wdKavqj úiska 1972 uehs 22 Èk kj

wdKavql%u jHjia:djla y÷kajd fok ,È' th 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj jYfhka

ye¢kafõ'


1972 wdKavql%u jHia:dfõ uQ,sl ,laIK lsysmhla

� tf;la ,xldj hkqfjka ye¢kajQ furg Y%S ,xldj hk kdufhka ye¢kaùu

� ì%;dkH wêrdcH iu. mej;s jHjia:dkql+, ne£ï wjika lsÍu

� Y%S ,xldj tAlSh ckrchla nj ms<s.ekSu

� ck;djf.a uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs; lsÍu

uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 18 jk j.ka;sfha uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï yd

kka jeoEreï ksoyi .ek i|yka fõ' tys i|yka lreKq lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

� kS;sh mis|,Su" l%shd;aul lsÍu yd kS;sfha /ljrKh i¾j idOdrK

úh hq;= h'

� kS;shg wkql+,j ñi mqoa.,fhl=f.a m%dKhg" ksoyig fyda

iqrlaIs;Ndjhg ydks fkd l< hq;= h'

� iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u is;Sfï ksoyig" yDo idlaIHfha ksoyig yd

wd.ñl ksoyig whs;sh ;sfí'

� mqrjeishkag iduldój /iaùug yd woyia m%ldY lsÍug ksoyi ;sfí'

fufia uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka u ms<s.ekSu

jeo.;a lreKls'

ckdêm;s ;k;=r

fida,anß jHjia:dj hgf;a mej;s

w.%dKavqldr ;k;=r fjkqjg kj jHjia:dfjka

kdñl úOdhl ckdêm;s ;k;=r y÷kajd

ÿkafka h' ckdêm;sjrhd m;a lsÍfï n,h

w.ue;sjrhdg ysñ úh' tf;la mej;s

wdKavql%uh hgf;a w.%dKavqldrjrhdg ysñ

jQ n,;, kj jHjia:dfjka ckdêm;sjrhdg

,enq‚' tjlg w.%dKavqldrjrhd jYfhka

lghq;= l< ú,shï f.dm,a,j uy;d furg

m%:u kdñl úOdhl ckdêm;s ;k;=rg m;a

flßK' rEmh 6'3 Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u kdñl úOdhl

ckdêm;s ú,shï f.dm,a,j


cd;sl rdcH iNdj

1972g fmr md¾,sfïka;=j hkqfjka ye¢kajQ jHjia:dÞhl iNdj fjkqjg

kj jHjia:dfjka cd;sl rdcH iNdj ia:dms; flß‚' cd;sl rdcH iNdj uyck

Pkaofhka m;a jQ ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; úh' ck;dj i;= jHia:dÞhl n,h

fuu iNdj u.ska l%shd;aul flß‚' Y%S ,xldj i|yd kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï mQ¾K

n,h cd;sl rdcH iNdj i;= úh' cd;sl rdcH iNdfõ ks, ld,h jir 6ls'

w.ue;s iy wud;H uKav,h

fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a úOdhl n,h l%shd;aul lsÍu wud;H uKav,h

fyj;a leìkÜ uKav,h fj; mejßK' wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd w.ue;sjrhd

úh' ckdêm;sjrhd úiska w.ue;sjrhd m;a lrk ,o w;r w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia mßÈ

ckdêm;sjrhd úiska fiiq weu;sjreka m;a l< hq;= úh'

wêlrKh

1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a hqla;sh mis|,Sfï lghq;= i|yd wêlrK

moaO;shla msysgqù h'

fY%aIaGdêlrKh

uydêlrKh

Èid wêlrKh

ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh

wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrKh

fuu wêlrK moaO;sfha m%Odk u wdh;k fol jQfha fY%aIaGdêlKh yd

uydêlrKh hs' tA tA Èia;%slalj, isú,a kvq úi£u Èid wêlrKj,g mejre‚'

wmrdO kvq úksYaph lsÍug tA tA ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKj,g mjrd ;snq‚' wêlrK

fiajfha iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId jk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wêlrK fiajd WmfoaYl

uKav,h yd wêlrK fiajd úkh uKav,hla msysgqjd ;snq‚' lïlre Widú tu

uKav, u.ska l%shd;aul úh'

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ms<sn| .eg¨ ksrdlrKh yd md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a

flfrk mk;a flgqïm;a wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkql+, ±hs mÍlaId lsÍu wdÈh

i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrK msysgqjd ;snq‚'


1978 kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj

1977 j¾Ifha cQ,s udifha mej;s ue;sjrKfhka cd;sl

rdcH iNdfõ uka;%S wdik 168ka 140la u Èkd .ekSug

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh iu;a úh' fuu ue;sjrKfhka

øúv tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqKg wdik 18la ,enqKq

w;r Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIhg ,nd .; yels jQ wdik

ixLHdj 08la úh' Bg wu;rj ,xld lïlre ix.uhg

tla wdikhla yd iajdëk uka;%Sjrhl=g tla wdikhla

,enq‚' fufia tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg ;=fkka follg;a

jeä nyq;r wdik .Kkla ,enqKq neúka tys kdhl fÊ'

wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d ld,hl isg wfmalaId l< mßÈ

úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh iys; wdKavql%u jHjia:djla

iïmdokh lsÍug wjia:dj ,enq‚' 1978 j¾Ifha isg

tu kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj l%shd;aul úh'

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj Y%S ,xldj" Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§

ckrch hkqfjka ye|skafjk w;r th talSh rdcHhla nj oelafõ' jHjia:dj

wdrïNfha § u ck;d mrudêm;Hh .ek i|yka fldg we;' ck;dj i;=

jHjia:dÞhl n,h" uyck Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jk uka;%Sjreka úiska o cku;

úpdrKhl § ck;dj úiska o l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí'

ck;dj i;= úOdhl n,h" ck;dj úiska f;dard m;a lrkq ,nk

ckdêm;sjrhd úiska l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí'

ck;djf.a wêlrK n,h" jHjia:dj wkqj msysgqjd we;s wêlrK moaO;sh

u.ska l%shd;aul fõ'

fuu jHjia:dfõ lemS fmfkk wxY lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrh

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 30 jk j.ka;sh wkqj Y%S ,xld ckrcfha

ckdêm;sjrhd rcfha m%Odkshd o úOdhlfha m%Odkshd o wdKavqfõ m%Odkshd o

ikakoaO fiajdjkays fiakdêkdhlhd o fõ' fï wkqj ckdêm;s Oqrh mQ¾K úOdhl

n,;, iys; rcfha by< u úOdhl ;k;=r njg m;aj ;sfí' fuu jHjia:dj wkqj

ckdêm;sjrhd" ckdêm;sjrK Pkao úuiSul § ck;d Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a fõ'

ckdêm;sjrhdf.a Oqr ld,h jir yhls'

rEmh 6'4 fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok

uy;d


ckdêm;sjrhd i;= n,;,

md¾,sfïka;=j le|ùu" jdrdjidk lsÍu" uy ue;sjrKhlska miqj

meje;afjk ux., md¾,sfïka;= /iaùfï uq,iqk ±Íu" wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh

bÈßm;a lsÍu yd md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍu i|yd ckdêm;sjrhdg n,h ;sfí'

fï wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhl= fkd jQj;a jHjia:dÞhlh yd

iïnkaO n,;, lsysmhla Tyqg ysñj we;'

w.ue;sjrhd m;a lsÍu" weu;sjreka m;a lsÍu" weu;sjrekag úIh yd ld¾h

mejÍu we;=¿ wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu ckdêm;sg mejÍ

we;' fï wkqj úOdhlfha kdhlhd ckdêm;s fõ'

w.% úksYaphldr;=ud we;=`M fY%aIaGdêlrKh yd wNshdpkdêlrKfha

úksYAphldrjreka m;a lsÍu" wêlrKhlska jrolre l< ;eke;af;l=g iudj §u"

o~qjï ,sys,a lsÍu jeks wêlrK lafIa;%fha n,;, m%udKhla o ckdêm;s i;= h'

rdcH kdhlhd jYfhka o ckdêm;sjrhdg n,;, /ila ysñj we;' hqoaOh

yd iduh m%ldY lsÍu" rdcH W;aijj, uq,iqk ±Íu" cd;Hka;r jYfhka ckrch

ksfhdackh lsÍu" rdcH uqødj Ndrfha ;nd .ekSu" tn÷ n,;,j,g WÞyrK fõ'

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj ckdêm;sjrhdg úreoaOj ljr lreKla fyda

iïnkaOfhka wêlrKhl kvq mejÍu l< fkd yels h' th ckdêm;s Oqrh i;=

úfYaI jrm%idohls'

w.ue;s yd wud;H uKav,h

� md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;%Sjreka w;=ßka wud;H uKav,h m;a lsÍu ckdêm;s i;=

n,hls'

� 1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a w.ue;s i;= jQ n,;," fuu jHjia:dj hgf;a" weu;s

uKav,fha kdhlhd jk ckdêm;s i;= fõ'

� wud;H uKav,h iduQyslj md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lsj hq;= h'

� wud;H uKav,hg mejreKq ksYaÑ; ld¾hhka mej;Su' WÞyrK (-

� md¾,sfïka;=j úiska mkjk ,o kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍu'

� tA tA wud;HdxYj, wh jeh weia;fïka;= yd w;=re wh

jeh ieliSu'

� wud;Hjrekag mejreKq tA tA úIh Ndrj lghq;= lsÍu'


md¾,sfïka;=j

1972 jHjia:dj hgf;a cd;sl rdcH iNdj jYfhka ye¢kajQ jHjia:dÞhl

uKav,h fjkqjg fuu jHjia:dj u.ska md¾,sfïka;=j ia:dms; flßK'

md¾,sfïka;=j uka;S%jreka 225 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; fõ' uka;%Sjre 196 fofkl=

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh wkqj uyck Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jk w;r tA tA mlaI

,enQ Pkao ixLHdfõ wkqmd;h wkqj b;sß 29 fokd cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka f;dard m;a

lr .efka' md¾,sfïka;=j i;= n,;, lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

� kS;s mekùu

� uqo,a mßmd,kh

� wh jeh ilia lsÍu

� ixj¾Ok ie,iqï iïmdokh

wêlrKh

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqj iajdëk wêlrK moaO;shla y÷kajd§ug

wjYH mshjr f.k we;' wêlrK wdh;k ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

fY%aIaGdêlrKh

wNshdpkdêlrKh

uydêlrKh

Èid wêlrKh

mjq,a wêlrKh

ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh

m%d:ñl wêlrKh

wêlrK moaO;sh wkqj Èjhsfka W;a;Í;r yd wjidk wêlrK n,h ysñ

Widúh fY%aIaGdêlrKh fõ' fY%aIaGdêlrKfha m%Odkshd jk w.%úksYaphldrjrhd

yd tu wêlrKfha ish¨ úksYaphlrejka o wNshdpkdêlrKfha úksYaphldrjreka

o ckdêm;sjrhd úiska m;a lrkq ,efí' uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| kvq úi£u"

ckdêm;sg tfrysj md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a flfrk fodaIdNsfhda. ms<sn| mÍlaId

lsÍu" md¾,sfïka;= jrm%ido lvlsÍï ms<sn| fpdaokd úuiSu" Pkao fm;aiï ms<sn|

wêlrK lghq;= lsÍu wdÈh fY%aIaGdêlrKhg wh;a ld¾hhka iuyrls' my<

wêlrKj,ska ,ndfok ;Skaÿj,g tfrysj bÈßm;a jk wNshdpkd kvq úi£fï

n,h wNshdpkdêlrKh i;= fõ'


wêlrKfha iajdëk;ajh

/flk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍug

yd úksYaphldrjrekaf.a

wmlaImd;S;ajh /l .ekSu

i|yd wêlrK fiajd

fldñIka iNdjla msysgqjd

we;' w.% úksYaphldr;=ud

tys iNdm;s;ajh ork

w;r fY%aIaGdêlrKfha ;j

úksiqrefjda fofofkla

o tys idudðl;ajh

or;s' uydêlrKfha

úksYaphlrejkaf.a ia:dkudre

lsÍfï n,h" wêlrK

ks,Orhkaf.a mqyqKqùï" Wiia lsÍï we;=`M úkh md,k lghq;= wêlrK fiajd

fldñIka iNdjg mejÍ we;'

uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ;=kajeks mßÉfþofha uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn|

úia;r fõ' 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg jvd uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| mq`M,aj yd

úia;rd;aulj ú.%y lr ;sîu fuys úfYaI ,laIKhls'

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ms<sf.k we;s uQ,sl whs;Ska w;r kS;sh bÈßfha

iudk;ajfhka ie,lSfï ksoyi" l:d lsÍfï yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi" jO

ysxidj,ska ñ§ isàfï ksoyi" leu;s wd.ula" ,íêhla fyda úYajdihla ±Ífï ksoyi"

leu;s jD;a;shla" /lshdjla lsÍfï ksoyi wdÈh we;=<;a fõ'

1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg jvd bÈßhg hñka 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 126

jeks j.ka;s m%ldrj tlS uQ,sl whs;sjdislï yd kka jeoEreï ksoyi W,a,x>khùu

fyda lvùug wdikak wjia:djl udihla we;=<; hful=g fY%aIaGdêlrKhg

fm;aiula f.dkq l< yels nj úia;r fõ' fulS whs;sjdislï lv ù we;s kï

fY%aIaGdêlrKh tA ms<sn| mÍlaId fldg iqÿiq ;SrKj,g t<fò'

rdcH fiajfha kshq;= ks<OdrSka úiska isÿlrKq ,nk uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

W,a,x>kh lsÍu yd fjk;a widOdrK l%shdldrlï .ek md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia

fyj;a Tïnqâiaukajrhd fj; meñ‚,a,la bÈßm;a lrñka iyk ,nd .ekSug o

jHjia:dfjka m%;smdok i,id we;'

rEmh 6'5 fY%aIaGdêlrKh


1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ i|yka Pkao úuiSï l%u

ckdêm;sjrKh

ckdêm;sjrKhl § Y%S ,xldj u tl u Pkao fldÜGdihla njg m;a fõ'

m%ldYs; Pkao ixLHdfjka ksh; nyq;rhla fyj;a 50] blaujQ Pkao m%udKhla ,nd

.kakd wfmalaIlhd ch.%yKh lrhs'

1978 jk úg w.ue;s Oqrfha isá fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d furg m%:u

úOdhl ckm;s f,i kï flßK' bka miqj ckdêm;sjrKhla mj;ajk ,oafoa 1982

§ h' tu ckdêm;sjrKfhka fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d kej; jrla ckdêm;s Oqrhg

f;aÍ m;a úh' jHjia:djg wkqj jir yhl Oqr ld,fhka jir y;rla .;jQ miqj

kej; fojk jrula b,a,d ckdêm;sjrKhlg fhduq úh yels nj 1978 wdKavql%u

jHjia:djg lrk ,o fojeks ixfYdaOkh u.ska y÷kajd ÿKs' fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok

uy;dg miqj ms<sfj,ska rKisxy fm%auÞi" ã' î' úfÊ;=x. ^ckdêm;sjrKhlska m;a

fkd ú‚& pkaøsld l=udr;=x." uyskao rdcmlaI yd ffu;%smd, isßfiak hk uy;au

uy;aóyq úOdhl ckdêm;s Oqrhg m;a jQy'

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hkq 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka y÷kajd

ÿka ;j;a kjdx.hls' md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka" m<d;a iNd uka;%Sjreka yd m<d;a

md,k wdh;k i|yd ksfhdað;hka f;dard m;a lr .kq ,nk ish¨ ue;sjrKj, §

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh fhdÞ .efka'

fuu ksfhdack l%uhg wkqj wfmalaIlhka lKavdhï jYfhka bÈßm;a fõ'

úúO Pkao fldÜGdi i|yd f;dard .kakd uka;%Sjreka .Kk ue;sjrKhg fmr

m%ldY flfrk w;r Pkao Þhlhka Pkaoh Ndú; lsÍfï § wÞ< mlaIhg Pkaoh

,nd § bÈßm;a lr we;s wfmalaIlhdg ukdmh igyka l< hq;= h' tys § tA tA mlaI

,nd .;a Pkao ixLHdjg wkqmd;slj mlaIhg ysñ wdik .Kk ;SrKh jk w;r

wfmalaIlhka ,nd .;a ukdm m%udKh wkqj tA tA wfmalaIlhdg ch.%yKh ysñ fõ'

cku; úpdrKh

cd;sl jeo.;alulska hq;= lreKla iïnkaOfhka iDcqj u uyck u;h

,nd .kakd l%uhla f,i cku; úpdrKh ye¢kaúh yels h' 1978 jHjia:dj u.ska

uq,ajrg cku; úpdrK l%uh furgg y÷kajd § we;'

fuys § tla kshñ; lreKla i|yd ;u wNsu;h zTõZ fyda zke;Z f,i m%ldY

flfrk m%Yakhlg ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu isÿ fõ' 1982 § furg cku; úpdrKhla


meje;aùfï w;a±lSu ,o w;r th fuf;la mej;s tl u cku; úpdrKh fõ'

tf;la mej;s md¾,sfïka;=fõ ks, ld, iSudj §¾> lr .ekSu i|yd tu cku;

úpdrKh meje;aú‚'

cku; úpdrKhlg bÈßm;a flfrk lreKla ck;dj úiska wkqu; lrk

,o nj ms<s.ekSug kï fok ,o j,x.= Pkao ixLHdfjka 50]lg jeä Pkao ixLHdjla

,nd .; hq;= h'

6'2 ksoyfika miq ixj¾Ok lghq;=

1948 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,enqKq fyhska tf;la l,a ì%;dkH

wêrdcHjd§kaf.a hym; fjkqfjka yiqrejd ;snQ furg wd¾Ólh" rfÜ ck;djf.a

wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka yeisrùfï j.lSu furg foaYmd,k{hka fj;g mejre‚'

ksoyfika miqj f.jqKq oYl y;r ;=< furg m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fol jk

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh yd Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh l,ska l, n,fha isá w;r tA

iEu wdKavqjla u rfÜ wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lr we;' fuys § rfÜ

lDIsl¾udka;h yd l¾udka; lafIa;%h ÈhqKq lsÍug yd wOHdmk ;;a;ajh by<

kexùug wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾. lssysmhla ms<sn| fidhd n,uq'

lDIsl¾udka; ixj¾Okh

w;S;fha isg u furg lDIsld¾ñl rgla jQ neúka ck;djg wjYH wdydrmdk

rg ;=< u ksIamdokh lsÍu isÿ úh' tfy;a jir 133la ;=< mej;s ì%;dkH md,k

ld,fha § j;= j.djg m%uqL;ajh ,enqKq fyhska foaYSh hemqï lDIsl¾udka;h ÈhqKq

lsÍu flfrys m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq fkd ù h' tu hq.fha § furgg wjYH

wdydr øjH úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lsÍug bx.%SiSyq lghq;= l<y' tys m%;sM, jYfhka

ksoyi ,efnk úg furg wdydr øjH ksIamdokh ÈhqKq lsÍfï wjYH;djla u;=j

;snq‚' fï ksid iEu wdKavqjlg u ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd wjYH mshjr

.ekSug isÿ úh'

ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍu

m<uqjk f,dal ix.%du ld,fha wdydr øjH wdkhkh ÿIalr ùu;a 1929

we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól mßydksh fya;=fjka wdydr øjHj, ñ, by< hdu;a jeks

fya;= ksid furg ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍu flfrys ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha wjidk

wjêfha § u wjOdkh fhduq úh' tfy;a fï i|yd jvd;a M,Þhs l%shdud¾. wdrïN

jQfha rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § h' 1931 - 1947 fvdkfuda¾ wdKavql%uh hgf;a

lDIsl¾u wud;HdxYh ,dxlsl weu;sjrekag ,eîu;a lDIsl¾uh ÈhqKq lsÍug uy;a

Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d tu wud;HdxYfha weu;sjrhd njg m;a

ùu;a rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha § ù j.dfõ ÈhqKqjg fya;=jla úh'


ù j.djg jvd;a .e<fmk idrj;a mi iys; ;eks;,d ìï mj;skqfha furg

úh<s l,dmfha neúka wdydr ksIamdokh by< kexùug kï úh<s l,dmh kej;

ù j.djg fhdÞ .; hq;=j ;sìK' fï ksid ã' tia' fiakdkdhl uy;d úiska úh<s

l,dmfha f.dú ckmo msysgqùfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN lrk ,È'

f.dú ckmo msysgqùu

úh<s l,dmfha f.dú ckmo msysgqùfï wruqKq lsysmhla ;snq‚'

� f;;a l,dmfha by< hñka mj;sk ck.yk ;onoh yd /lshd ysÕh wvq

lsÍu'

� rfÜ wdydr ksIamdokh jeä lsÍu'

� úh<s l,dmfha mer‚ jeõ yd jdßud¾. w¨;ajeähd fldg tys bvï

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg fhdÞ .ekSu'

� f;;a l,dmfha mj;sk bvï ysÕh wvq fldg bvï ysñ ;Dma;su;a f.dú

mrmqrla ks¾udKh lsÍu'

w;S;fha rg iy,ska iajhxfmdaIs; jQfha úh<s l,dmh úYd, jYfhka ù

j.djg fhdÞ .ekSu ksid h' tys § u;= jk m%Odk .eg¨j jQ c, ysÕhg ms<shula

jYfhka w;S; uq;=ka ñ;af;da jeõ wuqKq moaO;shla yd jdß ud¾. cd,hla ;kjd

;sfí' tfy;a ld,sx. ud>f.a wdl%uKfhka miqj úh<s l,dmh w;yer ck;dj

jeä jYfhka f;;a l,dmhg ixl%uKh ù ;snq‚' fufia w;yer oud ;snQ úh<s

l,dmh jir y;aishhlg muK miq h<s wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg fhdÞ .ekSu" furg

ù f.dú;ek ÈhqKq lsÍfï b;d jeo.;a mshjrls'

kj f.dú ckmo msysgqùfï § yd mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ rch uqyqKÿka wNsfhda. /ila

;snq‚'

� f;;a l,dmfha ck;dj f;dard f.k úh<s l,dmhg le|jdf.k f.dia

bvï ,nd § ksjdi ;kjd mÈxÑ lrùu'

� ld,dka;rhla jk.;j mej;s ìï lDIsl¾uhg iqÿiq mßÈ ieliSug

Wmldr lsÍu yd jdß ud¾. myiqlï iemhSu'

� m%:u wiajekak fk<k f;la cdkmÈlhkag wdOdr uqo,la ,nd §u

� ck;djf.a fi!LH" wOHdmkh we;=`M myiqlï we;s lsÍu

� ksIamdok øjH wf,ú lsÍu i|yd wf,ú ixj¾Ok fiajd msysgqùu'

fuu wNsfhda. ch .ekSug wjYH kS;s Í;s ilia lrf.k ie,iqï iy.;j

lghq;= lsÍu ksid ksoyi ,eîug fmr § u f.dúckmo lsysmhla msysgqùug yelshdj

,enq‚' ñkafkaßh" ld.u" kdÉp¥j" fnr.u" ñksfma" mrdl%u iuqøh" ß§ ne¢ we<"


is;shu 6'1 f.dú ckmo


ix.s,slkordj" WksÉphs wdÈh tn÷ ckmoj,g WÞyrK fõ' ksoyi ,eîfuka miqj

1953 j¾Ih olajd ld,fha § ;j;a f.dú ckmo 15la muK msysgqúh' n;aueä,a,"

foajyQj" .sß;f,a" mdkshkalvj," brKuvq" .,a Th" lka;f,a" fidrfndrjej wdÈh

tn÷ ckmo fõ'

kj f.dú ckmo msysgqùu;a iuÕ mer‚ jeõ wuqKq m%;sixialrKh yd jdß

ud¾. ;ekùu flfrys rg ;=< m%n, Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' .,a Th ixj¾Ok fhdackd

l%uh kj jdßud¾. ;ekùu ms<sn`o WÞyrKhls' fuh furg wdrïN l< m<uqjk

nyqld¾h ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh fjhs'

uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh

ksoyfika miqj furg wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd wkq.ukh l<

l%shdud¾. w;r uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uhg úfYaI jeo.;alula ,efí' w;=

.x.d /ilska fmdaIKh ,nk uyje,s .Õ uOHu l÷lrfha ngysr fldgfika

wdrïN ù ÿïnr ñáhdj; Tiafia .,d f.dia ;%sl=Kdu,h wi,ska uqyqog jefÜ'

fuu .x.d moaO;sh rfÜ wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj i|yd fhdÞ .ekSu ms‚i uyje,s ixj¾Ok

fhdackd l%uh wdrïN úh'

uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh u.ska wfmalaId l< wruqKq lsysmhla ;snq‚'

� úh<s l,dmfha f.dú ìï M,Þhs f,i lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g fhdÞ

.ekSug wjYH ks;H c, myiqlï iemhSu'

� by< hk úÿ,s n, b,a¨u i|yd úÿ,s n,h ksIamdokh lsÍu'

� c, iïmdokh ksid kj ckdjdi ìys lsÍfuka bvï ke;s ck;djg bvï

imhd § wdydr fNda. j.dj jHdma; lsÍu'

uyje,s jHdmdrfhka wfmalaIs; fuu m%Odk wruqKqj,g wu;rj /lshd

yd lDIsl¾udka; wjia:d ìys lsÍu" .xj;=r md,kh yd ñßÈh uiqka fnda lsÍu

jeks ;j;a M,Þhs m%;sM, lsysmhla wfmalaId flß‚' fï wkqj uyje,s ixj¾Ok

jHdmdrh tla wruqKlg jvd jeä ld¾hhka /ila bgq lr .; yels nyq ld¾h

fhdackd l%uhla úh'

uyje,s ixj¾Ok jHdmdrfha m<uq wÈhr jQfha fmd,af.d,af, § uyje,s .Õ

yryd úYd, neïula ;kjd Wu.la yryd iqÿ .Õg c,h ,nd f.k fndaj;ekak

c,dYh yryd rcrg úh<s l,dmhg c,h f.k hdu úh' tu.ska l,d jej" kdÉp¥j

jej" kqjr jej" ;sid jej yd ;j;a jeõ lsysmhlg c,h ,nd .ekSug ie,iqï

flß‚' fuu m<uqjk wÈhf¾ lghq;= 1970 j¾Ifha § wdrïN flreKq w;r 1977


j¾Ih jk úg wfmalaIs; jev fldgi iïmQ¾K lsÍug yelshdj ,enq‚' uyje,s

jHdmdrfha b;sß wÈhr jYfhka ;j;a c,dY lsysmhla" wuqKq yd we< ud¾. /ila o

bÈ l< hq;= j ;sì‚' tfy;a tu lghq;= jir 30la we;=<; iïmQ¾K lsÍug uq, §

ie,iqï flre‚'

rEmh 6'6 fmd,af.d,a, wuqK

1977 j¾Ifha § n,hg m;a fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;df.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;=

rch uyje,s jHdmdrfha lghq;= jir yhlska ksu lsÍug ;SrKh fldg läkï jev

ms<sfj,la iïmdokh lf<a h' tA wkqj tf;la mej;s uyje,s ixj¾Ok uKav,h

fjkqjg 1978 j¾Ifha § uyje,s ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh msysgqjd tu wud;HdxYfha

lghq;= .dñŒ Èidkdhl weu;s;=udg mejÍ h' uyje,s ixj¾Ok jHdmdrfha lghq;=

fufyhùug jeä n,;, iys; md,kdêldrhla wjYH jQ neúka 1979 j¾Ifha §

uyje,s wêldßh msysgqù h'

uyje,s ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%uh hgf;a fld;auf,a" úlafgdaßhd" rkafo‚.,"

rkagefò" W,aysáh" r;als| yd udÿre Th c,dY bÈ lsÍu o r;a ls|" udÿre Th WuÕ

we;=`M Wux lsysmhla fuka u ñksfma wuqK jeks wuqKq yd c, yerjqï uOHia:dk

lsysmhla bÈ lsÍug o lghq;= flre‚'


fld;auf,a c,dYh

uyje,s .fÕa

m%Odk w;= .x.djla jk

fld;auf,a Th lvfÞr

kï ia:dkfha § yrialr

fõ,a,la ne| fld;auf,a

c,dYh ;ekù h' iaùvka

rcfhka fï i|yd wdOdr

,enq‚'

úlafgdaßhd c,dYh

uyje,s .fÕa

fmd,af.d,a, neïug

my<ska fõ,a,la ne|

fuu úYd, c,dYh

;kjd we;' úÿ,sn,h

ckkh lsÍu fuys

m%Odk wruqKls'

ì%;dkH rch fï i|yd

wdOdr uqo,a ,nd ÿ‚'


rkafo‚., fõ,a,

úlafgdaßhd

c,dYhg my<ska

ñksfma wuqKg by<ska

m%foaYfha rkafo‚.,

c,dYh bÈ lr we;'

úÿ,s n,h ksmoùu yd

jdß ud¾.j,g c,h

,nd .ekSu fuhska isÿ

flf¾' fï i|yd ngysr

c¾uksfhka wdOdr

,enq‚'

is;shu 6'2 läkï uyje,s ixj¾Ok jHdmdrh hgf;a c, iïmdok jHdmD;s


uyje,s c,h kj c,dYj,g /ia fldg h<s h<s;a úÿ,s n,h ksmoùug

o fhdÞ f.k wk;=rej úh<s l,dmhg ,nd §u u.ska tf;la j.d l< ìïj,g

fuka u w¨;a j.d ìï i|yd o c,h ,nd .; yels úh' läkï uyje,s ixj¾Ok

jHdmdrh u.ska úÿ,s n,h ksmoùu yd lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd c,h imhd §ug

wu;rj ck;dj mÈxÑ lrùu" kj k.r yd ux udj;a bÈ lsÍu jeks lghq;= /ila

o isÿ flre‚'

ù j.dj ÈhqKq lsÍug wkq.ukh l< fjk;a l%shdud¾. lsysmhla(

� 1943 § ù i|yd iy;sl ñ, l%uhla y÷kajd §u'

� ù m¾fhaIK wdh;k msysgqùu yd kj ù m%fNao y÷kajd §u - n;,f.dv

ù wNsckk uOHia:dkh WÞyKhls'

� f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dk msysgqùu'

� rcfha nexl= u.ska f.dúhkag Kh wdOdr ,nd§ug mshjr .ekSu'

jHdmdßl lDIsl¾udka;h

ì%;dkHhka úiska y÷kajd fok ,o f;a" rn¾ yd idïm%Þhslj mej;s fmd,a

j.dj wdY%s; ksIamdok ksoyfika miqj o oYl ;=kla muK jk f;la furg m%Odk

wmkhk øjH jYfhka mej;=‚' fuu j.djka ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd 1948 j¾Ifhka miqj

l%shdud¾. /ila wkq.ukh lr we;' WÞyrK jYfhka tn÷ l%shdud¾. lsysmhla

my; ±lafõ'

1972 bvï m%;sixialrK kS;sh u.ska tla mqoa.,fhl=g whs;sfha ;nd.; yels

ksYAÑ; bvï m%udKhla kshu flß‚' fï wkqj tla mqoa.,fhl=g whs;slr.; yels

bvï m%udKh ù j.dj i|yd fylaghd¾ 10la ^wlalr 25& o fjk;a fNda. j.djka

i|yd fylaghd¾ 20la ^wlalr 50la& o jYfhka iSud flre‚'

1975 bvï m%;sixialrKh u.ska jHdmdßl j;= j.dfõ fhÿKq fmdÿ iud.ï

i;= bvï cki;= flß‚' fuu m%;sixialrK ksid uyd mßudK j;= j.dj hgf;a

fmdÿ iud.ï i;= jQ bvïj,ska 62]la muK rdcH wxYhg whs;s úh' rdcH wxYh i;=

jQ bvïj,ska 10]la muK l=vd ìï fldgia f,i f.dúhka w;r fnÞ §u ksid l=vd

j;= ysñhka msßilg ìys ùug yels úh'

1975 bvï m%;sixialrKh u.ska fmdÿ iud.ï i;= úYd, bvï rdcH wxYhg

,eîu ksid úYd, bvï ms<sn| whs;sh fm!oa.,sl wxYfhka rdcH wxYhg udre úh'


ksoyfika miqj rdcH wxYh i;= jQ bvï l<uKdlrKh i|yd wdh;k

lsysmhla msysgqjk ,È'

� 1958 § rdcH jeú,s ixia:dj msysgqùu'

� 1976 § Wvrg j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu'

� 1976 § ck;d j;= ixj¾Ok uKav,h msysgqùu'

tfia msysgqjk ,o rdcH wdh;kj,g WÞyrK fõ'

1952 j¾Ifha § Ök iuQydKavqj iu. Y%S ,xldj we;s lr .;a oaùmd¾Yaúl

.súiqula ksid ,xldfõ rn¾ ksIamdok Ökhg wmkhkh lsÍug yels úh' fï ksid

furg rn¾j,g ia:djr fjf<|fmd<la ,enq‚'

1977 j¾Ifha isg rch úiska rn¾ kej; w¨f;ka j.d lsÍu i|yd bvï

ysñhkag wdOdr ,nd §fï jevms<sfj<la Èh;a lrk ,È' fuys § rn¾ me< yd

fmdfydr ,nd §ug o mshjr .eksK' miqj f;a j.dj i|yd o fuh l%shd;aul

flßK'

ksoyfika miqj rch wkq.ukh l< bvï fnÞ §fï m%;sm;a;s ksid furg

l=vd bvï ysñhka msßila ìysùu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' fï ksid niakdysr

m<d;" ol=Kq m<d; yd inr.uq m<d; ;=< wlalr 1-10 m%udKfha l=vd rn¾ j;=

yd f;a j;= ysñfhda msßila ìys jQy' tu.ska m%Odk wmkhk fNda. wdYs%;j .eñ

ck;djf.a wdÞhï ;;a;ajh o by< .sfha h'

iq`M wmkhk fNda. j.dj ÈhqKq lsÍu

f;a" rn¾" fmd,a jeks m%Odk wmkhk fNda.j,g wu;rj" fldams" fldfldajd"

lrouqx.=" lrdnq keá" idÈlald" .ïñßia" l=re÷ jeks iq¿ wmkhk fNda. j.dj o

ÈhqKq lsÍug ksoyfika miqj úúO mshjr wkq.ukh flre‚'

1968 f;a fldñIka jd¾;dj wkqj f;a bvïj, w;=re j.djla jYfhka we;eï

iq¿ wmkhk fNda. j.d lsÍu" ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .eksKs'

1972 § ud;f,a m%foaYfha iq¿ wmkhk m¾fhaIK wdh;khla wdrïN flß‚'

wk;=rej l=Kavid," ±,amsáh" kdrïu, jeks m%foaYj, ;j;a tn÷ wdh;k msysgqjkq

,eî h'

1972 isg iq¿ wmkhk fNda. j.dj jHdma; lsÍug ;j;a mshjr /ila y÷kajd


§ we;' j.dj i|yd Wmfoia ,nd §u" fmdfydr ,nd §u wf,ú m%j¾Ok lghq;= lsÍu

thg WÞyrK fõ'

ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh

bx.%SiSkaf.a md,k ld,fha § ì%;dkHfha ksIamdokh flfrk NdKav wf,ú

lsÍfï fjf<|fmd<la jYfhka ,xldj mj;ajdf.k hdu ksid furg l¾udka;

lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjla isÿ fkd ù h' fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK hgf;a lïlre" l¾udka;

yd fjf<|du ms<sn| wud;HdxYh ,dxlsl wud;Hjrekag ,eîu ksid l¾udka;

lafIa;%h flfrys hï Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' 1934 j¾Ifha § furg l¾udka; ;;a;ajh

ms<sn| úu¾Ykhl fhÿKq Y%S ,xld nexl= fldñiu iajfoaYSh fjf<|fmd<g wjYH

ld¾ñl ksIamdok iemhSug l¾udka; wdrïN l< hq;= hehs ks¾foaY lr ;snq‚'

1939 j¾Ifha § wdrïN jQ fojk f,dal ix.%duh ksid hqoaO ld,fha § furgg

úfoaYSh NdKav wdkhkh lsÍug ndOd we;s úh' tu ld,fha § weisála weisâ"

msÕka NdKav" lvÞis" inka yd iqj| ú<jqka wdÈh ksIamdokh lrk l¾udka;

furg ìys jQ w;r tAjdfha ksIamdokj,g fyd| b,a¨ula o ;snq‚' tfy;a f,dal

ix.%duh ksu ùfuka miqj kej; úfoaY NdKav wdkhkhg uÕ újr jQ fyhska

úfoaY ksIamdok iu. ;r. lsÍug wmyiq ùu ksid by; lS l¾udka; wvmK

ù .sfha h'

1952 j¾Ifha § furgg meñ‚ f,dal nexl= ksfhdað; lKavdhula rcfha

ueÈy;aùu u; uOHu iy iq¿ mßudKfha l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍfï jeo.;alu

fmkajd ÿKs' tu jd¾;dj ksl=;a ùfuka miq 1955 jif¾ § Oj, m;%sldjla u.ska

úfoaYSh yd fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack flfrys rcfha m%;sm;a;sh meyeÈ,s lsÍu ksid

l¾udka;j,g uqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍu flfrys kej; Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' wk;=rej

1959 § m%:u ld¾ñl ckmoh tAl, msysgqùu fuka u 1960 § r;au,dk ld¾ñl

ckmoh msysgqùu ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sfha ;j;a lemS fmfkk wjia:djls'

1960 j¾Ifhka miqj furg ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha we;s jQ lemS fmfkk ,laIK

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

• 1961 § uyck nexl=j msysgqùu yd l=vd l¾udka;lrejkag Kh myiqlï i,id

§u'

• 1966 § foaYSh ld¾ñl ksIamdokj, m%ñ;sh ;SrKh lsÍug m%ñ;s ld¾hdxYhla

msysgqùu'

• rcfha ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;s ksid 1960ka miqj furgg wjYH mdßfNda.sl øjH

ksIamdokh lsÍfï l¾udka;j, ÈhqKqjla we;s ùu'


• 1970-¡1977 ld,fha rch wkq.ukh l< wdhd; wdfoaYl m%;sm;a;sh ksid foaYSh

.Dyia: l¾udka; yd iq¿ l¾udka; ÈhqKq ùu'

úfoaYj,ska wdkhkh lrk NdKav fjkqjg Bg iudk wdfoaYl foaYSh jYfhka

ksIamdokh lr .ekSu wdhd; wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'

• ksoyi ,eî .; jQ oYl ;=k ;=< wuqøjH úYd, f,i fhdÞ .ksñka úYd,

l¾udka;Yd,d ;=< f;d. jYfhka NdKav ksIamdokh flfrk uyd mßudK

l¾udka; mj;ajdf.k hdu fndfyda úg rcfha ueÈy;aùfuka isÿ úh' isfuka;s"

hlv yd jdfka" ;=kS ,E,s" iSks wdÈ l¾udka; Bg WÞyrK fõ'

• 1977 j¾Ifhka miqj wmkhk wdY%s; l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd úfoaYSh Ok

wdfhdaclhka le|jd .ekSu yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh Èßu;a lsÍu ms‚i wkq.ukh

l< m%;sm;a;s ksid weÕ¿ï l¾udka;h we;=¿ wmkhk wdY%s; l¾udka;j, YS>%

ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' 1978 § uy fld<U wd¾Ól fldñiu msysgqùu" tu j¾Ifha §

u lgqkdhl wmkhk ieliqï l,dmh msysgqùu" miqj ìh.u yd fld.a., ;j;a

wmkhk ieliqï l,dm msysgqùu ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha Wkak;shg fya;= úh'

wOHdmkh

ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furg wOHdmk lghq;=j, l%udKql+, ÈhqKqjla we;s

úh' wd.ñl yd cd;sl mqkreo jHdmdrh mej;s ld,fha § isxy," fou< yd uqia,sï

ck;dj ;=< wOHdmk lghq;= ms<sn| úfYaI Wkkaÿjla mej;s fyhska rg mqrd mdi,a

ixLHdj o fõ.fhka by< .sfha h' tfy;a Wiia wOHdmkhla ,nd .ekSfï § uqo,a

jeh lsÍug isÿ jQ fyhska uqo,a ÿIalr;d mej;s foudmshkaf.a ¥ orejkag wOHdmk

m%;s,dN ,nd .; yels jQfha u| jYfhks' fï ksid rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha

wOHdmk weu;sjrhd jYfhka lghq;= l< iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r uy;df.a

fhdackdjla mßÈ ish¨ YsIH YsIHdjkag nd,dxYfha isg úYajúoHd,h olajd rch

u.ska fkdñf,a wOHdmkh ,nd §u fyj;a ksoyia wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul

flß‚' ksoyfika miqj furg n,hg m;a jQ iEu rchla u ksoyia wOHdmk

m%;sm;a;sh wkqj wOHdmk lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr f.k we;' 1948 j¾Ifhka

miqj .; jQ oYl ;=kl ld,fha § we;s jQ furg wOHdmk lafIa;%fha lemS fmfkk

,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

• rch mdi,a msysgqùu yd wOHdmk jHdma;shg uqo,a fhoùu

ksid rg mqrd mdi,a ixLHdj by< hdu'

• úIhud,d ixj¾Okh yd .=re mqyqKq lghq;= kùlrKh ùu'

• úoHd.dr myiqlï yd mdi,a mqia;ld, myiqlï jHdma; ùu'


• Èjd wdydrh" mdi,a fmd;a" ffjoH yd oka; ffjoH fiajd iy mdi,a ks,

we÷ï wdÈh fkdñ,fha ,nd §u;a iykÞhS .ukd.uk myiqlï ,nd §u;a

u.ska YsIH Y=NidOk fiajd yd Wmldrl lghq;= jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'

• wOHdmk mßmd,k rgdj ld,hg .e<fmk f,i fjkia lsÍu'

• jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;k msysgqjñka tlS wOHdmk lghq;= mq¿,a lsÍu'

• kj úYajúoHd, msysgqjñka Wiia wOHdmk lghq;= jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'

• 1942 j¾Ifha § ,xld úYajúoHd,h fld<U msysgqùu'

• 1952 j¾Ifha § ,xld úYajúoHd,h fmardfo‚hg f.k hdu'

• úfoHdaoh yd úoHd,xldr msßfjka úYajúoHd, njg m;a lsÍu' miqj fuu

úYajúoHd, fol ms<sfj<ska Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h yd le,‚h

úYajúoHd,h f,i kï flß‚'

• 1972 § fudrgqj lgqneoao úYajúoHd,h yd 1974 § hdmk úYajúoHd,h msysgqùu

o Wiia wOHdmk lafIa;%fha we;s jQ ÈhqKqjg WÞyrK fõ'

6'3 iudc Y=NidOkh

1931 j¾Ifha § furg mqrjeishkag i¾j ck Pkaon,h ,eîu ksid wd¾Ól

jYfhka j;a fmdfydi;alï fkd;snQ ck;djg mjd foaYmd,k jákdlula

wdfrdamKh úh' fufia Pkao n,h" foaYmd,k n,h ,nd .ekSfï m%Odk idOlhla

njg m;a jQfhka fmdÿ ck;djf.a wjYH;d flfrys foaYmd,k{hkaf.a wjOdkh

fhduq ùug th m%n, fya;=jla úh' tfia u ,xldj È.= l,la hg;a úð;hla jYfhka

mej;Su ksid fmdÿ ck;djg wys;lr iudc" wd¾Ól .eg¨ /ila ks¾udKh ù

;snq‚' fï ksid Wreuhka njg m;a ù ;snQ tlS iudc ÿla.ekú,sj,g ms<shï

fhdoñka wiudk;djka ÿre fldg iudc idOdrK;ajh ,efnk f,i lghq;= lsÍu

ksoyfika miqj rdcH m%;sm;a;sfha lemS fmfkk wx.hla úh' 1948 j¾Ifhka miqj

iudc idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu yd wd¾Ól jYfhka ÿn, fldgiaj,g bÈßhg tAug

bv lv i,id §u ms‚i wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.j,g WÞyrK lsysmhla ±laúh

yels h'

• .%dóh m%foaYj, wOHdmk lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍu'

• /lshd ,nd .ekSfï § olaI;djg uq,a ;ek §u yd ;r. úNd. l%u fhdÞ

.ekSu'

• ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj yd uQ,sl whs;sjdislï jeks ixl,am jHjia:d.;

lsÍu'

• lDIsl¾uh yd ëjr lghq;= wdÈhg Kh myiqlï yd iykdOdr imhñka

rdcH wkq.%yh ,nd §u'


fi!LH fiajh

ksoyi ,eîug fmr mjd fkdñ,fha fi!LH myiqlï ,nd .ekSug bv

i,id ;snQ kuq;a tys m%;s,dN jeä jYfhka kd.ßl m%foaYj,g muKla iSud ù

;snq‚' fï ksid ksoyfika miqj .%dóh m%foaYj, fi!LH fiajd ÈhqKq lsÍug úfYaI

wjOdkhla fhduq flß‚' fi!LH wud;HdxYh hgf;a .%dóh m%foaYj, frday,a

msysgqùu" úkakUq" ud;D yd <ud fi!LH fiajd ÈhqKq lsÍu" m%;sYla;SlrK tkak;a

,nd §u" ffjoH idhk meje;aùu yd foaYSh ffjoH l%uh ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu

hkdÈh .%dóh fi!LH myiqlï by< kexùug .;a l%shdud¾.j,g WÞyrK fõ' fï

ksid WK ikaksmd;h" nrjd" uef,aßhd" laIh frda.h" nd,l mlaI.d; frda.h jeks

frda. je<f|k msßi ie,lsh hq;= ;rulska wju lr .ekSug yelshdj ,enq‚'

fjk;a Y==NidOk lghq;=

ì%;dkH md,k iufha § furg uyd ud¾. yd ÿïßh ud¾. ;ekùu ksid

m%jdykh yd .ukd.uk lghq;=j, ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' ksoyfika miqj tys m%;s,dN

.%dóh ck;djg;a ,nd .; yels jk mßÈ .ïno m%foaYj, ud¾. ;ekùu yd

.ukduk lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .ekq‚' fï ksid .u yd k.rh w;r mej;s

ÿria nj wvq ù tf;la k.rj,g muKla iSud ù ;snQ c,h" úÿ,sh" m‚jqv yqjudrej

jeks fmdÿ myiqlï .%dóh m%foaYj,g;a ,enq‚'

fojk f,dal ix.%duh mej;s iufha § kdúl .ukd.ukhg mej;s ndOl

ksid wdydr øjH wdkhkh iSud lsÍug isÿ úh' fï ksid rch úiska wdydr iykdOdr

,nd §fï jev ms<sfj<la l%shd;aul lrk ,È' fufia ld,hla iykdOdr l%uhkag

ck;dj yqreùu;a wvq wdÞhu" bvï ysÕh yd wvq M,ÞhS;dj jeks fya;= ksid;a

ksoyfika miqj o oßø;dj wju lsÍfï jev ms<sfj<la jYfhka wdydr iykdOdr

,nd §u wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hdug rchg isÿ úh' fuys § iy,a iykdOdrh ,nd

§ug m%uqL ;ekla ,enq‚' iy,a iykdOdrh jvd;a úêu;a lsÍu i|yd iykdOdr

,efnk iEu whl=g u l+mka fmd;la miqj ksl=;a flß‚' th yd,a fmd; kñka

m%p,s; úh' 1977 j¾Ifhka miqj iy,a l+mka fmd; fjkqjg wdydr øjH ,nd

.ekSug wdydr uqoaor l%uhla l%shd;aul flß‚'

rcfha iykdOdr ,enQ ck;dj uqyqKÿka ;j;a m%Odk .eg¨jla jQfha ksjdi

m%Yakh hs' fï ksid kd.ßl m%foaYj, fuka u .%dóh m%foaYj, o mej;s ksjdi

m%Yakh úi£u i|yd ksoyfika miqj úúO jevigyka l%shd;aul flß‚' kd.ßl

m%foaYj, ;Ügq ksjdi bÈlsÍug yd ksjdi ixlS¾K ;ekùug rch lghq;= l<

w;r .%dóh m%foaYj, úúO ksjdi fhdackd l%u u.ska ksjdi bÈ lr .ekSug rcfha

wdOdr ,nd ÿKs' fufia ksoyi ,eîfuka miqj rch wLKavj l%shd;aul l< úúO

Y=NidOl fhdackd l%u u.ska ck;dj iún, .ekaùu ksid jeo.;a ch.%yK /ila

rgg ,nd .ekSug yelshdj ,eì‚'


ye¢kaùu

lsishï lafIa;%hla ;=< flá ld,hl § we;s jk m%n, fjkiaùula ye¢kaùu

i|yd úma,jh hk moh fhfoa' ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fun÷ fjkiaùula

ld¾ñl úma,jh jYfhka y÷kajhs' hqfrdamfha mqkreo iufha wd.ñl lafIa;%fha

we;s jQ fjkiaùu wd.ñl úma,jh f,i ie,ls‚' foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha o fun÷

úma,j .Kkdjla we;s úh' weußlka ksoyia igk fyj;a wefußlka úma,jh" m%xY

úma,jh yd reishdkq úma,jh tn÷ úma,jj,g WÞyrK fõ' tn÷ foaYmd,k úma,j

ms<sn|j fuu mdvfuka ;jÿrg;a lreKq úia;r flf¾'

7'1 wefußlka ksoyia igk

ye¢kaùu

wefußlka ckmojdiSka ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka ksoyi ,nd .ekSu i|yd

f.k .sh igk wefußlka ksoyia igk jYfhka y÷kajhs' 1492 j¾Ifha §

ls%iafgdam¾ fldf<dïnia leßìhka uqyqfoa nyudia Èjhskaj,g f.dvneiSfuka

miqj ;ud meñ‚fha bkaÈhdjg hehs úYajdi lf<a h' tA wkqj tjlg weußldfõ

jdih l< iajfoaYslhka bkaÈhdkq jeishka f,i y÷kajd we;' ifï meyeh wkqj

W;=re wefußldkq m%foaYj, isá iajfoaYslhka r;= bkaÈhdkqjka f,i o y÷kajkq

,eî h' fuu m%foaY bkaÈhdj ke;fyd;a wishdfõ kef.kysr m%foaY fkdj fjk u

N+ñNd.hla f,i m<uqjrg m%ldY lf<a .fõIlfhl= jQ weußf.da fjiamqÑ úisks'

tu fidhd.ekSug .relsßula f,i c¾uka cd;sl N+f.da, úoHd{fhl= tu m%foaY

ye`Èkaùug weußldj hk ku fh§ h' iïm;a nyq, ireidr úYd, rgla jQ wefußldj

ms<sn| weiQ hqfrdamShfhda weußldj w;a m;a lrf.k lKavdhï jYfhka f.dia tys

ckmo msysgqùug lghq;= l<y' mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h" ´,kaoh" m%xYh iy ì%;dkH

hk rgj,a tfia wefußldfõ ckmo msysgqjQ hqfrdamSh rgj,a fõ' hqfrdamShhka

wefußldfõ ckmo msysgqùug n, mE fya;= lsysmhls' tAjd my; mßÈ h'

� hqfrdamd rgj, mej;s frdaudkq lf;da,sl yd frmrudÿ wd.ñl .egqï ksid

wd.ñl ksoyi m;d kj m%foaY fj; hqfrdamSh ckhd we§ hdu'

� kj m%foaYj, bvlvï w;am;a lr .ekSfuka ck Ôú;h fi!Nd.Hj;a lr

.ekSug hqfrdamshhka fhduq ùu'

f,dalfha lemS fmfkk úma,j 07


� lS¾;sh yd Okh j¾Okh lr .ekSfï wruqfKka hqfrdamd rgj, md,lhka

kj m%foaY fidhd ckdjdi msysgqjd .ekSug ,nd ÿka ffO¾hh yd Wkkaÿj'

ì%;dkH ckmo msysgqùu

fldf<dïniaf.a meñŒfuka miq .; jQ Y;j¾I tlyudrl muK ld,fha §

úúO hqfrdamd cd;Syq wefußldfõ úúO m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjQy' tys § iamd[a[jreka

yd mD;=.SiSka ol=Kq wefußlka m%foaYj, kj ckdjdi msysgqùug mshjr .;a w;r

ì%;dkHfhda yd m%xYjre W;=re wefußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjQy' miqj wefußld

tlai;a ckmoh kï rdcH ìys jQfha ì%;dkHhka úiska W;=re wefußlka m%foaYj,

msysgqjk ,o ckmo wdY%fhks'

1607 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka úiska j¾ðkshd ckmoh msysgqùfuka wdrïN

jQ W;=re wefußldfõ ì%;dkH ckmolrKh" Y;j¾Ihla ;rï ld,hla mej;=‚'

fuu ld,fha § ì%;dkH rcfha iDcq ueÈy;aùug jvd trg iud.ï" mqoa.,hka fyda

mqoa., lKavdhï úiska wefußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjkq ,eîu lemS fmfkk

,laIKhls' ì%;dkH rcfhka fuu ckmolrK lghq;= i|yd wjYH wkque;sh yd

iydh ,enq‚' fufia jßka jr ì%;dkHfha isg W;=re wefußldjg .sh msßia 1733

j¾Ih jk úg ckmo oy;=kla msysgqjd ;snq‚' tu ckmo oy;=fkys kï by;ska

olajd we;'

1' j¾ðkshd 7' frdaâ Èjhsk

2' ueipqfiÜia 8' fv,fjhd¾

3' ksõfhda¾la 9' W;=re lefrd,skd

4' ksõyeïIh¾ 10' ksõ c¾is

5' fïß,kaâ 11' ol=Kq lefrd,skd

6' lfkalaálÜ 12' fmkais,afõkshd

13' fcda¾ðhd


� lS¾;sh yd Okh j¾Okh lr .ekSfï wruqfKka hqfrdamd rgj, md,lhka

kj m%foaY fidhd ckdjdi msysgqjd .ekSug ,nd ÿka ffO¾hh yd Wkkaÿj'

ì%;dkH ckmo msysgqùu

fldf<dïniaf.a meñŒfuka miq .; jQ Y;j¾I tlyudrl muK ld,fha §

úúO hqfrdamd cd;Syq wefußldfõ úúO m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjQy' tys § iamd[a[jreka

yd mD;=.SiSka ol=Kq wefußlka m%foaYj, kj ckdjdi msysgqùug mshjr .;a w;r

ì%;dkHfhda yd m%xYjre W;=re wefußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjQy' miqj wefußld

tlai;a ckmoh kï rdcH ìys jQfha ì%;dkHhka úiska W;=re wefußldkq m%foaYj,

msysgqjk ,o ckmo wdY%fhks'

1607 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHhka j¾ðkshd ckmoh msysgqùfuka wdrïN jQ W;=re wefußldfõ

ì%;dkH ckmolrKh" Y;j¾Ihla ;rï ld,hla mej;=‚' fuu ld,fha § ì%;dkH

rcfha iDcq ueÈy;aùug jvd trg iud.ï" mqoa.,hka fyda mqoa., lKavdhï úiska

wefußlka m%foaYj, ckmo msysgqjkq ,eîu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' ì%;dkH rcfhka

fuu ckmolrK lghq;= i|yd wjYH wkque;sh yd iydh ,enq‚' fufia jßka jr

ì%;dkHfha isg W;=re wefußldjg .sh msßia 1733 j¾Ih jk úg ckmo oy;=kla

msysgqjd ;snq‚' tu ckmo oy;=fkys kï by;ska olajd we;'

1' j¾ðkshd 7' frdaä Èjhsk

2' ueijqfiÜia 8' fv,fjhd¾

3' ksõfhda¾la 9' W;=re lefrd,skd

4' ksõyeïIh¾ 10' ksõ c¾is

5' fïß,kaâ 11' ol=Kq lefrd,skd

6' lfkalaálÜ 12' fmkais,afõksh

13' fcd¾ðhd

rEmh 7'1 - ì%;dkHhka úiska wefußldfõ

msysgqjd .;a ckmo


fuu ckmo oy;=fkka fÞ<yla wdrïN jQfha l%sia;= j¾I 1607 ¡- 1682 w;r

ld,fha § h' W;=re wefußldfõ ì%;dkH ckmo oy;=k w;=frka wjika ckmoh

fcda¾ðhdj fõ' th 1733 j¾Ifha § msysgqjk ,È' uq,a ckmoj, iajNdjh foi n,k

úg tAjd tlúg wdrïN jQ tAjd fkd jk nj fmfka' tfuka u tlS ckmo msysgqùug

n,mE fya;=ka o úúO úh' hqfrdamfha wd.ñl ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï wfmalaIdj fuka u

jd‚cuh m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSfï wruqK o ckmo /ila msysgqùug n,mE fya;=jla

úh' ck.yk ixhq;sh" Ôjk l%uh yd wd¾Ól lghq;= w;ska o fulS ckmo w;r

fjkialï mej;=‚' fun÷ úIu;d mej;s kuq;a 18 jk ishji ueo jk úg bx.%Sis

NdIdj l:d l< tu ixialD;shg wkqj yev.eiqKq fjk u ck fldgila f,i fuu

ckmojdiSyq biau;= ùug mgka .;ay'

wefußlka ckmo yd ì%;dkH md,kh

W;=re wefußldkq m%foaYj, ì%;dkH ckmo msysgqjQfha ì%;dkH iud.ï yd

úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a ueÈy;aùu u; nj by; i|yka flß‚' fufia ckmo msysgqùug

uQ,sl jQfjda tA i|yd ì%;dkH rcfhka wjir m;% ,nd .;ay' tys § fldkafoais

lsysmhl tlÕ;dj we;sj ckmo msysgqjQy' ì%;dkH rcfha wdêm;Hh ms<s.; hq;=

nj;a uõ rfÜ kS;sh kj ckmoj, o wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj;a tu fldkafoaisj,g

we;=<;a úh' ckmoj, md,kh fufyhjk ,oafoa tla tla ckmohg m;a l<

wdKavqldrjrfhl= úisks' Tyqf.a iydhg tA tA ckmofhka f;dard .;a jHjia:dÞhl

iNdjla mej;sK' ì%;dkHh yd wefußldj w;r mej;s wêl ÿr m%udKh;a ÈhqKq

m‚úv yqjudre l%u tl, fkd ;sîu;a ksid iajlSh lghq;= lrf.k hdfï §

ckmojdiSyq ;rula ksoyia md,khla mj;ajdf.k .shy' uõrgg wE;ska msysáu;a

hqfrdamfha § úúO igkaj,g ueÈ ù isáu;a ksid ì%;dkHhg ckmoj, lghq;=

flfrys m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq l< fkdyels ùu Bg uq,a úh' 1763 j¾Ih

muK jk f;la wefußldkq ckmo iïnkaOj ì%;dkH foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;sh b;d

,sys,aj mej;s nj fmfka' tu ;;a;ajh ckmojdiSka ;=< ksoyi ms<sn| wdl,amh

j¾Okh ùug o n,mE lreKla úh' tfy;a ckmojdiSka uqyqK ÿka .eg¨ ksid

Tjqkag ì%;dkH iydh o wjYH úh'

1763 j¾Ihg fmr wdrËdj iïnkaOfhka wefußlka ckmojdiSka

uqyqKÿka .eg¨ folla ;snq‚' m%xYjrekaf.a ;¾ckh m<uq jekak hs' ì%;dkH

ckmoj,g W;=ßka m%xY n,h jHdma;j mej;s fyhska o Tjqka ;u n,h me;srùug

W;aidy l< fyhska o ckmojdiSkag ì%;dkHfha wdrlaIdj wjYH ù ;snq‚' l%sia;=

j¾I 1756 ¡ 1763 ld,fha m%xYh yd ì%;dkHh w;r hqoaOhla mej;=‚' th y;a wjqreÿ

hqoaOh kñka ye¢kafõ' fuu hqoaOfhka m%xYh mrdchg m;a úh' wk;=rej ì%;dkHh

yd m%xYh w;r idu .súiqula w;aika lsÍu ksid ckmojdiSkag ;snQ m%xY ;¾ck o

wjika úh' wefußldkq ckmo ngysrg jHdma; ùug mej;s m%Odk ndOlh jQfha

r;= bkaÈhdkq ;¾ck fõ' m%xYjre n,j;aj isá ld,fha § ì%;dkHhkag úreoaOj

m%xY cd;slhka iuÕ in|;d mj;ajdf.k hdug r;= bkaÈhdkqjkag yelshdj ;snq‚'


tfy;a m%xYfha mrdch;a iu. tu ;;a;ajh fjkia úh' wk;=rej ì%;dkHh úiska

l%shd;aul l< m%;sm;a;s ksid r;= bkaÈhdkq ;¾ck o wju úh'

fufia y;a wjqreÿ hqoaOfhka m%xYh mrdch ù W;=re wefußldfõ m%xY n,h

ì| jeàu;a wk;=rej ls%hd;aul l< wdrlaIl Wmdh ud¾.;a tu.ska r;= bkaÈhdkq

;¾ck wvq ù hdu;a ksid ckmoj, wdrlaIdj iïnkaOfhka weußldkq ckmo

jdiSkag ì%;dkH iydh ;jÿrg;a w;HjYH lreKla fkd ù h'

ksoyia igkg n,mE fya;=

wefußlka ckmo iïnkaO ì%;dkH wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh yd fjf<| lghq;=

uõ rgg jdis ,efnk wdldrfhka l%shd;aul flßK' tA wkqj ì%;dkHfha ksIamdokh

lrk øjH weußlka ckmo ;=< ksmoùu ;ykï úh' ta yefrkakg ckmoj,

ksmojk ,o ÿïfld<" iSks" lmq" ó bá" ;sßÕ=" ;U jeks øjH ì%;dkHhg muKla ,nd

Èh hq;= úh' tfia kï fldg ;snQ NdKav yer fiiq øjH jqj o wmkhkh l< yels

jQfha tAjd ì%;dkHhg hjd tA yryd wÞ< rgg heùfuks' tfia u ksIamdok lghq;=

fyda fjf<|du w;ska fuu ckmo uõ rg iu. ;r. fkd l< hq;= hehs o kshuhla

;snq‚' fuu m%;sm;a;sj,ska ckmojdiSkag wd¾Ól jYfhka mdvq isÿ jQj;a ì%;dkH

ksid Tjqkag ia:djr fjf<|fmd<la ,eî ;snq‚' tfia u uq,a ld,fha § ì%;dkHh kS;s

Í;s hg;a m%foaYj, ±ä f,i l%shd;aul fkd jQ neúka isÿ jk mdvq wju lr .ekSug

fjk;a cd;Ska iu. fydr fjf<|dïj, ksr; ùug yelshdj ,eìK' fun÷ lreKq

ksid 1763 j¾Ih muK jk f;la ì%;dkH wd¾Ól ms<sfj; yd kS;s Í;sj,g tfrysj

wefußlka ckmoj,ska m%n, úfrdaOhla u;= jQfha ke;' tfy;a 1763 j¾Ifhka miqj

ì%;dkHh úiska y÷kajd ÿka kj kS;s Í;s ksid ckmojdiSka yd uõ wdKavqj w;r u;

.egqï we;s úh' th ksoyi ms<sn| yeÕSï j¾Okh ùug n,mE lreKls'

y;a wjqreÿ hqoaOh i|yd ì%;dkHhg úYd, úhoula ±Íug isÿ jQ fyhska trg

Kh nr by< .sfha h' tu Kh yd fmd<sh i|yd uqo,a imhd .ekSfï § wefußlka

ckmo úiska o fldgila ±ßh hq;= nj ì%;dkHfha wdl,amh úh' fï ksid ì%;dkH

w.ue;s fcda¾Ê .%ekaú,a" wefußlka ckmoj,ska wh l< ;Sre nÿ l%udkql+,j wh

lr .ekSug mshjr .;af;a h' ckmoj, fydr fjf<|du k;r lsÍu i|yd kdúl

uqr fiajd o ;r lf<a h' óg wu;rj wdÞhu jeä lr .ekSu i|yd kj nÿ mk;a

lsysmhla mekùug o .%ekaú,a l%shd lf<a h' 1764 ¡-1765 j¾I w;r;=r ld,fha mekjQ

tn÷ mk;a ;=kls'

1' iSks mk;

2' uqo,a fkdaÜgq mk;

3' uqoaor mk;'

iSks mk; wkqj fydr fjf<|du k;r lsÍug ì%;dkH kdjql yuqÞ fmrg

jvd fjr<nv m%foaYj,g hejQ fyhska ckmojdiSka iu. .egqï we;s úh' uqo,a


fkdaÜgq mk; wkqj Kh f.ùu i|yd ckmoj,g uqo,a fkdaÜgq ksl=;a lsÍu ;ykï

flßK' fï ksid ß§ fyda r;arkaj,ska tu uqo,a f.ùug ckmojdiSkag isÿ úh'

ckmo jeishka fuu mk;aj,g úfrdaOh olajk w;r;=r u 1765 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkH

úiska uqoaor mk;la o mkjk ,È' fï mk; wkqj ish¨ kS;suh ,shú,s" n,m;%"

Tmamq yd fjk;a uqøs; f,aLkj,ska uqoaor noaola wh lsÍug kshu úh' uqoaor noao

wefußlka iudcfha fjf<÷ka" kS;S{hka" uqøKlrejka jeks by< ;;a;ajhka biqÆ

mqoa.,hkag;a n,mE fyhska Tjqyq úfrdaO;d ixúOdkh lsÍug bÈßm;a jQy' fï

mk;g tfrysj m%n, úfrdaOhla u;= jQ w;r wefußlka ck;dj uqoaor j¾ckh

lsÍug o fm<Uq‚' fuu úfrdaO;d ixúOdkh lsÍfï § ckmo w;r tlai;alula

we;s ùu;a lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' ì%;dkHh by; i|yka nÿj,g wu;rj f;a"

ùÿre" lvÞis wdÈh i|yd ;Sre .dia;= wh lsÍu ms<sn| j;a wefußldj ;=< úfrdaO;d

u;= úh' ì%;dkHhka úiska mkjk ,o ;j;a mk;la wkqj wefußldfõ isá ì%;dkH

fiakdxlj,g jdiia:dk iemhSu" uQ,H m%;smdok ,nd §u we;=`M myiqlï iemhSu

ckmoj,g mejßK' fuu kS;s Í;sj,g tfrysj ckmojdiSka Woaf>daIKh lrk

úg tAjd u¾okh lsÍug we;eï ckmoj, jHjia:dÞhl iNd úiqrejd yeÍu jeks

u¾okldÍ l%shd o ì%;dkHh úiska Èh;a lrk ,È' fï ksid wefußlka ck;dj

ì%;dkHfhka ksoyi ,nd .ekSfï wruqfKka ixúOdkh ùug yd igka lsÍug

fm<UqKy' fuu ;;a;ajhka iudf,dapkh lr n,k úg wefußlka úma,jhg ;=vq

ÿka fya;= lsysmhla fufia fláfhka ±laúh yels h'

ksoyia igk

1763 j¾Ifhka miqj ì%;dkHh úiska y÷kajd fok ,o kj wK mk;a yd

nÿ j¾.j,g tfrysj we;s jQ úfrdaO;dj,ska ckmojdiSka ;=< ksoyia igk i|yd

fm<Uùula we;s jQ nj fmfka' kj mk;a w;=ßka m%n,;u úfrdaOhla u;= jQfha

uqoaor mk; iïnkaOfhks' tys § uqoaor muKla fkd j ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh

lsÍu olajd o úfrdaO;d j¾Okh úh' tjlg ì%;dkHfha mej;s iïm%Þh wkqj nÿ

mekùfï n,h ysñ jQfha uyck ksfhdað;hkaf.ka ieÿï,;a md¾,sfïka;=j fj;g h'

weußlka úma,hg ;=vq ÿka fya;= (-

¾ wefußlka ckmojdiSka ld,hla ;siafia ì%;dkHh ueÈy;aùu wvq

jYfhka mej;s md,khlg yqre ù isáu

¾ ì%;dkHh wkq.ukh l< ;u rgg jdis Þhl wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh

¾ ckmojdiSkaf.a is;=ï me;=ï yd wdl,am ì%;dkH md,lhka úiska ksis

f,i wjfndaO lrf.k fkd isàu

¾ 1763ka miqj mekjQ wK mk;a yd kj nÿ j¾.

¾ ckmojdiSkaf.a idOdrK igka u¾okh lsÍug ì%;dkHh lghq;= lsÍu

¾ ksoyi ms<sn| ckmo jeishka ;=< we;s jQ Wkkaÿj


tfy;a wefußlka ckmo fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hka iyNd.s fkd jQ neúka ;u rg

fjkqfjka nÿ mekùug ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=jg n,hla fkdue;s hehs ckmo

jeishka w;r u;hla we;s úh' fuu u;h wefußlka ckmo mqrd m%pdrh jQ w;r

tu.ska ksfhdackhla ke;akï nÿ;a ke; hk igka mdGh ìys úh' th wefußlka

ksoyia igfka igka mdGh njg m;a úh' fï wkqj wd¾Ól lreKq u; we;s jQ

úfrdaO;d foaYmd,k m%Yakhla njg fmr<sK'

uqoaor mk;g tfrysj we;s jQ m%n, úfrdaO;d ksid ì%;dkH rch úiska th

wj,x.= lrk ,È' tfy;a wefußldkq ckmo iïnkaOfhka kS;s mekùug ì%;dkH

md¾,sfïka;=jg n,h we;s nj m%ldYhg m;a flßK' uqoaor nÿ jeks Rcq nÿj,g

wefußlka ck;dj úreoaO nj f;areï .;a ì%;dkH rch ;u wdÞhu ;r lr .ekSu

i|yd 1767 j¾Ifha ;Sre nÿ j¾. lsysmhla mekù h' fï wkqj wefußldjg wdkhkh

l< ùÿre" Bhï" lvÞis yd f;a jeks NdKavj,g ;Sre .dia;= kshu flre‚' fuu

;Sre nÿ tl;= lr .ekSug ì%;dkH rch ±rE W;aidyh;a ckmojdiSka Bg tfrysj

±lajQ úfrdaO;dj;aa ksid fomlaIh w;r .egqï lsysmhla we;s úh' fndiagkays §

ckmojdiSka ±lajQ úfrdaO;djlg ì%;dkH yuqÞ fjä ;eîfuka mia fofkla ñh

.shy' fun÷ l%shd ksid wefußlka ck;dj ;=< ì%;dkH úfrdaë yeÕSï j¾Okh

úh' ckmojdiSka ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh lsÍu ksid by; ±lajqKq ;Sre nÿj,ska

,enqKq wdÞhug jvd lsysm .=Khl mdvqjla ,eîug ì%;dkHhg isÿ úh' fï ksid

1770 j¾Ifha § f;a noao yer b;sß ;Sre nÿ ish,a, wfydais flßK' f;a noao

;jÿrg;a l%shd;aul lf<a ,dNhla ,eîug jvd wefußldj fjkqfjka nÿ mekùug

ì%;dkHhg we;s whs;sh fmkaùu i|yd mu‚'

1773 j¾Ifha § ì%;dkHh mekjQ ;j;a mk;lska wefußlka ckmoj,g f;a

iemhSu ms<sn| ;ks whs;sh tla iud.ulg muKla mejß‚' fï ksid wefußlka

fjf<÷kaf.a idïm%Þhsl f;a fjf<|dug myr jeÿ‚' fuu.ska l=ms; jQ we;eï

wefußldkqfjda ì%;dkH fjf<| iud.ï úiska wefußldjg f;a f.dvnEu o wjysr

l<y'

1773 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § fndiagka jrdfha kj;d ;snQ f;a kejlg

fjiaj,df.k we;=`M jQ fndiagka jeishka msßila tys ;snQ f;a fmÜá 342la uqyqog

úis lr ±uQy' fndiagka f;a idoh kñka m%p,s; fuu isÿùu wefußlka úma,jfha

wdrïNh f,i ie,fla' fuhg m%;spdr jYfhka f;aj, jkaÈh f.jk f;la fndiagka

jrdh jid ±óug ì%;dkHfhda lghq;= l<y' Bg wu;rj úúO kS;s Í;s mkjñka

ckmojdiSkaf.a woyia fkd ;ld ueipqfiÜia yd fcda¾ðhd jeks ckmoj, md,k

m%;sixúOdkh lsÍug o mshjr .ekq‚' ì%;dkHh wkq.ukh l< fuu u¾okldÍ

ms<sfj; ksid fldamhg m;a ckmojdiSyq 1774 j¾Ifha § ms,fv,amshd k.rhg

/iaj iïfï,khla meje;ajQy' wefußldkq úma,jh ms<sn| b;sydifha th m%:u

uydoaùmsl iïfï,kh f,i o ye¢kafõ'


ms,fv,amshd iïfï,kh wefußlka ksoyia igfka jeo.;a wjia:djls'

ckmo 12l ksfhdað;hka iyNd.S jQ fuu iuq`Mfõ § wefußlka ckmo fjkqfjka

kS;s mekùug fyda nÿ wh lsÍug ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=jg n,hla ke;ehs m%ldY

úh' tfia u ì%;dkH NdKav j¾ckh lsÍug;a wdrlaIdj m;d ckmojdiSka ikakoaO

úh hq;= njg;a fuys § fhdackd iïu; lr .eksK' fuhska miqj ì%;dkH rch yd

wefußlka ckmo w;r igk l%ufhka W.% w;g yeßK' 1775 j¾Ifha § wefußldfõ

f,laiskagka k.rfha § fomlaIfha yuqÞ w;r wú .egqula we;s ù urK /ila isÿ

úh' wk;=rej ms,fv,amshd k.rhg kej;;a /ia jQ ckmoj, ksfhdað;fhda ^ckmo

Nghka& uydoaùmsl yuqÞjla f,i ixúOdkh lsÍug ;SrKh fldg tu yuqÞfõ

wKfok ks,Odß ;k;=rg fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka m;a lr .;ay' wefußlka ksoyia

igkg úfoaY wdOdr ,nd .ekSu i|yd lghq;= lsÍug o tys § lñgqjla m;a lr

.eksK'

ì%;dkH yuqÞjg uqyqK §ug wjYH miqìu ilia lr .ekSfuka miq ckmoj,

tAldnoaO ksfhdað; iNdj úiska 1776 j¾Ifha cq,s 04 Èk wefußlka ksoyia m%ldYh

ksl=;a lrk ,È' Wm;ska u ñksid i;= wysñ l< fkd yels whs;sjdislï /ila

mj;sk nj;a tAjd wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd ñksid wdKavq msysgqjk nj;a i|yka

l< tu ,shú,a, u.ska wefußldj ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka fjka jQ ksoyia rdcHhla

nj m%ldYhg m;a flßK' óg tlÕ fkd jQ ì%;dkHfhda wefußld ckmoj,g

tfrysj igka wdrïN l<y' tu .egqu jir lsysmhla mej;=‚' igka wdrïN ù

uq,a jir fol ;=< ì%;dkH yuqÞj ch.%yK lsysmhla ,enQ kuq;a miqj fndfyda

úg ì%;dkH igka wid¾:l úh' ie;mqï oyia .Kkla ÿr kqyqre kqmqreÿ m%foaYhl

igka lsÍug isÿ jQ neúka ì%;dkH yuqÞfjda ±ä ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK ÿkay' fuu

fomlaIh w;r igkaj, § m%xYh wefußlka yuqÞjg iydh ,nd §ug bÈßm;a úh'

miqj iamd[a[h yd ,kaoh o ì%;dkH úfrdaë ms,g tl;= úh' fï ksid wefußlka

ksoyia igk ì%;dkHhg wjdisÞhl ;;a;ajhg fmr<sK' wefußldj we;=<; isÿ jQ

rEmh 7'2 - fndiagka f;a idoh


igka lsysmhlska u ;uka mrdchg m;aùu ksid 1783 j¾Ih jk úg ì%;dkHh

idu idlÉPdj,g fhduq úh' idlÉPd wjidkfha 1783 § w;aika l< meßia idu

.súiqfuka wefußldj ksoyia iajdëk rdcHhla f,i ì%;dkHh úiska ms<s .kakd

,È' fufia wefußlka iajdëk;dj cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s.ekSfuka miqj 1789

j¾Ifha § wefußld tlai;a ckmojdiSyq kj jHjia:djla iïu; lr .;ay' tA wkqj

fcda¾Ê fjdIskagka tys m%:u ckdêm;sjrhd úh'

7'2 m%%xY úma,jh

1789 j¾Ifha § m%xY rdcdKavqjg tfrysj ke.S isá trg ck;dj rdcdKavqj

ì| oud kj md,khla msysgqjd .ekSu m%xY úma,jh kñka ye¢kafõ' m%%xY úma,jfha

m%;sM,hla f,i ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%xYh ;=< m%n, wjOdkhla fhduq jQ

w;r miqj th f,dalfha fiiq rgj,aj,g o n,mEfõ h'

oy wgjk ishji jk úg m%xYh hqfrdamfha lemS fmfkk rgla úh' úfoaY

fjf<|du yd ld¾ólrKh w;ska o m%xYh ie,lsh hq;= ÈhqKqjla ,nd ;snq‚' fjk;a

rgj,g jvd m%xY f.dùkaf.a ;;a;ajh o hym;a úh' nqoaêuh w;ska yd iudc pdß;%

jdß;% w;ska o m%xYh hqfrdamfha lemS fmfkk rgla njg m;a ù ;snq‚' tfy;a

m%xYfha md,lhkaf.a ÿ¾j,;d u; foaYmd,k" iudc yd wd¾Ól m%Yak /ila Woa.;j

;snq‚' m%xYfha rc l< 16 jk ¨ù rcq trg mßydkshg j.lsj hq;a;ka w;=ßka tla

m%Odk mqoa.,fhl= úh' fuu md,lhdf.a ¥Is; md,khg tfrysj bka mSvdjg m;a

idudkH ck;dj — ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj iy ifydaor;ajh˜ hk ixl,am mokï

ksoyia igfka m%;sM,

ì%;dkH rch hgf;a fjkaj md,kh jQ ckmo oy;=kla tlai;aj igka

lsÍfuka ksoyi Èkd .ekSu f,dal b;sydifha jeo.;a isÿùuls' tu wjêh

jk úg wdishd yd wefußld uyoaùm ;=< hqfrdamd rgj, hg;a úð; jYfhka

mej;s ;j;a rgj,a /ila ;snq‚' wefußld ksoyia igk tu hg;a úð;j,g o

lsishï wdo¾Yhla iemhS h' wefußlka úma,jh ksid we;s jQ m%;sM, lsysmhla

my; ±lafõ'

� wefußld tlai;a ckmoh kï iajdëk rdcHh ìys ùu'

� iuia; udkj ixy;shg u ksoyfia w.h fmkajd ÿka wjia:djla ùu

� uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| f,dj mqrd Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu'

� f,dalfha m%:u ,sÅ; ikaëh wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ìys ùu'


lr f.k ;u whs;ska b,a,d igka jeÿ‚' m%xY ck;dj fufia 1789 j¾Ifha §

rdcdKavq md,khg tfrysj ke.S isáfha tu md,kfhka Tjqka ±ä mSvdjlg m;aj

isá neú‚' m%xYh ;=< tn÷ ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ùug n,mE fya;= /ila mj;S'

úma,jhg fmr m%xYfha mej;sfha rdcdKavq

l%uhls' úma,j iuh jk úg m%xYh md,kh lrk

,oafoa nq¾fndaka rdc jxYh úisks' Þy;rjk ¨ù

rcq yd oyihjk ¨ù rcq tu rdc jxYfha lemS

fmfkk md,lhka fofofkls' trg rcjre

;ukag tu moúh foaj jrñka ,enqKq tlla

fia i,ld lghq;= l<y' rcq jgd jHjia:dÞhl

úOdhl yd wêlrK n,;, ish,a, flakaø.;j

;snq‚' wiSñ; n,fhka hq;= jQ Þy;rjk ¨ù rcq

—rdcHh kï uu hs˜ hkqfjka m%ldY lf<a h'

—ud wfmalaId lrk ´kE u fohla kS;Hdkql+,

hs˜ hkqfjka o Tyq m%ldY lr we;' lsisÿ kvq

úNd.hlska f;drj ´kE u wfhla w;awvx.=jg

f.k Ôú;dka;h olajd isr.; lr ;eîug rcqg

n,h ;snq‚' tfia isr .; lsÍu iïnkaO wiSñ;

n,h m%xY ck;djf.a buy;a wm%idohg ,la

úh' rcq fuu n,h fm!oa.,sl yd foaYmd,k

i;=rka ueéug fhdÞ .;a w;r Tjqka isr lr

;nk ,oafoa neiaà,a kï nkaOkd.drfha h' fï

ksid rdcdKavq l%uh hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ ¥Is; md,kfha ixfla;hla n÷ jQ neiaà,a

nkaOkd.drhg m%xY úma,jfha uq,a u m%ydrh t,a, úh'

rcq .; l< wê iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;h" ck;d wm%idohg n÷ka jQ ;j;a

lreKla úh' rcq jdih l< j¾fi,aia kï ud,s.h wlalr .Kkla mqrd úysÿK

úYd, tlls' th c,dY" c, WoHdk" u,a WoHdk yd w,xldrhg fh¥ úúO ks¾udK

wdÈfhka iukaú; úh' rcqf.a ud,s.h foi ne,Sfuka rcq .; l< wêl iqfLdamfNda.S

Ôú;h ms<sn| lsishï wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels h'

rEmh 7'3 - oyihjk ¨ù rcq

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE foaYmd,k fya;=


rEmh 7'4 - j¾fi,aia ud,s.h

rEmh 7'6 - ud,s.fha we;=< rEmh 7'7 - ud,s.fha ksok ldurhla

rEmh 7'5 - ud,s.fha WoHdkh

fufia fjk u iqfLdamfNda.s ud,s.hl ;udg u úfYaI jQ jgmsgdjl

l,a f.jQ neúka fmdÿ ck;dj yd rcq w;r in|;dj fndfyda ÿria ù ;snq‚'

ud,s.hg we;=`M ùu i|yd idudkH ck;djg wjir fkd ;snQ w;r tys hdug yels

jQfha mQcljrekag yd ro,hkag mu‚' rcq rfÜ f;dr;=re ±k .;af;a ro,hka u.sks'

ro,hska rg yd ck;dj ms<sn| rcq bÈßfha ujd mEfõ fndfyda úg jerÈ Ñ;%hls'

rEmh 7'8 - j¾fi,aia ud,s.fha bÈßmi f.aÜgqj


fufia rcq yd idudkH ck;dj w;r iïnkaO;dj ÿriaùu ck;djf.a

l,lsÍug;a th úma,jhla olajd j¾Okh ùug;a fya;= úh'

rcq m%uqL WmfoaYl uKav,hla yd tu uKav,fha Wmfoia u; l%shd;aul

jQ wud;H uKav,hlska m%xY rdcdKavqj iukaú; úh' fuu rdcdKavqj w;sYhska

u ¥Is; úh' ro,hka w; mej;s m%foaYSh md,kh w;sYhska u wld¾hlaIu úh' tu

ksid rch úiska m%foaYSh md,kh i|yd —bkafgkavdkaÜ˜ kï ks,Odß msßila m;a

lrkq ,en isáhy' tfy;a ro,jreka yd kj ks,Odßka w;r jQ .egqfuka md,kfha

tAldnoaO;dj ì£ f.dia idudkH ck;dj jvd;a mSvdjg m;a úh'

fl;rï ÿIalr;djg m;a jqj o rcqf.a tAldêm;s n,;,j,g yd rdcdKavqfõ

md,khg úreoaO ùug fyda ;u ÿla .ekú,s mejiSug fyda wjia:djla uyck;djg

fkd ù h'

ck;d ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; —iafÜÜia ckr,a iNdj˜ kï uKav,hla

m%xYfha mej;s kuq;a th 1614 isg jir 175l muK ld,hlska le|jd fkd ;sìKs'

fï ksid rdcdKavqfõ ;snQ wld¾hlaIu yd ¥Is; md,kh m%xYh ;=< úma,jldÍ

;;a;ajhla we;s ùug fya;= jQ nj fmfka'

udß wekafgdhskÜ ìij b;d wyxldr ldka;djla jQjd h'

weh rcqf.a wêl n,h yd ÿ¾j,lï m%fhdackhg f.k

md,k lghq;=j,g o weÕss,s .id we;'

rEmh 7'9 - udß wekafgdhskÜ ìij


úma,j iuh jk úg m%xYfha meje;sfha jevjiï ,laIK iys; iudc

l%uhls' jevjiï l%uh hgf;a úYd, jYfhka bvï whs;s lrf.k isá ro,jrekaf.a

iyfhda.fhka rdcdKavq md,k l%uhla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,eî h'

úma,jdikak iuh jk úg m%xY iudcfha rc mjq, yereKq úg mQclhka"

ro,hka yd idudkH ck;dj jYfhka iudc ia:r ;=kla olakg ,enq‚' mQcljre

yd ro,fhda m%xY iudcfha jrm%ido ,;a msßila jQy' idudkH ck;dj w;r uOHu

mka;sh" f.dú ck;dj yd lïlre ck;dj jYfhka fldgia ;=kla olakg ,enq‚'

ro,jreka yd mQcl msßi uq¿ ck.ykfhka iq`M;rh jQ w;r nyq;rh idudkH

ck;dj úh' uOHu mka;sh hkq fjf<|du yd fjk;a jHdmdßl lghq;=j,ska Okj;a

jQ msßils' tfy;a Tjqkag foaYmd,k jYfhka jeo.;alula ,eî fkd ;sì‚'

ì%;dkHh jeks rgj, fï wjêh jk úg uOHu mka;shg foaYmd,k

n,;, ,eî ;snq‚' tfy;a m%xYfha ro,hka i;= jQ wêm;sjd§ n,;, ksid uOHu

mdka;slfhdaa l,lsÍ isáhy'

nÿ f.ùfuka ksoyia jQ mQcljre idudkH ck;djf.ka nÿ ,nk msßila

jQy' fï ksid fndfyda mQcljre b;d Okj;aj isáhy' m%xYfha bvïj,ska jeä

m%udKhla ro,hkaa i;= úh' ro,hka N=la;s ú¢ jrm%idoj,ska lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

� rfÜ ´kE u ia:dkhl ovhï lsÍug Tjqkag whs;shla ;snq‚'

� ro,hka i;= OdkH weUqreïy,a" jhska fmrk hka;%" fmdarKq wdÈfhka

f.dúhka ish wjYH;d bgq lr .; hq;= jQ w;r tA i|yd wêl .dia;= wh

lsÍfuka ro,hkag úYd, wdÞhula ,enq‚'

� f.dùkaf.a bvïj,ska nÿ wh lr .ekSfï whs;sh ro,hka i;= úh'

� rchg nÿ f.ùfuka ro,fhda ksoyia jQy'

m%xY iudcfha Okfhka yd W.;alñka bÈßfhka isá msßi jQfha uOHu

mka;sh hs' tfy;a tu uÜgu wkqj iudcfha ;ekla Tjqkg ysñ fkd ù h' W.;alñka

by< uÜgul isáh o rcfha ks,;, Tjqkg ysñ fkd jQ w;r tAjd ro,hkag iSud ù

mej;=Ks' flfkl=f.a ;;a;ajh ueksh hq;af;a Wm; wkqj fkd j yelshdj u; h"

hk woyi we;s jQfha fï ksid h' m%xY úma,j iufha iudkd;au;dj hkafkka

woyia lrk ,oafoa fuh hs'

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE iudc fya;=


m%xYfha jrm%ido wysñ idudkH ck;dj w;ßka uy;a mSvdjg m;a msßi jQfha

f.dú ck;dj hs' Tjqyq m%xY ck.ykfhka 92]la ksfhdackh lf<da h' Tjqkag

ro,hka fj; widOdrK f,i fndfyda nÿ f.ùug isÿ úh' nÿ nr yd Ôj;aùu hk

.eg¨j,ska Tjqyq ±ä mSvdjg m;aj isáhy'

úma,j iuh jk úg m%xY NdKavd.drh iïmQ¾Kfhka u nxfldf,d;a ù

;snq‚' Bg n,mE fya;= lsysmhla fumßÈ h'

¾ rcqf.a iy rc mjqf,a iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;h i|yd jeh jQ wêl úhoï

¾ wkjYH hqO úhoï

ì%;dkH" m%xY i;a wjqreÿ hqoaOhg iyNd.S ù mrdchg m;aúu iy wefußlka

ksoyia igkg iyfhda.h §u ksid m%xYhg wd¾Ól jYfhka mdvq ú§ug isÿ úh'

¾ widOdrK nÿ l%uh

m%xYfha mej;s wêl nÿ nr m%xY úma,jhg n,mE ;j;a m%Odk fya;=jla

úh' m%xYfha idudkH jeishka ;u wdÞhfuka 60]la muK nÿ jYfhka f.úh hq;=

úh' uyck;dj mSvdjg m;a l< nÿ j¾. /ila m%xYfha mej;=‚' fÜ,a" .efn,a yd

lemsfÜIka hk nÿ j¾. ;=k Bg WÞyrK fõ'

fÜ,a ¡ idudkH ck;djf.a ksjdi yd bvïj,ska wh l< noaols' fuu nÿ

j¾.h m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia úh' ,sfhdaka meßia jeks k.r fuu

noafoka ksoyia lr ;snq‚'

.efn,a ¡ ¨Kqj,ska wh l< noaols' iEu jeäysá wfhla u jirlg ¨Kq

rd;a;,a y;la ñ, § .; hq;= úh' ¨Kq ñ, m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia úh'

fï ksid ñ, wvq m%foaYj, isg ñ, jeä m%foaYj,g fydfrka ¨Kq m%jdykh

flßK' ¨Kq úlsŒu rcfha tAldêldrhla jQ neúka fydfrka ¨Kq m%jdykh

l< oyia .Kka msßia nkaOkd.dr .; lr ;snq‚'

lemsfÜIka ¡ iEu fofkl=f.ka u wh lrk noaola f,i 1695 § y÷kajd

§ ;snq‚' tfy;a l%shd;aul ùfï § tu nÿ nr o idudkH ck;dj msg u

mejßK'

m%xYfha meje;s m%foaY mokï lr.;a md,k l%uh ksid m<df;ka m<d;g

l%shd;aul jQ kS;s Í;s" nÿ l%u fjkia úh' fï ;;a;ajh m%xYfha wNHka;r yd ndysr

fjf<`Þug o" wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg o úYd, ndOdjla úh' fjf<| lghq;=j, ksr;

jQ uOHu mdka;slhkag fï kS;s Í;s yd nÿ ksid wêl nÿ uqo,la f.ùug isÿ úh'

ol=Kq m%xYfha isg meÍishg jhska mgjdf.k .sh c, hd;%djlg ia:dk y;<syl §

nÿ f.ùug isÿ jQ w;r tA i|yd úhoug wu;rj i;s foll ld,hla .; jQ nj o

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE wd¾Ól fya;=


jd¾;d fõ' rdcH NdKavd.drh nxfldf,d;a ùu ksid uOHu mka;slhka wdfhdackh

l< uqo,a i|yd iqrlaIs; njla o fkd ù h' fuh uOHu mka;sfha ÈhqKqjg ndOdjla

úh' ks¾ndOjd§ ^rcfha ueÈy;aùu wvq& wd¾Ól l%uhla uOHu mka;sfha wfmalaIdj

úh' tfy;a uOHu mka;sh wfmalaId l< l%shdYS,S md,kh fyda wd¾Ól iqrlaIs;Ndjh

fyda ,nd §ug m%xY rdcdKavqj wfmdfydi;a úh' uOHu mka;sh úma,jhg kdhl;ajh

§ug bÈßm;a jQfha fun÷ lreKq ksid h'

m%xY úma,jhg n,mE Þ¾Yksl u;jdo

f.dvkef.ñka ;snQ rdcdKavq úfrdaë

ye`.Sïj,g m%xY Þ¾Yksl u;jdoj,ska kj Ôjhla

,enq‚' fudkafgialHq" fjda,afghd¾ iy rEfida

hk Þ¾Ykslhkaf.a woyia úma,jh Èßu;a lrk

Ñka;khka iemhS h'

fudkafgialHq —kS;sfha idrh˜ kï ;u lD;sh

u.ska tla mqoa.,fhl= jgd n,h tAlrdYS ùu kqiqÿiq

nj;a" bka tAldêm;s md,khla f.dvkef.k

nj;a m%ldY lf<a h' tksid n,h jHjia:dÞhl"

úOdhl yd wêlrK f,i wxY ;=klg fnÈh

hq;= nj;a tu.ska tAldêm;s md,khla f.dvke.Su

je,elafjk nj;a fyf;u fmkajd ÿkafka h'

fjd,afghd¾ iajdëk u; m%%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh ms<sn|j woyia ±laù h' Tyq

rdcdKavqfõ yd m,a,sfha tAldêldrh ±äj úfõpkh lf<a h'

rEfida —iudc iïuq;sh˜ kï ish .%ka:h u.ska ck;d

iajdêm;Hh ms<sn`o ixl,amh bÈßm;a lf<a h' rcq

uyck;djf.a Y=N isoaêh i|yd lghq;= l< hq;= nj;a

tfia fkd jk md,lhka m,jd yeÍfï whs;sh ck;dj

i;= nj;a fyf;u m%ldY lf<a h' Tyqf.a fuu woyia

iudkd;au;dj iy ck;d mrudêm;H hk ixl,amj,

moku úh'

óg wu;rj wefußlka ksoyia igkg iyfhda.h

§u i|yd .sh m%xY fid,aÞÿjka tu igk u.ska ksoyi

ms<sn| ixl,amh y÷kd.ekSu yd th m%xYh ;=< l%shd;aul

lsÍug tl;= ùu;a m%xY úma,jh i|yd n,mEfõ h'

rEmh 7'11 - rEfidA

rEmh 7'10 - fudkafgialHq


úma,jh

1789 j¾Ih jk úg rdcdKavqjg tfrysj úfrdaO;djka f.dvkef.ñka ;snQ

m%xYfha úma,jhg wdikak fya;=j jQfha wdKavqfõ uqo,a w¾nqoh ksid Woa.; jQ

;;a;ajh hs' tu ;;a;ajhg ms<shï jYfhka nÿ m%;sixialrKhla isÿ l< hq;= úh'

tA i|yd iafÜÜia fckr,a iNdj kï uka;%K iNdj le|ùug ;SrKh flf<a h'

fuu iNdj jir 175la muK ld,hla ;siafia le|jd fkd ;snQ neúka iNdjdrh

meje;aùu ms<sn| .eg¨ mek ke.=‚' ro, mka;sh" mQcl mka;sh yd idudkH ck;dj

ksfhdackh l< msßia fuu iNdjg wh;a jQ w;r ro, mka;sh yd mQcl mka;sh by<

iNdjla ^W;a;r uKav,hla& f,i fjk u /ia úh hq;= hehs ro,fhda m%ldY l<y'

ro,hkaf.a wruqK jQfha ro, mQcl fomsßi tl;= ù ;=kajk mka;sfha fhdackd

mrdch lsÍu hs' rc;=ud ro,hkaf.a u;hg mlaI jQ w;r ;=kajk mka;sh thg

úreoaO úh' fuu w¾nqoh ksid idudkH ck;dj ksfhdackh l< ;=kajk mka;sfha

ksfhdað;fhda fjk u /ia jQy'

rEmh 7'12 - neiaà,a nkaOkd.drhg myr §u


ro,hkaf.a n,mEu u; Tjqka /ia jQ Yd,dj jid ±óug rcq lghq;= lsÍu

ksid cd;sl uKav,h f,i y÷kajd .;a tu msßi .Dyia: fgksia msáhlg /ia ù

m%xYhg kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla ilia lr ñila úisr fkd hk njg Èjqreï

ÿkay' fuh fgksia msáfha Èjqreu f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu msßig m%xY uy ck;djf.a

iydh ,enq‚' rdcdKavqj flf¾ l,lsÍ isá meÍisfha ck;dj wú wdhqO f.k

k.rhg frdla jQy' 1789 cQ,s 14 Èk m%xY rdcdKavqfõ widOdrKlïj, ixfla;hla

f,i ÈiajqK neiaà,a kï nkaOkd.drhg myr ÿka Tjqyq tys isá isrlrejka ksoyia

l<y' th m%xY úma,jfha wdrïNh úh'

meÍisfha we;s jQ ler,sldr ;;a;ajh rg mqrd me;sßK' 16 jk ¨ù rcqg fuu

;;a;ajh md,kh lr .; fkdyels úh' fï ksid rcqf.a n,h ì| jeà uOH md,kh

fuka u m%foaYSh md,kh o úma,jjd§ka w;g m;a úh' úma,jjd§yq ,*dfhÜ kï

kdhlhd hgf;a cd;sl wdrlaIl yuqÞjla msysgqjdf.k rg mqrd úma,jjd§ lñgq msysgq

jQy' úma,jjd§kaf.a md,kh hgf;a 16 jk ¨ù rcqg yd udß wekafgdhskÜ ìijg

tfrysj kvq úNd.hla mj;ajd tu fofokdg u urK o~qju ,nd fokq ,eî h'

m%xY úma,jfha m%;sM,

m%xY úma,jh ksid m%xYfha foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd iudÔh wxYj, fjkialï

/ila isÿ úh' wiydh rdcdKavq l%uhlg yd widOdrK iudc ¡ wd¾Ól l%uhlg

tfrysj uyck;dj ke.S isá tu úma,jh fya;=fjka f,dal foaYmd,k lafIa;%hg

úYd, w;a±lSï yd wdo¾Y /ila ,enq‚' tu úma,jfha m%;sM, lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

Û uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| f,dj mqrd Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu'

m%xY úma,jjd§ka úiska 1791 j¾Ifha § udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%ldYkhla

t<s olajk ,È' uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï hkq iajNdjfhka u ñksidg ysñ úh hq;=

whs;Ska úkd md,lhka ,nd Èh hq;= fohla fkd jk njg tu.ska w¾: ±laúK'

udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| tu m%ldYkfha i|yka jQ woyia lsysmhla fufia h'

iEu ñksfil= u ksoyia mqoa.,fhl= f,i Wm; ,nk neúka Tjqka ish¨

fokdg iudk whs;sjdislï ysñ úh hq;= h'

� iEu rgjeisfhl=g u kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfï ld¾hhg iïnkaO ùug

whs;shla ;sfí'

� iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u ksoyfia woyia m%ldY lsÍug yd leu;s wd.ula

weoySug whs;sh ;sìh hq;= h'


m%xY úma,jfha m%Odk igka mdG jQ ksoyi" iudkd;au;dj yd ifydaor;ajh hk

ixl,amj,g by; i|yka ñksia whs;sjdislï m%ldYkfha Wmqgk ;=k u.ska

ms<s.ekSula ,eìK' f,dj mqrd iudc widOdrKlïj,ska mSvkhg m;aj isá ck;djg

fuu.ska uy;a wdYs¾jdohla ,eìK' tneúka miqj f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a uQ,sl

ñksia whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ixl,am" wdKavql%u jHjia:d u.ska u kS;s .; lsÍug

fm<ôK'

m%xY úma,jh ksid m%xYh ;=< o fjkialï /ila isÿ úh' tAjd o úma,jfha

m%;sM, f,i ie,lsh yels h' tn÷ fjkialï lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

� m%xY rdcdKavql%uh ì| jeàu

� m%xY f.dú ck;djg iyk ,eîu

� m%xYfha wia:djr foaYmd,k l%uhla ìys ùu

m%xY úma,jhg kdhl;ajh ÿka msßia úúO foaYmd,k u; ±rE wh jQ fyhska

úma,jfhka miqj úáka úg wdKavq udreùï lsysmhla isÿ úh' 1789 isg 1799 olajd

j¾Ij, tu ;;a;ajh mej;=‚' fuu wia:djr foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh ksid 1799 j¾Ifha

§ yuqÞ ks,Odßfhl= jQ kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ m%xYfha n,h w,a,d .;af;a h' t;eka

isg m%xYfha ìys jQfha w¨;a foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhls'

l%shdldrlu

m%xYjdiSka Èkd.;a udkj whs;sjdislï hk ud;Dldj hgf;a rpkdjla

,shkak'

7'3 reishdkq úma,jh

úisjk ishji wdrïN jk úg reishdj f,dalfha f.dvìï N+ñ m%udKfhka

yfhka tll muK me;sÍ .sh úYd, wêrdcHhla úh' fuu úYd, wêrdcHh md,kh

lsÍu i`oyd l%uj;a ixúOdkhla wjYH ù ;snq‚' tjlg isá reishdkq md,lfhda

yuqodj" fmd,Sish iy ryia fmd,Sish fhdod fuu úYd, wêrdcHh ;=< ±ä md,khla

f.k .sfhda h' fuu md,khg reishdfõ l%sia;shdks m,a,sfhka o uy;a msájy,la

,eìKs' fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a reishdkq md,lhka jQ id¾jre taldêm;shka jYfhka

lghq;= l<y' reishdfõ meje;s jevjiï iudc wd¾Ól l%uh ;=< ck.ykfhka

w;súYd, msßi jQ f.dú ck;dj o oykj jk ishjfia ld¾ñl ÈhqKqj ksid ìys

jQ lïlre mka;sh o md,lhkaf.a m,a,sfha iy jxYdêm;sjrhdf.a o ±ä .%yKhg


,laj isáhy' reishdj m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu ksid ck;dj ;j ;j;a

mSvdjg m;a úh' fï ksid úma,jfha f;audj jQfha iduh" bvï yd wdydr hkak hs'

fuu f;aud hgf;a 1917 ud¾;= yd Tlaf;daïn¾ hk udij, úma,j folla we;s úh'

iudcjd§ iudchla f.dvke.Sfï wruqKska j¾Okh jQ fuu úma,jh ms<snò fidhd

n,uq'

úma,jhg n,mE fya;=

úisjk ishji wdrïN jk úg m%xYfha fuka reishdfõ o meje;sfha ¥Is;

taldêm;s rdcdKavq l%uhls' reishdfõ rc l< id¾ kñka ye`ÈkajQ rcjre ;uka .ek

muKla is;d b;d ¥Is; md,khla f.k .shy; rcfha wdodhï jeä lr .ekSu iòyd

ck;dj fm<ñka nÿ wh l<y; wd.u flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< kuq;a

ck;djf.a wd¾Ól yd iudÔh m%Yak úi`§fuys ,d Wkkaÿ fkd jQy'

reishdfõ wd¾Ól yd iudc rgdj foi n,k úg tys mej;sfha jevjiï

iudc l%uh mokï lr .;a lDIsld¾ñl wd¾Ól rgdjla nj fmfka' mdrïmßlj

bvï whs;sh ro,jreka i;= úh' rfÜ idudkH jeishka jQ f.dúfhda m%fõ‚odihka

f,i j.d lghq;= l<y' ro,jreka Okj;=ka jQ w;r m%fõ‚odihka Tjqkaf.a foam<la

f,i ie,lsK' ro,jrekaf.a bvï j.d lsÍu fjkqfjka wiajekafkka fldgila nÿ

jYfhka rchg" m,a,shg iy ro,hkag f.ùug isÿ ùu ksid f.dùyQ úúO wd¾Ól

.eg¨j,g uqyqK ÿkay' 19 jk ishji jk úg reishdfõ me;sr .sh ld¾ólrKh

ksid lïlre msßila o ìysj isáhy' lïlrejkaf.a ;;a;ajh f.dúhkag jvd i;=gq

odhl úh' tfy;a Tjqka b;d iq`M msßils' uOHu mka;sh o iq`M msßilf.ka iukaú;

jQ w;r Tjqkaf.a jeä fokd rcfha fiajlfhda jqy' reishdfõ fuu ;;a;ajh mj;soa§

1904 ¡ 1905 w;r;=r ld,fha § cmdkh iu. hqoaOfhka reishdj mrdchg m;a úh'

th 1905 § rdcH úfrdaë le/,a,la we;s ùug wdikak u fya;=jla úh' f.dú ler,s

yd lïlre j¾ck jYfhka 1905 § we;s jQ fuu rdcH úfrdaë igkg kdúl yuqodfõ

ler,slrefjda o tl;= jQy' fuu igk ch .ekSug ler,slrejkag fkd yels jqj;a

th rdcH úfrdaê igkla iòyd fmrksñ;a;la úh'

ck;dj rchg tfrysj fm< .efik nj f;areï .;a id¾ md,lfhda

foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK lsysmhla ,nd ÿka kuq;a bka ;Dma;su;a fkd jQ ck;dj

kej; úfrdaO;d olajkakg mgka .;ay' tys § rcq m%;sixialrK fkd ;ld yer ±ä

u¾okldÍ m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<a h' tneúka tu ler,s fufyhjQ f,kskaf.a

kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnda,afIúla mlaIh vqudj kï uka;%K iNdfjka bj;aj ish

jev lghq;= ryis.;j lrf.k hdug mgka .;af;a h' fï w;r 1914 § m<uqjk

f,dal uyd ix.%duh werô‚' reishdj ñ;% md¾Yajfha kdhlfhl= jYfhka m<uq

jk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO úh' fï ksid reishdjg fndfyda ydks isÿ úh' tys

§ reishdkq f.dùka yd lïlrejka úYd, jYfhka yuqodjg n|jd.ekSu isÿ úh'

th Tjqkaf.a leue;af;ka isÿ jQjla fkd ù h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka f.dú;eka


lsÍug mqyqKq f.dúhka ysÕ jQ neúka f.dú;eka lghq;= wvd< úh' fï wjia:dfõ

l¾udka; Yd,dj,ska jeä m%udKhla wú wdhqO ksmoùug fhdod .;a neúka" wdydr"

fnfy;a" fmdfydr wdÈ w;HjYH foa ksmoùu wvd< úh' fï ksid rg mqrd W.% wdydr

ysÕhla we;s ù NdKavj, ñ, fkdis;+ ;rï by< .sfha h' ck;dj jvd;a mSvdjg

m;a lf<a mdka ñ, by< hdu hs' fï ksid rfÜ ck;dj b;d mSvdjg m;aj isáhy'

th mqmqrdhdu 1917 § isÿ úh'

1917 ud¾;= úma,jh

1917 ud¾;= úma,jh wdrïN jQfha frÈ lïy,l we;s jQ jev j¾ckhlsks'

th Èk ;=kla hk úg uyd jev j¾ckhla olajd j¾Okh úh' mSä; lKavdhï

ish,af,da u ta iòyd tla jQy' ùÓ mqrd mdka b,a,ñka ck;d Woaf>daIK meje;aúK'

id¾ md,kfha yuqodfjda o Woaf>daIKhg tla jQy' fï ksid rchg ck;d úfrdaOh

md,kh l< fkd yels jQ w;r 1917 ud¾;= udifha § rcqg isyiqk w;ayeÍug isÿ úh'

id¾ md,kh ìò jeàfuka miq md,k n,h flfrkaials kï kdhlhdf.a igkaldó

n,fõ. w;g m;a úh' tA hgf;a ;djld,sl wdKavqjla msysgqjk ,È' tfy;a tu

md,lhkag rfÜ wjYH;d iòyd úi`ÿï fkd ù h'

rfÜ w;HjYH oE jQfha f.dùkag bvï" hqO Nghkag iduh yd rfÜ ish,a,kag

u wdydr hkak hs' fï ksid f.dùyq bvï .sks ;nñka" uxfld,a,lñka yd tAjdfha

ysñlrejka úkdY lrñka ;%ia; l%shdj, ksr; jQy' tfia u kj rcfha md,lfhda

OkjdÈka iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍfuka ks¾Okhkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=

wysñ l<y' tu rch hqoaO lghq;= È.g u mj;ajdf.k hdfuka fid,aodÿjkaf.a o

n,dfmdfrd;a;= ìò jegqKs'

1917 Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jh

fï w;r f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a fnd,afIúlajre fidaúhÜ

uKav, kï ixúOdk rg mqrd msysgqjñka f.dú lïlre rchla msysgqjd .ekSfï

wruqKska lghq;= l<y' reishdkq úma,jh wdrïN jk wjêfha fukafIúlajreka

yd fnd,afIúlajreka hkqfjka foaYmd,k lKavdhï folla ìysj ;snq‚' hï hï

m%;sixialrK u.ska ck;d m%Yak úi¢h yels hehs l,amkd l< iq`M;r msßi

fukafIúlajreka f,i ye¢kafõ' fldñhqksiaÜ jdoh ms<s.;a fnd,afIúlajre;a

nyq;rh jQy' Okjd§ w¾: l%uh ì| oud fldñhqksiaÜ woyia u; mka;s rys; iudchla

ìys lsÍu fnd,afIúlajrekaf.a wruqK úh' f,kska yd fg%dÜials kdhl;ajh ÿka

tu ixúOdkhg lïlrejka" f.dùka" fid,aodÿjka we;=¿ mSä; ck fldgiaj,

iydh ksrdhdifhka u ,enq‚' ud¾;= úma,jfhka miqj msysgqjQ ;djld,sl wdKavqj

uyck;djf.a ±fjk m%Yak úi£ug wfmdfydi;a jQ neúka flá ld,hlska u th


uyck wm%idohg ,la úh' ;djld,sl wdKavqjg tfrysj ke.S tk uyck úfrdaOh

ÿgq ù' whs' f,kska —fï wjia:dfõ wms n,h w,a,d fkd .; fyd;a b;sydih wmg

iudj fkdfokq we;ehs˜ m%ldY lf<a h' ta wkqj 1917 Tlaf;dïn¾ ui úma,jh

werôK' ikakoaO Ng lKavdhï rcfha m%Odk uOHia:dk w,a,d .;ay' ÿïßh" nexl="

;eme,a ld¾hd,& ùÈ mqrd ler,s lrefjda iduh" bvï" wdydr b,a,d Woaf>daIKh

l<y'

;ukag rcfhka wdrlaIdjla fkdue;s nj ±k.;a uOHu mka;sh yd yuqod

Ngfhda Woaf>daIlhkag úfrdaO;djla fkd ±lajQy' fuu úma,jhg md,lhka yer

fiiq fndfyda fokdf.a iyfhda.h ,enqKs' fï jk úg fidaúhÜ ck;djf.a mSvkh

fl;rï W.%j ;snqfKa o hkak thska meyeÈ,s fjhs' n,j;a igklska f;drj

úma,jh ch .ekSug yels jQfha tneúks' fuu úma,jh f,dal iïu; Èk o¾Ykh

wkqj fkdjeïn¾ ui § isÿ jqj o ta jk úg reishdfõ Ndú; jQ merKs Èk o¾Ykhg

wkqj th Tlaf;dan¾ udih úh' tksid fuu úma,jh m%isoaO jQfha 1917 Tlaf;dan¾

úma,jh jYfhks'

úma,jfha m%;sM,

flfrkaialsf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a rch fmr<d oud f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka

hq;a fnd,afIúlajreka rchla msysgqùu fï úma,jfha m%Odk m%;sM,h hs' fnd,afIúla

mlaIh miqj fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh njg m;a úh' f,kskaf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;a kj

rch c¾uksh iu. meje;s hqoaOh wjika lr iduh we;s lsÍug iu;a úh' ta wkqj

reishdjg iduh Wod úh' th fid,aodÿjkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j úh' f,kskaf.a

kdhl;ajfhka hq;= kj wdKavqj úiska fm!oa.,sl bvï whs;sh wfydais lrk ,È'

rch fj; mjrd .;a tu bvï uq, § f.dùkag l=vd f.dúfmd<j,a jYfhka j.d

rEmh 7'14 - - ù' whs' f,kska uy;drEmh 7'15 - ,sfhdaka fg%dÜials uy;d


lsÍug wjir § ;snq kuq;a miqj tajd úYd, iuQy f.dúfmd<j,a njg m;a lsÍug

mshjr .ekq‚' ta wkqj f.dùfhda iuQy whs;sh hgf;a j.d lsÍu isÿ l<y' fï

wkqj f.dùka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ bvï Tjqkag ,enqKs' fldñhqksiaÜ md,kh hgf;a

reishdfõ jQ ish¨ l¾udka;Yd,d ck i;= l< w;r tys md,kh fldñhqksiaÜ

mlaIfha u. fmkaùu hgf;a lïlrejkaf.ka iukaú; fidaúhÜ uKav,j,g

mejßKs' óg wu;rj nexl=" .ukd.ukh hkdÈh o cki;= flßK'

id¾ md,kh iïmQ¾Kfhka u ì`o oud ta fjkqjg lïlrejkaf.a iy

f.dùkaf.a ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; fidaúhÜ iNd mokula u; f;dard .;a

w¨;a ks,Odß msßila ;k;=rej,g m;a flß‚' úma,jfhka miqj reishdj y`ÿkajkq

,enqfõ fidaúhÜ iudcjd§ iuQydKavq ix.uh hk kñks' ta wkqj reishdj iudcjd§

o¾Ykh ms<s.;a rgla njg m;a úh'

iudcjd§ o¾Ykh

iudcjdoh hkq fldñhqksiaÜjd§ o¾Ykh wkqj iudch i;= Ok iïm;a

ms<sn`o fmdÿ whs;sh ms<s.ekSu" iEu mqrjeisfhl=g u ;u l=i,;d by< kxjd .ekSug

iudk bvla ,nd §u" ksIamdok M, ish¨ fokdg u iudkj fn§hdu hk uQ,O¾u

ms<s.;a foaYmd,k o¾Ykhls'

ta wkqj"

mqoa., wjYH;dj,g jvd fmdÿ ÈhqKqjg yd fmdÿ wjYH;dj,g

m%uqL;ajh §u'

iudc widOdrKlï yd wiudk;d ke;s lsÍu'

iudcfha mka;s úIu;d ke;s lr ish¨ fokdg ifydaor;ajfhka

i,lk Wiia udkj iudchla f.dvke.Su wdÈh iudcjd§ o¾Ykfha

lemS fmfkk ,laIK fõ'

reishdkq úma,jfha ;j;a m%;sM,hla f,i iudcjd§ o¾Ykh f,dj mqrd

jHdma; ùu olakg ,efí' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq f,dalfha m%Odk n,fõ.

njg m;a jQfha iudcjd§ o¾Ykh yd Okjd§ o¾Ykh hs' ta wkqj f,dalfha reishdjg

ys;j;a fndfyda rgj,a iudcjd§ o¾Ykfha we;eï wx. ;u wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,g

we;=`M lr .;af;a h'

Wod ( Ökh" kef.kysr c¾uksh" lshqndj bka lsysmhls'

fuu mdvu wdrïNfha § i|yka l< wefußlka úma,jfhka miqj wefußld

tlai;a ckmoh hk n,j;a rdcHh ks¾udKh ù trg uq,a lr .;a Okjd§ w¾:

l%uh ms<s.;a l|jqrla f,dalfha ìys úh'


by; i|yka reishdkq úma,jfhka miqj reishdj uQ,sl lr.;a iudcjd§

l|jqrla o f,dalfha ìys úh' tu l|jqre folg u wh;a fkd jQ rgj,a /ila fkd

ne¢ cd;Ska njg m;a úh' Y%S ,xldj o fkd ne¢ cd;Skaf.a m%;sm;a;s .re lrk rgls'

l%shdldrlu

iudcjd§ o¾Ykfha hym;a ,laIK uefhka rpkdjla ,shkak'


f,dal uyd ix.%du yd iïuq;Ska08

8'1 is;shu - m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh me;sreKq wdldrh

8'1 m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh

ye¢kaùu

úisjk ishjfia m%:u Nd.fha § iuia; f,dalhg u n,mE uyd ix.%du

folla we;s úh' fuu ix.%du fol u hqfrdamfhka wdrïN ù miqj fiiq uydoaùm lrd

me;=re‚' f,dj n,j;a rgj,a /ila fuu hqoaOj,g iïnkaO ù iuia; f,dalhg u

n,mEï we;s l< ksid tAjd f,dal uyd ix.%du f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu hqoaOj,ska

isÿ jQ jHikh ksid u kej; f,dal uyd ix.%duhla we;sùu j,lajd .ekSu ms‚i

f,dal kdhlfhda úúO iïuq;s we;s lr .;ay' fuu mdvfï § f,dal uyd ix.%duj,g

;=vqÿka fya;=" f,dal uyd ix.%duj, iajNdjh" m%;sM, fuka u tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ix.uh yd tys jeo.;alu ms<sn|j o wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'

W;=re uqyqo

ì%;dkH

fvkaud¾lh

reishdkq wêrdcH

fnd,aála uqyqo

frdfïkshdj

l`t uqyqo

;=¾lsh

ì%;dkH ihsm%ih

ì%;dkH Bcsma;=j

isis,sh

fld¾isldb;d,sh

m%xY gekaidkshdj

m%xY we,acSrshdj

m%xY fudfrdlafldaj

we,afíkshdj

tacshka uqyqo

uOHOrKs uqyqo

i¾ìhdjn,af.aßhdj

c¾udkq wêrdcH

Tiafg%da--ykaf.arshdkq

wêrdcHw;a,dka;sla

id.rh

mD;=.d,hne,rsla ¥m;

m%xYh

uOH n,j;=ka

c¾uksh

Tiafg%da - ykaf.aßhdj

n,af.aßhd

;=¾lsh

ñ;% n,j;=ka

ì%;dkHh refïkshdj

m%xYh .%Sish

reishdj

b;d,sh


1914-1918 ld,fha f,dj mqrd me;sÍ .sh hqoaOh m<uq jk f,dal uyd ix.%duh

kñka ye|skafõ' óg fmr f,dalfha iEu uydoaùmhl u jHdma; jQ hqoaOhla .ek

b;sydifha i|yka fkd fõ' fuu hqoaOh hqfrdamfhka wdrïN ù" miqj hqfrdamd

cd;Ska f.dvk.df.k ;snQ hg;a úð;j,g;a me;sr .sfha h' wjidkfha § weußld

tlai;a ckmoh;a hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùfuka ish¨ uyoaùm lrd jHdma; jQ f,dal uyd

ix.%duhla we;s úh'

m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duhg n,mE fya;=

� c¾uksh tlai;a lsÍfï jHdmdrfha §" m%xYh yd c¾uksh i;=rka njg m;a

ùu'

19 jk ishji wdrïNfha § c¾uka ni

l;d l< jeishkaf.ka hq;= l=vd rdcHhka

350lg jeä ixLHdjla mej;sh;a c¾uksh hkqfjka

ye¢kaúh yels rgla fkd ;snq‚' tn÷ miqìula

;sìh § by; lS l=vd rdcHhka tl;= fldg c¾uksh

hkqfjka rgla ìys lrk ,oafoa Tfgda¡fjdaka

ìiaud¾la kï olaI kdhlhd úisks' ìiaud¾la 1870

j¾Ifha § c¾uksh tlai;a fldg th n,j;a rgla

lsÍu i|yd m%xYh iuÕ hqoaOhlg meg,s‚' tu

hqoaOfhka m%xYh wka; mrdchla ,eî h' t;eka

isg wi,ajeis rgj,a folla jQ m%xYh yd c¾uksh

tlsfklg i;=re rgj,a folla njg m;a úh'

� c¾uka wêrdchd jQ fojk ú,shïf.a

l%shd l,dmh

c¾uksfha ks¾ud;Djrhd jQ ìiaud¾la

tlai;a iy Yla;su;a c¾ukshla msysgqùfuka

;Dma;shg m;a úh' c¾ukshg ndysr hg;a úð;

msysgqjd .ekSu flfrys ìiaud¾la Wkkaÿjla

fkd ±laù h' tfy;a 1887 j¾Ifha § c¾uka

wêrdchd ^lhsi¾& jQ fojk ú,shï rcq c¾uka

m%foaY ;=<ska muKla ;Dma;su;a jQfjl= fkd ù

h' ìiaud¾laf.a wruqKqj,g mgyeksj hñka

c¾ukshg hg;a úð; msysgqjd c¾uka wêrdcHhla

msysgqùu tu rcqf.a wruqK úh' tys § c¾uksfha

rEmh 8'1 ¡ Tfgda¡fjdka ìiaud¾la

rEmh 8'2 ¡ fojk ú,shï wêrdcHhd


úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh f,dalfha fiiq rgj, ielhg Ndck úh' c¾uka wêrdcHhla

msysgqùu i|yd c¾uka yuqÞ Yla;sh jeä lsÍug lghq;= flß‚' thska lkiai,a,g

m;a ì%;dkHh o c¾ukshg ;r.ldÍj ;u yuqÞ Yla;sh jeä lf<a h' fï ksid

hqfrdamh ;=< hqOldó jd;djrKhla l%ufhka f.dvke.=‚'

� hg;a úð; i|yd jQ ;r.h

19 jk ishji ueo jk úg hqfrdamfha n,j;a rgj,a wdishdfõ yd wm%sldfõ

hg;a úð; msysgqùu i|yd ;r.hlg wj;S¾K jQ iajNdjhla olakg ,eìK' fuys

§ jeä u hg;a úð; ysñlrejd jQfha ì%;dkHh hs' m%xYh" fn,aðhu" mD;=.d,h"

iamd[a[h yd ´,kaoh hk rgj,g B<Õ ia:dk ysñ úh' tlai;a c¾ukshla ìys

ùfuka miq YS>% ld¾ñl ÈhqKqjla w;a lr.;a c¾ukshg ish ksñøjH wf,ú lr

.ekSu i|yd fjf<|fmd< fidhd.ekSu w;HjYH úh' wdishd" wm%sld m%foaY fj;

c¾uksh fufia meñŒu .ek fiiq cd;Syq ìhg m;a jQy' úfYaIfhka tf;la n,j;d

jYfhka isá ì%;dkHh fuh uy;a ;¾ckhla f,i ie,lS h' fufia hg;a úð;

i|yd jQ ;r.h m%;súreoaO n,j;=kaf.a úreoAOjd§ woyia fmdaIKh ùug fnfyúka

n,mEfõ h'

� wú ;r.h yd cd;sjdoh j¾Okh ùu'

19 jk ishji w.Nd.fha mgka hqfrdamfha iEu m%n, rgla u ^c¾uksh"

ì%;dkHh" m%xYh" reishdj& ;ukaf.a n,h j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd wú wdhqO w;ska

ikakoaOj isàu flfrys jeä úYajdihla ;eî h' —wú wdhqO n,fhka jir myl §

,nd .;a foa wdrlaId lr .ekSug ;j;a jir 50la ikakoaOj isáh hq;=˜ hehs c¾uka

fikam;sfhl= jQ fjdka fjda,ala mjid we;' wú n,h flfrys c¾uksh ;=< mej;s

úYajdih fuu m%ldYfhka meyeÈ,s fõ' fufia tla tla rgj,a wú wdhqO flfrys

úYajdih ;eîu ksid n,j;a hqfrdamSh rgj,a w;r wú ;r.hla ks¾udKh úh'

tfuka u b;d,sfha yd c¾uksfha cd;sljdoh ;=<ska tu rgj,a tlai;a lsÍu;a

iu. hqfrdamfha cd;sljd§ m%jK;dj j¾Okh úh' fuys úfYaI ,laIKh jQfha

;ukaf.a rgg wdorh lsÍu;a fiiq rgj,a fy<d ±lSu;a h' fuu ;;a;ajh cd;Ska

w;r .egqï we;s ùug iqÿiq miqìula ks¾udKh lf<a h'

� m%xYh hqfrdamh ;=< ;ks lsÍug ìiaud¾la wkq.ukh l< úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

1870 j¾Ifha § m%xYh mrdch l< c¾uksfha ìiaud¾la" m%xYh i;=j ;snQ

we,aidia iy f,df¾ka keu;s idrj;a m%foaY fol meyer .;af;a h' fï ksid

wkd.;fha lsishï Èfkl m%xYh c¾uksfhka m<s .ekSug hqoaO lrkq we;ehs

o" we,aidia yd f,df¾ka m%foaY h<s ,nd .kq we;ehs o c¾ukshg ìhla ;sì‚'

fï ksid hqfrdamfha n,j;a rgj,a iu. c¾uksh ñ;%% in|;d we;s lr .ekSu;a

m%xYhg hqfrdamfha ñ;=rka ke;s lsÍu;a 1870ka miq c¾uksfha úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh


úh' fuys § ;ks jQ m%xYh hqfrdamfha ñ;=rka fidhd hdu ksid c¾uksh yd m%xYh

uq,a lr .;a l|jqre folla f.dvke.=‚' fuys m%;sM, jYfhka c¾uksh" Tiaá%hdj"

b;d,sh we;=<;a l|jqrla yd ì%;dkHh" m%xYh" reishdj we;=<;a l|jqrla jYfhka

l|jqre folla ks¾udKh úh' fuys § c¾uksh we;=<;a l|jqr uOHu n,j;=ka f,i

ye¢kajQ w;r m%xYh we;=<;a l|jqr ñ;% n,j;=ka f,i yÿkajk ,È' fiiq rgj,a o

Tjqfkdjqkaf.a wjYH;d u; tu l|jqre foflka tllg tl;= úh' t;eka isg 1914

jk f;la fuu ms,a fol w;r jd.a ix.%duhla isÿ úh'

� Tiaá%hdfõ Tgqkak ysñ l=ureka >d;kh lsÍu'

by; i|yka l< wdldrhg hqoaOh i|yd hqfrdamh ;=< oeä hqo WKqiqula

mj;soa§" Tiaá%hdfõ Tgqkak ysñ l=urd jQ m%dkaia

*¾äkkaâ yd Tyqf.a ìß| fndiakshdfõ w.kqjr

jQ irdðfjda ^irdfhfjda& k.rfha ixpdrh

lrñka isáh §" >d;kh flß‚' fuu >d;kh

isÿ lf<a i¾ìhdkq cd;slhka fofofkl= úisks'

Tiaá%hdj fuu isoaêh ;ukag úreoaOj lrk ,o

l=uka;%Khla jYfhka i,ld fldkafoais lsysmhla

bÈßm;a fldg i¾ìhdfjka jkaÈ b,a,d isáfha h'

i¾ìhdj th m%;slafIam lsÍu ksid l%s' j' 1914 cQ,s

ui 28 jk Èk Tiaá%hdj i¾ìhdjg úreoaOj hqO

m%ldY lf<a h' irfhafjda isoaêh kñka y÷kajk

fuu isÿùu" m<uq f,dal uyd ix.%duh wdrïN

ùug n,mE wdikak ;u fya;=j f,i ie,fla'

rEmh 8'4 - m%dkaia m¾äkkaâ l=ure

rEmh 8'3 m%dkaia m¾äkkaâ yd Tyqf.a ìß| >d;kh lsÍu ±lafjk is;=jula

yd Tjqka .uka .;a r:h


ñ;% msf,a rgj,a uOHu n,j;=kaf.a rgj,a

m%xYh" uyd ì%;dkHh" reishdj" weußld

tlai;a ckmoh

c¾uksh" Tiaá%%hdj" ;=¾lsh" n,af.aßhdj"

yxf.aßhdj

m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufha jHdma;sh

irfhafjda isoaêfha § Tiaá%hdj i¾ìhdjg tfrysj hqoaO m%ldY lsÍu"

Tiaá%hdfõ ñ;=re rgla jQ c¾uksh o wkqu; lf<a h' tA wkqj Tiaá%hdj fuka u

i¾ìhdj o hqoaOh i|yd ;u ñ;=rkaf.ka wdOdr ,nd .ekSfï ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh

úh' Tiaá%hdfõ hqO n,hg ìh jQ i¾ìhdj reishdfjka wdOdr b,a,S h' reishdj tA

i|yd wdOdr ,nd §ug iQÞkï úh'

tys § Tiaá%hdjg ys;j;aj lghq;= l< c¾uksh i¾ìhdjg wOdr fkd lrk

f,i reishdfjka b,a,d isáh;a th bgq fkd ú‚' fï ksid Tiaá%hdjg mlaI rgla

f,i c¾uksh o hqoaOhg wj;S¾K úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka 1914 wf.daia;= m<uqjeks

Èk c¾uksh reishdjg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lf<a h'

fï jk úg reishdj yd m%xYh w;r ñ;%;ajhla mej;s neúka c¾uksh reishdjg

myr fok úg m%xYh reishdjg Woõ lrkq we;ehs is;+ c¾uksh fojrla fkd is;d

m%xYhg úreoaOj o hqoaOh m%ldY lf<a h' c¾uksh tlai;a l< wjêfha isg c¾uksh

yd m%xYh w;r ffjrhla ;snq‚' fï ksid m%xYh hqoaOhg wj;S¾K ùug fmr wehg

myr §ug is;+ c¾uksh fn,aðhug lvd je§ fn,aðhu yryd m%xYhg myr §ug

mgka .;af;a h' c¾uksfha fuu ys;=jlaldß l%shd ms<sfj; ì%;dkHfha wdrlaIdjg

;¾ckhla jQ neúka o ì%;dkHh yd m%xYh w;r ñ;%;ajhla mej;s neúka o ì%;dkHh

c¾ukshg úreoaOj hqO m%ldY lrñka m%xYfha iyhg bÈßm;a úh' ì%;dkHh hkq tA

jk úg;a f,dj mqrd hg;a úð; /ila ysñ lr f.k isá rgls' tneúka ì%;dkHh

hqoaOhg wj;S¾K ùu;a iuÕ tu hg;a úð; lrd o hqoaOfha n,mEu me;sßKs'

fomd¾Yajh w;r f.dvìï igka fuka u uqyqÿ igka o we;s úh' w;skùk

hqoaOdhqO m%fhdackhg .ksñka §¾> igka l%shd;aul úh' c¾uksh È.ska È.g u

iíueÍka m%ydr t,a, lf<a h' ta wkqj ì%;dkH jrdfhka msg;a jk iEu keõ

y;frka tlla u jdf.a c¾uka iíueÍka m%ydrhkag f.dÿre úh'

m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO jQ rgj,a


weußld tlai;a ckmoh hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu

fï jk úg n,j;a rdcHhla njg m;a ù isá weußld tlai;a ckmoh

uq, § uOHia:j isáfha h' weußldkq cd;slhka /.;a ¨isgdkshd kï u.S kej

c¾uka iíueßkhla u.ska .s,ajd oeóu ksid weußld tlai;a ckmoh o hqoaOhg

wj;s¾K úh' weußld tlai;a ckmoh ñ;% ikaOdkhg tlaùu c¾uksfha mrdchg

n,mE m%n, u fya;=jla úh' trg i;=j meje;s úYd, wdydr f;d. hqoaOfha § b;d

m%fhdackj;a jQ w;r ñ,shk folla muK jQ mdn, yd kdjql yuqodj iy w;skùk

hqoaOdhqO i;=re ms,g m%n, ;¾ckhla t,a, lsÍug iu;a úh'

uq, § uOHu n,j;=kaf.a md¾Yajfha isá b;d,sh" ryia .súiqula u.ska ñ;%

mdlaIslhkag tlaj c¾ukshg úreoaOj hqO m%ldY lsÍu úfYaI isÿùuls' b;d,sfha

fuu l%shd l,dmh ksid c¾uksh yd Tiaá%hdj w;r meje;s hqO ryia" i;=rka w;g

m;aùu c¾ukshg wjdis iy.; úh'

rEmh 8'5 ¨isgdkshd kej

ñ;% msf,a rgj,a È.ska È.g u t,a, l< m%ydr ksid c¾uksfha fiakd Yla;sh

ySk ù hqoaO n,h ÿ¾j, úh' rg ;=< wdydr w¾nqohla we;s jQ w;r th yuqodj,

fkdikaiqka;djla we;s lsÍug n,mEfõ h' tfia u uyck le<öï we;s ù" rg mqrd

l,n,ldß ;;a;ajhla Woa.; úh' c¾uksfha kdjql yuqodj ler,s .id wêrdchd

fkrmSug Woaf>daIKh l< fyhska Tyq isyiqk w;ayeÍu c¾uksfha mrdch fõ.j;a

lf<a h' fufia 1914- isg 1918 olajd meje;s m<uq jeks f,dal uyd ix.%duh wjika

jQfha c¾uksh m%uqL uOHu n,j;=kag mrdch w;a lr foñks'


m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%dufha m%;sM,

� uOHu n,j;=ka mrdchg m;a ù ñ;% n,j;=ka ch .ekSu hqoaOfha jeo.;a u

m%;sM,h hs'

� .sks wú Ndú; lsÍu fya;=fjka w;súYd, Ôú; yd foam, ydkshla isÿ jQ w;r

,laI ixLHd; ck ixLHdjla wdndê; ;;a;ajhg m;a jQy'

� j¾fi,aia .súiqu we;s ùu

hqoaOh wjidkfha idu .súiqula we;s lr .ekSu i|yd 1919 ckjdß udifha

m%xYfha meßia kqjr mj;ajk ,o idlÉPdj,g rgj,a .Kkdjl u

ksfhdað;fhda iyNd.s jQy'

tu kdhlhkaf.a kï my; ±lafõ

weußld tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s -jqâfrda ú,aika

ì%;dkH w.ue;s -f,dhsâ fcda¾Ê

m%xY w.ue;s -laf,ukafIda

b;d,sfha w.ue;s -úfgdaßfhda ´,ekafvda

fuu idu idlÉPdj, m%;sM, jYfhka mrdð; md¾Yaj iu. .súiqï

lsysmhla we;s lr .ekq‚' fï w;r c¾uksh iu. w;aika l< j¾fi,aia .súiqu o

fõ' hqoaOfha pQÈ;hd jYfhka c¾ukshg j¾fi,aia .súiqfuka oeä o`vqjï muqKqjkq

,eî h'

j¾fi,aia .súiqfuka c¾ukshg oeä o~qjï meñKjQ wdldrh

� ch.%dyS rgj,g úYd, jkaÈ uqo,la f.ùug c¾ukshg isÿ ùu'

� yuqod ;nd .ekSu yd wú wdhqO ksIamdokh i|yd

c¾ukshg iSud meñKùu'

� c¾uksh m%xYfhka w,a,df.k ;snQ we,aidia yd f,df¾ka hk

m%foaY h<s m%xYhg mjrd §u'

� hqfrdamfhka msg; c¾uksh i;= jQ hg;a úcs; ch.%dyS cd;Ska

w;r fnod .ekSu'

� hqfrdamfha meje;s tAldêm;s rdcdKavq ì| jeàu' m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOh ksid

c¾uka wêrdcHh" Tiaá%hd yxf.aßhd wêrdcH" ;=¾ls wêrdcHh jeks tAldêm;s

rdcdKavq ì| jeáKs' tys m%;sM, f,i úúO ck j¾. mokï lrf.k ksoyia


rdcH lsysmhla fuu m%foaYj, we;s úh'

Wod- ( *ska,ka;h" fmda,ka;h" fpfldiaf,dajelshdj

� wd¾Ól w;ska ì| jeà ksIamdok Yla;sh ÿ¾j, ùfuka yd NdKavj, ñ,

by< hdfuka iuia; hqfrdamh u wd¾Ól mßydkshlg uqyqK mEfõ h' hqoaOh

wjidkfha weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd ì%;dkHh f,dal n,j;=ka f,i lemS

fmkq‚' ì%;dkH kdjql yuqod Yla;sh biau;= jQ w;r Tjqkag wh;a hg;a úð;

ixLHdj o jeä úh'

� wkd.;fha § fujeks jHikhlska f,dalh wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd cd;Skaf.a

ix.uh kñka cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla msysgqjd .ekSug úêúOdk fhdok ,È'

8'2 cd;Skaf.a ix.uh

1919 meje;ajQ" meßia idu idlÉPdj, §" f,dal iduh yd wdrlaIdj mj;ajd

.ekSu yd kej; fun÷ hqoaOhla we;s ùu j<lajd .ekSu ms‚i cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla

msysgqjd .ekSfï wjYH;dj wjOdrKh flß‚' weußld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s

jqâfrda ú,aika uy;d ta i|yd uq,a ù l%shd lf<a h' 1920 ckjdß 10 Èk cd;Skaf.a

ix.uh ìys jQfha tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' wdrïNfha § fuu ixúOdkhg rgj,a

42laa iïnkaO úh'

cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfï wruqKq

� rgj,a w;r we;s jk jdo fNao iduldój úi|Su

� wkd.;fha f,dal hqoaO we;sùu je,elaùu

� cd;Hka;r wjfndaOh yd iyfhda.h f.dvke.Su

� l=vd rdcHhkaf.a ksoyi yd iajdëk;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu

� úYaj iduQysl;ajh u.ska f,dal iduh iqrlaIs; lsÍu'

cd;Skaf.a ix.uh iduh i|yd ±rE m%h;ak

cd;skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfuka miq jir 20la muK ld,hla hqoaO we;sùu

j,lajd .ekSug tu ix.uh iu;a úh' ix.uh msysgqjQ uq,a ld,fha § l=vd rdcHhka

fuka u úYd, rdcHhka o ish w¾nqo úi|Sfï §" cd;Skaf.a ix.uh .kq ,enQ

;SrKj,g f.!rjkSh f,i wjk; ùu thg fya;= úh' tf,i cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha


lghq;= id¾:l jQ wjia:d lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

¾ iaùvkh yd mska,ka;h" c¾uksh yd fmda,ka;h" .%Sish yd n,af.aßhdj"

brdkh yd ;=¾lsh jeks rgj,a w;r we;s jQ hqo .egqï je,elaùu'

¾ irKd.;hkaa mqkre;a:dmkh i|yd ueÈy;aj lghq;= lsÍu'

¾ m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha Ndrldr;ajhg m;a

fldg ;snQ hg;a úð; ms<sn| wëlaIK lghq;= id¾:lj isÿ lsÍu'

¾ ks;s úfrdaë jy,a fjf<|du yd u;aøjH fjf<|du wvmK lsÍug wjYH

lghq;= lsÍu'

cd;skaf.a ix.uh wid¾:l ùug fya;=

cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfï uQQ,sl wruqKla jQfha f,dal iduh wdrlaId lr

.ekSu yd kej; hqoaOhla we;sùu j<lajd.ekSu hs' tfy;a ix.uh msysgqjd jir

20la .; ùug;a fmr m<uqjk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN lsÍfï jrolre f,i i,lk

,o c¾uksfha u uQ,sl;ajfhka fojk f,dal ix.%duh we;s úh' kej; hqoaOhla

je<elaùfï cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha wruqK ì| jegqKq nj bka meyeÈ,s h' fufia

cd;Skaf.a ix.uh wid¾:l ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhla ±lsh yels h'

� f,dalfha Okj;a rgla fuka u hqoaO n,jf;l= jQ weußld tlai;a

ckmoh cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha idudðl;ajh ,nd fkd .ekSu tys wid¾:l;ajh

i|yd n,mEfõ h' cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha idudðl rgj, wjYH;dj u; ieliQ

ix.ufha we;eï m%;sm;a;s ms<s.ekSug weußldkq fifkÜ iNdj wlue;s úh' fï

ksid n,j;a rgla jQ wefußldj cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha idudðlfhl= fkd ùfuka tys

m%;sm;a;s wdrlaId lsÍug o ne£ fkd isáfha h' fuh;a ix.ufha wid¾:l;ajhg

fya;= úh' tfia u f,dalfha ;j;a n,jf;l= jQ reishdj cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhka wE;a

lr ;eîu o tys ÿ¾j,;ajhg fya;= úh'

� cd;Skaf.a ix.uh .kq ,enQ ;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd idudðlhka

fmd<Ujd .ekSfï § ix.uh wid¾:l úh' fuhg m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha ix.ufha

;SrK idudðlhka ,jd bgq lrjd .ekSug wjYH n,hla thg fkd ;sîu hs' fï

i|yd fhdÞ .; yels yuqÞjla ix.uhg fkd isàu yd lsishï idu yuqÞjla fhdÞ

.ekSug wjYH fmdÿ tlÕ;djla we;s fkd ùu tys § lemS fmfka'

� cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha idudðl;ajh ,nd isá n,j;a rgj,a w;r tluq;=lula

fkd ;sîu;a lsishï lreKl § Tjqka fmdÿ wjYH;djg uq,a ;ek § ;ukaf.a wruqKq

miqmig .ekSug fkd fm<öu;a ix.uh uqyqK ÿka wNsfhda.hla úh' fojk f,dal

hqoaOhg fmr c¾uksh cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhka bj;a jQ úg ix.ufha idudðl rgj,aa

t;rï Wkkaÿjla fkd ±laù h' Bg fya;=jla jQfha c¾uksh úiska fldñhqksiaÜ jdoh

u¾okh lsÍu .ek wfkl=;a ngysr rgj,a i;=gq ùu hs'


� f,dal iduh lv jQ we;eï wjia:dj, § tu rgj,g úreoaOj lghq;=

lsÍug ix.uh wfmdfydi;a úh'

-b;d,sh úiska weìiskshdj wdl%uKh lrkq ,enQ wjia:dfõ § b;d,shg úreoaOj

wd¾Ól iïndOl mekù h' tfy;a tajd yßyeá ls%hd;aul lsÍug ix.uh wfmdfydi;a

úh'

� cmdkh uexpQßhdj wdl%uKh l< wjia:dfõ cmdkhg úreoaOj lsis ÿ

l%shdud¾.hla fkd .ekSu óg ;j;a WÞyrKhls'

fufia cd;Skaf.a ix.uh wid¾:l ùfï m%;sM,h jQfha kej; jrla f,dal

ix.%duhla we;s ùu hs' th fojk f,dal ix.%duh hs'

8'3 fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh

l%s' j' 1918 jk úg m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh wjika jQ nj wms by; §

bf.k .;af;uq' m<uqjk f,dal uyd ix.%duh wjika ù oYl folla .; jk úg

kej;;a f,dalfha hqo .sksoe,a weúf,k miqìula ielfiñka ;snq‚' tys m%;sM,hla

f,i kej; f,dal uyd ix.%duhla we;s úh' 1939 iema;eïn¾ ui isg 1945 wf.daia;=

olajd mqrd jir yhl muK ld,hla f,dj mqrd meje;s fuu ìysiqKq ix.%duh

fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh f,i ye|skafõ'

fojk f,dal ix.%duhg ;=vq ÿka fya;=

fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN jQfha 1939 § jqj;a th laI‚lj we;s jQ isÿ

ùula fkd ù h' m<uqjk f,dal ix.%duh wjika ù oYlhla muK .; jk úg

hqfrdamfha we;eï rgj, l%shdldß;ajh iy n,j;a rgj,a w;r ;snQ ;r.ldß;ajh

kej;;a hqoaOhlg miqìu ks¾udKh lf<a h' fï ;;a;ajh foi mßlaIdldÍj n,k

úg fojk f,dal ix.%duhg ;=vq ÿka fya;= lsysmhla y÷kd.; yels h' tu fya;=

tlsfkl úuid n,uq'

l%shdldrlu

1' m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOhg iïnkaO jQ rgj,a is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'

2' m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOhg ;=vq ÿka fya;= ;=kla úia;r lrkak'

3' f,dal hqoaOfha m%;sM, i|yka lrkak


01' c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾ n,j;aùu yd Tyqf.a l%shd l,dmh

rEmh 8'6 --¡ wefvd,a*a ysÜ,¾

m<uqfjks f,dal ix.%dufhka miq ngysr rgj,a

ueÈy;a ùfuka c¾uksfha kj wdKavqjla msysgqjQ w;r th

ffjud¾ iuQydKavqj f,i ye¢kafõ' iuld,Skj c¾uksh

uqyqK ÿka m%Yakj,g úi÷ï ,nd§ug ffjud¾ iuQydKavqj

wiu;a ùu ksid c¾uksh ;=< ysÜ,¾ jekafkl=g n,h

,nd .; yels ;;a;ajhla ilia úh' j¾fi,aia .súiqu

wkqj c¾ukshg úYd, hqO jkaÈhla f.ùug isÿ úh' 1920

j¾Ifhka miq c¾uksfha m%d.aOkh iïmQ¾Kfhka hqO

jkaÈ f.ùug jeh ùu ksid ffjud¾ iuQydKavqj YS>%fhka

uqo,a wÉpq .eiSug fm<Uq‚' fï ksid uqof,a w.h YS>%fhka

my; jeà rg ;=< by< WoaOukhla ks¾udKh úh' rfÜ

NdKav ñ, b;d wêl f,i by< .sh w;r ú/lshdj o

w;súYd, úh' ysÜ,¾f.a wkq.dñlfhda fuu ;;a;ajh ;u jdishg yrjd .;ay' 1929

j¾Ifha § we;s jQ f,dal wd¾Ól mßydksh c¾ukshg o ;Èka n,mEfõ h' fï ksid

c¾uksfha /lshd ysÕh by< .sh w;r NdKav ñ, o jeä úh' we;eï k.rj,

lïlre jevj¾ck mjd we;s úh' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a fuu wd¾Ól mßydkshg

uqyqK ÿka kuq;a ysÜ,¾f.a wkq.dñlfhda m%cd;ka;%jd§ ffjud¾ rchg m%Yak úi¢h

fkd yels nj yqjd ±lajQy'

wefvd,a*a ysÜ,¾ hkq Tiaá%hka cd;slfhls' m<uq jk f,dal ix.%dufha §

Tyq c¾uksh fjkqfjka igka lf<a h' ffjud¾ wdKavq iufha § rchg úreoaOj

l=uka;%Khla lsÍu ksid Tyq isr.; úh' isr Ôú;h .; lrk w;r u Tyq ;u

m%isoaO lD;sh jk uf.a igk kue;s lD;sh ,sù h' tu lD;sfhka c¾uka kÜissjdoh

ms<sn|j Tyq ;u woyia bÈßm;a lf<a h' ysfrka ksoyia jQ miq c¾uksh ;=< Wu;=

cd;sjdohla m;=rjñka isá ysÜ,¾ 1933 § trg md¾,sfïka;=fõ ^ßIagd.a& n,h

w,a,df.k c¾uka pdkaia,¾jrhd njg m;a úh' ysÜ,¾f.a mlaIh cd;sl iudcjd§

mlaIh f,i ye¢kafõ'

kÜisjdoh

• m%cd;ka;%jdohg fldñhqksiaÜjdohg fuka u Okjdohg úreoaO

o¾Ykhla jQ kÜisjdofhys uq,sl b.ekaùu jQfha c¾uka cd;sh ks¾u,

wd¾hkaf.ka mej; tk f,dj W;=ï u cd;sh nj hs'

• hqfoõjka fy<d oelSu kÜisjdofha úfYaI ,laIKhls'

• ysÜ,¾ úiska rpkd lrk ,o uhska ldï*a ^uf.a igk& kï lD;sfha

kÜisjdoh úia;r fldg we;'

• kÜisjdoh hkq mlaIfha tAldêm;s;ajh mokï lr .;a foaYmd,k

l%uhls'


ysÜ,¾ ;ukaf.a WmfoaYlhka bÈßfha l:d mj;ajñka ck;djf.a is;a weo

ne| .kakd f,i ck;dj weu;Sug fmrmqyqKqùï mjd isÿ l< nj jd¾;d fõ'

ysÜ,¾ 1933 § n,hg m;a jQfha trg md¾,sfïka;=fõ ;j;a uka;%Sjrekaf.a iyh

,nd.ksñks' tfy;a l%ufhka ;u n,h ia:djr lr .;a fyf;u tAldêm;s n,;,

/ia lrkakg úh' Tyq c¾uksfha pdkai,¾ Oqrhg m;a jk úg fjdka yskafvkan¾.a

c¾uksfha ckdêm;s jrhd f,i lghq;= lf<a h' uy¨ ckdêm;s yskafvkan¾.aa ál

l,lska ñh .sh w;r ysÜ,¾ úiska ckdêm;sf.a n,;, ;uka fj; mjrd .kakd

,È' ue;sjrKhla wdikakj ;sìh § wkq.dñlhka ,jd c¾uka md¾,sfïka;=

f.dvke.s,a,g .sks ;eínjQ fyf;u tys jro fldñhqksiaÜjreka fj; mejÍ h'

wk;=rej Tyq ish¨ foaYmd,k mlaI ;ykï fldg fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka yd hqfoõjka

jeks úreoaOjd§ka ixydrh lsÍug mgka .;af;a h' fuys § ysÜ,¾f.a tia tia yuqÞj

yd f.iagdfmda keu;s ryia fmd,Sish ïf,aÉP >d;kj, fhÿ‚' ysÜ,¾ hkq ck

udOH Wmßu uÜgñka ;ukag jdis Þhl whqßka fhdÞ .;a wfhls' Tyqf.a udOH

lghq;= Ndrj isá f.dfn,aia weu;sjrhd udOH idrO¾u W,a,x>kh lrñka ysÜ,¾g

mlaImd;S ck u;hla we;s lsÍug ck udOH fhdÞ .;af;a h' ysÜ,¾ úiska c¾uksh

;=< m%cd;ka;%jd§ ksoyi iïmQ¾Kfhka u wyqrd ouk ,È' mqj;am;a ksoyi" /iaùï

meje;a ùfï ksoyi" woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi ;ykï flß‚' ysÜ,¾ fmdfrdkaÿ

jQ W;=ï c¾uksh f.dvke.Su fjkqfjka iuld,Sk c¾udkqfjda fun÷ foa bjid

isáhy' ysÜ,¾ c¾uksh ;=< fldñhqksiaÜjd§ka u¾okh lrkq ÿgq ngysr Okjd§

rgj,a fldñhqksiaÜ jdoh úkdY lsÍfuka ;Dma;su;a ù ysÜ,¾g tfrysj lghq;=

lsÍfuka je,l=‚' fï ksid ysÜ,¾ ;j;a uqrKavq jQ nj fmfka'

1934 j¾Ifha § cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhka bj;a jQ ysÜ,¾ c¾uksh kej; hqoaOhla

lrd fufyhúh' 1938 § wi,ajeis Tiaá%hdj wdl%uKh l< ysÜ,¾ th c¾ukshg wE|d

f.k tys kÜisjd§ md,khla wdrïN lf<a h' wk;=rej fpfldiaf,dajelshdj flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq l< ysÜ,¾ tys isá fpfldiaf,dajelshdkq yd c¾uka cd;slhka fjka

lrñka iqfvgka,ka;h hkqfjka fjk u tallhla msysgqùug Woõ lf<a h' wk;=rej

iqfvkagka,ka;h muKla fkdj fpfldiaf,dajelshdj o wdl%uKh l< ysÜ,¾ trg

c¾uka n,hg hg;a lf<a h' ysÜ,¾ fmda,ka;h wdl%uKh lrk f;la ngysr rgj,ska

Tyqg ie,lsh hq;= úfrdaOhla u;= fkd jq‚' tfy;a ysÜ,¾f.a fmda,ka; wdl%uKh;a

iu. ì%;dkHh iy m%xYh jeks rgj,a ysÜ,¾g úreoaOj igkg meñKqKs' th fojk

f,dal ix.%dufha wdrïNh úh' 1933 j¾Ifha § n,hg meñ‚ ysÜ,¾ jir 6la ;=<

c¾uksh n,j;a fldg fojk f,dal ix.%duh werUQ w;r ysÜ,¾ mrdch fldg

c¾uka kÜisjdoh f,dfjka w;=.d ±óug wefußldj" tx.,ka;h" reishdj we;=M

ñ;% cd;Skag jir yhla ysÜ,¾ iu. igka lsÍug isÿ úh'

fï ld,fha § ysÜ,¾ úiska jO l|jqre msysgqjd wysxil hqfoõjka yd

reishdkqjka ,laI .Kkska >d;kh lrjkq ,eîh' wjqÜúÜia" n¾.¾ fn,aika"

fn,afI.a" fidñfnd¾ tjeks l|jqrej,g WÞyrK fõ' fufia ysÜ,¾ yd kÜis

jd§ kdhlhka f.k .sh wdl%uKldÍ m%;sm;a;Ska ksid fojk f,dal ix.%dufha §


iuia; f,dal jdiSkag u ÿla ú£ug isÿ úh' uq`M f,dalfha u m%uqL wjOdkh hqoaOhg

fhduq ùu fya;=fjka iuia; f,dalfha ixj¾Okh jir .Kklska miq mig .sfha

h' m<uqjk f,dal ix.%dufhka miq isÿ jQ úYd, u úkdYh fojk f,dal ix.%du

ld,fha § isÿ úh'

rEmh 8'7 kdis jo l|jqrl § >d;kh jQ msßilf.a uqÿ yd mdjyka

rEmh 8'8 kdis >d;k l|jqrej,g .d,a lr isá

wysxil <ud isrlrejka


rEmh 8'9 fnkSfgda uqfida,skS

02' b;d,sfha uqfida,skSf.a l%shdl,dmh

m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOfha §" b;d,sh ch.%dyS

msf<a isá kuq;a hqoaOfhka miq we;s lr.;a idu

.súiqï trgg jdis iy.; fkd ù h' fuu .súiqï

uÕska trg wfmalaId l< ;rï hg;a úð; ,nd

.ekSug yelshdj fkd ,enq‚' ta ksid b;d,sh ;=<

hqoaOfhka miq ú/lshdj" wdydr ysÕh jeks wd¾Ól

.eg¨ /ila mek ke.=Ks' tfia u rg ;=< lïlre

m%Yak W.%% ù jevj¾ck /,a,la me;sre‚' b;d,sfha

meje;s fuu wia:djr ;;a;ajfhka m%fhdack .;a

fnkSfgda uqfida,skS 1922 j¾Ifha § meisiaÜjd§

foaYmd,k mlaIh yryd b;d,sfha foaYmd,k n,h

w,a,d .;af;a h' uqfida,kSf.a foaYmd,k l%uh

meisiaÜjdoh f,i ye¢kafõ' meisiaÜjdoh hkq

ysÜ,¾f.a kdisjdoh fuka ;ks mlaIfha tAldêm;s

md,k l%uhls' b;d,sfha n,h ,nd .;a uqfida,skS

l`M lñi yuqÞj kï ikakoaO Nghka fhdÞ f.k

meisiaÜjdohg tfrys msßia úkdY lsÍug lghq;= lf<a h' fufia tAldêm;s md,kh

u.ska uqfida,skS b;d,sfha wd¾Ólh ;rula Yla;su;a l< kuq;a 1929 j¾Ifha § f,dal

wd¾Ól mßydksfha wksis n,mEï bÈßfha Tyqf.a m%h;akh wid¾:l úh' wNHka;r

foaYmd,k n,h yeu wxYhlska u ;uka w;g f.dkq lr .;a uqfida,skS wk;=rej

b;d,s n,h úfoaYSh jYfhka me;srùfï jHdmdrhlg w; .eiS h' c¾uksh fuka

u b;d,sh o tlai;a rgla njg m;a jQfha 1870 j¾Ifha § h' tA jk úg f,dalfha

fndfyda idrj;a m%foaY fiiq hqfrdamd cd;slfhda w,a,df.k ;snq‚' fï ksid b;d,sh

hg;a úð; msysgqùug hdfï § hqfrdamd rgj,a w;r .egqï we;s úh yels miqìula

;snq‚' 1936 j¾Ifha § uqfida,skS wm%sldfõ weîiSkshdj fyj;a j¾;udk b;sfhdamshdj

wdl%uKh fldg w,a,d .;af;a h' miqj ysÜ,¾ iu. tl;= jQ uqfida,skS meisiaÜ

n,h ;jÿrg;a jHdma; lr .ekSfï wruq‚ka fojk f,dal ix.%duhg iïnkaO úh'

tys § kÜisjd§ yd meisiaÜjd§ n, l|jqr tx.,ka;h" reishdj" wefußldj m%uqL

rgj,g tfrysj igka jeÈ‚' f,dal ix.%duh wjidk wjêfha § w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ

uqfida,skS Ôú;fhka jkaÈ f.ù h'

03' cmdkfha l%shdl,dmh

19 jk ishji w. Nd.fha isg wdishdfõ rgj,a w;ßka cmdkh ÈhqKq rgla

f,i bÈßhg meñK ;sfí' trg wd¾Ól lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdfï § ksIamdok

lghq;= i|yd wjYH wuqøjH ,nd .ekSug fuka u iajlSSh ksIamdok wf,ú lsÍu

i|yd o fjf<|m<j,a fidhd .ekSfï wjYH;djla u;= úh' tfy;a tA jk úg

wdishdfõ fndfyda m%foaY hqfrdamd cd;Skaf.a hg;a úð; njg m;aj ;snq‚' tneúka


is;shu 8'2

cmdkfha by; lS wd¾Ól wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug hdfï § fyj;a wdishdfõ

cmka wêrdcHhla f.dvke.Sfï § wksjd¾hfhka u hqfrdamd rgj,a iu. .egqï we;s

ùfï miqìula ks¾udKh fjñka ;snq‚' 1934 § cmdkh W;=re Ökfha uekapQßhdj

wdl%uKh fldg th hg;a lr .;af;a h' cmdkfha wdl%uKldß ms<sfj; cd;Skaf.a

ix.ufha idlÉPdjg Ndck jQ w;r tlS wdl%uKh ms<sn| cd;Skaf.a ix.uh bÈßfha

cmdkh jerÈlre njg o m;a úh' fï wjia:dfõ § cd;Skaf.a ix.ufhka bj;a jQ

cmdkh Ökfha jeo.;a jrdhka yd k.r lsysmhla w,a,d .ksñka ;u wdl%uKldÍ

ms<sfj; È.g u mj;ajdf.k .sfha h' ysÜ,¾f.a yd uqfida,skSf.a lghq;= hqfrdamhg

uq,È n,mEjd fia cmdkfha l%shdl,dmh wdishdj flfrys n,mEfõ h' fï ksid

fojk f,dal hqoaOh werfUk wjêh jk úg cmdkh wdishdkq rgj, wdl%u‚lhd

njg m;a úh' fumßoafoka hqo .sks±,a wdishdjg meñŒu blauka ùug cmdkfha

l%shdldß;ajh n,mEfõ h'

04' cd;Skaf.a ix.ufha ÿ¾j,;d

cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfï uQ,sl wruqK jQfha f,dal iduh wdrlaId lr .ekSu yd

h<s hqoaOhla we;sùu je<elaùu nj by; § meyeÈ,s flß‚' tfy;a hqoaOhla j,lajd .ekSu

ms‚i wjYH n,h fyda Yla;sh tu ix.uh i;=j fkd ;snq‚'

f,dal iduh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd iduqyslj msysgqjd .;a cd;Skaf.a ix.uh tu ld¾hh

lsÍug wiu;a ùu ksid úúO rgj,a ñ;% .súiqïj,g t<Uq‚' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i n,j;a

cd;Syq ;u lKavdhfï wdrlaIdj i|yd wdhqO ikakoaO ùug mgka .;ay' fufia úúO rgj,g

fn§ wdhqO ikakoaO ùu u.ska hqoaOh i|yd miqìula ks¾udKh úh'

fojk f,dal hqoaOfha md¾Yajlrejka

fidúhÜ reishdj

m%xYhb;d,sh

ì%;dkHfpfldiaf,dajelshdjfmda,ka;h

weußld tlai;a ckmoh

ñ;% n,j;=ka

weußld tlai;a ckmoh

m%xYh

ì%;dkH

reishdj

wlaI n,j;=ka

c¾uksh

b;d,sh

cmdkh

fojk f,dal hqoaO wjêfha md¾Yajlrejkaf.a odhl;ajh

c¾uksh

cmdkh


ñ;% n,j;=ka ¡ ì%;dkHh" m%xYh" wefußld tlai;a ckmoh we;=`M ngysr

,snr,a jd§ rgj,a fndfyduhla fuu ñ;% n,j;=kaf.a mlaIhg we;=`M úh'

fldñhqksiaÜjd§ reishdj o ñ;% mlaIhg wh;a úh'

c¾uksh yd b;d,sh hk hqfrdamSh rgj,a fol 1937 j¾Ifha § cmdkh iu.

ryis.; .súiqulg t<Uq‚' tys § rgj,a ;=fka u w.kqjrj, kï wkqj fï msßi

n¾,ska frdau fgdalsfhda wlaIh kñka ye¢kaú‚' miqj fuu rgj,a ;=k ye¢kaùug

wlaI n,j;=ka hk moh Ndú; úh'

rEmh 8'10 c¾uka m%ydrl iíueßkhla

rEmh 8'11 hqfoõjka yd hqoaOfha § w,a,d .;a isrlrejka

úkdY lsÍug ysÜ,¾ úiska fhdÞ .;a .Eia Wÿka

fojk f,dal hqoaOfha jHdma;sh

c¾uksfha ysÜ,¾ l%s' j' 1939 iema;eïn¾ 01 Èk fmda,ka;h wdl%uKh lsÍu;a

iuÕ fojk f,dal ix.%duh wdrïN úh' fmda,ka;h wdrlaId lsÍug .súif.k

isá ì%;dkHh yd m%xYh c¾ukshg úreoaOj hqO m%ldY lrñka fojk f,dal uyd

ix.%duhg wj;S¾K úh' c¾uksh i;s y;rla we;=<; fmda,ka;h mrdchg m;a


lf<a h' ish rKldó ms<sfj; bÈßhg f.k hñka ysÜ,¾ úiska fkdaa¾fõ" fvkaud¾lh

´,kaoh" fn,aðhu hk

rgj,a w,a,d .kakd ,È'

1940 cQks udifha § m%xYhg

myr § ysÜ,¾ tys w.kqjr

jQ meÍish w,a,d .;af;a h'

c¾uka fiakd

meÍishg we;=¿ ùu;a

iu. uqfida,skS o hqoaOhg

iïnkaO fjñka b;d,s

foaY isud foiska ish

fiakd m%xYfha úúO m%foaY

wdl%uKh lsÍu i|yd

fufyhù h' fufia c¾uka

b;d,s yuqÞ m%xYh hg;a

lsÍfuka miq we;s lr .;a

rEmh 8'13 úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a

m%xYfha mrdch ì%;dkHhg t,a, l< n,j;a myrla

f,i ie,l+ ì%;dkH w.ue;s úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a"

bÈßfha we;s úh yels wka;rdhkag uqyqK §u i|yd

Wml%uYS,Sj lghq;= lsßfï jeo.;alu jgyd .;af;a

h' p;=r l:slfhl= fuka u olaI kdhlfhl= o jQ

p¾Ñ,a uq`Muy;a ì%;dkH ck;dj u kÜis úfrdaë

igkg fm<Uùug iu;a úh' tfuka u Tyq ì%;dkH

wêrdcHhg wh;a lekvdj" TiafÜ%,shdj"

kjiS,ka;h" ol=Kq wm%sldj" bkaÈhdj" ,xldj wd§

rgj,a iyNd.s fldg .ksñka c¾ukshg úreoaO hqO

fmruqKla f.dvk.d .;af;a h' óg wu;rj weußld

tlai;a ckmofhka ì%;dkHhg úYd, iyhla ,enqKs'

weußld tlai;a ckmoh hqoaOhg iïnkaO ùu

c¾uksh yd b;d,sh hqfrdamd rgj,a w;am;a lr .ksñka isá wjêfha §

cmdkh o wdishdfõ wêrdcHhla f.dvkxjd .ekSug wdl%uK wdrïN lsÍu ms<sn|j

by;ska idlÉPd lf<uq' fuys § fmrÈ. hg;a úð; jeä jYfhka ;snQ ì%;dkHh"

m%xYh" weußld tlai;a ckmoh wd§ rgj,a iu. cmdkhg .efgkakg isÿ úh'

fuu igkaj, § m¾,a jrdfha yuqod l|jqr cmdkhg m%Odk jYfhka ndOdjla úh'

tneúka 1941 fkdjeïn¾ 07 Èk cmdkh m¾,a jrdfha weußldkq kdjql l|jqrg

fndaïn fy<d úkdY lf<a h' fuu isÿùu u; weußld tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s

rEmh 8'12 ì%;dkH m%ydrl .=jka hdkd


*a?kala,ska rEiafj,aÜ cmdkhg úreoaOj hqO m%ldY lf<a h' tA wkqj cmdkh yd

tl;= ù isá c¾uksh yd b;d,sh weußldjg úreoaOj hqoaO m%ldY lr we;' fï wkqj

1941 wjidkh f;la u hqfrdamhg muKla isud ù ;snQ hqoaOh f,dal uyd ix.%duhla

njg m;a úh'

c¾uksfha ó<Õ b,lalh jQfha ì%;dkHh hs' ysÜ,¾ .=jka yuqodj u.ska

ì%;dkHh wdl%uKh lsÍug ;SrKh lf<a h' bkamiq c¾uka .=jka yuqodj ì%;dkH

.=jkaf;dgqm<j,g yd k.rj,g fndaïn fy<S h' ì%;dkHhg m%n, kdjql yd .=jka

n,hla ;sì‚' ì%;dkHh o tu Yla;sh fhdodf.k i;=re .=jka hdkd úkdY lsÍu

i|yd m%ydrl .=jka hdkd fhoù h' 1940 iema;eïn¾ ui 14 Èk fomd¾Yajh w;r

b;d oreKq .=jka igka isÿ úh' tys § ì%;dkH .-=jka yuqÞj úiska c¾uka .=jka hdkd

56la muK ìu fy<k ,±hs jd¾;d fõ' ;uka is;=jdg jvd ì%;dkH hqO Yla;sh

fndfyda bÈßfhka isák nj;a tys m%n, ld¾h Y+r;ajh;a jgyd .;a ysÜ,¾ ì%;dkHg

myr §u kj;d ±ó h'

c¾uksh reishdj wdl%uKh lsÍu

wk;=rej ysÜ,¾ úiska lsis ÿ meyeÈ,s fya;=jla fkd olajd reishdj wdl%uKh

lrk ,È' wmyiq;djlska f;drj reishdj w,a,d .; yels fj;ehs ysÜ,¾ l,amkd

lf<a h' m%xY uyd wêrdchd jQ kefmda,shka fndkmdÜ óg fmr reishdj wdl%uKh

fldg wka; mrdchla ,nd oi oyia .Kkla ;=jd<lrejka iu. miq nei .sfha

h' jir 125lg miq ysÜ,¾ o tn÷ mrdchla wNsuqjg meñ‚fha h' fidaúhÜ yuqÞj

rEmh 8'14 m¾,a jrdhg myr §u


l,a;shdu c¾uksh iu. fun÷ igklg iQÞkïj isáfha h' tneúka fuys § i;=rd

uq,d lsÍug wjYH ish¨ Wmdhka fhdok ,È' ±ä iS; iD;=j t<fUk f;la c¾uka

yuqÞj r|jd .ekSu reishdj wkq.ukh l< tn÷ Wmdhls' tÞ kefmda,shka yuqÞj iS;

iD;=fõ § uqyqK ÿka brKug kÜis yuqÞjg o uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' c¾uka yuqÞj È.

iS; iD;=jlg iQÞkïj isáfha ke;' fï ksid wêl iS;," wdydr ysÕh" f,v frda.

wdÈh w;súYd, jYfhka c¾uka yuqÞ ñh hdug fya;=jla úh' WmdhYS,sj ;u yuqÞ

miqmig .ekSug ;rï úplaIK Ndjhla ysÜ,¾ ;=< fkd ;snq‚' reishka N+ñfha §

;u yuqÞ uqyqK § we;s ienE ÿIalr;dj ms<sn| wkjfndaOfhka miq jQ ysÜ,¾ ish

yuqÞ bÈßhg u fufyhùug wK ÿkafka h' tys § c¾uka yuqÞ oreKq mrdchlg ,la

lsÍug reishdfõ r;= yuqÞjg yelshdj ,enq‚'

c¾uksh hg;a ùu

reishdj igk bÈßhg f.k hñka kef.kysr hqfrdamfha kÜis md,kh

hgf;a meje;s m%foaY uqod f.k c¾uksh foig meñ‚fha h' fï w;r;=r m%xY

yd weußldkq fiakd ngysr foiska m%ydr t,a, l<y' 1945 ud¾;= udih jk úg

c¾ukshg meñKs ñ;% fiakd uehs ui jk úg n¾,ska kqjrg <Õd jQy' mrdch w;

<Õ nj wjfndaO lr.;a ysÜ,¾ we;=`M Tyqf.a wK fok ks,Odßyq rdYshla u ish Èú

kid .;ay' ta wkqj 1945 uehs udifha § c¾uksh fldkafoais úrys;j hg;a úh'

cmdkh hg;a ùu

rEmh 8'15 ysfrdaIsudjg

fy<k ,o mrudKq

fndaïnh

cmdkh ish hqO Yla;sh fufyhjñka isx.mamQrej" u,hdishdj" nqreuh"

fydxfldx wdÈ ì%;dkH hg;a úð; w,a,d .;af;a h' wk;=rej fnda¾ksfhda" cdjd"

iqud;%d" ms,smSkh wdÈ rgj,a o w,a,d .;af;a h' fuf,i l%s' j' 1942 jk úg ,xldj

yd bkaoshdj yer uq`M ol=Kq iy w.aksÈ. wdishdj u hg;a jQ nj fmfkkakg ;snqKs'


l%s' j' 1942 wfm%a,a 05 od fld<Ug o wfm%a,a 07 od ;%sl=Kdu,hg o cmdkh

úiska fndaïn fy<k ,È' fï ksid cmka yuqodj Y%Ss ,xldj wdl%uKh lrkq we;ehs

is;+ ì%;dkHhka ;u fiakdxl lsysmhla u ,xldfõ ia:dk.; lf<a h' tfy;a

fomd¾Yajh w;r lsis ÿ .egqula ,xldj ;=< isÿ fkd ù h'

cmdkh yd ñ;% mdlaIsl yuqod w;r oreKq igka we;s jQ w;r tu igkaj,ska

cmdkh mrdchg m;a úh' mrdchg m;a fjñka isá cmdkhg ñ;% mlaIh úiska

lrk ,o wjika ksfõokh o m%;slafIam lsÍu ksid l%s' j' 1945 wf.daia;= 06 od

ysfrdaIsudjg o" wf.daia;= 09 od kd.idls k.rhg o weußld tlai;a ckmoh úiska

mrudKq fndaïn fy<k ,È' ;;amr lsysmhla ;=< k.r fol úkdY jQ w;r ,laIhlg

wêl msßila ñh .shy' Bg jvd úYd, msßila ;=jd< ,enQy' úlsrK n,mEu ksid

fndfyda msßila mrïmrd.; frda.ska njg m;a jQy' fuu oreKq úkdYh ÿgq cmdkfha

ysfrdaysf;da wêrdchd 1945 wf.daia;= 14 Èk fldkafoais úrys;j hg;a ùug tlÕ

ùu;a iuÕ fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh ksudjg m;a úh'

fojk f,dal uyd ix.%dufha m%;sM,

� fojk f,dal uyd ix.%dufhka c¾uksh" b;d,sh yd cmdkh wh;a jQ wlaI

ms, mrdchg m;a úh'

� tu hqoaOh f,dal b;sydifha fuf;la we;s jQ ìysiqKq u ix.%duh úh' fuu

ix.%dufha § ñksia Ôú; ñ,shk 50lg jvd úkdY jQ nj ie,fla' foam, yd

Ok úkdYh .Kkh l< fkd yels ;rï h'

� hqfoõjka >d;kh lsÍfï ysÜ,¾f.a jev ms<sfj< wkqj c¾uksh" fmda,ka;h"

yxf.aßhdj jeks c¾uka n,h me;sreKq rgj, hqfoõjka ñ,shk .Kkla

kÜis yuqÞj úiska jo l|jqrej,g .d,a lr urd ouk ,È'

rEmh 8'16 ysfrdaIsud úkdYh


� mrudKq fndaïnh hqO wúhla f,i Ndú; lrk ,o w;r bka we;s jQ ìysiqKq

úkdYfhka mrdchg m;a jQfjda muKla fkd j ch ,enqfjda o uy;a lïmkhg

m;a jQy' mrudKq fndaïn fy<Sfuka ta wjia:dfõ úYd, Ôú; m%udKhla

úkdY jqjd muKla fkdj tys Nhdkl m%;sM, wkd.; mrïmrdj flfrys

o we;s úh'

� fuf;la f,dal n,j;=ka jYfhka isá m%xYhg yd ì%;dkHhg tu ia:dk wysñ

ù .sh w;r Tjqkaf.a wêrdcHjd§ ixl,am ì| jegq‚' fï ksid ì%;dkHh

yd m%xYh i;=j meje;s Y%S ,xldj" bkaÈhdj yd bkaÿ Ökh we;=`M hg;a

úð; /ilg ksoyi ,eìKs'

� úkdYhg m;a jQ hqfrdamfha mrdð; rgj,a k.d isgqùu i|yd weußld tlai;a

ckmoh bÈßm;a úh' fuu wdOdr jevms<sfj< tjl weußld tlai;a ckmo

rdcH f,alï Oqrh oerE fcdaka ud¾I,af.a kñka ud¾I,a ie,eiau f,i

y÷kajkq ,eî h'

� f,dal uyd ix.%dufhka miqj weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd fidaúhÜ reishdj

f,dal n,j;=ka f,i ke.S isáhy' weußld tlai;a ckmoh m%cd;ka;%jdofha

wdrlaIlhd njg m;a jQ w;r fidaúhÜ reishdj iudcjdofha wdrlaIlhd njg

m;a úh' fuu n,j;=ka fofokd uq,a fldgf.k f,dalfha ;j;a rgj,a /ila

n, l|jqre follg fnÿKs' weußld tlai;a ckmoh m%uqL rgj,a Okjd§

l|jqr f,i o fidaúhÜ reishdj m%uqL rgj,a- iudcjd§ l|jqr f,i o ye¢kafõ'

rEmh 8'17 ysÜ,¾f.a yuqodj úiska úkdY lrk ,o .ul ñh

.sh orejka isys lsÍug ;ekQ iaudrlhla


fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miqj f,dalh fufia n, l|jqre follg fn§ wú

wdhqO Ndú; fkd fldg jqj;a ;u l|jqr ch.%dyS lr.ekSu i|yd úúO Wml%u

fhdod .ksñka igkla f.k .shy' fuh iS;, hqoaOh fyj;a ksrú hqoaOh f,i

y÷kajhs' fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq oYl y;rla muK hk;=re fuh mej;=Ks' fï

i|yd Tjqka Ndú; l< m%Odk Wml%u jQfha"

� ryia T;a;= fiajd fhdÞ .ekSu

� ixúOdk msysgqjd .ekSu

� wdOdr jevms<sfj< Èh;a lsÍu wdÈh hs'

fojk f,dal uyd ix.%dufhka miq wdishd" wm%sld rgj,g hg;a úð;

;;a;ajfhka ñ§ iajdëk;ajh ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ,enq‚' tu rgj, iudc

wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh f.dv ke.Su ms‚i wdOdr ,nd §ug weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd

fidaúhÜ reishdj bÈßm;a úh' tuÕska Tjqka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha tu rgj,a ;u

n, l|jqr fj;g kïujd .ekSu hs' tys § wdOdr ,ndfok mlaIhg iDcqj fyda

jl%j mlaImd;S ùug isÿ ùu fï rgj, iajdëk;ajhg .eg¨jla úh' fï ksid lsis

ÿ n, l|jqrlg fkd ne|S lghq;= lsÍu wruqKq lr .ksñka l%s' j' 1961 § fkd ne¢

cd;Skaf.a iuq¿j msysgqjd we;' ysgmq bkaÈhdkq w.ue;s cjy¾,d,a fkare;=ud fuys

mqfrda.dó kdhlfhls'

tjlg hqf.daiaf,daúhdkq ckdêm;s ud¾I,a áfgda yd Bðma;= ckdêm;s wíÿ,a .ud,a

kid¾ hk kdhlhka o fï i|yd úYd, iydhla olajd we;'

l%shdldrlu

my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

fojk f,dal

ix.%duhg ;=vq ÿka

fya;=

fojk f,dal

ix.%dufha m%;sM,

8'4 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh

fojk f,dal ix.%duh mj;sk w;r;=r u ì%;dkH w.ue;s úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a yd

wefußld tlai;a ckmofha ckdêm;s *a?kala,ska rEiafj,aÜ 1941 j¾Ifha wf.daia;=

ui —w;a,dka;sla m%{ma;sh˜ w;aika l<y' ñ;% cd;Ska hqoaOhg wj;s¾K ù we;af;a


l=ula i|yd ±hs meyeÈ,s l< fuu ,shú,af,ka iduh Wfoid cd;Hka;r iyfhda.h

,nd .ekSu" cd;Skaf.a iajdëk;dj yd iajdêm;Hh wdrlaId lsÍu .ek wjOdkh

fhduq lr we;' fuu tlÕ;dj mokï lr .ekSfuka 1942 j¾Ifha ckjdß ui

fjdIskagka k.rfha § wlaI n,j;=kag tfrysj igka lrk cd;Ska 26lf.a kï

m%ldYhg m;a flre‚' tys § fuu cd;Ska ye¢kaùug tlai;a cd;Ska hk kduh uq,a

jrg Ndú; úh' wk;=rej 1943 Tlaf;dan¾ ui reishdj" ì%;dkH" wefußldj yd Ökh

hk rgj, úfoaY weu;sjreka fudialõ kqjr meje;ajQ idlÉPdjl § f,dal iduh

we;s lr .ekSu i|yd wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdkhla msysgqùu ms<sn|j idlÉPd l<y'

rEmh 8'19 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ks,

,dxPkhrEmh 8'18 ksõfhdalays msysá tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a uQ,ia:dk f.dvke.s,a,

l%s' j' 1943 foieïn¾ udifha fgfyrdka kqjrÈ

³ weußld tlai;a ckmo ckdêm;s m%Ekala,ska rEiafj,aÜ

³ ì%;dkH w.ue;s úkaiagka p¾Ñ,a

³ reishdkq kdhl fcdaYma iagd,ska

hk f,dal n,j;a;= ;sfokd fï ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a idlÉPdjla meje;ajQy'

f,dal iduh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd c.;a ixúOdkhla msysgqúh hq;= h" hk fhdackdj

fuys § by; kdhlfhda ms<s.;ay' ta wkqj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh ìys ùug

mokï jQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%{ma;sh iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd 1945 cQks udifha §

weußld tlai;a ckmofha ieka m%ekaisiaflda kqjr § idlÉPdjla meje;aù h' fï

i|yd rgj,a 50l ksfhdað;fhda iyNd.S jQy' iuq¿jg iyNd.S fkd jQ fmda,ka;h

o miqj m%{ma;shg w;aika ;eî h' ta wkqj wdrïNl idudðl ixLHdj 51la úh'

1945 Tlaf;dan¾ 24 jkod m%{ma;sh ks, jYfhka wkqu; lrk ,ÿj ixúOdkh ks,

jYfhka msysgqù h' tfyhska Tlaf;dan¾ 24 Èk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a Èkh f,i i,lkq

,efí'


tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ix.uh msysgqùfï wruqKq

� cd;Hka;r iduh yd wdrlaIdj mj;ajdf.k hdu'

� cd;ska w;r ñ;% iïnkaO;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

� udkj whs;sjdislï yd uQ,sl ksoyi ;yjqre lsÍfuys ,d cd;Hka;r

iyfhda.h idlaId;a lr .ekSu'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha jHqyh'

tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh m%Odk wdh;k yhlska iukaú; h

1' uyd uKav,h

2' wdrlaIl uKav,h

3' wd¾:sl yd iudÔh uKav,h

4' Ndrldr uKav,h

5' cd;Hka;r wêlrKh

6' uyf,alï ld¾hd,h

uyd uKav,h

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ish¨

idudðl rgj, ksfhdað;hka

tla ùfuka fuh ks¾udKh fõ'

fuys idudðl ixLHdj 193ls' iEu

wjqreoaol u iema;eïn¾ udifha fuu

iNdfõ ks;H ieisjdrh meje;afõ'

fuu uKav,fha ish¨ u idudðlhka

ksfhdackh jkafka iudk mokula

u; hs' iEu idudðl rglg u tl

Pkaoh ne.ska ysñ fõ' uyd uKav,fha

m%Odk ld¾hhka yd n,;, my; mßÈ

oelaúh yels h'

wka;¾cd;sl iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg wod< ´kE u m%Yakhla idlÉPd lsÍu

yd ta ms<sn|j ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu" -idudðl rdcHhkaf.a wd¾:sl" fi!LHh"

udkj whs;sjdislï wdÈ lafIa;%j, m%j¾Okh Wfoid fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wh jeh i,ld n,d wkqu; lsÍu yd idudðl rgj,a úiska

f.úh hq;= odhl uqo,a m%udKh i,ld ne,su'

wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY u; uyf,alï m;a lsÍu" wka;¾cd;sl

wêlrKhg úksYaphlrejka m;a lsÍu iy kj idudðlhka ixúOdkhg

n|jd .ekSu'

rEmh 8'20 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,

/iaùï Yd,dj


wdrlaIl uKav,h

rEmh 8'21 wdrlaIl uKav,fha idudðlhka Pkaoh Ndú; lrk wjia:djla

fuu uKav,h idudðl rgj,a 15lska iukaú; h' weußld tlai;a ckmoh" fidaúhÜ ix.uh" tlai;a rdcOdksh" m%xYh yd Ökh hk rgj,a my fuys ks;H idudðlhka fõ' fiiq idudcslhka 10 fokdf.a idudðl;ajh jir follg isud fõ' wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks;H idudðlhka mia fokdg ksfIaO n,h ysñ fõ' ksfIaO n,h hkq" ´kEu fhdackdjlg úmlaIj Pkaoh § tu fhdackdj ksIam%N lsÍug ks;H idudðlhkag we;s n,h hs' wdrlaIl uKav,fha ;SrK ms<sf.k l%shd;aul lsÍug tlai;a cd;skaf.a ish¨ idudcslfhda m%{ma;sfhka ne|S isá;s'

cd;Hka;r iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg ;¾ckh úh yels .egqï ms<sn| mÍlaId fldg n,d tajd iduldój úi|Su i|yd ks¾foaY bosßm;a lsÍu wdrlaIl uKav,fha m%Odk ld¾h hs' lsishï wdl%uKslfhl=g úreoaOj wd¾:sl iïndOl mekùu yd wjYH kï hqO n,h fhoùu jeks l%shdud¾. .ekSu fuu uKav,fha jeo.;a ld¾hhka fõ'

wd¾Ól yd iudÔh uKav,h

fuu uKav,fha idudðl ixLHdj 54ls' Tjqkaf.a idudðl;aj ld,h wjqreÿ ;=kls' wkaa;¾cd;sl iyfhda.fhka f,dal m%cdjf.a wd¾Ól" idudðl" ixialD;sl" wdOHdmksl yd fi!LH wxY jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu fuys m%Odk wruqKq fõ' fuu uKav,h ish lghq;= lrf.k hdu i|yd wkqnoaO wdh;k rdYshla Wmfhda.S lr .kshs'

cd;Hka;r lïlre ixúOdkh (ILO)" wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh (FAO)"tlai;a cd;skaf.a wdOHdmksl" úoHd;aul yd ixialD;sl ixúOdkh (UNESCO)" cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, (IMF)" f,dal fi!LHh ixúOdkh (WHO)" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a <ud wruqo, (UNICEF) wdÈh ta w;r jeo.;a fõ'

rEmh 8'22 wd¾Ól yd iudc lghq;= uKav,fha /iaùï

wjia:djla


Ndrldr uKav,h

fuu uKav,h i;= jQ m%Odk ld¾hh jQfha tlai;a cd;Skaf.a Ndrldr l%uh hg;g .kq ,enQ m%foaY md,kh lsÍu hs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh msysgqjQ wjêfha Ndrldr rdcH 11la úh' 1994 jk úg ish¨ Ndrldr m%foaY iajdëk;ajh ysñ lr .kq ,eî h' t;eka isg fuu uKav,h wl%Shj mej;=Ks' uyf,alïjrhdf.a ks¾foaY mßÈ Ndrldr;aj uKav,h wfydais lsÍug 2005 f,dal kdhl iuqMj ;SrKh lr we;'

cd;Hka;r wêlrKh

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%Odk wêlrKh cd;Hka;r wêlrKh fõ' fko¾,ka;fha fya.a kqjr th msysgqjd we;' idudðl rgj," wêlrK lafIa;%j, by< u ;k;=re oerEjka yd wka;¾cd;sl kS;sh ms<sn| úfYaI{hka w;ßka úksYaphlrejka f;dard.kq ,efí'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úúO wdh;kj,g wjYH kS;s Wmfoia ,nd§u cd;Hka;r wêlrKfha m%Odk ld¾hh fõ' tfia u idudðl rgj,a w;r mek k.sk wdrjq,la iïnkaOj ks;Suh úi÷ula ,nd .ekSu i|yd o fuu wêlrKfha msysg me;sh yels h'

uyf,alï ld¾hd,h

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%Odk mßmd,k ld¾hd,h uyf,alï ld¾hd,h hs' weußld tlai;a ckmofha ksõfhda¾la kqjr fuh msysgqjd ;sfí' wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY wkqj uyd uKav,h úiska wjqreÿ myl ld, iSudjlg f;dard m;a lr .kakd uyf,alïjrhd fuu ld¾hd,fha m%Odk ks,Odßhd h' cd;Hka;r iduhg yd wdrlaIdjg ydks fõ hehs is;k ´kE u m%Yakhla wdrlaIl uKav,hg bÈßm;A lsÍug uyf,alïjrhdg n,h we;'

fuu ld¾hd,hg wh;a ld¾hhka i|yd f,dj mqrd ld¾hd, /ila mj;ajdf.k hhs' tajdfha ks,OdÍka ixLHdj kjoyilg wdikak fõ'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh f,dal iduh /lSu i|yd .;a m%h;ak

wkd.; mrïmrdj úkdYldß hqO ìfhka uqojd.ekSfï mrud¾:h we;sj msysgqjQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh ish lghq;= wdrïN lf<a mrudKq n,Yla;s fldñiu msysgqùfuks' fojk f,dal ix.%dufha § mrudKq fndaïnfhka isÿ jQ úkdYh ksid mrudKq n,h md,kh lsÍfï wjYH;dj oeäj f,djg lshd mEu i|yd wdrïNfha § u fujeks ld¾hhlg fhduq jkakg we;'

fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh ksu ùfuka miqj wefußld tlai;a ckmoh yd reishdj hk rgj,a fol m%uqL fldg f,dalfha l|jqre folla ks¾udKh jQ neúka ;u ;u n, l|jqfrys ch.%yKh ;ld WmdhYS,Sj lghq;= lsÍug n,j;a rgj,a fm<Uq‚' wú wdhqO Ndú;fhka f;drj f.k .sh fï ;;a;ajh iS;, hqoaOh fyj;a ksrú hqoaOh jYfhka ye¢kafõ' tu ;;a;ajh hgf;a .egqï we;s ùug .sh wjia:d lsysmhla tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ueÈy;a ùfuka .egqïj,ska f;drj úi|d .ekSug yels úh' thg WÞyrK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

rEmh 8'23 fyA.a k.rfha msysá wka;¾cd;sl

wêlrKh


• iqjia w¾nqoh

ñir ckdêm;s wíÿ,a .ud,a kid¾ iudcjd§ wd¾:sl ms<sfj; w.hñka iQjia we< cki;= lf<a h' ñka m%xY iud.ï wmyiq;djg m;a ùu ksid BY%dh," ì%;dkH iy m%xY yuqod iQjia m%foaYh fj; tjk ,È' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka fuh

iu:hlg m;a lsÍug yels úh'

• .,a*a w¾nqoh

brdlh iy l+fõgh w;r foaY iSudfõ msysá f;,a ksêhla uq,alrf.k fuu .egqu we;súh' fï ksid brdlh úiska l=fõgh wdl%uKh lrk ,È' fuu hqoaOh ksid úYd, úkdYhla isÿ úh' miqj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka fuu w¾nqoh úi|d .ekSug yels úh'

• lshqndkq ñihs, w¾nqoh

lshqndkq úma,jh wjia:dfõ tráka tlai;a ckmohg m,d.sh msßia tlai;a ckmofha hqO mqyqKqj ,en msfo,a leiaf;%daf.a iudcjd§ rchg tfrysj wdhqO ikakOj meñKshy' ler,slrejkag tlai;a ckmofha wdOdr ,ndÿka neúka trgg myr Èh yels ñihs, reishdj úsiska lshqndfõ iú lrk ,È' fï ksid weußldj úsiska lshqndj jg,k ,o w;r reishdjg t,a, fldg ;=¾lsfha o ñihs, r|jk ,È' fuu .eg¨j tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyf,alïf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka úi|k ,È'

j¾;udk f,dal iduh /lSu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg .; yels

l%shdud¾.

fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq rgj,a w;r we;s jQ w¾nqo .Kkdjla tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ueÈy;a ùfuka iu:hlg m;a l< wdlrh wms by;ska ÿgqfjuq' rgj,a w;r we;s jk w¾nqo iu:hlg m;a fldg f,dal iduh /l .ekSu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhla ;sfí' f,dal iduhg ;¾ckhla úh yels wjia:dj, fndfyda úg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha wdrlaIl uKav,fha ueÈy;a ùfuka .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug W;aidy flf¾' wka;¾ cd;sl iduh yd wdrlaIdj mj;ajd .ekSfï uQ,sl j.lSu wdrlaIl uKav,h fj; mejÍ ;sîu Bg fya;= fõ'

wdrlaIl uKav,fha ks¾foaY mßÈ f,dal iduh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ;SrKj,g tfrysj lghq;= lrk rgj,g wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùu u.ska tlS ;SrK l%shd;aul lrùug" wÞ< rgj,a fmd<Ujd .; yels h'

kHIaál wú ;ekSu iSud lsÍu yd md,kh lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lsÍu

we;eï rgj,a w¨f;ka kHIaál wú ;kk njg f;dr;=re ,enqKq úg tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fldñika iNd u`.ska tajd mÍlaId flf¾' W;=re fldßhdfõ iy brdkfha kHIaál wú msßlaiSug tjeks fldñika m;a flß‚'

idu idOl yuqÞj fhoùu

fomd¾Yajhla w;r oreKq hqo .egqï we;s úh yels wjia:dj, ;;a;ajh md,kh lsÍu i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a idu idOl yuqÞj fhdojkq ,efí'

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